50 years of Space Exploration
-
Upload
ishmael-tyson -
Category
Documents
-
view
22 -
download
1
description
Transcript of 50 years of Space Exploration
![Page 1: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
50 years of Space Exploration
G. Tancredi
Depto. Astronomía - Fac. Ciencias
Montevideo - Uruguay
![Page 2: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Classification of space missions
Spacecraft or space probe• Fly-by• Rendezvous• Orbiter• Atmospheric probe• Atmospheric ballon• Lander• Surface penetrator• Surface vehicle - rover
![Page 3: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Scientific InstrumentsDetection:
– Direct – the instruments interact with the target
– Remote:• Passive – receives the radiation• Active – Emits and receives the reflected radiation
Direct Detectors:– High-energy particles– Charged particles of low energy– Plasma detectors– Dust detectors– Magnetometers– Mass spectrometers– Sample collectors
![Page 4: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Remote Detectors– Passive:
• Radio• Imaging (CCD)• Polarimeters• Photometers• Spectrographs• Infrared Radiometers
– Active: • Radares of sytnthetic aperture• Altimeters
![Page 5: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Navigation Systems
Determination of: radial distance, radial velocity, angular direction, velocity in the sky-plane
Techniques based on tracking data:• Estimate of the Velocity from doppler-shift of the
downlink signal• Estimate of Distance from time delay between up and
downlink signal• Estimate of the angular direction from a pair of antennas
of the Deep Space Network (DSN)
Autonomous techniques• Reference stars• Using the target as reference
![Page 6: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The first steps in the space• ’57 - Sputnik 1 (URSS) – First artificial satellite
• ’58 - Explorer III (USA) – Discovery of the Van Allen belts
• ’59 - Luna 1 (URSS) – Discovery of the solar wind
• ’59 - Luna 2 (URSS) – Impact on lunar surface
• ’59 - Luna 3 (URSS) – Fly-by of the dark side of the Moon
• ’61 - Venera 1 (URSS) – Fly-by of Venus
• ’62 - Mariner 2 (USA) – Approach to 350.000 km to Venus. Estimate of T=425°C
• ’65 - Mariner 4 (USA) – Fly-by of Mars
• ’66 - Luna 9 (URSS) – Landing on the lunar surface and first close by photos
• ’67 - Venera 4 (URSS) – Entrance to the Venus atmosphere, sampling of the extreme conditions of pressure and temperature
• ’67 - Surveyor 6 (USA) – Landing and take off from the Moon
![Page 7: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• ’68 - Apolo 8 (USA) – Manned fly-by to the Moon
• ’69 - Apolo 11 (USA) – Manned landing to the Moon - 6 later landing until ’72
• ’71 - Luna 17 (URSS) – Landing with robotic rovers (Lunokhod)
• ’71 - Mars 3 (URSS) – Landing on Mars
• ’71 - Mariner 9 (USA) - Images of Phobos and Deimos, Mars’ orbiter, detection of a martian storm
• ’73 - Pioneer 10 & ’74 Pioneer 11 (USA) – Fly-by to Jupiter. In ’79 fly-by to Saturn (Pioneer 11)
• ’74 - Mariner 10 (USA) – Several fly-byes to Mercury
• ’75 - Venera 9 (URSS) – Landing on Venus
• ’76 - Viking 1 y 2 (USA) – Landing on Marts - Experiments searching for life. The mission was trasmitting data until ’82
• ’79 - Voyager 1 y 2 (USA) – Fly-by to Jupiter
– ’80-’81 - Fly-by to Saturn
– ’86 - Fly-by to Uranus
– ’89 - Fly-by to Neptune
![Page 8: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Triton
![Page 9: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Geyser
![Page 10: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Where are the Pioneers and the Voyagers now?
July 2007Pioneer 10 - 94 AU (*)
Pioneer 11 – 74 AU (*)
Voyager 1 - 103 AUVoyager 2 - 83 AU
(*) Does not function
![Page 13: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Present position
![Page 14: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Voyager 1 reachs the “termination shock”
![Page 15: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The retreat during the ’80s
![Page 16: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• ’86 - Giotto (ESA), Vega 1 & 2 (URSS), Sakigake y Suisei (Japan) Fly-by to Comet Halley (Giotto)
(500 km)
• ’88 - Phobos 1 & 2 (URSS) – Sent to land in fly-by and land in Phobos, but they failed.
