51798239 AbeViet HTVT Lec3 CellularNW Part2

8/2/2019 51798239 AbeViet HTVT Lec3 CellularNW Part2

1/97

Overview of Mobile/WirelessCommunication Systems (II)

by

Dr. Nguyen Minh Hoang,[email protected]

March 2010
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


2/97

Outline History and Evolution of Mobile Radio

Evolving Network Architectures

Next Generation Wireless Networks:All-IP Network


3/97

Evolving Core Network

Architectures Two widely deployed architectures today GSM-MAP used by GSM operators

Mobile Application Part defines extra (SS7-based)signaling for mobility, authentication, etc. ANSI-41 MAP used with AMPS, TDMA &

cdmaOne TIA (ANSI) standard for cellular radio

telecommunications inter-system operation Each evolving to common all-IPvision

All-IPstill being defined many years away GAIT (GSM-ANSI Interoperability Team) provides

a path for interoperation today


4/97

BTS Base Transceiver Station

BSC Base Station Controller

Typical 2G Architecture

MSCMobile Switching Center

VLR Visitor Location Register

HLR Home Location Register

BTS

BSCMSC/VLR

HLRBSC

GMSC

CO

BSC

BSCMSC/VLR

CO

PSTN

PLMN

CO

Tandem Tandem

SMS-SC

PSDN


5/97

Network Planes Like PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network), 2G

mobile networks have one plane for voice circuits (transport plane) another plane for signaling (control plane)

Some elements reside only in the signaling plane HLR, VLR, SMS Center,

MSC

HLR

MSC

VLR

Transport Plane (Voice)

Signaling Plane (SS7)

MSC

SMS-SC


6/97

Signaling in Core Network Based on SS7

ISUP and specific Application Parts

GSM MAP and ANSI-41 services Mobility, call-handling, O&M Authentication, supplementary services SMS,

Location registers for mobility management HLR: home location register has permanent data VLR: visitor location register keeps local copy for

roamers


7/97

PSTN-to-Mobile Call

(STP)

(SCP)

PSTNPLMN

(SSP)(SSP)BSSMS

PLMN(Home)(Visitor)

(STP)

HLR

GMSC

(SSP)

VMSC

VLR

IAM

6

2

Where is the subscriber?

5Routing Info

3Provide Roaming

4

SCP

1

IAM

514 581 ...

ISUP

MAP/ IS41 (over TCAP)

Signalingover SS7


8/97

BSS Base Station System



MSMobile Station

NSS Network Sub-System

MSCMobile-service Switching Controller



AuC Authentication Server

GMSCGateway MSC

GSM 2G Architecture

SS7BTS

BSC MSCVLR

HLRAuC

GMSC

BSS

PSTN

NSS

AE

CD

PSTNAbis

B

H

MS

GSM Global System for Mobile communication


9/97

Enhancing GSM New technology since mid-90s Global standard most widely deployed

significant payback for enhancements

Frequency hopping Overcome fading

Synchronization between cells DFCA: dynamic frequency and channel assignment

Allocate radio resources to minimize interference Also used to determine mobiles location

TFO Tandem Free Operation (Improve voice qualityby disabling unneeded transcoders during mobile-to-mobile calls)


10/97

Enhancing GSM AMR (Adaptive multi-rate) speech coder

Trade off speech and error correction bits

Fewer dropped calls DTX discontinuous transmission

Less interference (approach 0 bps during silences) More calls per cell

HSCSD high speed circuit-switched data Aggregate channels to surpass 9.6 kbps limit

(50k)

GPRS general packet radio service


11/97

GPRS 2.5G for GSM General packet radio service

First introduction of packet technology

Aggregate radio channels Support higher data rates (115 kbps)

Subject to channel availability

Share aggregate channels among multiple users All new IP-based data infrastructure

No changes to voice network


12/97

SS7BTS

BSCMSC

VLR

HLRAuC

GMSC

BSS

PSTN

NSS

AE

CD

PSTNAbis

B

H

MS



BSC

Base Station Controller

NSS Network Sub-System

MSC Mobile-service Switching Controller




GMSC Gateway MSC

2.5G Architectural Detail

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

IP

2G+ MS (voice & data)

PSDNGi

SGSN

Gr

Gb

Gs

GGSN

Gc

Gn

2G MS (voice only)


