50270540 Comparative Study

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INTRODUCTION

A Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is commonly

raised poultry specie in the hilippines! It is considered

as a "ackyard acti#ity among $armers and gained remarka"le

importance in the past year as a #ital component in $ood

sustaina"ility and income to $armers in the hilippines! A

"roiler is a type o$ chicken that is speci$ically raised

$or meat production "ecause o$ their $ast gro%ing rate&

high $eed con#ersion ratio& and lo% le#el o$ acti#ity! 'uch

production e$$iciency is particularly "ene$icial to

de#eloping countries like hilippines& that leads the

declining poultry prices and increasing incomes ha#e "een

attri"uted to increases in per capita poultry consumption&

%hich is sensiti#e to "oth price and income changes! And

this signi$icant o$ "roiler production and consumption has

important implication to the glo"al trading o$ meat as %ell

as $eeds and related inputs! (en!%ikipedia!org%iki"roiler)

hilippine poultry is also a "ackyard enterprises $orm

into a large $arming operation! roiler and egg production

are progressi#e no%adays& although its gro%th is hampered

"y a lot o$ pro"lems! The increase costs o$ $eedstu$$s also


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cause rapid increase in cost o$ poultry products! *ence

there is an urgent need to look $or alternati#e $eedstu$$s

to caution the rising cost o$ poultry $eeding!

Acacia ('amanea saman +!)& is a"undant in hilippines

gro%ing tree as shade o$ animals! It is a lo$ty canopied

tree %ith a large symmetrical cro%n! Acacia lea$ contains

,,!-, cp content!

Ipil.ipil (+eucaena leucocephala) is $ound

throughout the hilippines in the settled areas at lo% and

medium altitudes! It/s locally gregarious an a"undant! It

%as introduced $rom tropical America and I no% pantropic in

distri"ution!

+eguminous $odder species are generally unsuita"le $or

silage making "ecause o$ their high "u$$ering capacity!

'ome ha#e lea#es that shatter #ery easily upon drying&

rendering them also unsuita"le $or hay making! ut a

considera"le amount o$ lea#es& particularly those $rom

hedgero%s in alley cropping and those le$t "ehind $rom

$ire%oodcharcoal production& can "e con#eniently prepared

into lea$ meals and ser#e as a high.protein $eed source! It

contains ,01 crude protein& 021 crude $i"er& 2!3 ash& and

-!4 ether e5tract!

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6alunggay& kno%n scienti$ically as 6oringa olei$era

+amk& is one o$ the %orld7s most use$ul plants! It is used

as $ood& e$$ecti#e $locculant or %ater treatment&

anti"iotic& source o$ oil& and coagulant $or tur"id %aters!

One hundred grams or 0 cup o$ cooked malunggay lea#es

contain 8!0 g! protein& 9!- g! $i"er& :- mg calcium& ,: mg

phosphorus& 0!; mg iron& ,&2,9 mg


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The study has "een conducted $rom No#em"er to Decem"er

at the poultry pro@ect o$ the College o$ Agriculture&

6indanao 'tate Uni#ersity& atima Campus& General 'antos

City!

R>BI> O R>+AT>D +IT>RATUR>

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The dominant meat chicken today is a cross "et%een the

$ast.gro%ing $emale hite lymouth Rock chicken& and the

deep."reasted male Cornish chicken! hile the predominant

egg type in the United 'tates today is the hite +eghorn

chicken! Turkeys ha#e "een similarly standardied! ecause

o$ their lo%er cost and lo%er $at content& chicken and

turkey are increasingly popular protein sources %ith

American consumers& ri#alling pork and e#en "ee$ in per

capita consumption!

