5-1 Option Contracts. 5-2 DEFINITIONS Call:The option holder has the right to buy the underlying...

5-1

Option Contracts

5-2

DEFINITIONS

• Call: The option holder has the right to buy the underlying instrument at the call’s exercise (strike) price

• Put: The option holder has the right to sell the underlying instrument at the put’s exercise (strike) price

5-3

WRITTEN OPTIONS UNDER FAS 133

A written option is sold by an "option writer" who sells options collateralized by a portfolio of securities or other performance bonds. Typically a written option is more than a mere "right" in that it requires contractual performance based upon another party's right to force performance. The issue with most written options is not whether they are covered by FAS 133 rules. The issue is whether they will be allowed to be designated as cash flow hedges. Written options are referred to at various points in FAS 133. For example, see Paragraphs 20c, 28c, 91-92 (Example 6), 199, and 396-401.. For rules regarding written options see Paragraphs 396-401 on Pages 179-181 of FAS 133. Exposure Draft 162-B would not allow hedge accounting for written options. FAS 133 relaxed the rules for written options under certain circumstances explained in Paragraphs 396-401.

Note that written options may only hedge recorded assets and liabilities. They may not be used to hedge forecasted purchase and sales transactions.

5-4

PURCHASED OPTIONS UNDER FAS 133

Purchased options are widely used for hedging

and present some of the biggest challenges for

hedge accounting rules.

The major problem is that purchased option values are often highly volatile relative to value changes in the hedged item. Traditional Delta effectiveness tests fail for hedge accounting for full value.

5-5

OPTION PARTICIPANTS

Call BuyerPays premiumHas the right to buy

Put BuyerPays premiumHas the right to sell

Call SellerCollects premiumHas obligation tosell, if assigned

Put SellerCollects premiumHas obligation to buy, if assigned

5-6

IDENTIFYING OPTIONSIDENTIFYING OPTIONS

• Call or put

• Strike price (exercise price)

• Expiration date

• Underlying instrument

5-7

Option StrategiesOption Strategies

http://www.optionetics.com/education/strategies/strategies.asp Bullish Strategies

•Calls: •Covered Calls: •Vertical Spread: •Bull Call Spread •Bull Put Spread

Bearish Strategies : •Buying Puts •Covered Puts: Bear •Call Spread •Bear Put Spread

5-8

Delta HedgingDelta Hedging

http://biz.yahoo.com/glossary/bfglosd.html

Delta hedge where delta = d(Option)/d(spot) = Hedge RatioA dynamic hedging strategy using options with continuous adjustment of the number of options used, as a function of the delta of the option.

Delta neutral The value of the portfolio is not affected by changes in the value of the asset on which the options are written.

5-9

Dynamic HedgingDynamic Hedging

http://biz.yahoo.com/glossary/bfglosd.html

Dynamic hedging

A strategy that involves rebalancing hedge positions as market conditions change; a strategy that seeks to insure the value of a portfolio using a synthetic put option.

5-10

SPOT/FORWARD PRICESSPOT/FORWARD PRICES

Time

Price

Forward

Spot

5-11

TIME VALUE / VOLATILITY VALUE

• Time value is the option premium less intrinsic value– Intrinsic value is the beneficial difference

between the strike price and the price of the underlying

• Volatility value is the option premium less the minimum value– Minimum value is present value of the

beneficial difference between the strike price and the price of the underlying

5-12

FEATURES OF OPTIONS

• Intrinsic Value: Difference between the strike price and the underlying price, if beneficial; otherwise zero

• Time Value: Sensitive to time and volatility; equals zero at expiration

Option Value = Intrinsic Value + Time Value

5-13

Sub-paragraph b(c) of Paragraph 63 of FAS 133

c. If the effectiveness of a hedge with a forward or futures contract is assessed based on changes in fair value attributable to changes in spot prices, the change in the fair value of the contract related to the changes in the difference between the spot price and the forward or futures price would be excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness.

5-14

Sub-paragraph b(a) of Paragraph 63 of FAS 133

a. If the effectiveness of a hedge with an option contract is assessed based on changes in the option's intrinsic value, the change in the time value of the contract would be excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness.

5-15

Sub-paragraph b(b) of Paragraph 63 of FAS 133

b. If the effectiveness of a hedge with an option contract is assessed based on changes in the option's minimum value, that is, its intrinsic value plus the effect of discounting, the change in the volatility value of the contract would be excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness.