13/97

GSM Evolution for Data Access

1997 2000 2003 2003+

GSM

GPRS

EDGE

UMTS

9.6 kbps

115 kbps

384 kbps

2 Mbps

GSM evolution 3G


14/97

EDGE

Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution Increased data rates with GSM compatibility

Still 200 KHz bands; still TDMA 8-PSK modulation: 3 bits/symbol give 3X data rate Shorter range (more sensitive to

noise/interference)

GAIT GSM/ANSI-136 interoperability team Allows IS-136 TDMA operators to migrate to EDGE New GSM/ EDGE radios but evolved ANSI-41 core

network


15/97

3GPP/3GPP2


16/97

Introduction to 3GPP (1/5) Participation

Organizational Partners ARIB CWTS ETSI T1 TTA TTC

Market Representation Partners Global Mobile Suppliers Association - GSA

GSM Association UMTS Forum Universal Wireless Communications Consortium (UWCC) IPv6 Forum

Individual Members Companies

Observers, Guests


17/97

Introduction to 3GPP (2/5)


18/97

Introduction to 3GPP (3/5) TSG CN (Core Network)

WG1 (MM/CC/SM) (Iu) WG2 (MAP/GTP/CAMEL) WG3 (Interworking with external networks)

TSG RAN WG1 (Radio Layer 1) WG2 (Radio Layer 2 and Radio Layer 3 RR) WG3 (Iub, Iur, Iu, UTRAN O&M requirements) WG4 (R. performance, protocol aspects)

AHG1 (Ad-hoc group on ITU (internal) co-ordination) TSG SA

WG1 (Services) WG2 (Architecture) WG3 (Security)

WG4 (Codec) WG5 (Telecom Management)


19/97

Introduction to 3GPP (4/5) TSG T

WG1 (Mobile Terminal Conformance testing)

WG2 (Terminal Services & Capabilities) WG3 (USIM)


20/97

Introduction to 3GPP (5/5) Technical Work Done in WGs Meetings

As Necessary

Decision through Consensus or Voting Most of the Work Done in Meetings

Deliverables Technical Reports/Technical Specifications Approval by Consensus or Vote

Change Control When Sufficiently Stable Inter-WG Coordination

In TSGs Information Exchange through Liaison Statements

Standards Releases


21/97

3G Partnership Project (3GPP) 3GPP defining migration from GSM to UMTS

(W-CDMA) Core network evolves from GSM-only to support GSM, GPRS

and new W-CDMA facilities

3GPP Release 99 (R99) Adds 3G radios

3GPP Release 00 (R00 R4, R5, and R6) 3GPP Release 4 (R4)

Adds softswitch/voice gateways and packet core 3GPP Release 5 (R5)

First IP Multimedia Services (IMS) w/SIP & QoS

3GPP Release 6 (R6) All IPnetwork; contents of r6 still being defined


22/97

Mobile Standard

Organizations

ARIB(Japan)

T1

(USA)

ETSI

(Europe)

TTA(Korea)

CWTS

(China)

TTC(Japan)

TIA

(USA)

Third GenerationPatnership Project

(3GPP)

Third GenerationPartnership Project II

(3GPP2)

ITU

MobileOperators

ITU Members

IS-95), IS-41, IS-2000, IS-835

GSM, W-CDMA,UMTS


23/97

Partnership Project and

Forums

ITU IMT-2000 http://www.itu.int/imt2000 Mobile Partnership Projects

3GPP: http://www.3gpp.org

3GPP2: http://www.3gpp2.org Mobile Technical Forums

3G All IP Forum: http://www.3gip.org IPv6 Forum: http://www.ipv6forum.com

Mobile Marketing Forums Mobile Wireless Internet Forum: http://www.mwif.org UMTS Forum: http://www.umts-forum.org GSM Forum: http://www.gsmworld.org Universal Wireless Communication: http://www.uwcc.org Global Mobile Supplier: http://www.gsacom.com
http://www.itu.int/imt2000http://www.3gpp.org/http://www.3gpp2.org/http://www.3gip.org/http://www.ipv6forum.com/http://www.mwif.org/http://www.umts-forum.org/http://www.gsmworld.org/http://www.uwcc.org/http://www.gsacom.com/http://www.gsacom.com/http://www.gsacom.com/http://www.uwcc.org/http://www.uwcc.org/http://www.gsmworld.org/http://www.gsmworld.org/http://www.umts-forum.org/http://www.umts-forum.org/http://www.umts-forum.org/http://www.umts-forum.org/http://www.mwif.org/http://www.mwif.org/http://www.ipv6forum.com/http://www.ipv6forum.com/http://www.3gip.org/http://www.3gip.org/http://www.3gpp2.org/http://www.3gpp2.org/http://www.3gpp.org/http://www.3gpp.org/http://www.itu.int/imt2000http://www.itu.int/imt2000


