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The 14th International Conference on Machine Design and ProductionJune 29 July 02 2010, Gzelyurt, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

TOWARDS DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW BIOMIMETIC/BIOINSPIRED DESIGN

METHODOLOGY

Aylin KONEZ EROLU, [email protected] University, 06836, Ankara, Turkey

Zhal ERDEN, [email protected] University, 06836, Ankara, Turkey

Abdulkadir ERDEN, [email protected] University, 06836, Ankara, Turkey

ABSTRACT

A biological inspiration process called as Biomimetic or Bioinspired aims to develop

creative and novel artificial products in engineering domain via inspiring ideas from

structures, materials, processes, and functions in biology domain. Developing of a systematic

biomimetic/bioinspired design (BID) is challenging for engineers for many reasons, such as;

low cost, high efficiency, and high reliability. Many case studies are available in literature.

There are mainly two design approaches based on the starting point of the design. One of

them is the problem-based design approach in which the design starts with an engineering

problem and the other is the solution-based design approach which starts by selecting of a

biological system. This paper presents an extensive literature overview on BID and

compares problem-based and solution based BID approaches. This survey forms a basis for

the development of a new BID approach to design hybrid systems at conceptual level.

Keywords: Biomimetic, Bioinspired, Design Methods, Hybrid Systems

1. INTRODUCTION

It is well known that evolution process of nature creates highly effective, power efficient and

perfectly structured biological systems spread worldwide. From engineering point of view;

biology domain is a vast source of engineering ideas including materials, structures,

processes of any sort methods, tools, devices, mechanisms, and functional systems both at

micro/macro scales. It is apparent that a systematic bridging study of biology domain and

engineering (design) domain would be highly fruitful with inspiration to foster engineering

creativity and innovation. Inspiration from biological phenomena and its applications onhuman comfort dates back to more than 3000 years ago. A typical example is insisted


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attempts of ancient Chinese people towards production of silk artificially [Vincent, et.al.

2006]. Later studies of El-Cezeri created robots-like mechanisms, and works of Leonardo da

Vinci to imitate flight of birds to develop a flying machine. Many success stories are well

known and published on internet for curious investigators.

Mimicking design idea, system and system behavior, structures, and materials from biology

domain into engineering domain is highly challenging for engineers. However, it is not a

straight forward engineering process; it requires a high level balanced expertise on both

domains. An embracing study should include related biological disciplines that cover vast

amount of concepts and ideas, deeper scientific phenomena. Further, they are all based on

highly complex and undocumented, not fully mapped and poorly understood for any

immediate engineering implementations [Vakili and Shu, 2001; Anon, 2007].

Another experienced difficulty is that the methods of scientific communication between the

biology and engineering domains are not well developed and the language is not much

understandable for both sides [Helms, Vattam, and Goel, 2009]. One may consider that it is

two extremities on human life, one is natural phenomena as it is assumed to be available

always and cannot be avoided, the other is artificial or engineering that is supplied by the

engineers to improve human comfort and may depend on the availability.

State of art research reveals that there are many design approaches developed for using

advantages of biological systems to solve engineering problems. Although these approaches

are often ad hoc and they rely mostly on the experience of the designer [Fleischer and

Troxell, 1999; Fleischer, 1999] and current engineering environment, existing approaches

are considered as valuable efforts toward further studies on the development of a systematic

and formal methodology for biomimetic/biologically inspired (bioinspired) design. In the

following section, concepts of biological inspiration processes which are the base of the

biomimetic/bioinspired design are given.

2. CONCEPTS OF THE BIOLOGICAL INSPIRATION PROCESS

The biological inspiration process is discussed as Bionics by Jack Steele in 1960 first time

[Bar-Cohen, 2006_a; Anon, 2007]. He defined Bionics as the science of systems which have

some function copied from nature, or which represent characteristics of natural systems or

their analogues. This term is synonymous with Biomimicry (from bios, meaning life, and

mimesis, meaning to imitate) describing a tool for innovation [Biomimicry Guild, 2009].

