53042620 Horizontal Oil Well Drilling Technology
Transcript of 53042620 Horizontal Oil Well Drilling Technology
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Suer,Canal
Universitlt
Faculty
of Petroletm Mining Eng.
P
etro
eum
Engineering
D ept.
HonrzoNTAL
nWprr
DTIuNG
TBcmxoLoGY
Dr. Mohamed
ShehataFarahat
(2000)
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Suen
Canal
University
Faculty
of
Petroleum
Mining
Eng.
Petroleurn
Engineering
Dept.
HOruZONTTAL
n WpLL
DTLLII{G TpcHNoLoGY
Dr. Mohamed
ShehataFarahat
(2000)
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CoNrsNrs
SELECTIoNAND
REAsoNs FoRDRILLING
HORIZONTAL WELLST
AND DRATNHOLES
l.l
Seleclion of horizontal wells
and drainholes
1.2 Reasons
or
Drilling
Horizontal Well and Drainholes
1.3 Main Aoolications of Hoizontal
llells and Drainholes
1,3.1 Thin Formatious
1.3.2. Verticsl Natumlly
Fractured Fornrations
1,3.3Lotv Perm abilityFormations
1.3.4Heterogeneous eservob
r Formstions
1.3.5
Applicttion
in Resemoits riflt Botton
Water or
with o
Gas Cap
1,3.6 Advantages of Horizontal lVells in Offshore
Applications
1.3.7HeavyOil Applications
1.3.8SandProduction
Typns oF
HoRTzoNTAL
WELLS AND
Dr
proRnnt
Dnrr,r,rNc ncnNrquns
Usno
2.1
Utru-shott Turnins Radius
2.1.1
SystemProcesses ,td Equipment
or
Multiplc
Radisk
2.2
Short Tarnins Radius
2.3 Medium-TurningRadias
Page
#
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t-
2.i.1 Dil fins
rttt
Mulinn-Rutlius
Dtilling
2.3.2 Metliunt-Rsdius
Dri iug
MoJors
an{ SlsteuLs-
2.3,3 HigbMedium
and
Lott-Soeed
Drilling
2.3.4Medium-Radius-Hoizo rtttl lltell Sections
2.3,4.
Vertical
Section
2.3.4.2
Curved
Sectiau
2.3.4,2
Horizoutsl
Section
2.4 Lottg-Radius
Horizontgl
lyell
2.4,1
Vertical
Section
2.4.2 Cumed
(Turning)
Section
2.4.3
H
orizoutal
Section
Pt,nNNtNc
r
lloRrzoNTAL
WnLl,s
AND DRAINHOI,ES
G
NOUNTRY
j.
Geontetrv
of
Horizontsl
WelI
or Drainhole
3.1
lf ell
Diameter
3'2
VplLltpllle
3.2.1
Fktt
wells
3.
2.2 I)
n lulatiug
wells
3.2,j
Llpt'ard
nclined
uells
3.2.4
Dou,nward
ttclined
wells
3.2.5
Multilet
el t'ells
3.2.6
Multi brtuch
3.2.7
Grsvit
drsinage
wells
3.2.8
Complex
well
shryes
3.
3 D esistlEqip
ntal-lysll
f&i949
Prye#
2A
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Dmrlrxcl PRosr-svs ssocnrso wttH
HoRtzoNteL
WBU-
DzuLLINGaNo THBTRREMEDY
4.1 DeliNery Weisht to the Bit
4.2Reducing
TorqueandDrsg Forces
a3
Epls_ekutus
ale
ftliag;4e
4.4 Protectian of lyater SensiliveShales
4.5 Direclional Control
4,5.I C assifrcation
f
hotto,n-
4.5.2Measurfug t'.slrune ls
4,5,2,1Steering
ool
4.5,2,2 M essurcntent-whileuillittg (Mll/D)
4.5.2.3
Geosteering,
Equipnrcnt and Irrstrume tfltiort
DRILLSTRING
DESIGN
72
HonrzoNrat, WELLConrplnrroN
TncnNreuns
6.1 Comoletion
Technolosict
:fu-U X4:[ 41-LglL s
H o
izontal Radial B ore
rc e
6.2
Conpletion Oltion
for
Short-Rtttlius,
Mediam-Radius,
ond -ong-Radius
f Horizotrtsl y'elk
Draiflholg;-
6.2,1Open
hole cotn elion
54
57
58
s9
60
6l
6l
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62
68
89
94
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I
j
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I
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Poge
#
6.2.2 Tail
completion
and
slotted
iner completiott
95
AppucarIoNoF
COILED
ueINc
TN
HoRIZoNTALDRILLING
AND
MULTI-LATERAT,
CASB
STUOII]S
AND
HlsroRms
7.1
Coiled
Tubins
Drilli,tg
7.2
M&LUels
I
Ci?,ts]J:t
ldtet
7,2.1Case
7.2.2
Case
7.2.3
Case
7.2,4
Csse
4
7.3Multilatersl
Case
Histot
Case1
RunnnpNcns
t00
t02
103
t05
t07
109
l l l
l l t
I l - l
lv
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Cn.
I llotizort\t lre s
Dtiuhry |
Cu,rprnn
SELECTION
AND
REASONS
OR
DRILLING
TIORIZONTAL
WELLS.
AND DRAINHOLES
:
1.1 Selection
o-f
horizofial u,ellsarul drainltoles:
l lorizontal wells are ofgrcat ntelest o thcpetrolcutnndttstryodaybecattsc
they
proviclc
an attractivc
nrcans or improving
both
plodtrction
atc and
rccovery
efficiency.
'l'hese
are due to
that horizontal
wellsprovide a latger
area of contact
wit l l t lrc cscrvoif
hando vctt ical;
wclls ancl,r l addit ion,
hcy
provide a means or
the latetal lansPodation
f f lt l id.Thus,
he horizorrtal
wells
can be dril led
asnew u,ells r ho
zontal idctracks,
ri l led o revitalrze
ttrc
pcrformance f
exit ing vert ical
wclls hatarecallcddrainholes
llc
past
fcw
years
havcseen
reat
mprovement
n dril l ing
echnology. cvelopments
suclr
as t lre use of bent,downhole
ril l ing
notors,op
drive igs, andMWD
(measurcment hilc dLil l ing) r
advanccd 4WD
allcd
gcoslecring
cchnique,
togcther
with stccrable
drill systcms
have
grcatly rcduced costs. Recent
horizontal
wclls
havc costno mora
pcr nctctofrvcll
t lt i l lcd hltn
conlpatablc
conventional
wells. Thus,
great
advances
ave also bcen
in nlcthods or
drilJing hort-radiusrainholes
tom crisling
vel1ical
cl1s.
The construction
and
placing
ofhorizontal
wells hasbecome
autine Usually
it is
no longer speculative
as to whether
horizontal
rvellscan be drilled-
Tn
most cases
no|, the choicc
s not whethcr
one can
dlil l horizontally,
ut
whethclon should.
l),-.M.S.Farrhat
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CIl- I
IIo
urtutl
lrt
s
D'lllinA
Grcat
advancosn the technology
f dril l ing
and
locating orizontal ells
continue to be made. Today
much attention s being
paid
to thc
problems
of
re-entering existing vertical wells
using smaller diameter,mcdium-radiusand
short-radius equipment. These improvements will allow
a much larger
proportion of existing conventional wells to have heir live extended y re-
completion
with
long,hofizontal r ianholcs. hc
provision
f M WD too ls hat
will opemte in smaller diameterholes
s a
particularly
active area.Thorc arc
developmcnt, too, in logging tools.
Tools arc now available hat can be
opcrated while dril l ing to
providc
ir lfornratiotr
bout hc rcscrvoir
being
encountored.ocating he logging sensors loser o the dril l bit to
allowa
nore t imely evaluationof thebit
posit ion
ndo the rockbcing
penctrated
s
anotherareaof active dcvclopment.
Thus,
drilling a horizortal well
to exploit a reservoir
usually nvolvesseveral
important
uestions.
hcse
uestions
reas
ollows:
1.
Whcrc houldhewell
be
ocated?
2.
lr whatdirectionhouldhcwell
bc
drillcd?
3. Whcrc houldhckick-offpointKOI') ohorizontll c?
4. IIow ongshouldhehorizontal
ection e?
5, ls it neccssaryo stirnulatchcwcll?
The answerof these
questions
equire
athering
nformation bout he
reservoit
nd heconditions
xisting
n
thcarca.[o[izontal
ell
should otbe
drilled in
all cases, ateful
studyof tcchnicnleasibility nd economical
potcntial
of holizontal ril l ing s needed
eforc
ts application.
or these
lcasors, ccuratcesewoir rd adjustvclldata
hould c
collected.
Therefore,
he
horizontal
wells
are corsidered
easible
primarily
in the
following
reas:
l. Thinpermeableormation.
2. Verticalnaturally-fracturedormation.
3. Low
permeability
omation.
4. Formation
ithsand
roduction.
5. Fomation
withwater oning.
6.FoImation
ith
gas
oning.
D,: Nl.S.Frrahrt
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AL I ottzo,tk lllrtts
Drtltl
t
3
7.Offshore pplications.
8.
cavy
oi l appl icat ions.
9.Fonnation ccess lowouts.
1.2
Reasons
or
Drillitts
Horizontal
Well
and Drsinlrcles
' l
hclc arc scvcml cnsorrso l l i l l
a
rol izorr lul
cl lnr l l rcr
l r iur
vct l ical
c l l .
'l'hcsc
rcasonsre:
l. Increasing
il
productivity.
2.
Connecting
eltical aturally
ractures.
3.
Producingrom ow-pemeability
eser.roits.
4.
Staying
way i-om il-gas nd
oil-water ontacts.
5.
Injecting tream
thcrrral
il rccovery).
6. Controllingand roduction.
7. I'r'oducinghin
hydrocarbons
eservoirs.
8. lncreasingnjccl
v
ty.