A few missions during ’80s Japanese and European entering into the game
![Page 17: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Reconquering the space in the ’90s• Magellan (USA) – Venus orbiter (’89-’94)• Ulysses (USA-ESA) – Polar orbiter around the Sun (’90 - ...) • Yohkoh (Japan - USA) – Solar flares (’91)• Clementine (USA) – Lunar orbiter (’94)• Failures: Mars Observer (USA) & Mars 96 (Russia)• Galileo (USA-ESA) – Jupiter orbiter and atmospheric probe
’95 - ’03• SOHO (ESA-USA) – Solar oscillations, corona and solar wind
(’96 - ...)• NEAR (USA) – Orbiter around asteroid 433 Eros (’99 - ’01)• Mars Pathfinder (USA) – Mars lander and Rover (’97)• Mars Global Surveyor (USA) – Mars orbiter (’98 - ...)• Lunar Prospector – Polar lunar orbiter (’98)
![Page 18: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Sun
![Page 19: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Yohkoh (’91) JapanThe changing sun
![Page 20: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Ulysses (’92 - ...) NASA
![Page 21: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Soho (’96 - ...) ESA/NASA
![Page 22: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)
![Page 23: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)
![Page 24: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Sungrazing comets over 1300 comets discovered since ‘96
![Page 25: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Genesis (‘01 - ‘04) NASA
![Page 27: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Genesis in the Lagrangian point L1
![Page 28: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Recovery of particles from the solar wind
![Page 29: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Cluster II (’00 - ...) ESA/NASA
![Page 30: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Double Star (China, 03-…)
![Page 33: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Mercurio
Caloris basincrater with a diameter over
1300 km
Region of chaotic terrain in the antipodes of Caloris Basin
Mercury
![Page 34: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Beppi Colombo (’13) ESA
![Page 35: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Venus - Magellan (’90-’94) NASA
![Page 36: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Gula Mons (vulcano 3 km height) and Sif Mons (vulcano 2km height)
![Page 37: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Sapas MonsVulcano of 400 km in diameter and 1.5 km height
![Page 38: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Crater Addams - 90 km. diameterLava flodd extends over 600 km from the crater rim
![Page 39: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Field with several lava floods
![Page 40: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Crater Danilova49 km diameterwith central peakImpact crater
![Page 41: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Venus Express (’06) ESA
![Page 42: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Venus Climate Orbiter – Planet C(’10) JAXA
![Page 43: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Luna - Clementine (’94) NASA
![Page 44: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Albedo maps
![Page 45: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Map of the Southern Lunar Pole
![Page 47: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Ice in the in the bottom of a permanently shadowed crater close to the southern pole of the Moon?
![Page 48: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Lunar Prospector (’98- ’99) NASAcontrolled crash into the Moon
![Page 49: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
SMART 1 (’03-’06) ESA
Ionengine
![Page 50: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Japanese mission to the MoonSELENE – KAGUYA (’07)Main Orbiter and two small satellites (Relay Satellite and VRAD Satellite)
![Page 51: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
China Lunar Orbiter (’07)
CHANDRAYAAN 1India (’08)
![Page 52: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Mars: Main target of the spapce missions in the last and next decades
![Page 53: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Mars Pathfinder (’97) NASA
![Page 55: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Mars Global Surveyor (’98 - ...) NASA
![Page 59: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Topographic Map of Mars
![Page 60: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Mars Poles (altimeter info)
![Page 62: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Ocean in the Northern Pole
![Page 64: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Improving the resolutionThe face in Mars
![Page 65: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Fly-by to Valles Marineris
![Page 66: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Recent water
![Page 67: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Mars Odyssey Surveyor (’01 -….) NASA
![Page 70: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
![Page 71: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Mars Express (’03-…) ESA
Beagle lander (fail)
![Page 73: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Mars Rovers (’04) NASA Spirit & Opportunity
![Page 74: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
![Page 75: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
![Page 77: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (‘04, ‘06-…)
![Page 80: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
MRO Mars orbit insertion (10/3/06) and atmospheric aerobraking
![Page 81: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
![Page 82: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
![Page 83: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Júpiter - Galileo (’89, ’95 – ‘03) NASA
![Page 84: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
![Page 85: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
![Page 86: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Io
![Page 87: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Active Vulcanos very hoy
Lava of magnesium rich sillicates
![Page 88: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Loki PateraDark spot is a liquid sulfur lake
![Page 89: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Lava flows of hundred kms and hot spots (vulcanos or lava lakes)
![Page 90: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Sodium clouds sourrinding IoThe bright spot to the right is light scattered from the ejecta of Prometeus vulcano
![Page 91: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Salty ocean under the surface of Europa
Moving Icebergs
![Page 92: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Crunched ice on the surface of Europa
![Page 93: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Ice plates of several ten kms colliding with each other
![Page 94: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Ganimedes(the largest satellite in the Solar System)Detectedmagnetosphere
![Page 95: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Magnetic field in Ganimedescaused by tide friction that heats
the nucleus and melt it
![Page 96: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Improvement inthe image resolution between Voyager (1.3km) and Galileo (74m)
![Page 97: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Terrain overlapping due to movement of tectonic plates.We observe faults and fractures that deform the terrains.In the lower part is an older terrain, the cental and higher part of th image there are younger terrains.
![Page 98: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Callisto
![Page 99: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Crater chains produced by the impact of a splitted prjectile
![Page 100: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
¿Ocean under the surface of Callisto?