(httpE%%%!encyclopedia!comtopicpoultry!asp5)

oultry diets are composed primarily o$ a mi5ture o$

se#eral $eedstu$$s such as cereal grains& soy"ean meal&

animal "y.product meals& $ats& and #itamin and mineral

premi5es! These $eedstu$$s& together %ith %ater& pro#ide

the energy and nutrients that are essential $or the "ird7s

gro%th& reproduction& and health& namely proteins and amino

acids& car"ohydrates& $ats& minerals& and #itamins! The

energy necessary $or maintaining the "ird7s general

meta"olism and $or producing meat and eggs is pro#ided "y

the energy.yielding dietary components& primarily

car"ohydrates and $ats& "ut also protein! oultry diets

also can include certain constituents not classi$ied as

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nutrients& such as 5anthophyll/s (that pigment and impart

desired color to poultry products)& the Funidenti$ied

gro%th $actorsF claimed to "e in some natural ingredients&

and antimicro"ial agents ("ene$its o$ %hich may include

impro#ement o$ gro%th and e$$iciency o$ $eed utiliation)!

(httpE"ooks!nap!eduopen"ook!phprecordHid,003JpageR0)!

According to >nminger (0:;,) stated that nutrient&

chemical su"stances $ound in $eed materials are needed "y

the "irds in de$inite amount %ith ?ualities #arying

according to the kind o$ "irds and purpose $or %hich it is

"eing $eed!

The amount re?uired nutrient in poultry ration must "e

ad@usted in relation in order to ensure that the "irds

consume the right amount o$ the needed nutrients! The

concentration must "e increased in high K energy diet

"ecause the "irds %ill eat less o$ the ration per day! *igh

energy ration usually result in higher e$$iciency in

con#erting $eed into meat and egg as compared to lo% energy

ration (Gillepie 0::;)!

Acacia is a lo$ty canopied tree %ith a large

symmetrical cro%n! An ad#antageous shade tree as the

$ernlike lea$lets closes up at night& permitting rain to

$all through to the grass "eneath! Acacia +ea$ contains

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,,!01 o$ crude protein& 8:!01 o$ dry matter& ,:!31 crude

$i"er& -1 ash& ;1 ether e5tract& 0!3,1 Calcium& and !,01

hosphorus

(httpE%%%!$ao!orgagagaagap$rga$risData,29!*T6)!

Ipil.ipil is $ound throughout the hilippines in the

settled areas at lo% and medium altitudes! It is locally

gregarious an a"undant! It %as introduced $rom tropical

America and I no% pantropic in distri"ution!

This is a small tree& , to - meters high! The lea#es

are compound& 04 to ,4 centimeters long& %ith hairy

rachises! The pinnae are 2 to 0-& and 4 to 2 centimeters

long! The lea$lets are ,9 to 89& linear.o"long& and ; to 0,

millimeters in length! The heads are solitary& at the a5ils

o$ the lea#es& long.peduncled& glo"ose& and , to 4

centimeters in diameter& %ith many %hite $lo%ers! The pods

are thin& $lat& strap.shaped& 0, to 02 centimeters long&

and 0!3 to , centimeters %ide& each containing $rom 04 to

,4 elliptic& compressed& shining& "ro%n seeds!

Ipil.ipil is popularly kno%n in the hilippines $or

$ire%ood and is use$ul also in re$orestration %ork! It is

also much used as a co#er crop and is a good e5terminator

o$ LkogonM! The "ark produces "ro%n dye! In some pro#inces

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the seeds are used as a su"stitute $or co$$ee! The seeds

are also used in making "ags& etc!

The lea#es are in@urious to horses that eat them! They

are said to cause $alling o$ hair $rom their manes and

tails! Cattle and goats do not seem to "e a$$ected!

rill reports that the ra% seeds contain $at 2!-2

percent& crude $i"er ,,!4: percent& and nitrogen.$ree

material other than $i"er :!;2 percent& nitrogen -!3,

percent& and traces o$ sucrose& %ater 03!2 percent and ash

3!, percent!

In the hilippines the plant is utilied #ery little

as medicine! The roasted seeds are used as an emollient!

Guerrero reports that the roots in decoction are used as an

emmenagogue! 'tandley and Christy cite Grosourdy& %ho

states that a decoction o$ the "ark and roots is a po%er$ul

emmenagogue& and is used in the est Indies $or procuring

a"ortion!