9.
l'roducing
as
iorncoal
scanls nd
proving
cttcr
wccp
fficicncy.
l0.lncreasinghe etumon he nvestment
ROl).
Sornctimes,
he cost
of a drilling a horizontalwell is more
than hat
ofa
vcr t ica lwcl l and
complet ior rostsarc usual lyh ighcr ' .lowcvcr ,
nto lc o i l
would be ultiuratcly ccovered
y thc horizontal cll.
[hus,
horizontalwcll
is
justified
n view ol'quicker
eturnon well investment.
Horizontal
wells and drainhole
can be mainly applied or the
following
circumstancer
pay
zollcs
reservoir-s)
halactcristics,amcly:
l. Thin
permeable
ornrations.
2. Verlicalnaturally racturedonnations.
3. Low
pelmeability
'ornrations.
4. Formzrtion ith sandproduction ndconingproblems.
1,3 Mgitr
A
licntionsof Hori ntal ,Y'ellsa,td Drainltoles
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Iha izintal
llitlk
Dj iIIi
1.3.1
Thin
Formstions
When
consideriirg
hjn
onnation
or homogeneous
crnration,
t shoulcl
void
dtil l ing a horizontal el l into his onration hickcr han200 t. however,lr is
maximum pay
zone thjcloress
does
not hold
tnrc for
formatiolls
with
helerogeteous
fonnation
or
fotmaljon
with verlical
naturally
fractures,
as
shown
n Figure
1.1and
ig.
1.2.
Thlrrproducli lgzonos
Wale rcon lngprob lems
cas
con lng .p rob lems
Other
pp l l ca( ions :
leavy
rude,
on l
scams,
fo rmal ion
ccess ,
lowouts .
Fig.
1.1 A4oin
pplicotiotts
ofhorizottttl
trll,r.
INTERSECTION
F VERTICAL
FRACTUR€S
BY
I.JORIZONTAL
ELL
Fig. 1.2.
, / . M .S .F r r
xh r i
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C
.
I llorizofttdl
lYc4s
Dtiqi ry
5
' lhus,
the
productivity
ndex
(PI)
for a roriT-ontalveilreflectshe ncreases
arca ofcontact ofthc
well
with the reservoir.
l'ypically,
the Pl for a horizontal
well maybe increased
y
a factor
of4
compared
o
a verticalwell
pcnctrating
the same reseloir, although enhancementby a factor of l0 or more may be
aclrievablen certain ircunrstance,sshown n Figure1.2.
1.3.2. Vet'tic Natt,trallv Fr'flct.rred Forut ions
A horizontal
well
provide
a means of communicatingwith natural vertical
fractures,
.
g.,
a high fractured
imestone.fthe
well
is orientedo intcrcst
thcsc ractureshe
productivity
ndexcanbe substantiallyncreascdvcn vhcn
thc
lrac(ure density is
low. Unfottrnatcly, his can also accclcratc hc
movement fgas or water o
reach
he wellbore.
l. 3. 3 Low Pernrcabilitv Fornntio tts
One
qucstion
is often asked by the opcratol tlrat is how low should thc
pcrnrcabil i ly
be
in a horrrogcnousornration
cforc
consi
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CII. I
lln,ito
d lITtts
Dti i"p
PEBMEN
ILITY
EFFECT
75
lronizoNl
t wErt
vlntl :At.
wn.t
Irig. I -.1
Penrcdbili0
effcc|.
Heterose
Rese
ir
or Fo,'ntsti
A
l r . l i zo r r l , I
vc l l
r r r r ry
r . . v i r l c
r r r r r r r r l x r
r ' r r r r ' r r r r ( r r11es
' r rc r r
r .sc r r ' i r .
hclcrogencity
exisls
n thc
horizonlalplanc.
A
horizonlal
vcllborc
rr
lhc
lescrvoir provides
potential
for
far more
information
about he
reservoir
halr
would
nornrally
bc availnblc.
s logging
nd
conrplclion
cchrrirlucs
ccorno
more sophisticated,his aspect of horizontalwells is l ikely to be usecl
advantage.
Frotn a
prodrrction
iewpoint,
a
horizontal
ell in
an rregular
cservoir
ray
provide
a
mcans
faccessing
solated roductive
oncswhich
nright
other.wisc
be
missed.
Furthermore,
n
beterogeneous
eservoirs,
he
influence
of the
hctclogcneous
long hcwcllbolc s r.ctluccclry thccornpositc or,v con]clry,
so
thrt
production
ltcs
arcgclrcrl l ly
cnhlnccd
n
lhcsc it.crrnrs{anccs.
L3.5
Application
n Reselyl|I
tl'ith
BottQn
yqlqor
with n
Gns Cor2
In nrany
cascs,
rosclvoil
is thc
lhc nos l n tpor l ln l
i rc lo rin r i t ing
hc
p loc l r rc t ion
fo i l
f ionr
tcndcncy
bl
rvtrtcl
ionr
atrurrclcrlyi lg
cluitlr.,
r-
as
iorl
n
1]r.
M.S. , :rr , 'hxt
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Ctl- I lloti. ti l lYdts
Dti ing 7
gas
cilp, to
bc dlawn vcr(ici i l ly
to
thcprod(rction
cll. l lor.izontal cl lscan
have substantial
advantages n
such lcsctvoirs. The conventional rvay
of
reducing thc
effect of coning
is to complete he vertical
well over a linritcd
vcrl icnl distaDce
o tnaxinlizc hc
stand ff front hc watcr
or
gas
cap,as hc
cascmaybc.
Because f i ts extended
ontact with the eservoir,
lrorizontal cl l
usually
has
lcss
pressure
rawdown
or a
givcnproduction
atc han
docsa
vcrtici l l
wcll.
This reduced
drawdown essenshe
endencyot thc coning
ofwater
or
gas
with the
produced
oil.
Thus, for example,horizontal
wells
may be
operatedat ths
santc atesas
aonventionalwells
but
rvith
less-sometimes
uch
less-coning,.e., witlr
bctterwater-oil
atios r
gas-oil
atiosor both,
n some
case,
productiol
without
coniDg
nray be economic
using horizontal cl ls,
whcrc it would
be
plohibitively
slow
with
conventionalwells.
In
situations
where the
jlitial
rate
for
production
without
fiee
gas
coning would
be
impractical \a,ith vcrtical
wells,
it may be
possible
with
horizontal
wells to
aclrieveeconomic
roduction
y
gravity
drainagc i lh
onJya small
atcofgas
injcction o maintain ascapplessure.
Even if oporation below
thc critical rate
or coning s impractical
bccausc
of
economics,
thero can stil l
be a large advantage or
horizontal welis.
This
situation s conlmonwhen
viscous,
onveutioualeavy
oils ale
produced
ronr
abovc a watcr layer.
When the
high oil viscosity nd helow
diffcr.encc
n
tlcnsity between the
oil and waler makcs
coning, or more
concctly fingcrrng,
occLucven
at
vcty
low
productiolr
atcs. n thcse
ascs,hcvolume
ofoi] thnl
is
produccd
is approximatcly proportional
to
thc
volurne
swept
by thc
watef
finger. As
is shown in Figure
1.4, horizontalvells
havcanadvantage
vcr
vcrl ical wells
herebecausehe igure
really
a crest
hapediked he oofofa
housealong
the length
ol-thehorizontal el l) has
a much ar.gerolume
and
this algercrcstdisplaces
nruch arger olurue
foil.
Dr. M.S. I : rrahrt
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LI1. I Ilotito
rl ll'clls
Dtilti g
@
CohparLon_or.a
dcr
.rre
Leto* ,
v.r
catUdt ent,
-
(,
e. t
treror,
s.ciion
ora
fizontat
iveu
VEBTICAL
ELL
WITII
RISING
ONE
HORIZONTAL
ELL
WI'rH
RISING
REST
Fis. 1.4.
1.3.
6 Atlttantages
o.fHorizontnl
rySAtjlt
O:fit ,4tU,lk l j
Many horizontal
welis
have
beendrilled from
offshore
platforms.
Suchwells
oflct savings
n
Plalfolrl
rursls l
nrkii l ion
o l lt( ' i t{ l i l l l i t[,r.ti
tr lrrrl rrslrrtr,,
Fot
example,
one operator
tatcs hat
thecost
ofhis North
Sea
platforrns
s
approx imatc ly
6 mi l l i on per . rvc l l
l o t .
Js ing o r i zon la l
vc l l s ,
hcsanrc
nunrbcr
of well
slots on a platfonrr
an
proclucc
incc
cachhorizonlal
wcll
is
note
productive
han
each convcntional
wcll.
I\rr.thcrntorc,
ince
ollbhore
wells
are nolmally
highly dcviatcd
n any
casc hccxlla
cost br
horizontal
dli l l ing can
be relatively
rralJ.
7,'\
/ )r ' . \ { .S.Farrh^t
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a:lL
t Ilotitotthtt tl' rDti it|')
Commcrcial
ofl 'shore orizontal vell
projects
n
various alea ncludingthe
ArI i i l l ic,
lrc Nor h Scn l||( l
lrc
lirvn cas
rc losclihc(ll l l l l c l i lclr(lrrc.
