5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a...
-
Upload
joel-greene -
Category
Documents
-
view
236 -
download
3
Transcript of 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a...
![Page 1: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
5.1 Government Economic Policy
IGCSE Economics
![Page 2: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Learning Outcomes
• Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer
• Describe the aims of government policies• Explain Monetary, Fiscal and Supply-side policies• Analyse the use of fiscal, monetary and supply-
side policies• Discuss the possible conflicts between
government aims
2
![Page 3: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Recap…. Discuss in pairs
• What is a mixed economy?• What is the public sector?• Why do governments intervene in mixed
economies?• How do governments intervene in mixed
economies?
3
![Page 4: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
INTRODUCTION TO GOVERNMENT OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES
4
![Page 5: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Question….
• What’s the difference between a
• Government Objective?
• Government Policy?
5
![Page 6: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Task- 10 mins
• Look at the newspaper headlines in activity 5.1 (Page 283 of the textbook)
• For each headline identify:1. What is the government policy?2. What objective are they hoping to achieve?3. How will this work?Write your answers in a table:
6
Government Action Government Objective How will it work?
![Page 7: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Government Objectives• Low and steady inflation • Low unemployment • Steady and sustainable economic growth
(%change in GDP• - A positive balance of payments – to export more
than we import
Two other possibles:
- To reduce inequality in the country – to redistribute income and wealth in order to help the poor
• - To protect the environment – to avoid pollution and congestion
7
![Page 8: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Group Task
• See what questions you can answer from the ‘Government objective questions’ sheet.
• See which questions you can answer yourselves without using the internet.
• Now use the internet to help you find any missing answers
• Make a note of any questions you might have as you go
8
![Page 9: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
MACRO ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES – LOW AND STABLE INFLATION
9
![Page 10: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Inflation Questions:
• What is inflation?• How is it measured?• What level do governments
generally like to keep inflation at?• What problems can high inflation
cause for savers?• What problems can high inflation
cause for businesses?• What is deflation?• What problems can deflation
cause?
10
![Page 11: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
MACROECONOMIC OBJECTIVES – LOW UNEMPLOYMENT
11
![Page 12: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Unemployment Questions….
• Which people do official ‘unemployment figures’ include?
• What problems can unemployment cause for governments?
• What might cause unemployment to rise in an economy?
12
![Page 13: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
MACROECONOMIC OBJECTIVES – ECONOMIC GROWTH
13
![Page 14: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Economic Growth Questions….
• How is the size of an economy measured?
• What are the benefits of economic growth in an economy to:– Households?– Businesses?– Government?
14
![Page 15: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
MACROECONOMIC OBJECTIVES – FAVOURABLE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 15
![Page 16: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Balance of Payment Questions….
• What is an import?• What is an export?• Why do governments want
to make sure that there are more exports than imports?
16
![Page 17: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
THE MACROECONOMYA very brief introduction……
17
![Page 18: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Macroeconomics is…..
• The study of national economies• Concerned with the allocation of a countries
resourcesIs concerned with measuring an economy’s: • total output of all goods and services (Aggregate
Supply)• Total demand for all goods and services
(Aggregate Demand)
![Page 19: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Aggregate Supply and Demand
19
What is the difference between this diagram and the supply and demand model we have looked at before?Is the government in an economy a producer or a consumer?What questions do you have about this diagram?
![Page 20: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Macro economy
![Page 21: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The important bit….• Governments are both producers and
consumers• The contribute to aggregate demand and
aggregate supply within an economy• They can also affect aggregate demand
and aggregate supply using other policies
Government policies can be described as demand-side or supply-side
21
![Page 22: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
GOVERNMENTS AS CONSUMERS – GOVERNMENT SPENDING
22
![Page 23: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
A government can use its spending power to:
•provide goods and services that are in the public and economic interest, such as street lighting, national parks, universal education and health care, affordable housing
•invest in national infrastructure such as road and railway networks, airports
•support agriculture and key industries to provide jobs and output, and to invest in staff training, new machinery, and the research and development (R&D) of new products
•manage the economy, for example to boost total spending during an economic recession to help firms and reduce unemployment
•reduce inequalities in incomes and help vulnerable people, for example by providing welfare payments to people and families in need
Why do Governments spend money?
![Page 24: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Government Expenditure
24
![Page 25: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Current or capital?
25
Building new roads Teachers Salaries Unemployment
Benefits
MR Scanner New Computers Stationery Supplies
![Page 26: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
GOVERNMENT POLICIES
26
![Page 27: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Government Policies
27
What can you tell me about these different policies?What is the difference?
![Page 28: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Government Policies
28
![Page 29: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Task – 2 mins
• Look back to your tables from Exercise 5.1• Are the government actions outlined in the
headlines examples of:• Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy or Supply Side?
29
![Page 30: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
GOVERNMENT POLICIES – FISCAL POLICY
30
![Page 31: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• Changing the total level of government spending and taxation
• To change the level of aggregate demand for goods and services
• and therefore on output, employment and prices
Fiscal Policy
![Page 32: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Changes in Aggregate Demand
Real Output
Pric
e Le
vel
AS
AD
P
Y
![Page 33: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Task - Whiteboards
• Draw a fully labelled diagram showing Aggregate Supply and Demand
• Now show a shift to the right of the AD curve• What happens to P and Y? What do you think
would happen to unemployment?