(httpE%%%!"pi!da!go#!phu"licationsmphtmliipil.html)!

The F6oringaF tree is gro%n mainly in semi.arid&

tropical& and su"tropical areas& corresponding in the

United 'tates to U'DA hardiness ones: and 09! hile it

gro%s "est in dry sandy soil& it tolerates poor soil&

including coastal areas! It is a $ast.gro%ing& drought.

8
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-aridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_hardiness_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droughthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-aridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_hardiness_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought


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resistant tree that is nati#eto the southern $oothills o$

the *imalayasin north%estern India! Reports that it gro%s

%ild in the 6iddle >ast or A$rica are completely

unsu"stantiated! Today it is %idely culti#ated in A$rica&

Central and 'outh America& 'ri +anka& India& 6e5ico&

6alaysia& Indonesia and the hilippines! It is considered

one o$ the %orld/s most use$ul trees& as almost e#ery part

o$ the 6oringa tree can "e used $or $oodor has some other

"ene$icial property! In the tropics& it is used as $orage

$or li#estock& and in many countries& 6oringa micronutrient

li?uid& a natural anthelmintic (kills parasites) and

ad@u#ant (to aid or enhance another drug) is used as a

meta"olic conditioner to aid against endemic diseases in

de#eloping countries!

(httpEen!%ikipedia!org%iki6oringaHolei$era)!

6AT>RIA+' AND 6>T*OD'

9
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food


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6aterials to "e Used

The materials used in the study %ere as $ollo%s Ipil.

ipil +ea$& 6alunggay +ea$& Acacia +ea$& 8- day.old "roiler

chicks& "roiler houses used as "rooder and gro%er& meg

chick "ooster crum"le& $eeding and %atering troughs& empty

$eed sacks (used as curtain)& old ne%spaper matting& "ul"s

(49 %atts)& electric %ires& %eighing scale& %ater& record

note"ook& "all en!

>5perimental Design and Treatments

The e5periment is laid out in Completely Randomied

Design (CRD) %ith three treatments replicated three times!

The le#el o$ di$$erent lea$ meals is 41 in the $eed ration

is the treatments o$ the study!

T0 K 41 Acacia +ea$ 6eal

T, K 41 Ipil.ipil lea$ 6eal

T8 K 41 6alunggay +ea$ 6eal

reparation o$ Three +ea$ 6eals

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Acacia +ea$& Ipil.ipil lea$& and 6alunggay +ea#es %ere

collected and %ashed separately! Then dried thoroughly

prior to grinding! The ground lea#es %ere added to meg

crum"le ration at 41 le#el corresponding to the treatments!

reparation o$ >5perimental Rations

The three e5perimental rations prepared constituted

the treatments o$ the study! The $irst ration (T0) contains

!4 kg o$ Acacia +ea$ 6eal in a 09kg meg chick "ooster

crum"le! hile the second ration (T,) contains !4 kg o$

Ipil.ipil +ea$ 6eal in a 09 kg o$ meg chick "ooster

crum"le and the third ration (T8) contains !4 kg o$

6alunggay +ea$ 6eal in a 09 kg o$ meg chick "ooster

crum"le and %ere stored and la"elled in a separate

containers!

reparation o$ rooder *ouse

The "roiler house %ere - 5 2 s?! $oot and di#ided

according to design o$ the e5periment! >ach di#ision

representing a replication %ere pro#ided %ith separate

%aterer& and $eeder! A 49.%att "ul" %ere strategically

installed to allo% the uni$orm distri"ution o$ heat and

light! The oultry house and other e?uipment used in this

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e5periment %ere cleaned thoroughly and %ere disin$ected

using creoline solution!

'election o$ >5perimental irds

Thirty.si5 healthy and #igorous day old Co"" "roiler

chick %hich do not sho% any a"normalities selected $or this

study! They purchased $rom reputa"le agriculture supply

store in General 'antos City!

rooding 6anagement

The e5perimental "irds %ere "rooded $or ,0 days! The

"rooding house %ere pro#ided %ith curtains made o$ empty

sack to minimie the heat out$lo% and to maintain the

desired temperature at 8,C! The $loor %ere co#ered %ith

se#eral layers o$ old ne%spapers to help maintain

temperature and also ser#e as $eeders during the $irst 4

days o$ "rooding!