1,3.7 Ieu_y
Oil Annlicttions
Probably
hc most
prospective
rca or
usinghorizontal
wells
ies n the
ield
of
heavy oil recovery,
articularly
hcmral ecovery
singstrcarn. or
exanrplc,
lre bitunren
epositss Canada,
hich arc intpossiblco rccover
economically
y
corlvcntional ethods, ave
a volttnre f oil in
placc
approximatelyqual o that of all the known couvcntionalrudc il tn hc
world. One approaclr
scd o rccovcl hcsc
csourccss operr
pit
nrining.
l l o rvcvcr ' ,
h is s i r r r i l c r l
r lhcsnr i r l li ac l io r t f l l l cA t l r i r l ) r sc i t
- csc tvo i r
ha t
s
close to
the surfacc
and thc approacl rnvolveshandling
vastqurntii ics f
natclial. In
situ hclmal ccovcty
s trolc
gcnclally
p;tl icablc,
ltcrtpcr
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CI. I llo,izont.tl llcls Drillirrs l0
crodes and
plugs
the equipmcnt and rcstrictiog thc flow rates.Scrccnsand
gravel placing
limit
sand entry into thc
rvcllborc
and n somc cases cduces
productions
rates, less
pressure
rawdowneliminates he necd or screenand
gravcl placing
ndallorvs iglrcr
roduction
atcs rorlrdrainholc r horizontal
wcll.
ti
. ,
D/ Nl .S.Fxr.hxl
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CII. II
Dti
i'tg Tcchttiques
l l
c[AP'ftrR
lt
TypESOF HoRIZoNTALWELLs Ar'ln DlnrnnsNr
DRrr,r,rNG
pcuntQu
sUssu
The
choice of
drilling me0thod
depends
pon
drilling cost,
well spacing
and
the
mcchanical
ondition
fa
verlicalwellbore
s existing
Also, he csctvoir
consideratiols are also important n sclecting he drilling method.During thc
last decade,
he incrcmental
cost ofdrilling
horizontal
wells and drainholes,
over
a vcrlical
well cost,has
come down considerably.
But
today oil industry
grains
nore
experienccand
tses ewcrdri l l ing
echnologics,
n tum thecost
of dril l ing
horizontal
clls
nraybe
furthcr educed.
ccorclingly,hc
practical
holizontal
drilling
methods can be classified
into four broad
categories s
shown
n
Figure
2.1,depending
pon hc urning adius
cquircd o turn ionr
a
vertical o a horizontal direction. lso, heuseofa top-clrivc t. i l l ing ysfenr
(TDS)
is essential o the successful
mplementation fa horizontal ri l l ing
program
fol: deeper
wells; larger wellborcs; ouler-rorv
wells
(olfshore
platforrns);
Gumbo
or bentonitichole sectious hcndril led
with water
base
mud; whcre simultaneous igh torque and tension
s requiled o be applicd
dril lstring.A discussion fvariousdlil l ing
methods re
given
below or caclr
typesofhorizontalwell anddrainhole.
2.1
Ultra-short
Turning Ra irls
Ultra-shor1
urn-radius horizontal lroles, sometinres
called drainhole. nthis
mothod, t uti l ized
waterjef o
dril l
100-200t longdrainholcs ith a tulrrirrg
radius of 1 to
2 ft. thesearc dril led in
ptcviously
cascd
often mrrll iplc
horizontal laterals are drilled lrom the samewcllbore, as shown n Iiigure 2.2.
It is repofied hat, sidetmcking
ay be donewith a
whipslock
eviating
ool
with a curwed
uide.
Also, a ongslender tcel
ubc
its
nside he dril lpipe nto
the top of the whipstock
uide,
sshown n Figurc2.2.Tbe upperendofthe
tube has a
pressurc
seal to contain
pressule
and
divert drilling flrrid through
the tube. Thejet
nozzle its on
the
owererd ofthc tubc.' l 'hus, t i l l ing
rate
s
controlled
with a letaining able onncctedo tlre
op ofthe tubcasshown n
D,: M.S. Fnrahat
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CH.ll D
lli
E
T..huiques
t2
Figure 2.2. The
hole is
prepared
first
by
plugging
the lowcr required
and
removing a
scctionof casing
by nril l ing
the
section s undcr-reamed
o
increase
he
hole
diamctet,
.e. he
proccss
nvolt,es
rdcr-reaming
hc vertical
wcllbore and
then dril i ing
severai
adials
ionr the under-rearned
one.
Howevcr,
lte length
of the s€ction
and diameter
oftl ieunder
camedhole
basccl pon thc
specification
f deviating
ool.A
spccial
acker
s
placed
n
thc casingwith
a curved guide
bclow thc
milled
section. he
whipstock
tlcvittirg
tool is
conncctcd o
thc
cl.i l lpipc
ntl usscrlbly
urr rr lu
lrc rolo
positioned
t the
kicl(-off
point.
l 'he
whipstock
s oriented
and
setontne
packer.
Then, tlre
slender
ubc is
owered
with the
ctaining
ablc..l.he
nud
purnp
s stattccl
nd circulatiotr
cgins
downs
thcdril lpipc lrrough lcnclcr
tube and ort thejet
nozzlcs.
lydtaulic
nrud
pressure
gainst
he
ptcssure
cal
on lhc ol)
oflhc tubc
orccs
t downward.
ltc
tl l l)c
)asscs
hrouglj hc
cur.vcd
guidcs
ol lhc r,vhipstock.
l
hcsc urn
hc
ul)c hrough
90
anglc irrrrr
cltrcal
to horizolttal.
A strcam
ofhigll
prcssurc
rruclionr
hcjcl
rrozzlcs
torlcs
he
lor.nralionnd
dril ls hc
rolc
horizontally
hcn
hc
horizonlal
ccliorr
s
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CIL II
Dti
i,l4 lcchltiqrcs
I J
A
/ i i ,.
1l
"r'
i
o"
\ ' r -
l
100
-
300
ll
-:-
|
A
{ili"
fi'
T-
Fig.
2.2 URRS.
r.soo
_
3.ooo
t
+
|
2,OOO
S,OOO
r
---
:' I
Molion
Controuer
O.ill
String
Working
Str ing
HighPr€ssur€,
R€movabl€
€al
=-:- -
und€rream€d
zon€
Dri l l
Sk i i lq
"t')'*
,1+
Fig.2.1.
D/. M.S.
Fnrahat
Fadia l
Bor€
Hole
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Cll,
Dt lhtU l'dt,tltlurN
t4
R.dlal
Compl.tlon
yit.n
PERSPECTIVE
Fig.2.1 URRS.
16 Ftrr=ll11'11
lr''"'"'''1,,,'
l Orl
1[:
rr" .rL,r l
-a
l : l
i l l ,
"" ' ' ' '
l l l l
l l - l l t - -
. -- , r l l l
r t
1|=l l l
| - '
Sectlon A
PaY
.utto
Fig, 2.4.Multiple-rodiol otnpletion.
,l),rM.S.Frrnh:ra
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A
lry
-
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I
t l
a
I
I
I
I
I
CIL II
Drillirtg
T,
owrate de er rn ines
Dri l l
Str ing peed
ControlOr i fce
Mot ionControl ler
Direc t io r t f Mot io r r
Dri l l
Str ing
Vert ical ubir tg
tr ing
Trapped
Water
Seals
Flow
to Conica l e t
Penelal orr corr 'ol v,lt Ied i I ng.'ig.
t
;l
ril
2.:
b::li,;tl
nrir r,rqsrr",r";
Er,-
t l o, , r r , r , , r
r ,P5, jc5
lsr. i r i i
ct l Drrt
i r , , r ;
; r , ' , : : r . :
, r r , '
' ' l r w
l l r r ,
r ' r \ l r l x , , , l
. r { r c . , j
l , f e l ' J s l k
h , 1 , 1
, r ,
l \ . 1 , , wi , .
. 1 , ' i l i , r
i ' l
DrillStrins
[:"_..1t;
d
Hig l rProssu f€Soa l
W h i p s t o c k
w , l r , r i l , ' r ' , r
. n r , r
nnl sh4. :s a br, , {r d, id
.onrr ' .
l l ,c D,, l l S l , r ,q
- . -
Dr i l l
S l r inq
l io '
l ' , ' ,
t l
I
Dr i l l t r ing
l1 'e,
r ' r r r
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The second
component
s the motion
controller
Figure2.5) on the
tail of
the
dl i l lstr ing,
vhich
acts as a hydraul ic
estraint.
n csscncc,
t is
a pistonwit lr
external
seals
hat slide
within a
special snrooth
borehole
portion
of
the
vcrt ical
wolkstring.
fhc
high-plcsstrrc
ettcr
ushcs n
thc op of tho
not ion
controller,
and water
is trappcd bctrveen
t
and he
high-prcssureeal
at the
bottonr
of the
workstring. Water
can escape
only
througha centralorificc
wit lr in thc
corrlrol lcr
Fig.
2.5). t lrc
cstt l tss a hy
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CII. II Drillirtg'I.echniqtcs
t8
l t ig. 2. ' l t t shows lsclrcnlatic
f t lro orr ical jct. t t lrr: op
ol t lrc i igrrrc . ' / t is
a standard rrllirnated
et
nozzle.The addition
of
fixed vaneswithin
the nozzle
causesa conical shell of high-velocity water
particles
o
fonl a conical
iet
(I; ig. 2.7b). l 'hc sizc of t l tchoriz.orrtalolcholc s cstablishctly lhc wistof
thc vattcs,'uvlr ichrr ttrncotrtrols,
lrc utglcoIr l ivclgcncc f
t lr t: orrc f wir{cr '
patticlcs. ig.2.7c
andFig.2.7dshowvancs 'or
1wodiffclcnt
onical
nglcs.
Fig. 2.7
Cotticul
et
nozzle.
Fig. 2.8a slrows water
jets
resultirrg
ronr variorrs
eglees
1'vanc u,ist
n l-
microsccolld
lash
photoglaphs
I a col l i l tratod
ct
and wo cl i l lcl .cnt
orr ical
iets.
Theconical ngle
s not affected
y dri l l ing-flrr id
ressure.
hese
onical
jets function
at both
ambientand
clcvatcd
back-pressurcs.
t highcr
back-
pressules,
avitationdoes
not appear
o be an mportant
utting trechanisrn.
Fig. 2.2 sltows hc
basic rvhipstock
olt[ igul i t l iorr,
r lorrbly rr lvotlrrvcl lctl
qLrcstion
rark.
nsidc hc
IJRRSwhipstocl
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CII.
Drilling
T chniqucs
l 9
The
whipstock
is
held in
place
by
downhole
anchor
rws
engaging
hc
rvcll
casing.
