5. Variable and Hypothesis (2)
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Variables andHypothesis
By
Dwi Novita Sari 2011120021
Erma Agus S 2011120031
Laranti Salaz - 2011120024
Nurul Noviana- 2011120025
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The importance of Studying
Relationship
Identifying relationships among variables enhancesunderstanding.
Understanding relationships helps us to explain thenature of our world.
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Variables
What is variable?
What is constant? The Example
The types of variables
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Variables (cont.)
A variable is any characteristic or quality thatvaries among the members of a particular
group. A constant is any characteristic or quality that
is the same for all members of a particulargroup.
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Variables (cont.)
Example:
studying the effects of reinforcement on student achievementvariable constant
Can be measured and vary
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The Types ofVariables
Quantitativevariable Vs.
Categoricalvariable
IndependentVs.
DependentVariables
ModeratorVariables
MediatorVariables ExtraneousVariable
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The Types of Variables (cont.)
A quantitative variable varies in amount ordegree, but not in kind.
A categorical variable varies only in kind, notin degree or amount.
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Variables (cont.)
Example
Age and amount of interest in school
Quantitative variables
Gender of teacher and subject taught
Categorical Variables
Method used to teach reading and reading achievement
? ?
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Independent versus Dependent Variable
Independentvariable
(possible cause)
Dependentvariable
(possible effect)
affects
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Example
Will students who are taught by cooperative learning method learn
better in history than those who are taught by lecturing method?
Independent variable: Teaching Methodologies
Dependent variable: amount of learning in history
Case 1: Does anxiety level affects students testperformance?
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Another terms
Experimental variable Researchers set up conditions to see the effect
Outcomes variable Dependent variable (quantitative) which presumed
to be the effect of independent variables
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Moderator Variable
Test anxietyTest
Performance
Moderator: Test taking experience
Moderator variable:
Secondary independent variable which decided to be studied to knowwhether it affects/modifies the relationship between the primary
independednt variable with the dependent variables
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Mediator Variable
Mediator Variable: The one that attempts to explain the relationshipbetween the two or more variables.
Test anxietyTest
Performance
Moderator: Test taking experience
Mediator: Socioeconomic factor
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Extranous Variables Independent variables that have notbeen controlled
Examples :The principles of high school compares the finalexamination scores of two history classes taught byteachers who use different methods.
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What are the extranous
variables?
The class differ in :
- Size of class
- Gender of students- Gender of teacher
- Age of teacher
- Time of day class meets
- Days of week class meets- Ethnicity of teacher
- Length of the class.
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Hyphotheses
Prediction of the possible outcomes of a study
Ex:
RQ : will students who are taught history by ateacher of the same gender like the subject morethan students taught by a teacher of differentgender?
Hyphothesis :
Students taught history by a teacher with the samegender will like the subject more than studentstaught history by a teacher of different gender.
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Advantages & Disadvantages of
Stating Hypotheses
A. Advantages
1. forces us to think more deeply and
specifically about the possible outcomes of astudy
2. Involves a philosophy of science
3. Helps us to see if we are or are not
investigating a relationship.
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B. Disadvantages
1. Lead to a bias
2. It may (sometimes) be unnecessary or even inappropriate
3. May prevent researcher from noticing otherphenomena that might be important to study.
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Important Hypothesis
The prediction that lead the researcher to find agreater amount of knowledge.
The information to be obtained will be more useto people in the research question.
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Directional and Non-directional
Hypothesis
Directional hypothesis is a specific prediction thatresearcher expect to emerge as a result in their research.
Usually, the researcher find the hypothesis in theliterature, in theory, or from personal experience.
Example:
The researcher want to research which method is more effectivebetween method A and method B for the students who learnHistory in the classroom. The hypothesis will be method A is moreeffective than method B for students who learn history in theclassroom
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Non-directional Hypothesis does not make a specificprediction about what direction the outcome of study willtake.
Example: The researcher want to research which method is effective between
method A and method B for the students in the classroom. The hypothesismight became There will be a difference between method A and methodB (without saying which will be more effective).
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The illustration
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What Hypothesis that you can find ?
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Remember
Directional hypothesis is riskier because it is more convincing
when confirmed.
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Hypothesis and Qualitative Research
Qualitative research not stated any hypothesis at thebeginning of the research, the hypothesis emerge as a
study progress of the research. Qualitative state their idea in the beginning of the
research but these are usually called by propositions.
Propositions viewed as flexible tools intended to help
and guide the researcher in their collection andanalysis of qualitative data.
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cont.
The reason why they did not put hypothesis isbecause, based on their conviction that
participants and situations often differ widelyand must first be understood before anyhypotheses can be suggested.
Rather than testing hypotheses as in quantitativestudies, qualitative researchers are more likely togenerate new hypotheses as a result of what theyfind as they go about their work.