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Mobile Standards

Organizations European Technical Standard Institute (Europe):

http://www.etsi.org Telecommunication Industry Association (USA):

http://www.tiaonline.org Standard Committee T1 (USA):

http://www.t1.org China Wireless Telecommunication Standard (China):

http://www.cwts.org The Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan):

http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/ The Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan):

http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/index.html The Telecommunication Technology Association (Korea):

http://www.tta.or.kr/english/e_index.htm
http://www.gsacom.com/http://www.gsacom.com/http://www.gsacom.com/http://www.gsacom.com/http://www.gsacom.com/http://www.etsi.org/http://www.tiaonline.org/http://www.t1.org/http://www.cwts.org/http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/index.htmlhttp://www.tta.or.kr/english/e_index.htmhttp://www.tta.or.kr/english/e_index.htmhttp://www.tta.or.kr/english/e_index.htmhttp://www.ttc.or.jp/e/index.htmlhttp://www.ttc.or.jp/e/index.htmlhttp://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/http://www.cwts.org/http://www.cwts.org/http://www.t1.org/http://www.t1.org/http://www.tiaonline.org/http://www.tiaonline.org/http://www.etsi.org/http://www.etsi.org/


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Location-Related

Organizations LIF, Location Interoperability Forum

http://www.locationforum.org/ Responsible for Mobile Location Protocol (MLP) Now part of Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)

OMA, Open Mobile Alliance http://www.openmobilealliance.org/ Consolidates Open Mobile Architecture, WAP Forum, LIF,

SyncML, MMS Interoperability Group, Wireless Village

Open GIS Consortium http://www.opengis.org/ Focus on standards for spatial and location information

WLIA, Wireless Location Industry Association http://www.wliaonline.com
http://www.tta.or.kr/english/e_index.htmhttp://www.tta.or.kr/english/e_index.htmhttp://www.tta.or.kr/english/e_index.htmhttp://www.tta.or.kr/english/e_index.htmhttp://www.tta.or.kr/english/e_index.htmhttp://www.locationforum.org/http://www.openmobilealliance.org/http://www.opengis.org/http://www.wliaonline.com/http://www.wliaonline.com/http://www.wliaonline.com/http://www.opengis.org/http://www.opengis.org/http://www.openmobilealliance.org/http://www.openmobilealliance.org/http://www.locationforum.org/http://www.locationforum.org/


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3G R99 Architecture

(UMTS)

3G Radios

SS7

IP

BTS

BSCMSC

VLR

HLRAuC

GMSC

BSS

SGSN GGSN

PSTN

PSDN

CN

CD

GcGr

Gn Gi

Abis

Gs

B

H




RNS Radio Network System

RNC Radio Network Controller

CN Core Network





GMSC Gateway MSC


GGSNGateway GPRS Support Node

AE PSTN

2G MS (voice only)


UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

Gb

3G UE (voice & data)

Node B

RNC

RNS

Iub

IuCS

ATM

IuPS
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3G R4 Architecture (UMTS)Soft Switching

SS7

IP/ATM

BTS

BSCMSC Server

VLR

HLRAuC

GMSC server

BSS

SGSN GGSN

PSTN

PSDN

CN

CD

GcGr

Gn Gi

Gb

Abis

Gs

B

H




RNS Radio Network System

RNC Radio Network Controller

CN Core Network





GMSC Gateway MSC


GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

ANc

2G MS (voice only)


Node B

RNC

RNS

Iub

IuCS

IuPS


Mc

CS-MGW

CS-MGWNb

PSTNMc

ATM
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3G R5 Architecture (UMTS)- IP Multimedia

Gb/IuPS

A/IuCS

SS7

IP/ATM

BTSBSC MSC Server

VLR

HSSAuC

GMSC server

BSS

SGSN GGSN

PSTN

CN

CD

GcGr

Gn Gi

Abis

Gs

B

H

IM IP Multimedia sub-system

MRFMedia Resource Function

CSCF Call State Control Function

MGCFMedia Gateway Control Function (Mc=H248,Mg=SIP)