The
anchoring
aw
aresetby
rotating
he
4.25 n.
vcrtical
workstting'
To
erect
the
whipstock,
the
workstring
s raised
about
ft by theblocks,
he
resulting
verlical
motion
erects
he whipstock,
e workstring
and
whipstock
arc
lrelcl
ercct
by a set
of hydraulic
cylinders
t hc
wcllhcad
hatmaintain
cotrstant
onsion.
Aftcr
each
adial
placcnrcnt,he stcps
or","u"r."d.
Thc
rvhipstock
an hcn
bc
cle-erccted,
otated,
and re-erected
ownhole
without
osing
ts
calibration.
gyroscope s
used o set
he
whipstockazimuth]
or
each adial.
Thus,nrultiple
radialscanbe placedat differcntazimuths ownholewithout having o trip the
whipskrck
ack
o thcsttt ' lacc
ctwccn
ach
ttcccssivc
arl ial.
After
each
radial borehole
s drilled,
a 3D
positional urvey
can be applied
(Fig.
2.8b).
The 1.25
n. drillstring
canbe surveyed
o determine
ts trajectory
with special
flexible
radius-of-curvature
ROC) survey
oolsdesigned
o
pass
through 12
in
(or
smaller)
end
adiusof
the drillstring.
The
ROC survcy
ool
was developed
o
provide
both
plan
(azimuth)
and
profile
(up/down
rajcctory)
data.'It
is
pumped
down
the
workstring
and enters
and
passes
hrough
he
drillstring
as
a wireline
tool. The tool
(Fig.
2.8b) resernbles
n animal
backbone
and has
long slide
wires
placedat each
quadrant
hat
rnovewithin
veftebrae
attached
o a flexible, torque-resistant,
ire-cable ackbone.
he
slicle
wires actuate
very
prccise
sensors
hat measut'e
hc nrovetlret of
eaclr
slide wire separately, ranslating directly nto the curvaturc f the ROC tool.
And,
in
turn,of thc
dri l lstr ing.Within
heROC
oolarcan
nclinometcrnd a
roll
sensor.All
these data are
transmitted
o the surlace
by
wireline"l'he
curvature
s
converted nto
convctrtional
azintuth and
nclinationby
rrpholc
software,
rovidinga 3D
printout
of both
he
azimuthand
he bore nclination'
However,
he drilling
methodused or
ultar-short
adius
poses he following:
l. turning
adiusof
I to 2 ft.
2.
lengthofdrainhole
of 100 o 200 ft.
3.
the
first
drilling system
requiresa
48 in. dianreter
under-reamed
one
while
the mproved
second ystem
equires
4 in.
diarneter one.
4. the
under-reamed
one length
varies lrom 6
to l0 ftdepending
on
the
systcm
ti l ized.
/)r. M,S.
Faraltat
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UI.
DrilllngI'r:chuiqres
5.
thedrainholc
iamcter
aries .5 o 2.5 n. lttts
wo
or
trtol 'ctuilrltolcst'o
d il lccl.
6, fol
sarrd ontrol, hc hl irrholcs
tc crorrrplclct lsirrg i l lrcr
slol lcrl irrcrs s
gravel
packing.
7. after
completing
he drainhole, he
pipe
s several,hen fdesired,
a slotted
lincr
is l incr is inscrtcd
n thc uutlcr-rcarncdonc, he dircctiotral
t trvcy
tools att
rcuscd.
8.
t lr is
nrcthoclasbccn
succcssful
rr lrc
rrnbonsolidatcd
arrrls,t t tr l ccctt l ly
it hasbcen
used o drill hard ock such
asgrarrite.
9.
a large
under-reamedone
may
pose
difficulties n reservoirs
with
strong
bottonr atcrdrive.
At last hc
short-radiusri l l ingmcthod
oscs
lrc bl lowing:
l.
l 'he
process
nvolves utt ing | 5 b 2{) l lorrgwindow n t lrc
casing
f
an
existing
erticalwell andkicking-off thedlainhole hrough be
window.
2. A
whipstock ndcurved ri l l ingerrtry
uide
assistlexible hell
pipes
30
60 ft) or wiggly dri l lcol lars
n making
a 20 to
40
lt turring aclius. lso,
dilcct ional urvcymay
rc
usod o
locatc r 'ainlrolc
ath.
3.
'f ' l rc
ltot
zontit lpor(ion
wi{lr t
, l l /2
kt
(r
- l l4 in t l irtrrc: l t :r,s
rrotrrrrr l ly
completcd ithelopenhole
r by
insert ing
slottedincr n
thc holc.
n
thc
case of unconsolidated
and reservoirs,
a wire mesh
seven s
wrapped
around
he
iner for sand
control. t
is
possible
o drill
several lainholes t
dif crcntclcvations
lrrough singlc
crt icalwr: l l .
4.
' l 'he
short urning adius
ri l l ingntcthod
asbccnvcry
succcssfullr nrarry
field applications. ut the imitationol thismethod, s that t doesnot offer
0 sclcctivc otl l l) lct ion
ption. rr
ot lrcl
wotls, i t is rrot
possilr lc
o
isolrr lc
ccrtain
protlucing
orrcs
clcctivoly.
l
his
coulcl ausc
diff icult ics
n lhc
cilscs whclc
frirclrucs intcrsccting
lhc
drainlrolc
f lrc in dircct
conrnrun
catiorr i th
eithcr opgas
or bo{toltr atcr.
5, Moreover,
milling a widow
in thc
casing
can be
very
expensive nd
time
consuming.f possible, prefcncdoplion s to dri l l a drainholchrough
new verticalwell
with arr
openhole
section.
6, A
90
ft
turning radius
drainholc
s
a succcssful
echnology.
This
technology
employs a downhole
nrud
motors
and articulatcd
drillstring.
Also, t hasbeen
ucccssful
crncntccl
hocasing
rra curvcd
cotion
l '90
ft
turning
adius
hole
and harrging,
he olntation
valuation
ools
canbe
uscd.
l
h is l r i l l i ng
oc l r r ro logy
ou l t l
l r rob lb ly
c
uscr l o
rh i l l 2 ( ) o 2( )0 l
t r r t r r ingar l ius c l l s
by rnor lc l i r rg
l rc
< l l i l l s t r . i r rg
r l i cu l l r l ion .
Dr.
M.S, Falalrat
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CH. II Drilling
I'echniques
Fig. 2.8a. Waterets.
c )
3 O " C o n l c a l
J e l
n o z r l e a t
o . 4
M P 8
Separ
lor
Tool Cross-Sect ion
Slide
Wke
L----
Convgr lo r
Computer
To
FOC
Tool
lExcitation-----'/
I
Sourye
Electr ical chemat ic
Pr nter
1)r.M.S. Farnhat
Fig.2.8bROC tool.
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Cn l l
L, r i i ' t ( 7 i lhr iqur \
22
2.2Short
Turnine
Radius
Short-lul lr toIizorrtal
(ctns
Ituvc
a tu|1t
mdius
ol about
0_00 l,
lbr.dri l l i Ig
fiom cascdholcs.
Thc
proccss
bcgins
by sicletrucking,
uilt l irrg
ngrc, rru
dti l l ing thc
curved
ectionwith
a
special nglc
building
sscnrLrly.
.lrrrs,
ol
a
re-entry
dri l l ing
system
o be
tcchnically
succcssftrl,
t mustbccapablcof
dri l l ing a
consistort aclitrs
f ourvaturc
rrcl
ol dr.i l l irrg
ut.vc
rr hc
lcsitccl
dircction,
hcsc cqrrircnrcnt
l isc
rorrr
lrc cc
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CII. II Dritti"g
luhniqucs
23
Rotating-guidcdsystems
are a third category of short-radiuscuwe-drilling
tools.
Fig. 2.9 slrows hc downlrole onrponcnts f
onc such systcm.
l'hcy
include
he curve asscmbly,lexibledril i
collars,and oricntation quipment.
Thc
lclativclyshortcurvc
sscmbly ncorpotatcs
flcxiblc.jointhat s
pushcd
to onc sidc of
thc holc lo ti lt {hc bit. ' lhc oricntation
qttipnrcnt onrprisc
standard
muleshoc sub for
gyro
orienting or
a nonmagnctic collar and
rnulcslroc trb or
magnclic
licnting-
his basic ool corccpthasbcenarotrnd
for decades, ut
problems vith angle builds and directional ontrol have
limitcd
its conrmercial ucccss.lolvcvcr, hc
apPcal
of
dril l ing horizontal
wc l ls l rc lp lywi thsuch qu ip rncr tc r r ra i r rs .
Fig. 2.10
highiights the evolution of rotary-guided
cuwe drilling tools before
1988.Early described
tool in 1934 hatuseda flcxiblejoint
to allow the
bit
to be tilted o sidetrack
well. In 1944,Miller
patented
similarcurve-dtil l ing
assembly
Fig.
2.10a) n
which
hc bit t i lt direction
ould
bc
oricntcclo dcflcct
the borehole
in a
particular
dircction. lt
was assumed that, aftcf initial
orieniation,
he assembly ould continue o dril l in a consistent irection.n
1952, Sanders sed a curve-dril l ingasscmbly
Fig.
z.l0b) whose
near-bit
reamer
caused he bit to the inclined.
This
systemalso incorpolateda flexible
joirrt
to allow su{Iicicnt tilt to drill short-radiuscurvcs. The curvc direction
was detcrmincdby the orientationof a whipstock, again it was assunred hat
thc asscnrbly
ouldcontinuc
o dril l in a consistentircction.
In 1964,
(Fig.