Gro%ing 6anagement

A$ter 8 %eeks o$ "rooding the e5perimental "irds %ere

assigned to their respecti#e e5perimental lots! A light

%ere pro#ided at night to allo% the "irds to continue

eating on adli"itum "asis!

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eeding 6anagement

The day.old chicks %ere gi#en a "ooster crum"le $eed

containing ,31 C! The $eeds %ere made a#aila"le in paper

mat during the $irst 4 days& and then the $eeds %ere made

a#aila"le in $eeders! The same rations %ere o$$ered to the

"irds at ;E99 A6& 0, 6& and 3E 6! resh and clean %ater

is a#aila"le at all time!

Immediately a$ter 8 %eeks o$ "rooding the rations %ere

gi#en to the "irds!

*ealth and 'anitation 6anagement

Cleanliness %ere strictly o"ser#ed all throughout the

e5perimental period! All $eeders and %aterers %ere cleaned

thoroughly "e$ore any ne% $eed and %ater rations %ere

gi#en! 6anure and %aste %ere gathered and disposed properly

and daily to a#oid odor and $lies in$estation!

Data to "e Gathered

0) eed Consumption (kg) K All the $eeds that has "een

gi#en to the e5perimental "irds %ere %eighed and recorded!

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The amount o$ $eed le$t on the $eeder %ere %eighed and

deducted $rom the amount o$$ered $rom the pre#ious day! The

di$$erence "et%een the t%o is the amount o$ $eed consumed!

,) eight Gain (kg) K The %eight gained o$ the "irds

%ere determined "y deducting the initial %eight $rom the

$inal %eight o$ the "irds at the end o$ the e5perimental

period!

8) eed Con#ersion ratio (kg) K Is a measure o$ the

e$$iciency o$ the "irds in con#ert $eed mass to the "ody

%eight! This %ere determined "y di#iding the total $eed

consumption "y the total li#e %eight gain!

3) 6ortality (1) K The mortality rate o$ the "irds

%ere determined "y di#iding the recorded deaths all

throughout the e5perimental period "y the num"er o$ li#e

"irds at the start o$ the study!

4) Income O#er eed and Chick Cost () K This %ere

computed "y su"tracting the total cost o$ $eeds consumed

throughout the e5perimental period and the chick $rom the

#alue o$ the li#e "irds at the end o$ the study!

R>'U+T AND DI'CU''ION

eed Consumption

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The data on $eed consumption o$ Co"" roilers $ed %ith

rations partially su"stituted %ith ipil.ipil& malunggay&

and acacia lea$ meal is sho%n in ta"le 0! irds in T8 (41

acacia lea$ meal) had the highest $eed consumption o$ ,!-3&

$ollo%ed "y T0 (41 ipil.ipil lea$ meal) that o"tain an

a#erage total $eed consumption o$ ,!4-g& and T, (41

malunggay lea$ meal) %ith ,!4, kg!

(Gous ,99;)suggested that it is not possi"le to

optimie $eeding programs success$ully since the

composition o$ the $ood o$$ered has a #ery important e$$ect

on #oluntary $ood intake! (isher 0:2-)Appetite is

dependent on the nutrient re?uirements o$ the animal and

the contents o$ those nutrients in the $eed and hence&

responses in $eed intake!

It %as $ound out in the studies o$ (urnham et al!&

0:2,) that $eeds %ith higher in protein and energy content

had reduced the $eed intake&

*o%e#er analysis o$ #ariance among treatment means

sho%ed no signi$icant di$$erence statistically signi$icant!

Ta"le 0! eed consumption (kg"ird) o$ Co"" roilers asa$$ected "y su"stituting part o$ the meg chick"ooster crum"le%ith Three Di$$erent +ea$ 6eals!

