4th Tamil 1 - textbooks.karnataka.gov.in
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Karnataka Text Book Society (R.)100 Ft. Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage,
Bengaluru - 560 085.
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CHEMMOZHI THAMIZH
FIRST LANGUAGE TAMIL
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Text cum Workbook
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PrefaceThe Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in producing new
textbooks according to the new syllabi which in turn are designed on NCF – 2005since June 2010. Textbooks are prepared in 12 languages; seven of them serve asthe media of instruction. From standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS, mathematics and5th to 10th there are three core subjects namely mathematics, science and socialscience.NCF – 2005 has a number of special features and they are:
• connecting knowledge to life activities• learning to shift from rote methods• enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks• learning experiences for the construction of knowledge• making examinations flexible and integrating them with classroom
experiences• caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country• making education relevant to the present and future needs.• softening the subject boundaries- integrated knowledge and the joy of
learning.• the child is the constructor of knowledgeThe new books are produced based on three fundamental approaches namely.Constructive approach, Spiral Approach and Integrated approach. The learner
is encouraged to think, engage in activities, master skills and competencies. Thematerials presented in these books are integrated with values. The new books arenot examination oriented in their nature. On the other hand they help the learnerin the all round development of his/her personality, thus help him/her become ahealthy member of a healthy society and a productive citizen of this great country,India.
The most important objectives of teaching language are listening, speaking,reading, writing and reference work. These skills have been given a lot of importancein all the language textbooks. Along with the inculcation of these skills,fundamental grammar, opportunities for learners to appreciate beauty and imbibeuniversal life values have been integrated in language textbooks. When learnersmaster these competencies, they would stop studying textbooks for the sake ofpassing examinations. In order to help learners master these competencies, anumber of paired and group activities, assignments and project work have beenincluded in the textbooks. It is expected that these activities would help learnermaster communicative skills. Ultimately, it is expected that students master theart of learning to learn and make use of these competencies in real life.
The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the chairpersons, writers,scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and CTEs and the members of the EditorialBoard and printers in helping the Text Book Society in producing these textbooks.A few works of some writers and poets have been included in these textbooks.The textbook society is extremely grateful to them for giving their consent for theinclusion of these pieces in the textbooks.
Nagendra KumarManaging Director
Karnataka Textbook Society®Bengaluru, Karnataka
Prof. G. S. MudambadithayaCoordinator
Curriculum Revision andTextbook Preparation
Karnataka Textbook Society®Bengaluru, Karnataka
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Text Book CommitteeChairman :1) Sri.C.Ramamoorthy, Retired Teacher No.16, Arup nivas,4th Cross, S.R Layout Murugesh palya, Bengaluru-17
Members :1. Smt. Vijayalakshmi.R A.M. BBMP Girls High School.
Halasuru Bengaluru-8
2. Smt. Kulsumbi, A.M. BBMP Boys High School. JogupalyaBengaluru-8
3. Smt. Jyothi.G, A.M. Govt. Tamil Higher Pry-SchoolShanthinagar. Bengaluru-88
4. Smt. Irudaya Mary, A.M. Govt. Tamil Hr-Pry-SchoolMurphy town Halasuru. Bengaluru-8
5. Sri. Subramanian, Artist. Chaitrakala arts Private LtdIndiranagar. Bengaluru -37
Scrutinizer :
Sri. Dr. R. Srinivasan, Retired Professor. No.3668, 8th Cross,
H.A.L II Stage, 13 ‘D’ Main Indira nagar, Bengaluru-8.
Chief Co-ordinator :
Prof. G.S. Mudambadithaya, Curriculum Revision and TextPreparation, K.T.B.S., Bengaluru.
Chief Advisers :
Sri Nagendra Kumar, Managing Director, K.T.B.S., Bengaluru.
Smt C. Nagamani, Deputy Director, K.T.B.S., Bengaluru.
Programme Co-ordinator:
Smt. Chandrakal., A.D.P.I., K.T.B.S., Bengaluru.
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¥ÀoÀå¥ÀÄ ÀÛPÀUÀ¼À ¥ÀjµÀÌgÀt À«ÄwUÀ¼À «ªÀgÀÀ
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viii
®ı >ÁÈ©A √¬ÔD1. ÛˆB[ 1
2. ÂV‚| kVμ›m 3
3. º>EB¬ÿÔVΩ (>[ k´ÈVÆ) 11
4. J¬ÁÔ› #¬˛B ÔV¬ÁÔ (√V¶_) 22
5. ÔΩ>D 28
6. WÈs_ \VÕ>Ï (√V¶_) 37
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8. ÿ«È[ ÿÔ_ÈÏ 47
9. ÷´ı| ØÁ™¬ z‚ΩÔ^ (√V¶_)- 55
10. cÁw©º√ cBÏ° (ÂV¶ÔD-) 61
11. kV˚Ï] 78
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13. ∑uÆ©A≈© √VmÔV©A (√V¶_) 87
14. ÂV[z ºÔVΩ (ÂV¶ÔD) 91
15. y´V> sÁ·BV‚|©∏^Á· -Ôı[ (√V¶_) 101
16. \ÔV›\V ÔVÕ] (√V¶_) 106
17. Ô¶_ (cÁ´BV¶_) 110
18. ºƒk_ Ì°m (√V¶_) 116
19. √^π gı| swV (√V¶_) 122
20. s≈z ÿk‚Ω•D k™ º>kÁ>•D 126
21. k™ sÈ∫zÔÁ·¬ ÔV©º√VD 137
22. Â_ka 147
23. zΩB´∑› >ÁÈk´V™ Â_ÈVEˆBÏ 149
24. ]Ú¬z≈^ 157
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1
1. ÛˆB[
gl´D Ô´∫Ô^ ¿‚Ω
∂Á¬˛[≈ >VºB º√Vu§ !