IM-MGW IP Multimedia-MGW

Nc

2G MS (voice only)


Node B

RNC

RNS

Iub


Mc

CS-MGW

CS-MGWNb

PSTNMc

IuCS

IuPS

ATM

IM

IPPSTN

Mc

MGCF

IM-MGW

MRF

CSCF

Mg

Gs

IP Network
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3GPP R6 Objectives

IP Multimedia Services, phase 2 IMS messaging and group management

Wireless LAN interworking Speech enabled services

Distributed speech recognition (DSR)

Number portability Other enhancements (?)

Scope and definition in progress
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Evolving Services
http://www.wliaonline.com/


31/97

Up and Coming MobileServices

SMS, EMS, MMS

Location-based services

3G-324M Video

VoIP w/o QoS

IP Multimedia Services (w/QoS) Converged All-IPnetworks the

Vision
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BTS BSCMSC

VLR

HLR

SMS-IWMSC

A

E

C

B

Short Message Service (SMS)

Point-to-point, short, text message service Messages over signaling channel (MAP or IS-41) SMSC stores-and-forwards SMSs; delivery reports

SME is any data terminal or Mobile Station

MSSME

SMS-GMSC

PSDN

SC

PC

SMS GMSC Gateway MSC

SMS IWMSC InterWorking MSC

SC Service Center

SME Short Messaging Entity

SMEs
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EMS Principles

EMS (Enhanced Message Service) Leverages SMS infrastructure Formatting attributes in payload allow:

Text formatting (alignment, font size, style,color)

Pictures (e.g. 255x255 color) or vector-basedgraphics

Animations Sounds

Interoperable with 2G SMS mobiles 2G SMS spec had room for payload formatting 2G MS ignore special formats
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MMS Principles (1)

Non-real-time, MMS (multi-media message service) Text; Speech (AMR coding) Audio (MP3, synthetic MIDI)

Image, graphics (JPEG, GIF, PNG) Video (MPEG4, H.263) Will evolve with multimedia technologies

Uses IP data path & IP protocols (not SS7) WAP, HTTP, SMTP, etc.

Adapts to terminal capabilities Media format conversions (JPEG to GIF) Media type conversions (fax to image) SMS (2G) terminal inter-working
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MMS Principles (2)

MMs can be forwarded (w/o downloading), andmay have a validity period

One or multiple addressees Addressing by phone number (E.164) or email

address (RFC 822) Extended reporting

submission, storage, delivery, reading, deletion Supports an MMBox, i.e. a mail box Optional support of media streaming

(RTP/RTSP)
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Location

Driven by e911 requirements in US FCC mandated; not yet functioning as desired Most operators are operating under waivers

Potential revenue from location-based services Several technical approaches

In network technologies (measurements at cell sites) Handset technologies

Network-assisted handset approaches Plus additional core network infrastructure

Location computation and mobile location servers

Significant privacy issues


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Location Technology

Cell identity: crude but available today Based on timing

TA: Timing Advance (distance from GSM BTS)

Based on timing and triangulation TOA: Time of Arrival TDOA: Time Difference of Arrival EOTD: Enhanced Observed Time Difference AOA: Angle of Arrival

Based on satellite navigation systems GPS: Global Positioning System A-GPS: Assisted GPS


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Location-Based Services

Emergency services E911 - Enhanced 911

Value-added personal services friend finder, directions

Commercial services coupons or offers from nearby stores

Network internal Traffic & coverage measurements


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All-IPServices

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 3GPP Multi-Media Domain (MMD) 3GPP2

Voice and video over IP with quality ofservice guarantees

Obsolete circuit-switched voice equipment

Target for converging the two disparate

core network architectures
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GPRS/UMTS


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General Packet RadioService (GPRS)

New packet data service in GSM

Packet wireless access network andIP-based backbone

Access to packet data networks

(PDN) Internet

X.25 (NO MORE!)
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GPRS Key Features

Packet-mode Flexible time slot allocation (1-8) Radio resources shared dynamically

between speech and data services Independent uplink and downlink

resource allocation Interworking with IP and X.25

networks


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GPRS High-Level Functions

Network access control registration, admission control, authentication,

etc.

Packet routing and transfer address translation, encapsulation, tunneling,

etc.