Biomimicry aims to develop solutions that meet the needs of society by studying and

mimicking the design and behavior of nature [The Natural Edge Project, 2008]. Biomimicry is

a cross-over between biological systems and artificial systems and is defined as the process


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of engineering inspiration, knowledge, or mechanisms from a natural system to create an

artificial system that has similar properties or dynamics [Fleischer, 1999].

Otto H. Schmitt coined the term Biophysics which is the base of Biomimetics in 1969

[Vincent,et.al. 2006] and this field is increasingly involved with emerging subjects of science

and engineering [Bar-Cohen, 2006_b]. Biomimetics which is a biology-based technology

[Vincent and Mann, 2002] is a philosophical approach that can lead to novel ideas and

innovative solutions. This term is used in both scientific and engineering literature and it has

the same meaning with Bionics and Biomimicry. While some literatures prefer to use the

words biognosis or biomimesis, Vincent and his colleagues [2006] and DTI report [Anon,

2007] concluded that biomimetics is synonymous with Biologically inspired usually called

bioinspired. Moreover, biologically inspired robotics is described as a subset of the

biomimetics by Bar-Cohen [2003]. All of these terms are used to describe the sameapproach; inspiration design idea from biological systems and implementing them into

engineering systems. In this paper, biomimetic and bioinspired are used to describe the

inspiration process.

3. BIOMIMETIC AND/OR BIOINSPIRED DESIGN (BID)

Wilson [2008] stated that Bioinspired design is the transfer of design strategies used in the

natural domain to the engineering domain. Leveraging biological technologies in theengineering domain can lead to many technological innovations and novel products.

Biomimetic design or biologically inspired design (BID) examines biological analogies to

solve engineering problems [Mak and Shu, 2004_b; Nelson, Wilson, and Yen, 2009]. The

BID providing guideposts for creating [Fleischer, 1999] and a cross-over link between

biological systems and engineering systems [The Natural Edge Project, 2008] has led to new

and useful products and technologies [Vincent and Mann, 2002] and some of the have been

patented [Anon, 2007]. On the other hand, BID has a problem of technology transfer [The

Natural Edge Project, 2008; Vincent, 2001; Helms, Vattam, and Goel, 2009] because

biological systems and engineering systems are different and biologists and engineers are

used different terminologies. People studying on biology know very little about the

implications of any biological phenomena in the engineering domain and similarly, engineers

and designers know very little about biological phenomena [Wilson, 2008]. Moreover, BID is

still dependent on the designer experiments and this cause some problems, such as

Vaguely defined problems, Poor problem-solution pairing, Oversimplification of complex

functions, Using off-the-shelf biological solutions, Solution fixation, Misapplied analogy,

and Improper analogical transfer [Helms, Vattam, and Goel, 2009].


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A systematic analogical reasoning method can be developed to reduce the above mentioned

problems. Analogical reasoning method is used in idea generation to transfer knowledge

from a source domain (biology) containing analogous phenomena to a target domain

(engineering) containing problem to be solved by analogy [Mak and Shu, 2004_a; Mak and

Shu, 2004_b; Wilson, 2008; Nelson, Wilson, and Yen, 2009; Helms, Vattam, and Goel,

2009].

A starting point of the analogical representation is decomposition of the biological systems.

Menon and Ellery [2006] and Wilson [2008] suggested a reverse engineering method for

biological systems for their decomposition. Reverse engineering for biological systems can

help to decompose the function, behavior, and structure of biological systems systematically.

The reverse engineering of ideas and concepts from nature and implementing them in a

particular technological field cannot be applied as a straightforward process because of themajor differences between artificial systems and biological systems [Menon and Ellery,

2006].

After decomposition of the biological system, harvested knowledge should be transferred to

the engineering domain. A suitable bridge between biological and engineering terminology is

required to avoid wasting of time [Vakili and Shu, 2001]. This bridge is called as Database

[Mak and Shu, 2004_a]. There are few databases to assist designers and engineers in their

searches, including Biomimicry Guild Database as an open-source database of natural

organisms [The Natural Edge Project, 2008], Biologists at the Design Table(BaDTs) usedto find species and organisms that might assist in design solutions [The Natural Edge

Project, 2008]. TRIZ is another database study that is a method for transferring knowledge

between different scientific and engineering disciplines [Vincent and Mann, 2002] by using

contradiction Matrix [Vincent, 2001] including biological information and principles [Mak andShu, 2004_b].