Treatments (1) eed Consumptionns(kg)

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41 . I+6 ,!4-

41 . 6+6 ,!4,

41 . A+6 ,!-3

CB 3!3

ns not signi$icant

Total eight Gain

Ta"le ,! resents the a#erage %eight gains o$ Co""

roilers in response to the partial su"stitution o$ the meg

chick "ooster crum"le%ith "oth 41 o$ ipil.ipil lea$ meal&

malunggay lea$ meal& and acacia lea$ meal!

It appeared that 41 ipil.ipil lea$ meal in meg chick

"ooster crum"le impro#ed their %eight gain in "roiler

chickens& it attained the %eight %hich is the hea#iest o$

(0!;2kg)! On the other hand "irds $ed %ith acacia $ollo%s

ha#ing 0!;-kg and the lo%est %eight %ere those "ird $ed

%ith malunggay lea$ meal %ith 0!;,kg!

*o%e#er& the di$$erence in treatment means %as not

signi$icant statistically (Appendi5 Ta"le ,")!

Ta"le ,! Total %eight gain (kg"ird) o$ Co"" roilersa$$ected "y su"stituting part o$ the meg chick"ooster crum"le%ith Three Di$$erent +ea$ 6eals!

TR>AT6>NT' (1) +IB> >IG*TGAINns (kg)

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41 I+6 0!;2

41 6+6 0!;,

41 A+6 0!;-

CB 9!0-1ns not signi$icant

eed Con#ersion Ratio

The e$$iciency o$ the "irds in con#erting $eed into

"ody %eight gain using ration %ith either 41 ipil.ipil lea$

meal 6alunggay lea$ meal& and acacia lea$ meal is

represented in ta"le 8!

irds in T0 could "e considered as the most e$$icient

among treatments tested& these "irds re?uired the less

amount o$ $eed (0!33) per unit li#e %eight gain! On the

other hand those in T, needed more $eed (0!3-)& $or e#ery

unit o$ %eight gain %hile those in T8 re?uired the most

amount o$ $eed (0!4)& to produce one unit o$ %eight gain!

*o%e#er& no signi$icant di$$erence among treatment

(Appendi5 Ta"le 8")!

Ta"le 8! eed con#ersion ratio o$ Co"" roiler as a$$ected"y su"stituting part o$ the meg chick "oostercrum"le%ith Three Di$$erent +ea$ 6eals!

TR>AT6>NT'(1) >>D CONB>R'ION RATIOns (kg)

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41 I+6 0!33

41 6+6 0!3-

41 A+6 0!4

CB 9!,0,4

ns not signi$icant

6ortality

No mortality is recorded during the %hole duration o$ the

study! This has "een due to the proper selection o$

e5perimental chicks& and sanitation and disease control!

Income O#er eed Chick Cost

Income o#er $eed and chick cost o$ Co"" roilers as

a$$ect "y su"stituting part o$ themeg chick "ooster crum"les

%ith 41 Ipil.ipil& 41 6alunggay& and 41 Acacia +ea$ 6eals

is presented in ta"le 3!

The highest pro$it o$ (hp) 4-!3 %as o"ser#ed in

"irds $ed %ith 41 Ipil.ipil +ea$ meal $ollo%ed "y those

%ith 41 6alunggay +ea$ 6eal (hp) 3:!24! the lo%est IOCC&

%as o"tained $rom "irds %ith 41 Acacia +ea$ 6eal in the

ration %ith (hp) 33!4-!

Ta"le 3! Income o#er $eed and chick cost (hp) o$ Co""roilers as a$$ected "y su"stituting part o$ the

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meg chick "ooster crum"le%ith Three Di$$erent +ea$6eals!