5-16

THE IMPACT OF VOLATILITY

Price Price

Time Time

P* P*

A B

5-17

Minimum Value

If the underlying is the price of corn, then the minimum value of an option on corn is either zero or the current spot price of corn minus the discounted risk-free present value of the strike price. In other words if the option cannot be exercised early, discount the present value of the strike price from the date of expiration and compare it with the current spot price. If the difference is positive, this is the minimum value. It can hypothetically be the minimum value of an American option, but in an efficient market the current price of an American option will not sell below its risk free present value.

Option Value = Risk Free Value + Volatility Value

5-18

INTRINSIC VALUE / MINIMUM VALUE

OptionPrice

UnderlyingPrice

StrikePrice

MinimumValue

IntrinsicValue

5-19

Minimum (Risk Free) Versus Intrinsic ValueEuropean Call Option

• X = Exercise (Strike) Price in n periods after current time

• P = Current Price (Underlying) of Commodity

• I = P-X>0 is the intrinsic value using the current spot price if the option is in the money

• M = is the minimum value at the current time

• M>I if the intrinsic value I is greater than zero

Value of Option exceeds minimum M due to volatility value

5-20

Minimum (Risk Free) Versus Intrinsic ValueArbitrate for European Call Option

• X = $20 Exercise (Strike) Price and Minimum Value M = $10.741

• n = 1 year with risk-free rate r = 0.08

• P (Low) = $10 with PV(Low) = $9.259

• P = $20 such that the intrinsic value now is I = P-X = $10.

• Borrow P(Low), and Buy at $20 = $9.259+10.741 = PV(Low)+M

• If the ultimate price is low at $10 after one year, pay off loan at P(Low)=$10 by selling the commodity at $10.

• If we also sold an option for M=$10.741, ultimately our profit would be zero from the stock purchase and option sale.

• If the actual option value is anything other than M=$10.741, it would be possible to arbitrage a risk free gain or loss.

5-21

INTRINSIC VALUE / MINIMUM VALUE

OptionPrice

UnderlyingPrice

StrikePrice

MinimumValue

IntrinsicValue

5-22

Minimum Versus Intrinsic ValueAmerican Call Option

• X = Exercise (Strike) Price in n periods after current time

• P = Current Price (Underlying) of Commodity

• I = P-X>0 is the intrinsic value using the current spot price if the option is in the money

• M = 0 is the minimum value since option can be exercised at any time if the option’s value is less than intrinsic value I.

Value of option exceeds M and I due to volatility value

5-23

What’s Wrong With the Black-Scholes ModelWhen Valuing Options?

• The Black-Scholes Model works pretty well for options on stocks. It does not work well for interest rate and some commodity options.

• The main problem for interest rates is the assumption that short-term interest rates are constant.

• The assumption of constant variance is always a worry when using this model to value any type of option.

• The assumption of normality is always a worry when using this model for valuing options of any type.

5-24

LONG OPTION HEDGES

• Fair value hedges – Mark-to-market of the option will generally be

smaller than exposure’s contribution to earnings

• Cash flow hedges– Changes in intrinsic values of options go to other

comprehensive income to the extent effective*– Remaining changes in option prices goes to

current income

* Bounded by the magnitude of the exposures’ price changes

5-25

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

• For most static option hedges: Exclude time value from hedge effectiveness considerations

• For most fair value hedges: Exclude forward points from hedge effectiveness considerations

• For non-interest rate cash flow hedges: Assess effectiveness based on comparisons of forward prices

• For options: Consider the FAS Paragraph 167 alternative for minimum value hedging.

5-26

“THE RISK BEING HEDGED”

• For non-interest rate exposures

– Entities must identify their firm-specific exposures as hedged items

– Differences between firm-specific prices and hedging instruments’ underlying variables will foster income volatility

– Pre-qualifying hedge effectiveness documentation is required for all cross-hedges

5-27

Selected IAS 39 Paragraph Excerpts

• 146. 80%<Delta<125% Guideline.

• 147. Assessing hedge effectiveness will depend on its risk management strategy.

• 148. Sometimes the hedging instrument will offset the hedged risk only partially.

• 149. The hedge must relate to a specific identified and designated risk, and not merely to overall enterprise business risks, and must ultimately affect the enterprise's net profit or loss.