Mobility management Logical link management

establishment, maintenance and release

Radio resource management

Network management: OA&M
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GPRS Logical Architecture

Gf

D

Gi

Gn

Gb

Gc

CE

Gp

Gs

Signaling and Data Transfer Interface

Signaling Interface

MSC/VLR

TE MT BSS TEPDN

R Um

GrA

HLR

Other PLMN

SGSN

GGSN

Gd

SM-SCSMS-GMSCSMS-IWMSC

GGSN

EIR

SGSN

Gn
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Key Processes Dynamic radio resource management

capacity on demand (PS vs. CS) flexible time slot assignment for both up-link

and down-link GPRS attachment/detachment: MS &

SGSN GPRS mobility management

MM Context: ID, state, RA, AAA, etc Location Update: Cell, RA, LA

PDP activation/de-activation: MS & GGSN PDP Context: QoS, Compression, Address,

type, etc
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GPRS Tunneling Protocol(GTP)

Forward packets between an externalPDN and MU

Carry GPRS signaling messagesbetween GSNs

Allows multi-protocol packets to betunneled through the GPRS backbone
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GTP

Path Protocol

GTP

Path Protocol

GSN GSN

Signaling Plane

GTP

Path Protocol

GTP

Path Protocol

GSN GSN

Transmission Plane

IP/X.25 PDUIP/X.25 PDU

Path Protocol- UDP/IP

Path Protocol- TCP, UDP/IP

GTP Protocol Stack


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Entities The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

Mobility Management Authentication Gathers Charging Information

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) Gateway between UMTS Core Network and external networks Address allocation for MS Gathers Charging Information Filtering

Base Station Subsystem (BSS) / Radio Network Subsystem(RNS)

BSS BSC (Base Station Controller) BTS (Base Station Transceiver)

RNS (Radio Network Subsystem) RNC (Radio Network Controller) Node-B
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PDP Context

Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context Session Logical Tunnel between MS and GGSN Anchored GGSN for Session Multiple PDP Contexts

Per Mobile Per PDP Address

PDP Context Activities Activation Modification Deactivation


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R99 Interfaces and ProtocolsGSM User Plane

Relay

NetworkService

GTP-U

Application

IP, etc.

SNDCP

LLC

RLC

MAC

GSM RF

SNDCP

LLC

BSSGP

L1bis

RLC

MAC

GSM RF

BSSGP

L1bis

Relay

L2

L1

IP

L2

L1

IP

GTP-U

IP, etc.

Um Gb Gn GiMS BSS SGSN GGSN

NetworkService

UDPUDP
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R99 Interfaces and ProtocolsUMTS User Plane

L1

RLC

PDCP

MAC

E.g., IP,

PPP,

OSP

Applicatio

L1

RLC

PDCP

MAC

ATM

UDP/IP

GTP-U

AAL5

Relay

L1

UDP/IP

L2

GTP-U

E.g., IP,

PPP,

OSP

3G-SGSUTRANMS

Iu-PUu Gn Gi

3G-GGS

ATM

UDP/IP

GTP-U

AAL5

L1

UDP/IP

GTP-U

L2

Relay
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Outline

History and Evolution of Mobile Radio

Evolving Network Architectures

Next Generation Wireless Networks:All-IP Network
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Release 2000 All-IP Architecture
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Release 2000 Architecture

Includes All-IP Architecture Option GPRS as basis

Includes GPRS Core Network Home Subscriber Server (HSS) instead of HLR

New Entities - Voice over IP infrastructure Call State Control Function (CSCF) Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF) Media Gateway (MGW) etc.

New Interfaces New Protocols

All IP S L l


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All-IP System LevelArchitecture

CSCF Call State Control Function MRF Multimedia Resource FunctionHSS Home Subscriber Server RAS Remote Access Server (DSLAM, headend)

MGCF Media Gateway Control Function RSGW Roaming Signaling GatewayMGW Media Gateway TSGW Transport Signaling Gate

MRF Internet

SCP

Application

servers

HSS

Gr+

MAP+

CAPWIN

PSTN3G RAN

Iu-PS

CSCFMGCF

SGSN

OSA

Service

capability

servers

TSGW

Legacy

CellularRSGW

ISUP

MAPIS-41

IPv6

All-IP Core MGW

SIP

H.248

WLAN, DSL,

cable...

