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Fig. 52-2c Fig. 52-3

Trough

Dry Wet Ambient

Fig. 52-4

Biotic factors: living factors

Abiotic factors: nonliving factors

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 52-5

Kangaroos/km2

00.1

0.1115510

1020> 20Limits ofdistribution

Fig. 52-7

Current

1966

1970

1965 1960

1961

1943

Dispersal

1951 1937

1956

1970

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Biotic factors:

Interactions with other species

Predation

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Competition

Fig. 52-8

RESULTS

Sea urchin

100

80

60

cover(%)

Both limpets and urchinsremoved

Only urchinsremoved

40

20

0

Seaweed

Only limpets removed

Control (both urchinsand limpets present)

August1982

August1983

February1983

February1984

Abiotic factors:

Temperature

Water

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Sunlight

Wind

Rocks and soil

Fig. 52-9

Fig. 52-10aLatitudinal Variation in Sunlight Intensity

Low angle of incoming sunlight

Sun directly overhead at equinoxes

Low angle of incoming sunlight

Atmosphere

90S (South Pole)60S

30S

23.5S (Tropic ofCapricorn)

0 (equator)

30N23.5N (Tropic ofCancer)

60N90N (North Pole)

Seasonal Variation in Sunlight Intensity

60N

30N

30S

0 (equator)

March equinox

June solstice

Constant tiltof 23.5

September equinox

December solstice

Fig. 52-10b

Low angle of incoming sunlight

Sun directly overhead at equinoxes 0 (equator)

30N

60N

23.5N (Tropic ofCancer)

90N (North Pole)

Low angle of incoming sunlight

Atmosphere

90S (South Pole)60S

30S

23.5S (Tropic ofCapricorn)

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Fig. 52-10c

March equinox

60N

30N

0 (equator)

30S

June solstice

Constant tiltof 23.5

September equinox

December solstice

Fig. 52-10e

Descendingdry airabsorbsmoisture

Descendingdry airabsorbsmoisture

60N

30N

0

moist airreleasesmoisture

Aridzone

Aridzone

Tropics

30 23.50 23.5 30

(equator)

30S

60S

Fig. 52-10f

30N

66.5N(Arctic Circle)

60NWesterlies

Northeast trades

Doldrums

(equator)

30S

60S66.5S(Antarctic Circle)

Southeast trades

Westerlies

Fig. 52-11

Labrador

current

Gulf

stream

Equator

Cold water

Fig. 52-12

Warm airover land rises.1

23

4

Air cools at

high elevation.

Cool air over water

Coolerair sinksover water.

,rising warm air over land.

Fig. 52-13

Wind

Leeward sideof mountain

Mountainrange

Ocean

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Fig. 52-14

Currentrange

Predictedrange

Overlap

(a) 4.5C warming overnext century

(b) 6.5C warming overnext century

Fig. 52-15

LakesCoral reefs

RiversOceanicpelagic andbenthic zonesEstuaries

Intertidal zones

Tropic ofCancer

30N

Aquatic biomes

Equator

Tropic ofCapricorn

30S

Fig. 52-16a

Littoralzone Limnetic

zone

Photiczone

PelagiczoneBenthic

zone

Aphoticzone

(a) Zonation in a lake

Fig. 52-16b

Benthic Aphotic

Pelagiczone

Continentalshelf

200 mPhotic zone

0

Oceanic zoneNeritic zone

Intertidal zone

(b) Marine zonation

2,0006,000 m

Abyssal zone

zone zone

Fig. 52-17-5

Winter Spring Summer Autumn

Thermocline ()

44

4

4C

44

Thermocline

44

4

4C

44

44

4

4C

20

4C56

818

2022

Turnover ()

Fig. 52-18a

An oligotrophic lake in GrandTeton National Park, Wyoming

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Fig. 52-18b

A eutrophic lake in theOkavango Delta, Botswana

Fig. 52-18c

Wetland

Okefenokee National Wetland Reserve in Georgia

Video: Swans Taking FlightVideo: Swans Taking Flight

Fig. 52-18d

A headwater stream in the GreatSmoky Mountains

Fig. 52-18e

The Mississippi River far fromits headwaters

Fig. 52-18f

An estuary in a low coastal plain of Georgia

Video: Flapping GeeseVideo: Flapping Geese

Fig. 52-18g

Rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon coast

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Fig. 52-18h

Oceanic Pelagic Zone

Open ocean off the island of Hawaii

Video: Shark Eating a SealVideo: Shark Eating a Seal

Fig. 52-18i

A coral reef in the Red Sea

Video: Coral ReefVideo: Coral Reef Video: Clownfish and AnemoneVideo: Clownfish and Anemone

Fig. 52-18j

A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community

Video: Hydrothermal VentVideo: Hydrothermal Vent Video: TubewormsVideo: Tubeworms

Concept 52.4: The structure and distribution ofterrestrial biomes are controlled by climate anddisturbance

Biome patterns can be modified bydisturbance such as a storm, fire, or humanactivity

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Fig. 52-19

Tropical forest

Savanna

Desert

Chaparral

Temperategrassland

30N

Tropic ofCancer

Equator

Terrestrial Biome

empera ebroadleaf forest

Northernconiferous forest

Tundra

High mountains

Polar ice

Tropic ofCapricorn

30S

Fig. 52-20

Tropical forestTemperate grasslandDesert

Temperatebroadleaf

perature(C) 30

15

Northernconiferousforest

Arctic andalpinetundraA

nnualmeante

Annual mean precipitation (cm)

0

015

100 200 300 400

Ecotone

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Fig. 52-21a

A tropical rain forest in Borneo

Tropical Forest

Fig. 52-21b

A desert in the southwesternUnited States

Desert

Fig. 52-21c

A savanna in Kenya

Savanna ()

Fig. 52-21d

An area of chaparralin California

Chaparral ()

Fig. 52-21e

Sheyenne National Grasslandin North Dakota

Temperate Grassland

Fig. 52-21f

Rocky Mountain National Parkin Colorado

Northern Coniferous Forest

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Fig. 52-21g

Great Smoky MountainsNational Park in North Carolina

Temperate Broadleaf Forest

Fig. 52-21h

Denali National Park, Alaska,in autumn

Tundra ()

Fig. 52-T1 Fig. 52-UN2

Meanheight(cm) 100

50

0

Sierra NevadaGreat Basin

PlateauAltitude(m

)

Seed collection sites

3,000

2,000

1,000

0