• 150. An equity method investment cannot be a hedged item in a fair value hedge because the equity method recognizes the investor's share of the associate's accrued net profit or loss, rather than fair value changes, in net profit or loss. If it were a hedged item, it would be adjusted for both fair value changes and profit and loss accruals - which would result in double counting because the fair value changes include the profit and loss accruals. For a similar reason, an investment in a consolidated subsidiary cannot be a hedged item in a fair value hedge because consolidation recognizes the parent's share of the subsidiary's accrued net profit or loss, rather than fair value changes, in net profit or loss. A hedge of a net investment in a foreign subsidiary is different. There is no double counting because it is a hedge of the foreign currency exposure, not a fair value hedge of the change in the value of the investment.

• 151. This Standard does not specify a single method for assessing hedge effectiveness.

• 152. In assessing the effectiveness of a hedge, an enterprise will generally need to consider the time value of money.

5-28

FAS Effectiveness Testing --- http://www.qrm.com/products/mb/Rmbupdate.htm

• Dollar Offset (DO) calculates the ratio of dollar change in profit/loss for hedge and hedged item

• Relative Dollar Offset (RDO) calculates the ratio of dollar change in net position to the initial MTM value of hedged item

• Variability Reduction Measure (VarRM) calculates the ratio of the squared dollar changes in net position to the squared dollar changes in hedged item

• Ordinary Least Square (OLS) measures the linear relationship between the dollar changes in hedged item and hedge. OLS calculates the coefficient of determination (R2) and the slope coefficient (ß) for effectiveness measure and accounts for the historical performance

• Least Absolute Deviation (LAD) is similar to OLS, but employs median regression analysis to calculate R2 and ß.

5-29

Regression Versus Offset Effectiveness Tests

5-30

The Dictionary of Financial Risk Management defines dynamic hedging as follows ---

http://snipurl.com/DynamicHedging

• Dynamic Hedging: A technique of portfolio insurance or position risk management in which an option-like return pattern is created by increasing or reducing the position in the underlying (or forwards, futures or short-term options in the underlying) to simulate the Delta change in value of an option position. For example, a short stock futures index position may be increased or decreased to create a synthetic put on a portfolio, producing a portfolio insurance-type return pattern. Dynamic hedging relies on liquid and reasonably continuous markets with low to moderate transaction costs. See Continuous Markets, Delta Hedge, Delta/Gamma Hedge, Portfolio Insurance.

5-31

Dynamic HedgingParagraph 144 of IAS 39 Reads as Follows

144. There is normally a single fair value measure for a hedging instrument in its entirety, and the factors that cause changes in fair value are co-dependent. Thus a hedging relationship is designated by an enterprise for a hedging instrument in its entirety. The only exceptions permitted are (a) splitting the intrinsic value and the time value of an option and designating only the change in the intrinsic value of an option as the hedging instrument, while the remaining component of the option (its time value) is excluded and (b) splitting the interest element and the spot price on a forward. Those exceptions recognize that the intrinsic value of the option and the premium on the forward generally can be measured separately. A dynamic hedging strategy that assesses both the intrinsic and the time value of an option can qualify for hedge accounting.

5-32

New Example

New Example Coming Up

5-33

Example 9, Para 162, FAS 133 Appendix BCash Flow Hedge Using Intrinsic Value

• XYZ specified that hedge effectiveness will be measured based on changes in intrinsic value

• The American call option purchased at 1/1/X1 has a four-month term

• The call premium is $9.25, the strike rate is $125, and the option is currently at-the-money

• See 133ex09a.xls at http://www.cs.trinity.edu/~rjensen/

• Also seehttp://www.trinity.edu/rjensen/caseans/IntrinsicValue.htm

5-34

Example 9 from FAS 133 Paragraph 162With 100% Delta Effectiveness

Forecasted Transaction Option Option

Entry Time Intrinsic

Date Value Value Value

Jan. 01 $125.00 $9.25 = Premium $0

$0.00 = Intrinsic Value

$9.25 = Time Value

5-35

Example 9 from FAS 133 Paragraph 162January 31

Forecasted Transaction Option Option

Entry Time Intrinsic

Date Value Value Value

Jan. 01 $125.00 $9.25 $0

Debit Credit Balance

Jan. 01 Call option 9.25 9.25

Cash 9.25 (9.25)For cash flow hedges, adjust hedging derivative to fair value and offset to

OCI to the extent of hedge effectiveness.