2.10c), Frisby
proposed
an assembly that used an
eccentric
stabilizing sleeve o control the bit tilt to orient the tilt in a
parlicular
direction
and to function as a stabilizer to minimize bit
wobbling
and oscillation. The
eccentricsleevecould be
positioncd
eithcr aboveor below thc flexiblejoint. It
was attashed otationally to the ddllstrimg
with
a
pin
that
was
releasedby fluid
pressurewhen drilling mud was cilculated through the tool. This sleeve rs
similar o one
proposed
y Gilcs in 1955 or long-radius li l l ing, cxccpt hat
Gilcs
slcevewas oricntcd hc dril lstring ounter-clockwisco cngage lock to
position
the sleeve n the desireddirection.
Development
was renewed in the 1980's. Holber
(Fig.2.10d)
and
Schuh
workcdon
dril l ingan unpredictablcadius fcurvatutc auscd y instability t
the
dril l bit, cspccially
when
hebit dril led
an oversize oleor became
Dr: lU.S.Farahat
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\-
' ,
\ - -
,r\,,rt.rnlIolt"
Nonmagnetic
Drl l l
Col lar
Dri II rt
1;
7'c
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CII. II Drillitg
Tcchniqucs
25
unstable
as it crossedbedding
panes.
Burton
addressed
lre
problem
ofpoor
oricl l tat iorl
ontrol by
introducing tron-rotat ing
ccentricleevc
Fig.2.10c)
with splingJoaded
blades
o
glip
the wellboreand
o
lnaintain
orientation s
the drilling
assembly s
wellbore and to maintainorientation
s he drilling
assembly s advanced.Burton advocated eriodic epositioning f the sleeve
so hat
a
Dlanet
urvccould
bc
dri l lcd.
Fig. 2.10 Historical
evolution of tlrc
rotaryt-guided lrcrt-radius
atrve-drillin.g
tool.
Fig.
2.11 shows hat
he
flexible
a short-radius
urve.Thus,
o tilt
sulficiently
to drill
a short-radius
llows the bit it hasbeen
useda
non-rotatinglexible
tubular steel shell
madeofshoft lengths
fpipe. The
engths onnect
ogether
with articulated
connectiorrs
or
flexibility.
This flexible
shell
carries he
vertical
thrust to the bit and
acts asa sprirrg
o facilitated uilding
angle.A
flexible
liner nside he shell
contains
ressure
or circulating
drilling fluid.
An
internal drive
shaft supportedby
bearing
packs,
carries
torque from
the
drillstring
to
the bit. The horizontal
ection s
drilledwith
a similar echnique
but
longer flexible
shell
without spting
action and stabilizer
o control
direction
as shown
in Fig. 2.11.The ole
s
preparedirst by milling
a section
of casing
and under-reamed.
he
whipstock
is run ot'iented
o the con'ect
directionand
set, he anglebuilding
assembly
s run into
the hole.
Sidetracking
begins by rotating the angle-building sserr.rblys t guidesoffthe faceof the
1987
e
1}. l\ '1.S,
Falahnt
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( ' l l .
1 l
l \ l l l t tH
I 'nhu\ t t rs
Ltl
whiPs lock '
i dc t r i l ck i r rg
nc l
l l i l l i ng
or r l i r r t ro
r r hc
curvc t l
ro lo
cc t i . .
r ta r r
i 'creasiug
upward
ngle
n the
di 'cction
f the
whipstock
acc
nt i r
t
is
bcing
hodzontal.
Then
the
angle
building
asserrbly
s
pulled
out
of the
hole.
The
stabilized
rilling
assembry
s
run,
and
he
str-aight
orizontal
ection
s
dri
ed.
Also, there is another ersionof thcsystcm.otates
he
bit
with
an
articulatccl
nrotor,
which
improve
lrole guida'ce.'fhe
welr
s compretetr
s
an
open
rore
or a
special
lexible
ype
slotted
incr
s r.un.
Fig.
2'I |
,4scltetnntic
f
o
'shorr-t'aditr,s
rriling
racrtttiqrrc
r,sittry
inirtra
drillin g
ioirtt.
/)r'.
M.S.
Fa
a hat
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CIL DTiIi'tgTcchniqnes
2.3 Mc tl r nt
-
Tu n n
g-Bg1 4;
Although the long-radius
approach to drilling horizontal wclls is
highly
developed nd very successfirl,
hc radius cquircd estrictshe applications
possible.
Medium-radius ril l ing
extends
hc
ecbniqueso thatbuild
sections
with a radius
down
to
about 300 ft
(90nr)
can
bedril lecl. olcsdril lcd ry
m€dium-radiusechniqucsrave
scveral advantagcsonrparcdo long-radius
wells
and almost no disadvantages.
lrey
can be
dril lcd
with
conventional
dril l ing rigs, although hey require
some special,but now wcll-developed,
equrpnrent.
Mcrliunr-radius cchniqucs sc rroir-irrl icrrlalcd
til l slrings
nnd
hcntt
nrrrl
nrotors.' l cscarc hrcc
principal
-ccluircnrcnts:
The bottom-hole
assenrbly ust
be able
o
dril l alonga trajectory ith
the
rcquircd
adius.
)
Thc dril lstringmust be sufficiently
lexible to follow the dril l without
mechanicalailurc.
Tools used n thc hole must
be able o be moved around he curved
parts
of
thehole.
It is important o note
that he hird equirement
istedabove imits he
ools
that cau bc used ir the horizontal art
ofthe holeevcn hrough
hc curvature
thcrc is ncgligiblc.
fhese
requirctrrctrtslacc
linritations n whal
can bc
achicvcd by mediurn-radius
ril l ing.Thc rcquircmentor dril lstring
lexibility
mcans dril lstringsmust be
snraller n dianreteror highcrcurvatures.
tthc
lirnit, it is necessary,
.g., articulated trings,coiled
tubing type strings
strcsscd eyond hc clastic
inrit, andstrings r.dc
o
cxot c highcr-strength
thc nralcrials uchas itanium, arbon
iberor steel-reinforcedroscs.
hargcs
of thissortmove he cchnique
cyond hcboundary fnornralmcdiunr-radius
dr i l l ing .
The
trend to
using smaller diameterdrillpipe
goes
along with the
drilling of
smaller
diameter
roles. notherdriving orcemoving
he
eclrnology
owards
strlall
dianreterss the nccntivc
odlil l horizontal rnihs
tarting
with
cxisting
veltical wells.To do this,mctliunt-radius
quiptnenthdtcarl
bc
inscftcd
own
thc cxisting erticalwell casing s nccdcd.
Dr. M.S. Ferahat
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CH.II DtilingTechniqnls
2a
Drii l ing
motors of
both he
angle-build
nd
angle-hold
ections
fa medium_
radius
horizontal
wcli must
bc shorl
cnorrgh
o
fass
il.ound hc
cut.vilut.c.
Doublo-ti l t
l tolors
arc
ooll l l lon,particular'ly
br
unglc-hold.
.hc i lt
in angrc_
build motors
s relatively
Iarge
and thc
motors
are not
rotatable
steerable).
Medium-radius
hole
can
be drilled
fronr the
side
ofan existing
casedvertical
well
or from
a newly
dril led
open
bole. Ifan
existing
erticalwell
istobe
used,
a
rvindow
s
milled
in thc
cxisting
casing
at ihc
dcsirctl cvcl
and
a
whipstock
locked
to the casing
n the designed
rientation
below
the window.
'lhis
lvhipstock
dirccts
hc nrcdiunr-r'adius
tr(l
nrolor
rlr i l l in thc
rlcsircd
azimuth irection.
2.3.1Drillnhrcfor
Mediun-R
litts Driltins
' I lrc
firstmcdiurn-radius
ti l l ing systcnr
vas
cscribcd
y Dcch,
flnd lcnhart
n 1986. t
allorvcd
holcs
l6 in. in
diarrrctq.
o
horizontal istance f 1000 t with
a
build atc
ofabout20
30nr
l lcarn,
Sclrulr
bc
r l r i l l c r l
o
( r00
0.
'l'hc
systcrnused
a narrow,diarnetcr,
pccial
comprcssive
orvicc
drillpipc
(CSDP)
arrying arger-diameter
ear
knots.
I.' igurc .12a
shows
hc wo
conrmoncst
izc
ol'compre
sivc
ew ccdr.il lpipc.
'lhc
pipc is ficqucnllynxrrlcirrrrrr(xt-lltfl lcli0,llsl(lrril iclccl irl rrsc rrru
magneticsurvey
nstruments
nd
n holes vhere
hebuild
ratcare
greater
han
l5 i tOm
(100
t . ) .
In holcs vilh
a lowcr
build atc han
5230
nr,hcavy-wall
lril lPipoc.g.
ovi-
watc) s
uscd.
fhis
pipc
has rvall
lrickncss
hich
lakcs t
itt)orrtwo
alld l
half timesas
lreavyas
standard
rillpipc c. g.
62.5
Kg/rn or.4.5in.pipc
comparedo
25.3Kg/nr
or standardipc).
n adtlition,
cvi-rvllc iqrc
us,
n
each30 ft length,
centml pset
ection hich
behavcs
irnilarlyo
thewcaf
knots r
CSDP. hcwear
nots
Fig.2.l2b)
ccp hc
drillpipc way
rour
hc
wall
of the hole
in thc curved
ectiol.
This rcduccs
oth
rotating
nd
longitudinalriction,
esulting
n less
trikirrg.t
is also hrough
hewear
nots
hclpkecp
hccuttings
n suspcnsion
n thc
drill ing luid.
1fr I I .S.
Faribat
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CII. II Dtillittg
T
cch
iqxes
Compressive
Strength
Drillpipe
COMPBESSIVE
EBVICE
RILLPIPE(CSDP)
2-7tA
3.1 t8
2
3 .1 1 2
2 1 3 1 1 6
10120t3a
Fig. 2.12a
5"
Wear-Knots
2-7
IB"
s-1t2"
Fig- 2.12b Contpressive trengthdrillpipe 5 in -wectr-lutots.
