Productivity

Productivity is some relationship b/w inputs and output of an enterprise.

It is the quantitative relationship b/w what we produce and the resources used.

Definitions of Productivity

Productivity is measure of how much input is required to produce a given output i.e. it is ratio of output to input.

According to peter Drucker

Productivity means balance b/w all factors of prod’n that will give the maximum output with the smallest effort.”

Factors affecting productivity

All the factors, which are related to input and output components of a prod’n process, are likely to affect productivity and they are divided in two categories:-

Category 1(a) Primary factors are effort and working

capacity of an individual.(b) Organizational factors are related to the

design and transformational process required to produce some item, the nature of training and other skill imparted to workers etc.

(c) Conventional and traditions of the org. e.g.. Activities of labour unions, medical facilities, workers and executives understanding etc.

Category 2Factors related to output:-research

and development techniques, improvement in technology and efficient sales strategy of the or. Will lead to improvement in o/p.

Efficient use of input resources, better stores ctrl, prod’n ctrl policy, maintenance of machines etc. will minimize the cost of prod’n .

Ways of increasing productivity

1. Better planning and training of employees, improved jobs and communication and effective mgt. through CPM/PERT methods.

2. Use of time and motion studies to study and improve work performance. It enables to assess the quantum of work, which can be used for planning and ctrl.

3. Better transportation and material handling system.

4. By providing work incentives and other benefits to workers.

5. Workers involvement in decision making and working of org’s.

6. Improvement in technology of prod’n process and nature of raw-material and its quality.

7. Simplification, standardization and specialization technique.

8. Better and efficient utilization of resources at the disposal of the enterprises.

WORK STUDY

Work study is simply the study of work. It is the analysis of work dividing it into smaller parts followed by rearrangement of these parts to give the same effectiveness at lesser cost. It examines both the method and duration of the work involved in a process.

Nature and Object of Work-study1. Work study/Time and motion study is

primarily concerned with discovering the best ways of doing jobs and with establishing stds based upon such methods.

2. Work study is to minimize costs either by designing work for higher productivity or by improving productivity in existing work through improvements in current methods and by reducing inefficient or waste of time.

Objectives of Work-Study1. To recommend and implement the desired

improvements in work methods by establishing the most economical way of doing work.

2. Investigation and analysis of existing situation.3. Examination of weakness if any in the prod’n

process.4. Most effective use of the existing or proposed

plant.5. Efficient use of human efforts.6. Ensure proper performance of those employed

in the prod’n process.7. Measurement of work values.8. To initiate and maintain incentive bonus

schemes.9. Setting stds for labor cost ctrl documentation.10.To standardize the method, material and

equipment used in the prod’n process

Importance of work-study1. It is a mean of raising productivity of a factor

by reorganization of the work involving little or no capital expenditure on plant and equipment.

2. It is systematic study where no factor of prod’n is overlooked.

3. It is most accurate method of determining the stds of performance on which effective planning and ctrl depends.

4. It results in savings and efficient use of resources by increasing o/p reducing scrap.

5. Results in improved safety.6. Reduction in training time.7. It is a tool, which can be, applied everywhere.

Components of work study

1. Method Study

2. Work measurement.

3. Ergonomics.

4. Job evaluation: Functional/ Non functional

Method study is the systematic Recording, Critical analysis, development and implementation/installation of new methods to perform job to reduce costs etc. with regard to existing/proposed jobs. It is some sort of MOTION STUDY.

Work measurement is TIME STUDY, which determines the amt. of time reqd. to perform a job/task by a worker following a particular/prescribed method.

Ergonomics is the study of relationship b/w worker and his working environment. It includes a mix of working environment, working place and human physiological considerations.

Method Study

The function of the method analyst is to study the way in which something is being done with a view to develop a procedure which when adopted would increase the level of performance.

Need of Method Study1. Bottlenecks in the system resulting in

long delivery time or unbalanced workflow.

2. Idle plant labor shows under utilization of resources .

3. Poor moral of workers may affect the quality of the product. Due to this there may be high absentism.

4. Inconsistent earnings also advocate for the review of prod’n method.

Techniques of Methods Study1. Selection of job to be studied:-Method

study and its implementation will cost money. Thus the job shd. Be selected only when there are some valid reasons for method study. Maximum cost benefit is the normal objective.

2. Collection, Recording and presentation of necessary inf. eg. Record’g the movement of equipment or material, Record’g the work done by an operator and movements of operators with respect to machines and other operations

3. Analysis of the existing method

The inf. Provided by charts and graphs is critically examined and screened by asking some searching questions. Like

Purpose:- What is to be done, why it is to done, what else cud be done

Place :- Where to be done, where else cud be done, where shd it be done etc.

These questions can help in the development of new method by getting the answers for above said questions.

Develop a new method

The device specially designed for improving work method is known as the process improvement formula. The four steps in the procedure are

ELIMINATE,COMBINE, SEQUENCE

(i.e. scope of changes in the sequence of activities) and SIMPLIFY

Charts for Method StudyProcess Charts :- It represents

diagrammatically the sequence/order of various operations evolved in a prod’n process from start to finish. Process charts are not drawn to any scale and use various symbols to represent some movements or activities.

The symbols are joined by lines to represent the sequence of activities. These are based on the concept that there is alwaz some order in which the various operations shd. Occur b/w the input stage to finished product.

Work Measurement

Application of techniques designed to establish the time for a qualified worker (physically and mentally fit to undertake a job for which he possesses necessary skill and knowledge) to carry out a specified job at a defined level of performance is known as work measurement

It is some sort of time study, which attempts to determine the amt of time required to perform a task by an operator following a prescribed method.

Time study is a work measurement technique for recording the times and rates of working for the elements of a specified job carried out under specific conditions and for analyzing the data so as to obtain the time necessary for carrying out the job at a defined level of performance

Steps in work measurement procedure

1. Selection:- Time study follows a previous method study and so there is no selection problem.

2. Obtain all necessary information:- The conditions reqd to perform some wok shd be recorded. This info shd be in terms of worker, machines, material, layout, quality, standard etc.

3. Divide the job into elements

4. Time the element:- Stopwatch is the most conventional mean for timing the elements. Time recording needs considerable skill, attention, alertness etc. To watch the worker, manipulate the watch and record the time.

5. The number of the cycles to be timed:- One must record sufficient readings to be reasonably confident of an accurate result.

6. Rating the operator:-

7. Objective Rating:- Here emphasis is laid on speed and difficulty experienced in performing a job. The operator is first rated according to speed of his movement irrespective of the nature of job. Then adjustment is made for the type of job taking into consideration

8. Allowance

Standard times for the elements or job are necessary to provide allowances for compensating fatigue, personal needs, contingencies etc. like relaxation allowance, tool and machinery allowance, excessive work allowance

Objectives of work measurement

1. Target time for each job can be estimated scientifically. With this estimate realistic and manpower requirements can be prepared.

2. Useful incentive schemes can be generated by linking these with target times.

3. Variance b/w actual time and target time can lead to apply better ctrl on the operations.

4. It can lead to proper balancing of the work distribution.

5. Forecasts for future manpower and related costs can be made.