5-36

Example 9 from FAS 133 Paragraph 162With 100% Delta Effectiveness

Forecasted Transaction Option Option Total

Entry Time Intrinsic Option

Date Value Value Value Value

Jan. 01 $125.00 $9.25 = Premium $0 $9.25

Jan. 31 $127.25 $7.50 $2.25 $9.75

$2.25 = Change in Hedged Intrinsic Value

$2.25 = Change in Hedge Contract Intrinsic Value Delta = 1.00 or 100% based on intrinsic value

Delta = 0.44 = 44% = |(9.75-9.25)/ (127.25-125.00)|

5-37

Example 9 from FAS 133 Paragraph 162January 31

Forecasted Transaction Option Option Entry Time Intrinsic Date Value Value Value Jan. 01 $125.00 $9.25 $0Jan. 31 $127.25 $7.50 $2.25

Debit Credit BalanceJan. 31 Call option 0.50 9.75 P&L 1.75 1.75 OCI 2.25 (2.25)For cash flow hedges, adjust hedging derivative to fair value and offset to

OCI to the extent of hedge effectiveness.

5-38

Example 9 from FAS 133 Paragraph 162February 28

Forecasted Transaction Option Option Entry Time Intrinsic Date Value Value Value Jan. 31 $127.25 $7.50 $2.25Feb. 28 $125.50 $5.50 $0.50

Debit Credit BalanceFeb. 28 OCI 1.75 (0.50)

P&L 2.00 3.75

Call option 3.75 6.00For cash flow hedges, adjust hedging derivative to fair value and offset to OCI

to the extent of hedge effectiveness.

5-39

Example 9 from FAS 133 Paragraph 162March 31

Forecasted Transaction Option Option Total Entry Time Intrinsic Option Date Value Value Value Value Feb. 28 $125.50 $5.50 $0.50 $6.00Mar. 31 $124.25 $3.00 $0.00 $3.00

Debit Credit BalanceMar. 31 OCI 0.50 0

P&L 2.50 6.25 Call option 3.00 3.00

For cash flow hedges, adjust hedging derivative to fair value and offset to OCI to the extent of hedge effectiveness.

5-40

Example 9 from FAS 133 Paragraph 162April 30

Forecasted Transaction Option Option Total Entry Time Intrinsic Option Date Value Value Value Value Jan. 01 $125.00 $9.25 $0.00 $9.25Mar. 31 $124.25 $3.00 $0.00 $3.00Apr. 30 $130.75 $0.00 $5.75 $5.75

Debit Credit BalanceApr. 30 Call option 2.75 5.75

P&L 3.00 9.25 OCI 5.75 5.75

5-41

Example 9 from FAS 133 Paragraph 162With No Basis Adjustment Under FAS 133

Debit Credit Balance

Apr. 30 Cash 5.75 -$3.50

Call option 5.75 $0

Apr. 30 OCI No basis adjustment yet P&L No basis adjustment yet

Apr. 30 Inventory 130.75 $130.75

Cash 130.75 -$134.25 Cash = -$9.25 Premium +$5.75 Call Option - $130.75 = -$134.25

5-42

Example 9 from FAS 133 Paragraph 162With No Basis Adjustment Under FAS 133

Debit Credit BalanceMay 14 Cash 234.25 +$100.00 P&L (or Sales) 234.25 -$225.00

May 14 P&L (or CGS) 130.75 -$ 94.25 Inventory 130.75 $ 0May 14 OCI 5.75 $ 0 P&L 5.75 -$100.00

5-43

Example 9 from FAS 133 Paragraph 162With Basis Adjustment Under IAS 39

Debit CreditApr. 30 Cash 5.75

Call option 5.75

Apr. 30 OCI 5.75 P&L 5.75

Apr. 30 Inventory 130.75 Cash 130.75

5-44

FUTURES /FORWARDS vs. OPTIONS

Unlimited risk/reward Limited risk/unlimited reward

No initial payment Initial payment of premium

Offsets risk and opportunity Offsets risk/allows opportunity

Futures / Forwards Long Options

5-45

FUTURES vs. OPTIONS

Long Calls

Bearish

unlimited gainlimited risk

Long: BullishShort: Bearish

unlimited gainunlimited risk

Bullish

unlimited gainlimited risk

Lock in a price

Long: Buy priceShort: Sell price

Protect against rising price

(for a premium)

Protect against falling price

(for a premium)

Futures Long Puts

Speculators

Hedgers

5-46

OPTION VALUATION PRACTICES

• Actively traded, liquid contracts– Use market data

• Where no market is available– Requires “marking-to-model”– Valuations will differ depending on the

particular model used, and the inputs to the model

• Market values should reflect present values of expected future cash flows

5-47

American:

European:

Can exercise anytime up to, and including expiration date

Can exercise only on expiration date, but may be able to sell the option at current value

Why Discounted Cash FlowDoes Not Work Well for Valuing Options

Risk: Risk varies over time making DCF valuation ineffective

5-48

GENERAL FEATURES OF OPTIONS ON FUTURES

GENERAL FEATURES OF OPTIONS ON FUTURES

Option prices move in variable proportion to futures prices:

Deep In-the-money....