In addition, a database of Max Planck Institute listing approximately 1,000 biological

materials for particular applications [Anon, 2007] and a lexical database (WordNet) used asa language framework to systematically generate alternative keywords, (particularly verbs

[Shu, 2006]) to find matches and analyze the results of searches [Chiu and Shu, 2004;

Helms, Vattam, and Goel, 2009] can be given as examples of database studies. Other

examples of databases are SAPPHIRE that provides English language descriptions of the

structures, behaviors and functions of biological and engineering designs previously used in

biomimetic design, a diagrammatic representation based on SAPPHIRE [Helms, Vattam,

and Goel, 2009] and Biomimicry Repository which uses an ontology Description Logics

[Wilson, 2008; Yim, Wilson, and Rosen, 2008].


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The above mentioned databases match the elements of the decomposition such as;

biological functions, forms, structures with that of the engineering. A systematic BID method

including the databases is believed to improve efficiency and creative nature of the

engineering design process. Existing researches concentrate on the BID process. In the

following section of the paper, some processes are introduced.

4. BIOMIMETIC AND/OR BIOINSPIRED DESIGN PROCESS

The BID process is typically classified according to their starting points. These are problem-

based design and solution-based design [Wilson, 2008; Helms, Vattam, and Goel, 2009].

In problem-based design approach, designer starts with an engineering problem and

searches for possible and feasible solutions from biological domain. In solution-based

design approach, design starts with recognition of a biological solution and the designer

implements the principles of this solution for a problem in the engineering domain. Some

examples of implementation for both approaches are summarized in Table 1. The survey

reveals that most of studies of BID are based on problem-based design approach.

Table 1 Some examples for problem-based design and solution-based design for BID

BID Case StudyProblem Based Design

Approach/ Solution BasedDesign Approach

Phenomena in Nature Engineering Application

Flying studies of

Leonardo da Vinci[Vincent,

et.al., 2006].

Problem Based Design Approach Birds wings Flying machine designs

(Flying)

Flying studies of HezarfenAhmet elebi [Terziolu,2007]

Problem Based Design Approach Eagle wings Artificial eagle wings (Flying)

A smart cloth [Anon,2007].

Problem Based Design Approach Pinecones A smart cloth (Textile)

An armor [Bar-Cohen,2006_a].

Problem Based Design Approach Hard-shell body of turtles An armor (Textile andDefense Industry)

Big Dog, developed byBoston DynamicsCompany [Raibert, et.al.,

2008].

Problem Based Design Approach A dog Animal-like robot (big dog)(Robotics and DefenseIndustry)

Eiffels tower Problem Based Design Approach Trabecular struts in thehead of the human femuror the taper of a tulipstem.

A tower (Architecture)

The roof of the CrystalPalace

Problem Based Design Approach Types of leaf such asbeech or hornbeam

A palace (Architecture)

A bionic car [Anon, 2007;Vincent,

et.al., 2006].

Problem Based Design Approach The shape of the boxfish A car (Automotive)

Velcro [Wilson andRosen, 2010]

Solution Based Design Approach Burrs Velcro (hook and loop)(Textile)

Gecko of University of

Manchester [Hawken,2006].

Solution Based Design Approach the natural hairs covering

the soles of geckos feet

A new type of adhesive

(Tribology and Robotic)


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4.1 Problem-Based BID Process

Problem-based design approach for BID is enhanced by the opportunity to look into

biological systems with a focused engineering problem and context to see what they do and

then to transform the useful forms, processes, and systems within the design context [The

Natural Edge Project, 2008; Vakili and Shu, 2001]. Scope of bioinspired studies are

examined under this normative and iterative process. Some problem-based BID methods

and their steps are tabulated in Table 2.