∂Ú^ ÿ√V∫zD xÔ›Á>¬ ÔV‚Ω
÷Ú^ ¿¬ÔD >Õ>VF º√Vu§ !
>Vl–D √ˆÕm ƒVÈfl
ƒÔÈÁ´ ∂Á©√VF º√Vu§ !
>Áw¬zD Ï clÏdÔ‚ÿÔ_ÈVD
mÁ¬Ô´D ÿÔV|©√VF º√Vu§ !
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2
#BkÏ ÷>BD º√VÈ
mÈ∫˛|D ŒπºB º√Vu§ !
#´›º> ÿÂÚ©Á√ Ák›mfl
ƒV´›Á>› >ÚkVF º√Vu§ !
QVlº≈ ! ÂȺ\ º√Vu§ !ÂVBÔ[ kΩºk º√Vu§ !
ÂVMÈD c·ÂV^ \‚|Dº√VuƺkVD º√Vu§ ! º√Vu§ !
- ÔsB´∑ Ôı>Vƒ[
>tμ ÿ\Va kVμ›m
kVμÔ W´Õ>´D kVμÔ >tμÿ\Va
kVaB kVaBºk !
kV™ \·Õ> >Á™›mD ∂·Õ]|D
kıÿ\Va kVaBºk !
∞μÔ¶_ Ák©∏–Õ >[\D TE
÷Áƒ ÿÔVı| kVaBºk !
ÛμÔo ¿∫Ô› >tμ ÿ\Va ∫Ô›
mÈ∫zÔ ÁkBÔº\ !
kVμÔ >tμÿ\Va ! kVμÔ >tμÿ\Va !
kVμÔ >tμÿ\VaºB !
- \ÔVÔs ∑©∏´\ËB √V´]BVÏ
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3
2. ÂV‚| kVμ›m
Ô[™¶ ÂV|.
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4
>∫ÔD sÁ·•D Øt
®∫Ô^ Ô[™¶ Øt.
ƒÕ>™D Ô\øD ÂV|
ÂÕ> k™∫Ôπ[ ÂV|
ÔVºkˆ gÆ √V•D
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>k≈V> √¬] kVøD
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®∫Ô^ Ô[™¶ Øt.
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s·∫zD >VºB! k∫z˛º≈[
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c^”D A≈xD #FÁ\•¶[
cÈ˛_ kVμÕº> cBÏÕ]¶°D
∂^π ∂^π¬ ÔÁÈÔÁ·ºB
∂π©√VF, ∂§Ák k·Ï©√VºB !
- zwÕÁ>¬ ÔsQÏ, ∂w k^πB©√V
ÂV|D ÿ\Va•D Â\m ÷Ú ÔıÔ^
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5
√¶z cÚkV™m
Âı√ÏÔ^ sÁ·BV¶fl ÿƒ[≈™Ï.
>kÁ· \‚|D>ı߈_ z]›>m.
\u≈kÏÔÁ·•D ∂Áw›>m.\u≈kÏÔ^ ºBVE›>™Ï !
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6
g”¬z ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ^ÿÔVı| kÕ>™Ï.
EÆ √¶z ÿƒF>™Ï.
√¶˛_\QμflEBVÔfl
ÿƒ[≈™Ï.
√¶∫Ôπ[ ˇμ c^· ÿ>V¶ÏÔÁ·¬ ̧ zwÕÁ>ÔÁ·]ÚD√¬ Ì≈fl ÿƒFÔ. √∫ºÔuÆ ÂΩ›m¬ ÔV‚¶fl ÿƒFÔ.
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7
£hzøu¨ £õºzx Pøu ö\õÀ»Ä®.
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9
£hzøu¨ £õºzx Pøu ö\õÀ»Ä®.