Weak magnetic field possibly produced by
currents generated in the interaction between the
Jovian magnetic field and a salty ocean
![Page 101: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Small satellites
![Page 102: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Jovian rings
![Page 103: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Clouds at different heights and densities
![Page 104: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Atmospheric probe
![Page 105: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
![Page 106: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
![Page 107: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
JIMO: Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
(cancelled) NASA
![Page 108: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Submarines in Europa
![Page 109: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Saturn - Cassini - Huygens (’97, ’04 -...) NASA/ESA
![Page 110: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
![Page 111: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
![Page 112: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Huygens probe to Titan
27/11/04 ESA
![Page 113: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Titan
![Page 114: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Images of Titan surface
![Page 115: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
![Page 116: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Big storms in Saturn atmosphere
![Page 117: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Detail structure of saturnian rings
![Page 118: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Phoebe: a capturaded satellite
Dione: terrains with tectonics fractures
![Page 119: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
AsteroidsGaspra (Galileo - ’91)
![Page 120: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Ida y Dactyl (Galileo - ’93)
![Page 121: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Mathilde (NEAR) NASA
![Page 122: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
![Page 123: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Eros (NEAR - ’00) NASA
![Page 124: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Very fast fly-byes
Asteroid Braille (DS1)
Asteroid 5535 Annefrank(Stardust)
![Page 125: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
MUSES – C / Hayabusa (EAGLE) JAXA
![Page 126: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Asteroid Itokawa (25413 - 1998SF36)
![Page 127: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Possible landing places
![Page 128: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Dawn (‘07) to Vesta (‘11) & Ceres (‘15)
![Page 129: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Comets
![Page 130: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Deep Space 1 - 19P/Borrelly - NASA
![Page 131: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Stardust (’99, ’04 - ’06) - NASA
![Page 132: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
![Page 133: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Aerogel
![Page 134: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Collected particles
Tamaño: 2 μm
![Page 135: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Deep Impact9P/Tempel 1
NASA
![Page 136: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Images of the impact
![Page 137: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Rosetta (’04, ’14 - ’15) ESA67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
![Page 138: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Rosetta lander
![Page 139: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
The dwarf planetPluto
![Page 140: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Pluto-Kuiper Mission - New Horizon - NASA
(’06,’15,’26,…)
![Page 141: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Spitzer IR (’03)Next Generation HSTJames Webb (’13)
Space Telescopes - NASA
Terrestrial Planet Finder
Coronograph (’14)Formation-fly IR interferometer (’20)
![Page 142: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Space Telescopes ESA - I
COROT ‘06COnvection ROtation and planetary Transits
Herschel ‘08(Far Infrared and Sub-millimetre Telescope)
![Page 143: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Space Telescopes – ESA II
Gaia (’11)
![Page 144: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Japanese Space Telescope - JAXA
AKARI- IRIS - Infrared Imaging Satellite (22/2/06)
![Page 145: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
NASA missionshttp://www.nasa.gov/missions/highlights/index.html
JPL: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/
ESA: http://sci.esa.int/
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency - JAXAhttp://www.jaxa.jp/
Upcoming Planetary Events and Missionshttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/upcoming.html
Space.com: http://www.space.comSondas espaciales: http://www.sondasespaciales.com/
![Page 146: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Upcoming Planetary Events and Missions
Upcoming Planetary Launches and Events
2007 August 3 - Phoenix Scout Mission - Launch of Mars Lander2007 August 16 - SELENE - Launch of ISAS Orbiter Mission to the Moon2007 September - Dawn - Launch of NASA mission to asteroids Ceres and Vesta2007 September - Chandrayaan 1 - Launch of ISRO (India) Lunar Orbiter2007 September - Chang'e 1 - Launch of Chinese Lunar Orbiter
2008 January 15 - MESSENGER - First flyby of Mercury2008 September 5 - Rosetta - ESA mission flies by Asteroid 2867 Steins2008 October 6 - MESSENGER - Second flyby of Mercury2008 October - Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter - Launch of Moon Orbiter2008 - Kepler - Launch of NASA Extrasolar Terrestrial Planet Detection Mission
2009 September 30 - MESSENGER - Third flyby of Mercury2009 - Mars Scientific Laboratory - Launch of Mars Rover
![Page 147: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
2010 June - Hayabusa - Return of ISAS Sample Return Mission from Asteroid Itokawa to Earth2010 July 10 - Rosetta - ESA mission flies by Asteroid 21 Lutetia2010 - Planet-C - Launch of ISAS Venus Orbiter
2011 March 18 - MESSENGER - Goes into orbit around Mercury2011 - Mars Scout Mission - Launch of NASA Scout mission to Mars
2012 June 6 - Transit of Venus - Venus Crosses the Sun's Disk2012 September - BepiColombo - Launch of ESA and ISAS Orbiter and Lander Missions to Mercury
2014 May-November - Rosetta - ESA mission reaches Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko2014 November - Philae - ESA Rosetta Lander touches down on Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko2014 - Mars Sample Return Mission - Launch of NASA sample return mission to Mars
2015 July - New Horizons - NASA mission reaches Pluto and Charon
2231 April 5 - Pluto - is passed by Neptune in distance from the Sun for the next 20 years
4,000,000 - Pioneer 11 - NASA flyby of star Lambda Aquila
![Page 148: 50 years of Space Exploration](https://reader038.fdocuments.net/reader038/viewer/2022103100/56813499550346895d9b8f83/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)