• Now draw a diagram to show a shift to the left of the Aggregate Demand Curve
• What happens to P and Y What do you think would happen to unemployment?
33
![Page 34: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Expansionary Fiscal Policy
• When the government wants to increase Aggregate Demand in order to boost output and employment
• It will do this by………
• Increasing Government Spending• Decreasing Taxation
• How will decreasing taxation cause aggregate demand to increase?
34
Increase/Decrease
Increase/Decrease
???????????
![Page 35: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Contractionary Fiscal Policy
• When the government wants decrease Aggregate Demand in order to reduce inflation
• It will do this by………
• Decreasing Government Spending• Increasing Taxation
• How will increasing taxation cause aggregate demand to decrease?
35
Increase/Decrease
Increase/Decrease
???????????
![Page 36: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Task - Problems with Fiscal Policy
Use page 286-287 of your books to help you answer the following questions:
1.What problems can be caused by an increase in government spending?2.What is meant by ‘crowding out’3.What problems can be caused by increasing taxes4.What are the other criticisms of Fiscal Policy?5.What are the ‘Fiscal Rules’
![Page 37: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Government Spending and increased demand….The
multiplier effect
37
![Page 38: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
GOVERNMENT POLICIES – MONETARY POLICY
38
![Page 39: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Monetary Policy
• Monetary Policy refers to actions taken by the government
• to try to control the supply of money or the price of money
• In order to influence spending
(and therefore Aggregate Demand) in the economy
![Page 40: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Who will interest rates directly affect?
How will each of these groups be affected by an increase in interest rates?
![Page 41: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
INTEREST RATES AND EXCHANGE RATES
41
![Page 42: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Exchange Rate Policy….
• Interest rates can also be used to influence the exchange rate of a national currency
Questions…….• Why might a government wish to change
the exchange rate?• If the government wanted to increase
exports, would it need the national currency to appreciate or depreciate?
• How could interest rates help this to happen?
42
![Page 43: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Interest rates are increased
Foreign capital is attracted to invest
Demand for the currency increases
This causes the value of the currency to appreciate
Domestic goods are now expensive to foreign
customers
Exports are likely to decrease (and imports increase)
Unfavourable for balance of payments
43
Step by
Step
In each of these scenarios…..What will be the impact on:•AD?•Employment?•Inflation?
![Page 44: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
MONEY SUPPLY
44
![Page 45: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Increasing the money supply - Quantitative Easing• The government increase the money supply by
printing more notes and coins• However it can’t just randomly decide to print
more money!!• Instead…..• The government uses the newly created money
to buy financial assets (government and corporate bonds) from banks and other private organisations
• This increases the amount of money that banks have to lend to people and firms
45
![Page 46: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Video…..
46
• It’s a bit complicated…… don’t worry, you only really need to get the general idea of what quantitative easing is
• Watch and see if you learn something!
![Page 47: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Quantitative Easing….. Put much more simply…..
47
![Page 48: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Expansionary Monetary Policy
• When the government wants to increase Aggregate Demand in order to boost output and employment
• It will do this by………
• Decreasing Interest Rates• Increasing Money Supply
48
Increase/Decrease
Increase/Decrease
???????????
![Page 49: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Contrationary Monetary Policy
• When the government wants decrease Aggregate Demand in order to reduce inflation
• It will do this by………
• Increasing Interest Rates• Decreasing Money Supply
49
Increase/Decrease
Increase/Decrease
???????????
![Page 50: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Video – Bank of England
• Watch the video ‘Interest Rates and Inflation in the UK’
50
![Page 51: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
GOVERNMENT POLICIES – SUPPLY SIDE POLICIES
51
![Page 52: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Supply-side policies attempt to boost the productive potential of an economy and increase aggregate supply
Increased growth = more jobs + more incomes + lower inflation
Supply Side Policies
![Page 53: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Supply Side Policies…..• selective tax incentives e.g. tax breaks to encourage investment
• selective subsidies e.g. to support development of new technologies
• improving education and training to raise skills and productivity
• labour market reforms to restrict trade union power
• competition policy to outlaw anti-competitive behaviour
• removing barriers to trade to increase choice and competition
• privatization transferring public sector activities to private sector firms
• better regulation simplifying or removing old and unnecessary regulations that otherwise raise costs and restrict business activity
53
![Page 54: 5.1 Government Economic Policy IGCSE Economics. Learning Outcomes Describe the government as a producer of goods and services and as an employer Describe.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061610/5697bfc01a28abf838ca3a56/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Yes
‘Cutting public spending, raising taxes and interest rates to control inflation will reduce demand and therefore increase unemployment and reduce economic growth.’
‘Raising public spending, cutting taxes and interest rates to boost demand and employment will increase inflationary pressures and spending on imports.’
No
‘Keeping price inflation low and stable will make domestic goods and services more competitive. Demand for them will rise at home and overseas. This will help to improve the balance of trade and will boost jobs, incomes and tax revenues.’
‘If workers expect inflation to remain low they are less likely to push for big wage increases. This will boost the demand for their labour. And if firms are more confident in the future they are more likely to invest in new capacity for growth. In contrast, rising inflation raises costs and lowers profits.’
Can Policies Conflict?