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10
gÆ s›]BVƒ∫Ô^ Ôı|∏Ω¬Ô°D.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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11
3. º>EB¬ ÿÔVΩ(>[ k´ÈVÆ Ì≈_)
ŒÀÿkVÚ ÂV‚|¬zD ŒÀÿkVÚ ÿÔVΩ cı|. ∂mºk∂ÕÂV‚Ω[ ÿ√ÚÁ\¬zD, ŒuÆÁ\¬zD, cˆÁ\¬zD,Â_kVμsuzD cˆB ∂Á¶BV·\VzD. Â\m ÷Õ]BÂV‚Ω[ º>EB¬ ÿÔVΩ >[Á™© √u§ ÌÆkÁ>¬ºÔ”∫Ô^.
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12
®[ º>Vu≈D :
>Vl[ \ˬÿÔVΩ √VZÏ - ∂Á>›>VμÕm √ËÕm k∫˛¶ kVZÏ
®[Æ √V´]BVÏ √VΩBm ®[Á™© √u§›>V[. ÂV[, ¿^ƒm´ kΩk›]_ ÔVs, ÿkıÁ\, √flÁƒ g˛B J[ÆW≈∫Ô”D, Â|s_ ÷´V‚Á¶•\VÔ ∂Á\Õm ÔV∫˛´¸÷B¬Ô›][ ÿÔVΩBVÔ ÷ÚÕº>[. ÂD ÂV| s|>ÁÈ∂Á¶Õ>mD ÷Ú√›m ÂV[z g´∫Ô”¶[ s·∫zD∂ºƒVÔfl ƒ¬Ô´›Á> Â|s_ ÿÔVı| º>EB¬ ÿÔVΩ ®[≈ÿ√Bˆ_ ÿ√ÚÁ\¬z cˆBk™Vº™[. ®[ ¿·, ∂ÔÈDJ[Ƭz ÷´ı| ®[≈ s˛>\VzD.
ÔVsW≈D :
®[M¶D J[Æ W≈∫Ô^ c^·™. ∂ku§_, º\ºÈc^·m ÔVsW≈\VzD. √V´> ÂV‚Ω[ s|>ÁȬz› >Dc¶_, ÿ√VÚ^, gs g˛B ∂Á™›Á>•D ∂π›>]BV˛Ôπ[ WÁ™kVÔ¬ ÔVsW≈D s·∫z˛≈m.
ÿkıÁ\ W≈D :
®[ Â|s_ c^· ÿkıÁ\ W≈D √V´> ÂV‚| \¬Ô^#FÁ\•D, kVFÁ\•D, Œø¬ÔxD, \uÆD √ı√V|D,ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ·VÔ s·∫Ô ºkı|D ®[√Á>WÁ™°Æ›mD. ÷∫z ∂Á\Õm^· ¿È W≈ ∂ºƒVÔflƒ¬Ô´D º√VÏ ºkı¶V> ∂≈ÿ§l_ g‚E AˆÕ>∂ºƒVÔˆ[ WÁ™Ák ®|›m¬ ÔV‚|˛≈m.
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√flÁƒ W≈D :
ˇºw c^· W≈D √flÁƒ gzD. ÂD ÂV‚ΩK^· ÷BuÁÔk·∫Ô^ ∂Á™›Á>•D z§©√>VÔ ÂV[ √flÁƒ W≈›Á>•Dÿ√uÆ^º·[.
®[Á™© º√VuÆD xÁ≈ :
ÂV[ ÷Õ]B ÂV‚Ω[ clÏ º√V[≈k[. ®[Á™ ®_ÈV÷¶∫ÔπKD √≈¬Ô s¶¬ ̶Vm. ∂´∑ ∂KkÈÔ∫Ôπ_\‚|º\ √≈¬Ô s¶ºkı|D. s|>ÁÈÂV^ swV,zΩB´∑ ÂV^ swV g˛B ÂV‚Ôπ_ \‚|D ®[Á™©ÿ√Vm ÷¶∫Ôπ_ √≈¬Ô s¶ºkı|D. ÔVÁÈl_Ô]´k[ c]¬zx[ ®[Á™ ∞u§, \VÁÈl_\Á≈k>uz^ ÷≈¬˛ s¶ºkı|D. ®[Á™¬ÿÔVΩ¬ÔD√›]_ ∞u§, √V´>© A>_kÏÔ^ ®™¬z k¬ÔDÿƒK›mD º√Vm ÂV[ ÿ√ÚÁ\•D ؈©AD ∂Á¶˛º≈[.
∂´∑ cBÏ
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14
ÂV[ EÈ ºÂ´∫Ôπ_ ∂Á´¬ÔD√›]_ √≈©º√[,ÂV‚Ω[ >ÁÈE≈Õ> ÿ√ˆBkÏ ŒÚkÏ \Á≈Õm s‚¶VÏ®[√Á> ∂>[ JÈD ∂§s©º√[. ®™¬z ¿∫Ô^®›>ÁÔB ∂k\ˆBVÁ>ÁB•D ÿƒFB¬ ̶Vm.