RAS

GGSN

GW

R00 All IP R f
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R00 All-IP ReferenceArchitecture

GGSNSGSN

MGW

CSCF

MGCF

RSGW

Transport

Layer

Application/Control

Layer

Service Layer

MRF

HSS

TSGW

CSCF

External IP

Networks

Legacy MobileSignaling

Networks

PSTN/

External CS

Networks

WLAN, DSL, Cable, etc.

RAS

OSA, VHE,

etc.SCP
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3GPP All-IP Reference Model

TE Terminal EquipmentMT Mobile TerminationERAN EDGE Radio Access NetworkEDGE Enhanced Data rates for Global EvolutionUTRAN UMTS Radio Access NetworkUMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications ServicesE-HLR Enhanced Home Location RegisterSGSN Serving GPRSSupport NodeGPRS General Packet Radio Service

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support NodePLMN Public Land Mobile Network

PSTN Public Switched TelephoneNet.IP Internet ProtocolE-SGSN Enhanced SGSNE-GGSN Enhanced GGSNSGW Signalling GatewayCSCF Call State Control FunctionEIR Equipment Identify RegisterMRF Multimedia Resource Function

MGCF Media Gateway ControlFunctionMGW Media Gateway

Applications& Services

PSTN/Legacy/External

MultimediaIP Network

Legacy mobileSignalingNetwork

Other PLMN

GGSN

EIR

E-SGSN E-GGSN

MGW

MGCFMRF

CSCF

SGW

E-HLR

GERAN

UTRAN

MT

MT

TE

TE

MmMs

CxGm Mr

Mg

Mc

Gi

Mh

GrGc

Gp

Gn

Gf

Gi

R

R Um

Uu

Iu-ps

Iu

Signalling Interface

Signalling and Data Transfer Interface

Gi

AlternativeAccess

Networks
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R00 New Protocols (?) Protocol between CSCF and Mobile or IP Phone:

H.323 or SIP

CSCF-MRF: Mr H.248/Megaco

CSCF-MGW: Mc H.248/Megaco

CSCF-HSS:Cx IP based Interface

CSCF-CSCF: Mw Bear Independent Control Protocol (BICC) or SIP?

CSCF-Legacy Mobile Network: Ms

IP based signaling - The same as Mw CSCF-Applications/Services:

Difference: Camel over IP (Sigtran)

Real-time IP transport: RTP/UDP/IP
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Future trends

Mobility Management

Multi-services

Multi-access and Access independent, Seamless Mobility world

Layered Network Functionality

IPv6-based

Common Network for all kind of services Rapid, flexible, and ease creation of new services

layer implementation independently for system flexibility and future evolution

Several accesses (WCDMA, EDGE, WLAN, Cable, etc.)

Global IP mobility

For scalability and address space For mobility between accesses (Global IP mobility)
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One Network

Servers

Users

IP withMobility

Access

Access

Communication Control

Content Content

Access

FutureMulti-service Network


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A Vision for 4G


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Mobile System Generations First Generation (1G) mobile systems were

designed to offer a single service, i.e., speech.

Second Generation (2G) mobile systems were also

designed primarily to offer speech with a limitedcapability to offer data at low rates.

Third Generation (3G) mobile systems areexpected to offer high-quality multi-media

services and operate in different environments. 3G systems are referred to as Universal Mobile

Telecommunications System (UMTS) in Europeand International Mobile Telecommunications2000 (IMT2000) worldwide.


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UMTS Main Requirements (3M)

Multi-media

Multi-environment

Multi-operator

Virtual operators
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VideoConference

(High quality)

Video

Conference(Low quality)

Telephone

Conference

Telephone

VoiceMail

ElectronicMail

FAX

Electronic

Publishing

Electronic

Newspaper

ISDNKaraoke

VideoCatalogshopping

Database AccessRemote medical

service(Medical image) Video on

demand-Sports-News-Movies

Mobile TV

MobileRadio

Image

Data

Voice

Multicast

Multi Point

AsymmetricSymmetric

Point to Point

Broadcast

2M

384K

64K

32K

16K

9.6K

2.4K

1.2K

NewsWeatherforecast

Trafficinformation

Sportsinformation

Leisure

Information

Mobile Multimedia

WWW

e-mail

ftp

IP

telephony

etc

Information

Distribution

Services

Internet

Access

pager

Mobile Multimedia Services

D ff E f
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Global

Suburban

Macro-Cell

Urban

Micro-CellIn- Building

Pico-Cell

Home-Cell

Different Environments for

UMTS
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4G Concept

Towards 4G

User driven,user controlled services

andcontext-aware applications
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What does user controlled services mean? The user has freedom and flexibility to select any

desired service with reasonable QoS and affordable

price, anytime, anywhere.