Table 2 Some existing BID methods based on problem-based design

Author(s) Problem-based BID steps Domains of Steps Similar Steps

Helms, Vattam,and Goel, 2009

H1: problem definitionH2: reframe the problem (biologizing)H3: biological solution search

H4: define the biological solutionH5: principle extractionH6: principle application

EngineeringEngineering-BiologyBiology

BiologyBiology-EngineeringEngineering

Anon, 2007 A1: formulate the technical problemA2: seek for analogies in biologyA3: identify corresponding principlesA4: abstract from the biological modelA5: implement technology through

prototyping and testing.

EngineeringBiologyBiologyBiology-EngineeringEngineering

H1H3H4H5H6

The NaturalEdge Project,2008

N1: Identify the Real ChallengeN2: Translate the Challenge into Biology

Language Biologise the QuestionN3: Define the Habitat Parameters/

ConditionsN4: Re-ask How does nature do that

function here, in these conditions?

N5: Find the Best Natural Models (literaland metaphorical)

N6: Mimic the Natural Modelas Form,Process, and Ecosystem

N7: Evaluate the Solution Nature asMeasure

N8: Pay Respect to the Inspiration

EngineeringEngineering-Biology

Biology

Biology

Biology

Biology-Engineering

Engineering

Engineering

H1, A1H2

H3, A2

H5, A4

H6, A5

BiomimicryGuild, 2009

B1: distill (distill the design function)B2: translate (translate to biology)B3: discover (discover natural models)B4: emulate (emulate natures strategies)B5: evaluate (evaluate your design

against lifes principles)

EngineeringEngineering-BiologyBiologyBiology-EngineeringEngineering

H1, A1, N1H2, N2H3, A2, N5H6, A5, N8N7

Fleischer andTroxell, 1999

F1: define the problem,F2: find a useful natural system to mimicF3: create a model of the natural system

into a robotic model,F4: translate the model of the natural

system into a robotic model,F5: implement the robotic model in a real

system,F6: analyze the robotic system and make

sure it meets the problemspecification sufficiently.

EngineeringBiologyBiology

Biology-Engineering

Engineering

Engineering

H1, A1, N1, B1H3, A2, N5, B3

H5, A4, N6

H6, A5, N8, B4

N7, B5

Wilson, 2008 W1: Planning and clarifying taskW2: Abstract to identify the essential

problemsW3: Establish function structuresW4: Detail requirements for function of

interestW5: Identify biological strategies (strategy

repository)

W6: Generate ideasW7: Combine working principles intoworking structures

EngineeringEngineering

EngineeringEngineering-Biology

Biology

Biology-EngineeringEngineering

H1, A1, N1, B1, F1

H2, N2, B2

H4, A3

H5, A4, N6, F4


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4.2 Solution-Based BID Process

If a designer starts his/her work by focusing on a specific biological system without any

engineering problem in his/her mind and attempts to mimic the behavior of this system in the

engineering domain, this process is described as a solution-based design process and it is

emerged in practice [Wilson, 2008; Helms, Vattam, and Goel, 2009]. This is a typical process

in developing completely new materials and devices [Anon, 2007].

Few design processes for solution-based design are described in the literature. One of them

is suggested by Vakili and Shu [2001] as composed of five steps. These steps are selecting

initial information source of biological phenomena, identification of synonyms for engineering

functional keywords, identification of suitable bridge between engineering functional

keywords and synonyms and biological phenomena, searching for keywords and synonyms

in bridge, and identification and finding more detail on relevant biological phenomena.

Another description suggest the following steps; identification of a biological solution,

definition of the biological solution, extraction of a principle, reframing the solution, searching

a problem, definition of the problem, and application of the principle [Helms, Vattam, and

Goel, 2009]. A solution-driven BID methodology for conceptual design is developed by

Wilson [2008]. The steps of this method are identification biological system of interest,

analysis of a biological system, extraction of biological strategies, and generating ideas.