√V´> ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB cÈz¬z ∂§°Æ›]©√‚ÿ¶Vπ TE©√≈¬zD ®[Á™ \]›m© º√Vu≈ºkı|D. ÿÔVΩ ÔV›> z\´Á™© º√V_ ®[Á™cBÏkVÔ ®ıˬ ÔV©√m c∫Ô^ Ô¶Á\ gzD. ®™ºk,®[Á™› >zÕ> \ˆBVÁ>•¶[ k∫zTÏÔ^ ®[≈ÂD∏¬ÁÔ•¶[ sÁ¶ÿ√Æ˛º≈[. kVμÔ √V´>D!
∂ÚfiÿƒVuÿ√VÚ^ :
>VμÕm = √ËÕm
s|>ÁÈ = ∑>Õ]´D
kVFÁ\ = cıÁ\
∂≈ÿ§l_ = >Ú\ kal_
]BVÔD = >[Á™ ∂Ï©√Ë›>_
Ô]´k[ = ÛˆB[, √ˆ]
∂k#Æ = ∂k\ˆBVÁ>
I. s™V¬Ô”¬z sÁ¶>ÚÔ.
1. ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ ∂Á¶BV·\VÔ s·∫zkm ®m ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
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15
2. \ÔVÔs √V´]BVˆ[ ÿÔVΩÁB© √u§B √V¶_ BVm?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
3. Â\m º>EB¬ ÿÔVΩl[ ∂·° BVm ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
4. Â\m º>EB¬ ÿÔVΩl_ c^· W≈∫Ô^ BVÁk?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
5. ∂ºƒVÔfl ƒ¬Ô´›]_ ®›>Á™ g´∫Ô^ c^·™ ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
6. ÔVs W≈D Â\¬z WÁ™∆‚|km BVm ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
7. ∂ºƒVÔfl ƒ¬Ô´kÏ›]l[ WÁ™Ák¬ ÔV‚|km®m?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
8. √flÁƒ W≈D cÏ›mkm BVm ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
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9. º>EB¬ ÿÔVΩÁB ®©ÿ√Vøÿ>_ÈVD ∂Á´¬
ÔD√›]_ √≈¬Ôs|kVÏÔ^ ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
10. ÂD ∂Á™kˆ[ Ô¶Á\ BVm ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
II. ºÔVΩ‚¶ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· W´©AÔ :
1. Â\m ÿÔVΩl_ ............. .............. ............... W≈∫Ô^
c^·™.
2. ÿkıÁ\ W≈D √V´> ÂV‚|\¬Ôπ[ ........... ..............
............. ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ·VÔ s·∫Ô ºkı|D ®[√Á>
WÁ™°Æ›mD.
3. ∂≈ ÿ§l_ g‚E AˆÕ> \[™Ï ..............
4. ÂV[ ÷Õ]B ÂV‚Ω[ ............... º√V[≈k[.
5. ÔVÁÈl_ .............. c]¬zx[ ∞u§, \VÁÈl_
................ ÷≈¬˛ s¶ºkı|D.
III. ∏ˆ›ÿ>ømÔ :
1. ∂ÕÂV‚Ω[
2. ∂ºƒVÔfl ƒ¬Ô´D
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17
3. ∂≈ÿ§l_
4. ÿÔVΩ¬ÔD√›]_
5. ÂD∏¬ÁÔ•¶[
IV. ÿ√VÚ›mÔ
∂ g
1. ÔVs W≈D ∂. ∂Á´¬ÔD√D
2. ÿkıÁ\ W≈D g. 24 g´∫Ô^
3. √flÁƒ W≈D ÷. ]BVÔD
4. >Ú\flƒ¬Ô´D ~ #FÁ\
5. >ÁÈ E≈Õ>ÿ√ˆºBVÏ \Á≈° c. k·Á\
V. ∂§Ô :
1. ∑>Õ]´ ÂVπ_ ÿÔVΩºBuƺkVD.
2. zΩB´∑ ÂVπ_ ÿÔVΩºBuƺkVD.
3. Â\m º>EB ˇ>D ¤™ Ô \™.
4. Â\m º>EB sÈ∫z Ao.
5. Â\m º>EB \ÈÏ >V\Á´.
6. Â\m º>EB© √≈Ák \l_.
7. ÿÔVΩl[ ¿· ∂ÔÈD J[Ƭz ÷´ı| ®[≈s˛>\VzD.
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18
VI. ®]ÏflÿƒV_ >ÚÔ :
1. ÿ√ÚÁ\ x ....................
2. s|>ÁÈ x ....................
3. ÿkıÁ\ x ....................
4. ÷BuÁÔ x ....................
5. ÔVÁÈl_ x ....................
6. cBÏkVÔ x ....................
VII. s|√‚¶ ®ø›Á> W´©AÔ :
\ Ë ÿÔV Ω ÿk Á\
k ∫ ˛ ¶ √ fl
√V ´ BV Ï s > ÁÈ
VIII. x>_ ®ø›Á> \Vu§ ºkÆ ºkÆ ÿƒVuÔ·V¬zÔ:
ÿkıÁ\
.......................
.......................
.......................
.......................