4G Concept
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What does context-aware applications mean?

A context-aware application means the behaviour ofthe application adapts itself to user context changes.

User context includes:

-user profile and preferences.-user terminal and network capabilities.

-user environment and mobility.

4G Concept


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Technologies

Challenges

Convergence/integration/inter-working of all existing and emergingfixed and mobile (wired and wireless)networks including broadcast

Simple to select and easy to usedesired services

Universal and low cost terminals

IP Technology

Agent Technology

ReconfigurableTechnology


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Network Level Concepts

Inter-working Concept

Integration Concept
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Hierarchical Layers for 4G

Global layer

National layer

Local area layer Wireless LANs

DAB and DVB-T

2G, 3G Cellular

Personal network layer

Satellite

Regional layer

Wireless PANs

Vertical Handover

Horizontal Handover

IP-based backbone
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TheInternet

IP backbone

BillingVHE

SignallingGateway

WAP Accounting

UMTS

Broadcast Networks(DAB, DVB-T)

Satellite FES

GSM /GPRS

Context-aware

informationCentre

IP-basedmicro-mobility Wireless

LANs

ISPSIP ProxyServer

Inter-Working

DAB: Digital Audio Broadcasting

DVB: Digital Video Broadcasting
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General architecture of the IP-based IMT network platform

Applications

AP1 AP2 AP3 APn

Middleware

IP-based transport NW

Location Accounting/billing Media conversion Distribution

Basic network management sub-layer

RRM MM C/SM Security QoS

Service support sub-layer

IP IPIP

IPRadio

Radio RadioIP IP

IP

ISDN/

PSTN

Internet

Integration


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Most Appropriate Network Selection Criteria

User Context

Service Type

Available Resources

- Data rate- QoS

- Environment (When and Where)

- Mobility

- User preferences

Network Selection

Convergence: Cellular
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Convergence: CellularNetworks and WLANs

Benefits

For cellular mobile operatorsHigher bandwidths

Lower cost of networks and equipment

The use of licence-exempt spectrum

Higher capacity and QoS enhancement

Higher revenue

For usersAccess to broadband multimedia services with lower cost and where

mostly needed (e.g. in Central Business Districts and Business

Customer Premises).

Inter-network

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Drivers

From broadcaster point of view

Introducing interactivityto their unidirectional point-to-multipointbroadcasting systems. That is, a broadband downlink based on

DAB/DVB-T and a narrowband uplink based on 2G/3G cellular

systems.

From the cellular mobile operator point of view

Providing a complementary broadband downlink in vehicular

environments to support IP-based multi-media traffic which is

inherently asymmetrical.

Convergence: CellularNetworks and Broadcasting

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Benefits

Broadcasters will benefit from the use of cellular mobile systems to

adapt the content of their multi-media services more rapidly in

response to the feedback from customers.

Cellular operators will benefit from offering their customers a range of

new broadband multi-media services in vehicular environments.

Users will benefit from faster access to a range of broadband multi-

media services with reasonable QoS and lower cost.

Convergence: CellularNetworks and Broadcasting
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Steve Deering - Cisco : Fifty-first IETF; London, England, August 5-10, 2001

IP Layer Model
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Additional IP Functions

Mobility

Management

Quality of Service

AAA

IP Sec

Ad-Hoc Routing

etc.

Native IP Functions:

Routing

Addressing

Packet Formatting and Handling

Lower Layers

Higher Layers

IP NetworkLayer

IP Convergence

Layer

Data Interface

Error Control

Buffer Management

QoS Support

Segmentation/Reassembly

Header Compression

Multicast Support

Control Interface

Configuration Management

Address Management

QoS Control

Handover Control

Idle Mode Support

Security Management

IP Layer Model for WLANs
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IP Layer ModelThe functionalities and structure of the IP layer model are not

sufficient and/or efficient to achieve the requirements of future

inter-worked or integrated networks.

No fundamental changes have been made in the design of IPV6.

