5 MINUTES TO QUIETLY STUDY FOR YOUR QUIZ. BELLRINGER Convert 250 ml to Hl (hecta liters) using...
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Transcript of 5 MINUTES TO QUIETLY STUDY FOR YOUR QUIZ. BELLRINGER Convert 250 ml to Hl (hecta liters) using...
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5 MINUTES TO QUIETLY STUDY FOR YOUR QUIZ
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BELLRINGER
•Convert 250 ml to Hl (hecta liters) using dimensional analysis
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AGENDA
• Bellringer
• Energy & Matter PowerPoint – Chapter 2
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CH. 2 – ENERGY & MATTER
I. ENERGY, TEMPERATURE & HEAT
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A. ENERGY
• Energy – the capacity to do work or produce heat.
• Work is the capacity to move an object over a distance against a force; For example: it moves cars, bakes a cake, keeps ice frozen, lights houses, etc.
• Two Kinds:• Kinetic – energy of motion (waves, molecules,
objects) • Potential – stored energy or energy of
position in the chemical bonds
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A. ENERGY• Forms of energy:
1.Kinetic energy:
• Electrical
• Radiant
• Thermal
• Motion
• Sound
2. Potential energy
• Chemical
• Stored mechanical
• Nuclear
• Gravitational
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A. ENERGY
• Law of Conservation of Energy: • Energy is neither created nor destroyed
• When we use energy, it doesn’t disappear
• It can be changed from one form to another:
• 1).A car burns gasoline, converting the chemical energy into mechanical energy 2). Solar cells change radiant energy into electrical energy
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A. US ENERGY CONSUMPTION
•Renewable
•Biomass 2.9%
•Hydropower 2.7%
•Geothermal 0.3%
•Wind 0.1%
•Solar & other 0.1%
Nonrenewable
•Petroleum 38.1%
•Natural Gas 22.9%
•Coal 23.2%
•Nuclear (uranium) 8.1%
•Propane 1.7%
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B. KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY
• KMT
• Particles of matter are always in motion.
• The kinetic energy (speed) of these particles (atoms) increases as temperature increases.
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C. FOUR STATES OF MATTER• Solids
• very low KE - particles vibrate but can’t move around
• fixed shape
• fixed volume
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C. FOUR STATES OF MATTER• Liquids
• low KE - particles can move around but are still close together
• variable shape
• fixed volume
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C. FOUR STATES OF MATTER• Gases
• high KE - particles can separate and move throughout container
• variable shape
• variable volume
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C. FOUR STATES OF MATTER• Plasma
• very high KE - particles collide with enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-)
• gas-like, variable shape & volume
• stars, fluorescent light bulbs
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D. TEMPERATURE
• Heat or thermal energy - total random kinetic energy of the particles.
• Heat flows from a hot object to a cold object. For example: can of soda
• Temperature – measure of the average random kinetic energy of the particles.
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D. TEMPERATURE
• SI unit of temp: Kelvin (K)
• The zero point on the Kelvin scale is called absolute zero (the point at which the motion of particles ceases).
0 K = -273.15 oC
( no degree symbol and no negative numbers on the Kelvin scale because there is no negative motion! )
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D. TEMPERATURE• Formulas:
oC = K – 273 or K = oC + 273
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D. TEMPERATUREoF = (9/5)oC + 32
oC = 5/9 (oF – 32)
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E. ENERGY UNITS
• SI unit of energy: joule (J)
• 1J = energy needed to lift a medium apple 1m against gravity
• 1500 J = energy needed to climb an average flight of stairs
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E. ENERGY UNITS
• calorie (cal) : unit of energy
• 1 cal = amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of water, 1oC.
•Conversion factor: 1 cal = 4.184 J
• If it takes 1500 J to climb a set of stairs, calculate how many cal this is.
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G. ENERGY UNITS
• 1 cal does not equal 1 Cal !
• Calorie (capital C) is the energy stored in food!• 1 Cal = 1000 cal or 1 kcal• So 200 Cal (a candy bar) supplies 200,000 cal of
energy!
• How many J is this? Calculate. How many times do you have to go up and down the stairs?!
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H. HEAT
• Specific heat capacity (c): the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1.0 g of a substance 10C .
• Water has a high specific heat!
• 4.184 J/g0C
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H. HEAT• To calculate the heat (energy) released from a
substance:
• q= m Δ t c
Heat released
m= massc= specific heat t = change in temperature