.......................
.......................
.......................
ÿkı√∑
ÔÚ
Â[
cˆ#F
k·
>[
Á\
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19
IX. √V¶ÁÈ© √VΩ©√wzÔ :
>Vl[ \ˬÿÔVΩ √VZÏ ∂Á>›
>VμÕm √ËÕm AÔμÕ]¶ kVZÏ !
1. ∫˛ k·ÏÕ>º>VÏ ÔD√D ∂>[
cflEl[ º\_ kÕº> \V>´D ®[º≈
√V∫˛[ ®ø]›]ÔøD ÿƒFB
√‚ÿ¶Vπ TE© √≈Õ>m √VZÏ ! (>Vl[)......
- √V´]BVÏ
EÈ Wt¶ kVμ° ÿÔVı¶ clˆ™D ~ƒ_. ÷>uzklÆD Á¶BVm. ´ cÆ©AD Á¶BVm
√¶s·¬Ô ∂Ô´V]
1. s>V™ ÿƒe>VÔÚÂV¶Ô \VWÈ›][ >ÁÈÂÔ´Dÿ√∫ÔjÚ. ÔÚÂV¶Ô ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ºBs>V™ ÿƒe>V. tÔ°D ∂wÔV™Ô‚Ω¶D ÷]_ ƒ‚¶\[≈D\uÆD º\ÈÁkÔ^ c^·™.
2. >VÎ \ÔV_cÈ˛[ ∂]ƒB∫Ôπ_Œ[Æ. BxÁ™ Â]¬ÔÁ´l_Ô‚¶©√‚|^·m. ÷>Á™≠V¤«V[ >[ \Á™sxD>V˜[ WÁ™kVÔ¬Ô‚Ω•^·VÏ.
A
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20
3. ƒVFÕ> ºÔVA´DÁ√ƒV ÂÔ´ ƒVFÕ> ºÔVA´D
÷›>Vo ÂV‚Ω_ c^·m. cÈÔ∂]ƒB∫Ôπ_ Œ[Æ. ÷m ŒÚƒVFÕ> ºÔVA´D øÚÅmkQÓx.
4. «V¬˛÷Õ]BVs[ √wÁ\BV™sÁ·BV‚|Ôπ_ Œ[Æ«V¬˛. CvÀ ÷Õ]BV √È>∫Ô© √>¬Ô∫ÔÁ·© ÿ√uÆ^·m.
5. ®ˆ\ÁÈØtl[ ÿkz gw›]_ c^·ÔuzwDA, Øtl[ ∂ø›>›]™V_tÚmkV™ \ÁÈ© √z]Ôπ_ÿkπkÚD.
6. º¤V¬ ¿ÏTμflEÔÚÂV¶Ô \VWÈ›][ ¥kÿ\V¬ÔV\Vk‚¶›]_ º¤V¬ ¿ÏTμflE•^·m. ÔVı√kÏÔıÔ”¬z sÚÕ>VÔ ∂Á\•D.
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21
7. ÂV[z xÔD ÿÔVı¶ E∫ÔD÷m ÷Õ]BVs[ º>EBflE[™D.J[Æ E∫Ô∫ÔÁ· \‚|º\ÂD\V_ ÔV xΩ•D. ÷mƒV´ÂV›]_ c^· ∂ºƒVÔϸ#∏ÁB øÚÅmkQÓx.
8. \l_Â\m ÂV‚Ω[ º>EB©√≈Ák∂w˛B º>VÁÔÔÁ· cÁ¶Bm.kVM_ º\Ô¬ Ì‚¶∫ÔÁ·¬Ôı¶V_ \˛μflEl_ º>VÁÔsˆ›>V|D.
8. *[ ÿÔV›]© √≈Ák
∂w˛B EÆ√≈Ák *[, >kÁ·,Aø, ØflE. x>oBkuÁ≈cıbD. ÷>[ ∂ÈzEk©√VÔ°D, E≈zÔ ¿È\VÔ°D>ÁÈ, Ôø›m, ÿƒD√ø©AW≈\VÔ°D ÔV©√|D.
9. º\Ô∫Ô^
¿Ï WÁÈÔπ_ c^·¿ÏgsBV˛ º\ºÈ ÿƒ[ƺ\Ô\VÔ› º>V[Æ˛≈m. ÷mzπÏÕ> ÔVuÆ√‚¶°¶[\ÁwBVÔ© ÿ√Va˛[≈m.
ÂV|D T|D º√Vu≈ kVμºkVD.
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22
4. J¬ÁÔ› #¬˛B ÔV¬ÁÔ
ºkÈ[ \Á™s ÔÚ©√Vl;sΩÕ>mD ƒıÁ¶ mk¬˛|kV^.ÔVÈD ®_ÈVD ƒıÁ¶lºÈÔa©√V^ Ôk[ kÚÕ]¶ºk.