Deep Out-of-the-money

High proportion (almost one-to-one) .

.

.

.

Low proportion

(almost zero-to-one)

5-49

GENERAL FEATURES OFOPTIONS ON FUTURES

• Deltas increase as options move (deeper) in-the-money

• Deltas are bounded between a minimum of zero and a maximum absolute value of one

• Time value is greatest for at-the-money options

5-50

MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION

1 S.D.

2 S.D.

3 S.D.

Mean

5-51

STANDARD DEVIATION

• 1 standard deviation is the range associated with a probability of 68.3%

• 2 standard deviations is the range associated with a probability of 95.4%

• 3 standard deviations is the range associated with a probability of 99.7%

5-52

NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS

Frequency

Returns

Low volatility

High volatility

5-53

STANDARD DEVIATIONAn Example

If the standard deviation is 10%, that means...

Probability

68.3%

95.4%

99.7%

ExpectedPrice Change

within 10% (1s.d.)

within 20% (2s.d.)

within 30% (3s.d.)

5-54

CALCULATING HISTORICAL VOLATILITY

CALCULATING HISTORICAL VOLATILITY

Where:

VOL = Annualized volatility

SD = Standard deviation of periodic price changes (closing prices)

T = Number of trading periods per year

VOL = SD T

5-55

VOLATILITY EXAMPLEVOLATILITY EXAMPLE

24% Annual Volatility

Daily SD = (24% 254) (24% 16) 1.5%

68.3% probability that overnight change +/- 1.5%95.4% probability that overnight change +/- 3.0%99.7% probability that overnight change +/- 4.5%

5-56

IMPLIED VOLATILITIES

• Derived from current options prices

• Reflect probability distributions of forthcoming price changes (i.e., the annualized standard deviations)

• Typically differ (significantly) from historical volatilities

• Generally differ across strike prices and maturities

5-57

OPTION PRICE DETERMINANTS

Premium = f (IV, time, vol , r) + + + –

• Intrinsic value (IV)

• Time to expiration (time)

• Expected volatility (vol )

• Interest rates (r)

e

e

The implied volatility of a “similar” option is the best input for expected volatility

5-58

SWAPS vs. CAPS/FLOORS

Effective Rate

Effective Rate

Spot Rate

Spot Rate

Cap

SwapSwap

Floor

R* R*

(R* + PCap = RSwap) (R* - PFloor = RSwap)

5-59

BUILDING CAPS

• A cap is a series of individual options (caplets), each relating to a specific rate-setting date

• The price of a cap is the sum of caplet prices

• Option horizons (times to expiration) increase for successive rate-setting dates

• All else equal, longer-dated caplets are more expensive than shorter dated caplets

• Normal yield curves (i.e., expectations of rising interest rates) inflate longer dated caplets, and vice versa

5-60

FORWARD RATESFORWARD RATES

0.00%

2.00%

4.00%

6.00%

8.00%

10.00%

4Quarters

8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40

7% Strike Yield

5-61

INTEREST RATE CAPS

2-Year

3-Year4-Year

1.88%

3.53 5.43

1.06%

2.42 3.94

0.62%

1.64 2.85

Cap Levels 8% 9% 10%Premiums

5-62

TWO YEAR COLLARBuy Caps at 8% or 9%; Sell Floor at 7.00%

Cap Premium 1.88% 1.06%

Floor Premium 0.58 0.58

Net Cost 1.30% 0.48%

Collar Levels 8% / 7% 9% / 7%

5-63

TWO YEAR CORRIDORBuy Caps at 8% or 9%; Sell caps at 10.00%

Long Cap Premium 1.88% 1.06%

Short Cap Premium 0.62 0.62

Net Cost 1.26% 0.44%

8% / 10% 9% / 10%Corridor Levels

5-64

“QUASI-INSURANCE”Examples

Collar: Constrains outcomesat price extremes

Hedged

SpotS1 S2

Hedged

SpotS1 S2

Corridor: Fixes outcomeswithin a range of prices

5-65

New Example


5-66

CASE 7 - Cash Flow Hedge of Forecasted Treasury Note Purchase

• On 1/1/X1, XYZ forecasts a 12/31/X1 purchase of $100 million 5-year 6% Treasury notes to be classified AFS