/lr. l l.S. I.arahat
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CII. II Dti ing lethuiqn.s
30
2.3.2 lf nlinnrllntli us Ilrilli rt
g
ll I
ot o,'s .tnrl,l_t'st,'r,,s
Medium-radirrs,
ngle-buildmotol's
ypically have wo
bcnds
n
their ength.
Motors of lhcse ypes
are showr in Fig. 2.13.
Arotlrer nrotor ritable
or
building angle n rnediun-radius
oles s
shown
n
Irig.2.14. n thisasscnrbly,
a motorwith a bend s
ointed
o thedlil lstr ing
ia a bendsub.
t
he
otal i ltof
the motor s equal
o
the
sumofthc two individual
ilt angles.
l 'ablc
2.I
shows
thc holc chanrctctistic
hat can bc oblailcrl
Lrsing rcdiunr-r 'rrr l irrs
ril l ing
systcms.or fivc differentmotor
sizcs. lrc
two
argcst
motor.sizc
lc linrilcrl
kr
dli lf
ng holc
wi(h au arrglc-builciatcof
lcss l] l| i |, 4730
nr(I00 ll) rr|
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CII. II Drilling
TcchtiquL's
3 l
EA,STMAN
HRISTENSEN
HORIZONTAL
OTOHS
Fig. 2.1-t.
DYNA-DRILL
OUBLE
BEND
MEDIUM
RADIUS
MOTOR
.,.,ii'tm:i,1{;#tr3,y3;ry1;,;1;,i
Itig. 2.14.
1)r. N{.S. iarahat
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C . Dti
ittg'Icch
iqkcs
32
I
49'
I
6.75"MWDDlrocllonal
€nsor
5"
Non-Msgn€llcrlll
Plpe
(He8vy
Welght)
5" Non-Msgn6tlcrl l l
Plpe
(Heavy
Welght)
11.75" tsbllhor
(Non-Mognollc)
8"
Bcnl
HouslnoMotor
(Slnolo
end)
12.125"
tablllzor
12.25" lt
Fig.2.l6
Stu{at'ehole
BII4.
Itig.
2. |
5
('rttlrr
tot. tolt,
n l/l.
5"
Non-Maono
Drl
ptpe
(Hsqvy
W6lght)
0.76"
MWU
Dhoctlonsl
onsor
Gemma ay/Reststtvlty€nsors
fn"'xil-$3p;iy"
n
o,o.
11.75"
tsblll:sr
(No|FMagnotlc)
8" B.ntHourhrcMotor
(Slngle
ond)
12.'125"
tsbtttz.r
I
B'
70'
I
I
I
Dr. I\,1.S. llrrhrf
12.2 "
tl
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CII.
Driuilg'Icchniqu.s
E
+6'
r
I
I
7'
5" Non-Magnellc
rlll
Plpe
(Heavy Welght)
6.75"MWD
Olrecllonal
€nsor
Gamma
RaySensor
FsslstlvltySonsor
7.75"Stablllzer
(Non-Magnetlc)
6.75"
Ooubl6B6nl
Houslng
otor
8.375"
tnbi l izer
Fig. 2.18
Invertetl drillstring
desi.gn
or
horizontal
ole
section.
lrig. 2.17
Hot zo tal hole
BIll
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CII. II Dri hry'lttl'|iquts
34
2.3.3 Hieh Medium a d Lov Saeed Drillins
l'he medium-radius
echniquecan
be usedwith both high-speed,medium-and
low speed nolors: ]'hc types of motor uscddcpcndsupon tlrc contlitions. loth
rolling cone and fixed cutter(usually polycrystallinediamond compact PDC)
bits can be used. Rolling-cone its are nearly always
used
with
low and
medium-speedmotors, .e. for rotary speedsess
han
about
200 rpm. PDC bits
can be used
with
either ow-speedor high-speedmotors.
Both
categories
fbit
hlvc advantagcs
n
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CII.
II Drilling Tcchtiqucs
35
NATURAL
DIAMONDS
ON TOP OF BEVEL
FOR PROTECTION
URINGBACKHEAMING
Fig.
2.19
Fig.
2.20.
2.3.4. Vertical Sectiorr
It
is the
{irst
section rilled
rom
surface ntil the kick-offpoint
(KOP)
for a
horizontalwell or newerwell (Fig.2.15)or section rom surface ntil milling
windon'
for recomoletedmatureor old
well
for drainhole.
SIIOHTEFI
FLAT'I
ER
PDC
BITS
FOR IMPFIOVED
STEEBABILITY
N I-IORIZONTAL
.IOLES
Iton
lones 1990
Fig.2.2I.
T[€ POCb lor
t lE r ight earu,es
a shotl\ucil.;lnnk,
lhl(dki
pro
l i l c
i rd s lu l , r ro , l
0a ( ( ro
o|( l lh .
Theso leahrcs
atu d{rsn.blo
ld
Dr'.M.S. Farah:rt
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ctl.II lrtiuitru t.thniqn.s
36
D
-lt
vd t la lhd .
i l , l l l . . l
,nJ . " .d
ro . r . t i co
o,
t , , r , , rd i r ro
c . j t , )u
Dot , , r
V. r ' l c r l
d . r thn
rrnotro
ro,nnr lon
c.D, i t^ j , ,o .
i , , , t
u . i to r r t , , , , i t l
v . r r l c . l
ho lo p lusood.bJct
o k lck ot t
p . i j r r
Cur .d
ho lo ucr lon d , l t tod
tvo 0h
90-
l rn r r . l i . .
l lo rhonr . l
I ' o lo 66cr lon
dr i l lod
curv . i l
ddd
ho. i lon t . t ho toE.cr ton ,
asod
,nd
cuUFv(uu
Ititrg.2.224ttl iuut
unt hori;ottIrtIu'tlL
2.3.4.2CurvedSectiatt
' l lrc
crrlvcrl
cclion fhorizontal olcs
rrms hlouglr
90'
cu vc lrcrnvc rcnl
lo horizontal
wilh
an avclage urn laclius
l-
3(X)-tt(X)i. Ihis cun
bc ckrnc
thfough
he ollowing:
C t r)i dotv
or
|ertictl well: At kick
offpoint, hc scclionnril l
( lr ig.
2.23) s
t t t t t t r r l l t ccns i t rg ,s t r i l l c r ltg i r rg i r r r r t j
l o . \2
11
s in , l i V is
gr ' l
r r r r r lv i t l r
lhrccstcps.
' lhlce
diffcrent rolton-holeassclllblics fc uscd to sidc thc
wcfll
alicr sct
whipslockas shown in Frg.
2.24
shows typical
conllguration
l notor
dcviation
cction 'orkick-off,brildirrg nrl horizontal lo(or rsscniblics-uscd
for drainhole
n
Egyptian-westem
eseit.
/ lr ' . l .S. I:rurh:r l
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CIl.
II
Dri
i,tg
Tcchniqrcs 31
H
I
Hydru l i c Jar
61 /4
61 /2
5 3 /8
4
3 / B
T,
oa
I
r
I
t_
Bit Sub
Boot
Basket
Sect ionMi l l
Taper
l ,4 i l l
5 1 t2
a
1 /4
1 /8
1 /2
5 1 t2
a
1 t4
Fig. 2.23 tuIil rt
g
ass
nfu
y.
Dr'.M,S. Farahat
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CH. II
Dtilti g
Techniqnes
38
J
A
J
A
B
Limber
=
Molor , B=
Bear ing
i l
,
D= Bent housing
Bent-Housing
Pad
and
Bent Hous ing
Bent
Sub
Benl
Sud
-
and
Benl-Housing
assembly
,
C :
E: Pad,
and
Ouipu t
sha f t
anc l
F : Bent
sub
Fig. 2-24
Motor deviati)
sectian.
/ f / . NI.S,
:rrahnt
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CIt-
II Dri hlg Tc.hrirlt.s
39
Anglc-buikling
ontinuous ilh
thc sidclrack
motorasscmbly.
t i l l ing insidc
cascd
holcs
(usually 7 in. diattrctctor
Iilrgcr casirtg)
s
donc
with strtall
diameter,
slim-hole
ools. A sectionof
casing s
removedby nill ing,
a
sidctrllcking
plug is
sot
and drcsscdoff. Somc
opcrators
prcfcr
to sidclrack
o t
olcascd
hole
with lowcr build
ratc, trcrcasing
hc build
latc allcl dli l l ing.r
part of curved section.
Drilling and
angle building
operations
continue,
rneasuring
drift angle
and dircction
pcriodically.
Inclined
or first build
arc
(curvc),
straight
tangcnt)s clril lctl o lhc
rcqLtit.ctlcplh.
'hctt, a dircctional
motor
assembly
s run, and anglc-building
ontittucs
n a slnooth urvc
unli l
the
hole becomes
horizontal. The curved
scction of
the hole may be
cased
before drilling the horizontal section,or both holc may be cased togetller.
Running
of the
casingdcpends
upon the turn
radius, engtlrof
horizontal
section,
ormation
conditions, orquc and
drag.
2.3.4.
2 Horizonto S ectiott
Hotizontal
section
of medium-radius
has angle of
about 90o. The
horizontal
section
s drilled
using low angle build stecrable
nrotor
assctnblyas shown itt
Fig.2.25.
A commonsteerable
ssembly asa bend
rousing
with a low angle
bend
of 0.25'- 0.5",
possibly with
a
very tlrin deflcction
pad
to
prevcnt
motor
housing
(as
shown in Ftg.
2.26) wear reaming
nonnally is unnccessary
because
he assemblies
re rcflectively limber.
Reaming car be
done with a
nonaggressivc
camingassenlbly,
frcquircd.Thcn,drill ing
contirucs ntil
thc
torizontal
scction
s conrpleted.
Lastly,
the
features
of this drilling method
used or medium-radius
horizontal
well, are
given
as follows:
tn this method,
he turning radius from a
vertical to horizontal
direction is
about300 to 800 ft.