ƒıÁ¶ ŒÚÂV^ xu§¶ºkƒ‚ÿ¶™ ºkÈ[ ºÔV√x¶[∂ıÁ¶ loÚÕ> Ô›]l™V_∂Æ›m s‚¶V[ ∂k^J¬ÁÔ.
ÿk‚Ω ®|›> J¬z¶º™sÁ´Õm Ák›]Bˆ¶D ÿƒ[≈V^:Œ‚|© º√V‚|› Á>›]|TÏ,c\¬z© AıËBD ®™flÿƒV[™V^.
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mı|J¬ÁÔ º\Áƒl[ º\_#¬˛ Ák›m Ák›]BÚDmı|› mËBV_ ∂k^xÔ›Á>›mÁ¶›m¬ ÿÔVı| ÷ÚÕ>™º´.
∂ÆÕm >MBVF ÷ÚÕ]‚¶∂Õ> J¬z› mı¶>Á™√≈Õm kÕ> ŒÚ ÔV¬ÁÔ√VFÕm #¬˛fl ÿƒ[≈mºk !
ÁÔÁB› >‚Ω Ák›]BÚDÔ>§© √VÏ›>VÏ: g™VKD,nºBV ! ∞mD √BM_ÁÈ∂ȧ› mΩ›>V^ ÔÚ©√Vl !
ÔV¬ÁÔ J¬ÁÔ› ][≈mºkV !Ô¶o_ º√V‚| s‚¶mºkV !J¬ÁÔ ÷wÕ> ‘ÛÏ©√™ÁÔ’x¬ÔV Ω‚|› ]ÚD∏™º· !
- zwÕÁ>¬ ÔsQÏ ∂w k^πB©√V
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* ÔÁ>©√V¶ÁÈfl ƒÕ> ÂB›m¶[ >MBVÔ°D zøkVÔ°D√V¶flÿƒFÔ :
∂ÚfiÿƒVuÿ√VÚ^ :
ƒıÁ¶ = ƒflƒ´°
xu§¶ºk = ∂]Ôˆ¬Ôºk
sÁ´Õm = ºkÔ\VÔ
Ák›]BÏ = \Ú›mkÏ
∂ÆÕm = ∂Æ√‚|
∂ȧ = Ô>§, ∂ø>_
√luE
I. s™V¬Ô”¬z sÁ¶>ÚÔ
1. sΩÕ>mD ºkÈ[ \Á™s ®[™ ÿƒFkV^ ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
2. ºkÈ[ ºÔV√x¶[ ®[™ ÿƒF>V[ ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
3. ÔÚ©√Vl Ák›]Bˆ¶D ®[™ ̧™V^ ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
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4. J¬ÁÔ ®∫zÁk›>™Ï ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
5. J¬ÁÔ ®m #¬˛flÿƒ[≈m ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
6. ÔV¬ÁÔ J¬ÁÔ ®[™ ÿƒF>m ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
II. ºÔVΩ‚¶ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· W´©AÔ :
1. ºkÈ[ \Á™s .................
2. ºkÈ[ ºÔV√x¶[ ................ ∂k^ J¬ÁÔ.
3. Œ‚|© º√V‚|› Á>›]|TÏ ............. AıËBD.
4. √≈Õm kÕ> ŒÚ ................ J¬z› mı¶>Á™#¬˛fl ÿƒ[≈m.
5. J¬ÁÔ ÷wÕ> ................. x¬ÔVΩ‚|›]ÚD∏™º·.
III. ®]ÏflÿƒV_ >ÚÔ :
1. Ôk[ x ....................
2. ∂ıÁ¶ x ....................
3. ÿk‚Ω x ....................
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4. sÁ´Õm x ....................
5. º\_ x ....................
IV. ∏ˆ›ÿ>ømÔ :
1. mk¬˛|kV^ = ...................
2. J¬z¶º™ = ...................
3. Ák›]Bˆ¶D = ...................
4. mı|›mË = ...................
5. ÁÔÁB›>‚Ω = ...................
V. kˆÁƒ© √|›] ®ømÔ :
1. Œ‚|© º√V‚|› Á>›]|TÏ c\¬z© AıËBD®™fl ÿƒV[™V^.
2. J¬z› mıÁ¶ ÔVÔD #¬˛fl ÿƒ[≈m.
3. sÁ´Õm Ák›]Bˆ¶D ÿƒ[≈V^.
4. ºkÈ[ ºÔV√x¶[ ÔÚ©√Vll[ J¬ÁÔ∂Æ›ms‚¶V[.
5. sΩÕ>mD ÔÚ©√Vl ƒıÁ¶ÁB› mk¬˛|kV^.
6. J¬ÁÔ ÷wÕ> ÛÏ©√™ÁÔ x¬ÔVΩ‚|›]ÚD∏™V^.
7. ÔV¬ÁÔ J¬ÁÔ› ][≈mºkV ! Ô¶o_ º√V‚|s‚¶mºkV!
yÁ\ ÿƒF>kϬzD Â[Á\ ÿƒF.