• At 1/1/X1 the 1-year forward rate for 5-year Treasury notes is 6 %

• XYZ wants to lock in at least the 6% yield for the $100 million Treasury note purchase

• XYZ’s hedge strategy is to purchase a call option on $100 million of the 5-year Treasury notes that have a 6% 1-year forward rate

5-67

CASE 7 - Cash Flow Hedge of ForecastedTreasury Note Purchase

• XYZ specified that hedge effectiveness will be measured based on the total price change of the Treasury notes and the intrinsic value of the option (zero at 1/1/X1)

• The American call option purchased at 1/1/X1 has a 1-year term

• The call premium is $1.4 million, the strike rate is 6%, and the option is currently at-the-money

5-68


On 1/1/X1, the following activity is recorded:

Call option asset 1,400,000

Cash 1,400,000

To record the option purchase

5-69


At 6/30/X1, the 12/31X1 forward 5-year Treasury rate has declined 100 basis points from 6% to 5% and the market price is 104.376. The following entry is recorded to reflect the increase in the call option’s intrinsic value.

Call option asset 4,376,000OCI 4,376,000

To record the call option’s intrinsic value (assuming a price of 104.376, calculated as $500,000 annuity received for 10 semiannual periods discounted at5% = $4,376,000).

5-70


(continued)

At 6/30/X1, XYZ also determines that the call option’s time value has decreased

Earnings 800,000

Call option asset 800,000

To record call option’s time value decrease

5-71


At 12/31/X1, XYZ exercises the option and takes delivery of the Treasury notes:

Earnings 600,000 Call option asset 600,000

To write off option time value balance

Treasury notes 100,000,000Cash 100,000,000

Treasury notes (premium) 4,376,000 Call option asset 4,376,000

To record exercise of option

5-72


• The 12/31/X1 OCI balance of $4,376,000 is reclassified into earnings over the life of the bond. The interest method is used to calculate the periodic amount reclassified into earnings.

• The $4,376,000 Treasury note premium is amortized over the life of the bond and offsets the above OCI impact.

• On a cash flow and earnings basis, XYZ succeeded in locking in a minimum 6% return on the Treasury notes as if these were purchased at par.

5-73


XYZ demonstrates that the hedge was effective as follows:

Price of a 6% bond purchased in a

5% rate environment $104,376,000

Less call option proceeds (4,376,000)

Net price $100,000,000

5-74


If XYZ sold the $100 million bond on 6/30/X2, the remaining OCI balance is reclassified into earnings because the hedged item no longer affects earnings.

5-75

New Example


5-76

CASE 8 Fair Value Hedge of AFS Security

• XYZ owns 1,000 shares of ABC worth $100 each ($100,000)

• XYZ wants to hedge downside price risk

• On 1/1/X1, XYZ purchases an at-the-money put option on 1,000 ABC shares expiring in 6 months; exercise price is $100; option premium is $15,000

• Effectiveness is measured by comparing decreases in fair value of investment with intrinsic value of option

5-77

Note: The time value of the option includes the volatility value and the effects of discounting.

Value at Value at Gain/ 1/1/X1 3/31/X1 (Loss)

ABC Shares $100,000 $ 98,000 ($ 2,000)

Put Option:Intrinsic value $ 0 $ 2,000 $ 2,000Time value 15,000 8,000 (7,000)Total $ 15,000 $ 10,000 ($ 5,000)

CASE 8Fair Value Hedge of AFS Security

5-78


Journal entry at 1/1/X1

Option Contract 15,000

Cash 15,000

To record payment of option premium

No journal entry for hedged item

5-79


Journal entries at 3/31/X1

Earnings 2,000

Investment in ABC 2,000

To record loss on investment in ABC

Earnings (time value) 7,000

Option contract 5,000

Earnings (intrinsic value) 2,000

To record activity up to 3/31/X1

5-1 Option Contracts. 5-2 DEFINITIONS Call:The option holder has the right to buy the underlying...

Documents

Transcript of 5-1 Option Contracts. 5-2 DEFINITIONS Call:The option holder has the right to buy the underlying...