A typical solution-based BID approach is widely used in mechatronics engineering educationat Atlm University. Senior students are guided to design animal robots in a two-term design

project. Students study in biological domain for about two months with reverse engineering,

and they design and manufacture robots during the remaining six months. Turtle robots

(2007), caterpillar robots (2008), lobster robots (2009), and rabbit robots (2010) are

designed, manufactured, and tested. The related course and senior students are used as an

experimentation platform to develop and test a novel BID methodology. Results related to

this work will be published after available early results are validated more.

4.3 Comparison of Problem-Based and Solution-Based BID Approaches

In problem-based approach, design approach suggests that a design starts with a problem

definition in engineering domain. Using top-down approach, the problem is decomposed into

its elements such as functions, forms, behaviors, and structures. Then, investigation and

selection of a biological system should be started in such a way that matching components

can be found for any of the decomposition elements at any level. In this step, selected

biological structure should also be decomposed into elements to answer the question of


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what it does? and how it does? for each component and subcomponent. After matching,

implementation of the biological systems into the engineering systems should be started.

In problem-based approach, most of the published studies utilize only one biological system

to meet maximum number of the elements for decomposition of the engineering problem.

Then, for the elements that cannot match with the selected biological system, conventional

artificial elements on the required system elements are added. For example; if a bee is

selected for a mobile navigation problem used on a terrain surface, the designer add a

conventional caterpillar wheel systemon the navigation system for terrain surface which is

independent from the locomotion mechanism of the bee. This is one of the weakest point and

need to be studied further in detail. There should be no limit on the number and variety of

bioinspired ideas for a unique and simple engineering problem.

In solution-based design approach, design starts with a selected biological system as a first

step. This selection from the biological systems is based on an idea. For example; if the

designer seeks a jumping mechanism, he/she can select grasshoppers into a clump of the

rabbit, kangaroo, and like biological systems. As a second step, the designer should

decompose the selected biological system to elements, such as, behaviors, functions,

structures like problem-based design decomposition. Then, these elements are implemented

into the engineering domain. Finally, the design should be evaluated. Each of the study with

solution-based design approach in the literature is only work on individual biological systems.

The methodological problem in this approach that should be studied further is the selection

criteria and methodology in selecting the initial (starting) biological system.

5. A BID DESIGN METHODOLOGY BASED ON HYBRID SYSTEMS

Survey on the design approaches reveals that individual biological systems are used to

inspire for each of problem-based and solution-based approaches. The use of a biological

system for an engineering problem may decrease creativity, fidelity, and novelty. To increase

the creativity and novelty all engineering elements coming from engineering problem can be

matched with biological elements of decomposition from different biological systems in the

problem-based approach. Similarly, in the solution-based design approach, different

elements from multiple biological systems can be combined to provide an artificial system.

Hence, an inspired novel hybrid system that includes more than one biological system should

be developed. These hybrid systems may be constructed by using a new BID methodology

as shown in Figure 1.


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Figure 1 A BID methodology suggested by Atlm University and Craiova University in a joint

project (2010-2012)

In this methodology, there are two main approaches; reverse engineering and direct

engineering. Reverse engineering part is based on reverse engineering principles in

biological domain and starts with multiple biological systems. The problem to be studied here

is the scope of multiple biological systems. Direct engineering is based on known

engineering design principles that start with a conceptualization phase to develop an artificial

system or artificial systems. Although reverse engineering is based on biological domain and

direct engineering is based on engineering domain, both have similar four phases;

implementation, projection, demands, and concept. There are cross links between reverse

engineering and direct engineering for each phase which constructs bridges between

engineering and biological domains. This bridging may be unidirectional as it is illustrated in

the figure for solution based BID. There may be many cases where bridging in required in

both direction frequently all thru the design activities.

CONCLUSION

Biomimetic/bioinspired design (BID) is one of the most promising engineering design

methodologies to foster engineering creativity and innovation. Many fine works and some

case studies are available as challenging in many respects. Advances on the BID

methodology may improve engineering design activities, by;

1. increasing variety of available technology on engineering domain,


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2. reducing cost of the engineering products,

3. designing power/energy efficient and more reliable systems,

4. increasing human comfort, and

5. developing environment friendly design (green design).

This paper introduces an extensive survey on process models on the topic as a basis for

development of a systematic and formal methodology for BID.

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