Two systems
are available
o drill thesedrainholes.
l
hesesystems
used n
general
are: downhole
mud motors
and flexible
drillpipe. One system
utilize
build-motors
for angle building
al a rate of
about 2dl100
ft. thc
horizontal
potlion
is
ddlled by using angle
hole-motors
which drill at
a rate
of about30'/100 t. Suchsystem asbccnusedsucccssfulo dril l 1000 o
1500
t long wells in
fracturcd ormalions.
/)r.
N{.S.F:rrxhnt
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(:IL
II l)tilling
I-u.hniques
40
Flcqucnt ly lrcsc
wclls al 'c r lso
conrplcto( l
sirrg
lot lct l i r rcr.s. ' l l r r :
cl ls
c i ln l ) c
loggct l r rs i t rg
ornr r roro ia l ly
rv i r i l i rb l r :
o i lo t l
r r l r i r rguor r r r le t l
f ir ' rnnl iorr
vnlunl
on ools.
S
abl l lzed
ent
l lous ng |nolor
Survcy
too l
Pos l l i v r - .
l i sp
r rccr r r
t r
r lowt r l to lc
r to o
SlecraLrlo
rac l i l ts
f
c r r rva luro
Top
s lab l l l re r
n = lln(lhtsot curvnll| lo
Degrco
ol l)cn(l
R
Ben l -hous lng
s lab l l l zo r
T14tca s ee alt e
s),s
e
n.
/)r. M.S. Iarahal
Fig. 2.25
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CH. II Drilling
I'echniqrrcs
4 l
o
rrlrri:ur r-ir;:trl.iEir
ffiffiHm"TF-lH. llw i
-lN
iiffi'1
tffillffil
lilrlH-
ig.
2.26.
Long-turn
adius orizontal el l classificationsredri l lednrainly y deviation
in openho1es.Wells
n
this classification
re
charactcrized y
larger
holesizes
zurd
alc vcry
susccptiblc
o lr igh
drag
and orquc rccauscl longopcnholc
section. Flole ize
ange p
12.25
n cl iameterlthough rrral lct iarrcter oles
are lltote conln'loll.
We ls
with a radius of crirvatureof about 300
m
(
I 000 ft) in the deviated
sectiorrs
re commonly dr-i l led sing he cclrniques
as
shown n Fig.2.27)
a
stcerable cnt
nrr.rd rotorand MWD to
locate hehole
as
dri l l ing
proceeds.
Also,
therc are significant dvantages
n using op-drivcralhcr lran
otary
table drilling rigs,
and top-clrive rigs ate
commonly used in offshore
applications.
Fer.vand rigs havehad
op-drivebecause f
tl-re ost nstallation,
howevcr, erv op-drive esigncclpccifical lyor landopcrationsr-e vailable.
Dr. M.S. Farahat
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CII. II Drillitrg I'ecluriques
[?or ong-radius or izontal
wells
dr i l l ing,
the Navigat ionDli l l ing
Systenr
(NDS)
empty a NorTrak streeable
motor
with
doubletilted
U-joint housing
(DT[J)
as shown
n
Fig.2,2B.The systenr an dr i l l direct ional
rof i les
and
nrakc
coutsccorrections ithout costlyasscnr[rly
hanges.
42
Inlo$r.r l
blado
slabli lzor
0ouble-bend
0t0r
conli[uration
Drilex
f ' o5 i l l vo
l i r , ) lnoo
l
r l
w i l l l
bon l
l lous ing
Fig.
2.21.
$teeraDle
tBtqi'
xc0nf
Uurati0n
Pos i l i ve l i s l ) lacon on l
o lo r
w i l l t
p l ( l
an ( l
l ) r r | t l
l r ) l [ ] i n ( l
( '
'
I : ir:. .29.
Y
...
1 \ ' l
f cf '^'- '-" '
I I
L J J
Also, hc D 'U lrousing as wo sl iglrtbcnds-[r 'strronc cl i lccl iorr,l rorrn thc
opposite-to
lightly tilt the
bit's
axis
fronr thc hole axis.
tcsultingol-['sct nglc
can
bc
configulccl i'om 25" o 78'Loplovitlc
doglcg capabilityup to 6'1100 t
rvhile
drilling
in the oriented
mode. Mren hc
rotary
ablc
s
engaged hile
the
NorTrackmotor
continues
o run, bit offset s negated nd the
NDS assembly
drills
straight
a
head.To keep he well
on course, tientedand rotaly
sections
can bc t l t c r r r i r lod i thout r ipp i r rg
u {
o l '
l l t c l ro lo .
l
l r c
t lo t rb lc - t i l tl cs ig l r
brings he motor
axis
back into alignment vith the
boreholeaxis,
providing
/ )r ' .Nl.S.
l : t r ' : rh:r t
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CE.II
Dti i'tg
lechniqnes
directional
control
and consistent
well
path
curvature
with low bit offset
and
nrirrinral
ousing, caring,
nd
dr-ivc sscmbly
trcsses.
2,4.1 Venical
Section
It is
drilled ftom
surface
or sea bed until
KOP
(Kick-off
point)
using
convenlional
ools.
The
cuwed
section of
horizontal tum
holes through
a 90"
angle from
horizontal
to
vertical with an
average um
radius of
1000-3000 t.
The first
stcp
s to deviated
and bcgin
dril l irrg
hc curvedscction.
fhe
same
gcneral
proceduresare used for
drilling the high-angle
directional and
mcdium-turn
pattcrns. {cducedanglcsof brri ld and longcr opcn holc scctionsmust be
ollowed.
tt is necessary
o establislr
curualute
and thcn
drillcd witlr one
of
several
assembly
options,
as shown irr Fig.2.29
pattemswith longer
turn ladii
arc dti l lccl
usingditectional
ri l l ing cchniqucs
n thc
carlicr
part
ofthe
cuwcd
section.
I
his is mote
common
where bit
walk and angle
s about 20o.
l'hen
arr
angle
s
about 6d. Drilling
continues
o higher
angles
with rotary assenrblics
in
a few
cases, such
as a hole
with
vety long tums-
Normally,
rotary
assemblies
are less
efficient for building
angle
and controlling
direction
at
lo
horizontal
with motor
assemblies,
rilling
with steerable
motor assemblies
as often
as
possible.
Tangent
sectionsslrould
be
drilled as needed.
Tangents
are often
placed at an inclination
of 60'.
Tangents
are omittcd
in some
holes
that havc
longer
turn radii because
drilling
longer sections
plavidcs
tin'le
for
morc rvcll path adjustments.
2.4.3
Horizontal
Section
Horizontal
sections
f long-turn
holes
have angles
of
about90o depending
upon onnationconditions ndwell pattems. he horizontal ections drilled
with
either a
hold or low-angle-build
feeable
motor
assembly.
rocedures
2.4.2CurvedTurnin
Dr. trt.S.
Farih,rt
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CIl. II lttiUh,E Tt?huiqu.s
similar
to dr:i l l ing he
horizorltal
eclion f tlrc ncdium-lunr
attcrn
lc uscd.
Ro(arynsscnrtr l ics rcscldonr scd.Drag
anrl orquc ncrcirscvillr
rrr:rcasing
depth. Torque nay approacb
he ma;rimurr linliting
torquc-strongth
ofthe
dlil lstring
n very
deep holes.
ThishasoccuLredven
n
a complctcly
ased
hole. Moto[ assemblies
hould e used
ere, ince l]edo
not
require
otating
the dril lstring.Drag and orquemaybe nrinitl izedwith tlrecorrect ypehigh
qua l i ty
mudsys lem nd
o thcr c t ions .
44
Fig. 2-29Long hutt horizontal well.
Ilowever, this dril l ing met hod
long-lurning
mdius) has a turning adius f
1000 to 3000 ft in most casesalrd uscsmostly convcntional
ools. A
combinationofdril l bits with bcnl subs ncl ownhole rucl notors lc usco
o
dril l 2000 o 5000 t longhorizontal ells,
sometimes
educeso 4000
t
long.
The advantages nd disadvantagcs
r
iinrjtations
fthis dril l ingmethod sed
lo r o r )g id iushor izon ta le l l . n r r
c
sr r r r r r r r r i zcd
.
fo l lnws:
1 These
wells can
be
cored,
oggedand treated.
2. Problems in cetnenting the lrighly
deviated
wellbores are
furtllel
aggravatcdn horizontalwellbotes,especially n regald o displacement
frour heholeandunifoml comcnt
lacemcnt
round lrcwcllbolcs.
TI;
II
\
iJ
br
Drl l l lns
l l 'o
0 i l l l i r i l l ' o
CJ-r Fd
q9e
l-srr
,/
/ ,'1n"rl^i'r
/ /
|
soct ion
\+4rf
D/. M.S. i,r.rh.rf
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(:8.
lI
DtillinE
li.hriqrcs
45
Rccontadvlrrccs,
owovcr,
ndicatc hc
possibil i ty fccnlcntirrg
otizorrtt l l
wclls and
pcrforating
hemsclcctivcly.
A selective
ompletion
ption, major
advantageflong
radius orizontal
wells,
would facilitate
producing
only
from the oil
bearing zones
and
shutting-offhigh
alcl or gasproducirtgones.
A typical
tuming of
1000 o 1500
ft roquires
hat hc well
perletrates
rescrvoir
2000 o 5000 t a
way l iom thc spudding
oint. 'his lrrgc Iatcrr l l
space
equitcment
imits tho trse
of this
techniquen many
shorc iclds
where the
typical vertical
well spacing
is l0 to 80
acres.However,
his
types oftechnique
is
very useful n offshore
drilling
D,-. Nl.S.
F'Ar:rhat
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CIL III Har
tt:
ofllotiznalal
tt'c|lr
46
CunprulrII
PLANNING
OF
HORIZONTAL WELLS AND
DRAINIIOLES
GnonlrTnv
I
l-Qeagg11y
of Horizontal ll/eu or Drainholc
Wcll dianrctcr',cll tnrjcclory ntlshapc vithirrhc rcsclvoirhavca sigrrificarrt
impact
on costsand overall
rvcll
success. .
g. productivity
and recovery.