TR>AT6>NT 'A+> BA+U> O +IB> IRD >>D J C*ICPCO'T IOCC

1 (hp) (hp) (hp)

41 I+6 0-8!2 09;!3 4-!3

41 6+6 042!3 092!44 3:!24

41 A+6 0-, 00;!33 33!4-

AssumptionE

'elling price o$ roilers . hp :9kg li#e %eight

Cost o$ roiler mash . hp ,2!4kg $eeds

Cost o$ Ipil.ipil . hp 80!,4kg

Cost o$ 6alunggay +ea$ . hp 80!,4kg

Cost o$ Acacia +ea$ . hp -,!4kg

Cost o$ 6ulti#itamins . hp 4!;4"ird

Cost o$ Chicks . hp ,8"ird

'U66ARQ& CONC+U'ION AND R>CO66>NDATION'

A study on LThe Gro%th er$ormance o$ Co"" roilers

ed %ith Three Di$$erent +ea$ 6eals (I+6& 6+6& A+6)&M %as

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conducted at the College o$ Agriculture oultry ro@ect K

6indanao 'tate Uni#ersity $rom No#em"er ,: to Decem"er 8&

,909 to e#aluate and ompare in terms o$ $ed consumption&

%eight gain& $eed con#ersion ratio and income o#er $eed and

chick cost o$ Co"" roilers!

The 'tudy is laid out in Completely Randomied Design

(CRD) %ith three treatment replicated three times! The

treatments used %ere 41 Ipil.ipil +ea$ 6eal :41 "ooster

crum"le (T0)& 41 6alunggay +ea$ 6eal :41 "ooster crum"le

(T,)& 41 Acacia +ea$ 6eal :41 "ooster crum"le(T8)! our

"irds %ere assigned at random to each replication!

The results o$ the study %ere as $ollo%sE

eed Consumption o$ Co"" roilers %ith 6alunggay +ea$

meal (T,) is the lo%est (,!4,kg) compared to those in Ipil.

ipil +ea$ 6eal (T0)& Acacia +ea$ 6eal (T8) %ith (,!48kg)

and (,!-3kg) respecti#ely!

The hea#iest %eight gain %as o"tained "y "irds in T0

(0!;2kg) treated %ith 41 o$ Ipil.ipil +ea$ 6eal& lo%er "ut

compara"le gains %ere o"ser#ed in 6alunggay +ea$ 6eal (T,)&

Acacia +ea$ 6eal (T8)& %ith 0!;,kg& and 0!;-kg o$ %eight

gain respecti#ely!

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The highest %eight gain %ere the most e$$icient

con#erters o$ $eed per unit o$ "ody %eight gain and %ere

also those ga#e the most economic return!

+IT>RATUR> CIT>D

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RONDA& !6 0:;,! oultry science and production!6anila! Agriculture and Industry! ;: pp

CARD& +!>! and 6!C! N>'*>I6! 0:;,! oultryproduction!00th+ea and e"iger&hiladelphia& 820 pp!

CU++I'ON and +OR>Q! 0:2;! Leeds and eedingM! 3thed!rentice *all& Inc! >ngle%ood Cli$$s& NS! 028 p!

httpE"logte5t!org+ateloomerarticle,,8:8!html

httpE%%%!$ao!orgdocrep998t9-8,eT9-8,>92!htm

httpE"ooks!nap!eduopen"ook!phprecordHid,003JpageR0

httpEen!%ikipedia!org%ikiAcacia!html

%%%!stuart5change!orgAcacia!html

httpE%%%!thepoultrysite!comarticles-24en#ironmental.$actors.to.control.%hen."rooding.chicks

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http://blogtext.org/LateBloomer/article/22393.htmlhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0632e/T0632E08.htmhttp://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2114&page=R1http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2114&page=R1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia.htmlhttp://www.stuartxchange.org/Acacia.htmlhttp://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/685/environmental-factors-to-control-when-brooding-chickshttp://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/685/environmental-factors-to-control-when-brooding-chickshttp://blogtext.org/LateBloomer/article/22393.htmlhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/003/t0632e/T0632E08.htmhttp://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2114&page=R1http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2114&page=R1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia.htmlhttp://www.stuartxchange.org/Acacia.htmlhttp://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/685/environmental-factors-to-control-when-brooding-chickshttp://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/685/environmental-factors-to-control-when-brooding-chicks

50270540 Comparative Study

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