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27
Â_ÿÈVø¬Ô∫Ô^
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5. ÔΩ>D
(cD ªˆ_ ¶¬zD ]ÚswVÁk¬ Ôı| Ôπ¬Ô kÚ\VÆÂı√–¬z ∂Áw©A¬ ÔΩ>D ®ø>°D)
25 m∫ÁÔ ∂Á,02.02.2011.
∂[A Âı√V,
k¬ÔD, ÿƒ[≈ \V>D c™m ªˆ_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈\VˆBD\[ ]ÚswVs_ ÂV–D ®™m Âı√ÏÔ”¶[ÔÈÕm ÿÔVıº¶[. ∂º> º√V_ ®[–Á¶B ªˆ_ ∂|›>kV´D ÂÁ¶ÿ√≈ c^· «D∏ cuƒk›Á>¬ Ôı|Ôπ›m\˛w ºkı|D ®[Æ sÚDA˛º≈[.
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«D∏ ∂Á™kÚD º√VuÆD ®[ÆD \≈¬Ô xΩBV>k´ÈVÆ √Á¶›> Ï ªÏ. ŒÀÿkVÚ gı|D ÂkD√Ï]∫Ôπ_ «D∏ cuƒkD ÿÔVı¶V¶©√|˛≈m. ÷m Øt›>Vl[ \Ωl_ ∏≈Õm k·ÏÕ> \Vÿ√ÚD ÂVÔZÔ ÂÔ´D.C[SÒÍ m∫Ô√›]´V Â] Ôu√VÁ≈Ô^, ÔV|Ô^, º\|Ô^,\uÆD ∑u§KD \ÁÈÔ^ ªº¶ ÿk^π¬ ÿÔVΩ º√V[ÆkÁ·Õm ÿÂπÕm |D. ÷›m∫Ô√›]´V >VF >[ ÷MB¿´V_ \ıÁ•D, \¬ÔÁ·•D zπ´flÿƒFm k·∫ÿÔVa¬Ôfl ÿƒF˛≈V^.
÷ÕÂÔˆ_ ®∫z ºÂV¬˛–D ºÔVl_Ô^, ºÔVA´∫Ô^.ƒ\Bfl E[™∫Ôπ[ ÔV‚EÔ^ ÿ>[√|˛≈m.
∂Á™›m¬zD EÔ´D Ák›>Vu º√V[Æ ∂Á\Õm^·sÚ√V‚ƒÏ gÈBD, Ôıb¬z sÚÕ>π¬zD. √ȱu≈Vı|Ô^ AÔø¶–D, º\[Á\•¶–D s·∫˛Bs¤BÂÔ´D, √VtM ∑_>V[Ôπ[ √Á¶ÿB|©√V_Eu√∫Ô^, ºÔVl_Ô^, \uÆD \ı¶√∫Ô^ cÚ¬zÁÈÕm,EÁ>Õm ÔV©√|˛[≈™.
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EÁ>Õ>, cÚ¬zÁÈÕ> Eu√∫ÔÁ· Á\B∂´∑ ÊÏÿƒFmkÚ˛≈m. √ÁwB WÁÈÁ\ E§mD \V≈V\_Am©∏›m¬ ÿÔVı| kÚ˛[≈m. ÷∫z cuƒk ÔVÈ›]_√_ºkÆ ÷¶∫Ôπ_ º\Á¶Ô^ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚| Œπ,ŒoÔV‚EÔ^, ¶™D, ƒ∫ˇ>D, ˛´VtB¬ÔÁÈÔ^ EÈD√V‚¶D, \uÆD √_ºkÆ WÔμflEÔ^ ÂÁ¶ÿ√Æ˛[≈™.
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÷>Á™¬ ÔV Ôı ºÔVΩ ºkı|D. gÔºk, Âı√V, ¿>k≈V\_ ÿ«Vƒ©º√‚Á¶¬z Âı√ÏÔ”¶[ kÕm÷ÕWÔμflEÔπ_ ÔÈÕm ÿÔVı| ÷[A≈ºkı|D ®[ÆsÚDA˛º≈[. c¶º™ √]_ ÔΩ>D ®ø> ºkı|˛º≈[.
ÿ√ÆÂÏ c[ ∂[A^· Âı√[,k. ®›]´V¤[, (JÏ›])
®ı. 2, ÔD√Ï ÿ>Ú,
g]B©√[ A#Ï,
ÔV‚√VΩ k‚¶D,
ºkŸÏ \Vk‚¶D.
I. √Ω›>§Ô :
1. m∫Ô√›]´V Â] Ôu√VÁ≈Ô , ÔV|Ô , º\|Ô , \uÆD∑u§KD \ÁÈÔ ªº¶ kÁ·Õm ÿÂπÕm |D.
2. >[ ÷MB ¿´V_ \ıÁ•D \¬ÔÁ·•D zπ´flÿƒFm k·∫ÿÔVa¬Ôfl ÿƒF˛≈V^.