Consequcntly
cometry
s a criticalaspcct f horizontal
vcll
dcsign.
i.I
lTell Diameter
The diameter of horizontal section is the easiest
well geometry
element to
identify.
t shouldbc thesnrallest ianrctcr',
\,hich ' i l l
al low hc following:
l. Use of
controllablc ncldtil l ing asscnblics nd hydraulic
programs
o
achicvc
laccrrrcnt
bjcclivcs nrlholcstlbility.
2. Sufficient
lcatancco run thc neccssalvvaluationools.
3, Sufficient
clearance o install the requircd complction,
production,
and
wolKover
qulpmenr.
4. Sufficicnt iarnctcr
or ccononricil roducfion.
llowcvcr,
lrc nit ialhotizontalwcll in a f icld
dcvclopmcnt
houlcl c dcsigncd
wilh largcr dialnctcr
o
allow
running an
cxtra string of
casing n case
of
unexpected
ole
problems,e.
g.
influx of rvate ror
gas.
lolc diamcter an
possibly c rcduced ncedrill ing/conrplctionlacticcs ndconcspondingtolc
,D,: U.S. ':rrrhat
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CIL
III I'ttrti'tg ttl Ilorizotttt
tvctls
4',7
conditiorshave been
evaluated n the first
well. Also, the well
diameter
sclcclion s tcstrictcd
y thc cliamclcl f
cxis(ing crticalwcll
1()
c
rc-ctltctcd.
' l
he csll icted
diametermay
itnit well lcngth, valuatiorr.
Completionor produotion pclationoptions. l ' lrcscconsctptcuccstust bc
considered
arly during the wcll trajectoty
design.
lL lV_
,ProfiLe
' fhc
nlost increasingwoll goomctly aspect s tlre wcll plofi1e withirr l lrc
reservoir s shown
n Fig. 3.1 that l lustratcs
orizontal vell
profi les
used or'
d fcrcrrt
pp cations.
Fig. 3.1 llasic
well
profilcs.
1.., l, t
3.2.1 Flat wells:
are uscd inhornogeneouscscrvoirs
to solvc
watcr
or
gas
coning
problems.
Thjs is
the easiest and least expensive
design shape to
accomplish,
ut t
provide hc castoptions ver
hc well
l i fe.
j,2.2
[]nddotittg
'ells:
^re used in
reservoirs containing
impertneablc
barlicrs hatscpalatchc €scrvoit'sDto wo oI n]olc solatcdeservoirs.
Dr.
['1.S.
F:lrnhat
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CH. III Ptautittg
ofnotizohtdt utetls
4a
i,2.3 Upword nclined welk:
arc
tsed in
dirty rcservoirs
wheregas
coning rs
a
problcrn.
s the
gas
ntcrlacc
nrovcs
downwarl
and clr(crs
hc lal crrci
f lhc
horizontal
cl l .
Ihe
endofthe
wcll
canbe
plugged
nd
production
ontimred.
' lhis
wcll
plofilc
has hc
advanlagc
hrt it loculcs
ll
of t lr c fluirl cvels
rrr rr
I l i vcs
l r ( i
) l l t i ( ) l
l
l r l r rgg i r rg
r r rc l il rc
c r r t i r r .
ro r izor r t r r lcc t io r r
r r r r l
r r rxhrc i r r l l
thc well
asa vcrtical vell.
3.2.4 Dotptut'ard
itclined *ells:
are
used
in dirty resewoirs
where water
coning s a
problcnt.
As thc watcr
nterlace
movesupward,
waiel
comes Dto
the far endof the well f irst.The inclinedwell can herefore c pluggcdback
and corrtinues
o bc
produced
after watel
breaktlrrough.
3.2.5 ll[ultilct'el
wells: are
usedwith
sand cnscs
and with
rcscn,oirs
sepnrated
by inrpcnncable
anicrs.
lhesc
v,clls
have
a higlrer
hallenge/risk
n tcrms
of
hajeclorycontrol
but
provides
or
dual
brcak hr.ough
n the rvcll
s life
by
iso l r r l i r rgr 'q r l r rg .g i r rg
l rc o rvcr
tcp r l ld
un( :c ( ) r r r r i c
, te r l rx l l l ( - t i (n rr j r rs_
3.2.6Mt l i
hrot,(:h:
Sllortradii
are widcly
uscd.
Multi branch
ncdium
antr
long adiiwells
arebeginniug
o be
usccl nd
should ind
widcspr.cacl
sc n thc
lcxt l-cw
cafs
duc
o thcir
nrprovcrl
cotronrios
nd ncr-cascd
|rlr irragc
rca.
j.2-7
Gmrit.1, rainocc
,cl ls:
ar.e cirrg
dri l lcri n
dcplctc(l
cscrvoir.s i l l l
lro
dlivc nechanisnr ther hangravity. t is
likcly that
gravity
drainage
clls
can
be tser ln rcavy
i l s t rcnrn
io , r , l ingro jcc ts .
3.2.8
Conple.r tell
sltopes:conbine
molc
than
one oftire abovc well
sfierpes
and are useri
n rcsovoirs
with
con4rlcx
gcology
hrt
varicswidcly
ovcr lhc
length
of
horizontal
vell.
1.3 D
esigttllOt'i.zot,
o lt ellI 4ie.'tot
In
accordance
ith
hehorizontal
cll
drilling,
her.crc hrce
cotionrarlcly:
L
yertical
sec(iol; t
is dril led
rom
scabed
rnud
irc)
unlil kick-offpoint
(KOP).
l)/'.
M.S. Iarahrt
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CIL
III
Planning
of llorizontol
llclls
Ttutting or curvetl or
angle
build section:
it is drilled
from kick-off
point
(KOP)
o theend-of-curve
[OC).' l 'his
section
ncluclcshc first-build
rc,
t lrcstraiglrt
angcnt,hcsccontl- l l r i l t lu'c.
llorizontal section:
t is drill(xl lronr
hc
cnd of sccond-hrrild
rc
(llOC)
to
thc end ofproposeddistartceo be dr:illed orizontally n thc pay zone, ll
accordanccith t lrc
ypc
o[ 'hor
zorrtal cl l to bc dri l lcr l.
The
designof horizontal
well
rnentioned ere
s a
part
of Farahat's esearclr
published
y Cairo university.
{r '
nternational
onference,eb. |999. l 'his
.
design
s
basecl
n the conccptof tlre sirnple
angent
build
curvc. The three
majorscctionshat omr a horizontal ,el lor drainholc roshowlt n Fig. 3.2.
Thus,
rom this Figure, he thteesection
may
be
designed s
-ollows:
,1
Ha
-
V
3.
V €
G E O M E T N Y
A S I C
U t L
ol
I
D
C
U N
H-|
Fig. 3.2 Design of ltorizontol v,ell trajectotlt using he sinrple
vEnncAL
sEcr ioM
n
tangent build c:ut
e nrelhod.
Nl.S. rarah:rt
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CH.III
Planni'ry of Hotizottol tlclk
50
l. Thc build-radius f the irst-build rc:
R: 5730B,
( l )
2. leightof the ir'st-buildrc:
D'
:
R(Sin r-Sin 1),
3. Heightofstraight
angent
D,
:
L,
Cos
r,
4. lleight
ofthe
second-buildrc;
D,: R(Sin
-Sin
lr),
5.
The engthofthe first section fhorizontalwell: KOP
KOP TVtLD,-Dr-Dr,
6. The displacementfthe first-buildarc:
(2)
(4)
II,
=
R(Cos icos I),
(6)
7.
l:hc
displaccrncntf thcstmightangcnt:
H,
:
L2 Sin Ir,
8. The displacement
f the second-build rc:
lIr
:
R(Cos Ir-Cos It,
9.
The length ofthe
first-build arc:
(3)
(5)
(7)
Dr M.S. I'arahat
.
(8)
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CH.III
Platui
g
of lrorizon,tt
Welts 51
Lr : 100
l i l r ) /8 ,
10.The
cngth fthesecond-build
rc:
L3 100 I,- lr)/B
(e)
( 0)
||. Ihc rrcusulcd
cpth tlhccrxl
of
lho irct-l)uiltlfc:
MDr KOP
l-
Lr,
l 2 .
l
hc rnc l rs r r r
r ldcp l l )
a t t l r ccn ( l
' f
s t |1 r igh t| rogc :
MDr=MD,+Lr ,
13.Themcasured
epthat the
endofthe
second-build
rc:
MD3 MD'
-F
L3,
The engtb
ofsecond ection
L,
+
L2
+
L3or MD3-KOP.
( l
t )
( t2)
(13)
t4. The length
ofhorizontal
section
or third
section: H (14)
This length
is selected
according
o the tuming
radiusof horizontal
well
to be
ploposcd.
EX. l: During
dril l ing a horizontal
wcll
in Egyptian
dril l ing concession,
he
follorving
data wcre requircd
o design
his well trajcctorl,
namely:
Minimum expected
nglc
build ate:8?100
ft.
Minimum angent
cngth
=
120 t
r anScnrngte
=
)u.
Tarrgcnl ngle90'al S000 t TVD.
Design
well
trajectory.
EalJlti 2 f
l.
'Ihe
build-radius
fthe
first-build
rc:
R: 5730t8 5730/8: '1 t6t
Dr: iU.S.
hr:rhnt
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cn.III
Phn
iry
ofrrotizontat
ttlerts
53
MD,
=
16P
't
t,
=
8206
625
8831
t.
12.The
measured
epth
at
theend
ofstraight
angent:
MD,
:
MDJ
J
Lr
:
8951
F
500
=
9451
t.
I-cngth
fsccond
scction:
Lt
J
[_,
+
Ll
:
625
+120
+
500
1245
t.
14. Length
of
horizontal
section
or third
section
=
H
proposcd
ength
naccordance
i th
R:
716 t ,
where
:800