The question is:

Are some radical changes needed to the IP layer model in

order to offer better solutions to the convergence issue? If yes,

what are the consequences and implications?
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An agent is a software component (object) that issituated within an execution environment (e.g. computers)and acts autonomously on behalf of a user or process andhas specific goal.

Agent Definition

2G, 3GWLAN

AP

AP: Agent Platform

AP AP

AP

Service Centre


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Mandatory featuresReactive:senses changes in the environment and

reacts in accordance.

Autonomous:has control over its own actionsGoal-driven:is pro-active

Optional featuresCollaborative:communicates/negotiates with other

agents Mobile:travels from one host to anotherLearning:adapts in accordance with previous experience Believable:appears believable to the end-user.

Agent Technology
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Mobile vs. Static Agents

Client Server

Client Server

request

respond

request

respond

Software components that can migrate under their own control from host tohost in a network or between networks


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Mobile Agents

Mobile agents have already been used for networkmonitoring and service delivery including educationat a distance.

In an ever-increasing world of service providers andservice packages, a user demands a simpleapproach to the selection of the desired service andits delivery mechanism in real-time with least effort.This can be achieved through the use of mobileagents.

The use of mobile agents can also overcomethe constraints imposed on applications bythe limited processing power and speed of

mobile terminals.
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An open question:

Static or mobile agents for wireless networks?

What are the pros and cons?

Agent Technology
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Re-configurable Technology

What does Reconfiguration mean?

Reconfiguration refers to the software

re-definition and/or adaptation of everyelement within each layer of the communication

chain.

BasebandProcessing

UserData

A/D Converter

D/A Converter

RFFront End


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Benefits Users

Operators

Manufacturers

- Select network depending on service requirements and cost.

- Connect to any network Worldwide roaming.

- Access to new services.

- Respond to variations in traffic demand (load balancing).

- Incorporate service enhancements and improvements.

- Correction of software bugs and upgrade of terminals.

- Rapid development of new personalised and customised services

- Single platform for all markets.

- Increased flexible and efficient production.

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Re-configuration ProceduresReconfiguration

Trigger

Mode

Identification

ModeNegotiation

SoftwareDownload

Mode SwitchDecision

Mode

Monitoring

ReconfigureTerminal

Initiated by networkoperator or user

Download softwaremodules that are

required for the targetmode

What networks are

available?

What is the most suitablenetwork (based on QoS,user preferences etc.)?

Decision on preferred mode
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CHALLENGES Regulatory and Standardisation issues.

Business models.

User preference profiles.

Inter-system handover mechanisms and criteria.

Software download mechanisms.

Flexible spectrum allocation and sharing between operators.

Enabling Technologies (RF and antenna elements, ADC/DAC etc.)



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Agent Technology

Conclusion

4GVision

IP TechnologyReconfigurableTechnology
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Backup slides


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Wireless Applications

Very Low Frequency (VLF) 3 to 300 kHz Submarine

Medium Frequency (MF) 0.3 to 3 MHz AM Radio Broadcast

High Frequency (HF) 3 to 30 MHz

Ionospheric long distance communications
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More Radio Applications

Very High Frequency (VHF) 30 to 300 MHz Land mobile Television Broadcast

Ultra High Frequency (UHF)300 MHz to 3 GHz UHF television channels 14-82 PCS Radar

And so on


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Wireless Services

Point-to-Point or Point-to-Multipoint Communications Fixed or Mobile

Broadcasting AM, FM, TV, facsimile, data Telemetry and remote control

Mobile Telephony Cordless

Cellular and PCS Wireless Network Access

LAN and Internet access Wireless Local Loop

Wireless cabling
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Broadcasting

AM radio: 540 to 1600 kHz

FM radio: 88 to 108 MHz

Short wave (HF) radio: 3 to 30 MHz

Citizens Band (CB) radio: 27 MHz

Television broadcast channels 2-6: 54-88 MHz

channels 7-13: 174-220 megahertz


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Other Wireless Applications

Garage door openers: around 40 MHz Cordless phones: 40 to 50, 900 MHz

Baby monitors: 49 megahertz Radio controlled airplanes: around 72 MHz Cell phones: 800 and 2400 MHz bands Air Traffic Control radar: 960 to 1,215

megahertz GPS (GNSS): 1,227 and 1,575 megahertz Satellite communications: 2290 megahertz to

2300 megahertz
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51798239 AbeViet HTVT Lec3 CellularNW Part2

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