3. ®∫z ºÂV¬˛–D ºÔVl_Ô^, ºÔVA´∫Ô^ ƒ\BflE[™∫Ô^ WÁ≈Õ> ÂÔ´D.
4. sÚ√V‚ƒÏ gÈBD Ôıb¬z sÚÕ>π¬zD.
5. √VtM ∑_>V[Ôπ[ √Á¶ÿB|©√V_ Eu√∫Ô^ºÔVl_Ô^, \ı¶√∫Ô^ cÚ¬ zÁÈÕm, EÁ>ÕmÔV© √|˛[≈™.
6. Á\B∂´∑ EÁ>Õ>, cÚ¬zÁÈÕ> Eu√∫ÔÁ·,√ÁwB WÁÈÁ\ E§mD \V≈V\_ Am©∏›m¬ÿÔVı| kÚ˛≈m.
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7. cuƒk ÔVÈ›]_ √_ºkÆ ÷¶∫Ôπ_ º\Á¶Ô^
∂Á\¬Ô©√‚| Œπ, Œo¬ ÔV‚EÔ^ ¶™D,
ƒ∫ˇ>D, ˛´VtB¬ ÔÁÈÔ^ EÈD√V‚¶D \uÆD
√_ºkÆ WÔμflEÔ^ ÂÁ¶ÿ√Æ˛[≈™.
II. s™V¬Ô”¬z sÁ¶ ∂π¬Ô°D :
1. \VˆBD\[ ]ÚswVs_ BVÏ BVÏ ÔÈÕmÿÔVı¶™Ï ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
2. k´ÈVÆ √Á¶›> ªÏ ®m ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
3. ŒÀÿkVÚ gı|D «D∏ cuƒkD ®D\V>›]_
ÂÁ¶ ÿ√ÆD ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
4. m∫Ô√›]´V Â] ®ÀkVÆ |˛≈m ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
5. «D∏l_ ®[ÿ™[™ ÔV‚EÔÁ·¬ ÔVÈVD ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
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33
6. Á\B ∂´∑ ®>Á™fl ÊÏ ÿƒFm kÚ˛≈m ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
III. ºÔVΩ‚¶ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· W´©AÔ :
1. «D∏ cuƒkD ............. \V>›]_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√ÆD.
2. m∫Ô√›]´V Â] ÿk^π¬ ÿÔVΩº√V[Æ .......................... |D .
3. ®∫z ºÂV¬˛–D .............. ............. ƒ\Bfl E[™∫Ô^WÁ≈Õ> ÂÔ´D.
4. ............... gÈBD Ôıb¬z sÚÕ>π¬zD.
5. cuƒkÔVÈ›]_ º\Á¶Ô^ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚| .......................... ÔV‚EÔ^ ¶›>©√|˛[≈™.
IV. ∏ˆ›ÿ>ømÔ :
1. \VˆBD\[
2. ÿk^π¬ÿÔVΩ
3. zπ´fl ÿƒFm
4. √Á¶ÿB|©√V_.
5. cÚ¬zÁÈÕm
V. ®]ÏflÿƒV_ >ÚÔ :
1. \˛w x ....................
2. sÚDA x ....................
3. zπÏ x ....................
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34
4. AÔμ x ....................
5. E§mD x ....................
IV. ºÔVΩ‚¶ ÷¶∫Ôπ_ ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ ÿƒVuÔÁ·›º>ÏÕÿ>|›m ®ømÔ.
∂[A^· ∂©√V ∂kÏÔ”¬z.
.................. ∂D\V ............... ÷Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ·V ?®[–Á¶B ∂[√V™ .................. ∂kÏÔ”¬zflÿƒV_K∫Ô^. ®™¬z ¿∫Ô^ ∂|›>xÁ≈ ÷∫z kÚDº√Vm√V´]BVÏ ÔsÁ>Ô^ A›>ÔD ÿÔVı| kVÚ∫Ô^. ®™¬zƒÕ]´[ ÿ√V∫Ô_ kVμ›m ∂–©∏ ÷ÚÕ>V[. ∂k–¬zÂV[ ................. ÿ>ˆs›>>VÔ¬ ÌÆ∫Ô^. >V›>V, √V‚Ω,\V\V ∂›Á> ∂Á™kÚ¬zD ®[ ................ k¬Ô›Á>›ÿ>ˆs›m¬ ÿÔV^˛º≈[.
ÂV^ : c∫Ô^ ...............,
xM´VÎ.
(√ËkV™, k¬ÔD, k¬Ô›Á>, ÂÈ\VÔ, >B° ÿƒFm,Â[§, ∂[A^·)
ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ ÿƒVuÔÁ·› º>ÏÕÿ>|›m c∫Ô^kz©A gEˆBÚ¬z s|xÁ≈ sı©√D ®ømÔ :
∂–©AÂÏ : ................................,
................................,
................................,
................................
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ÿ√ÆÂÏ : ................................,
................................,
................................,
................................
nBV, ®™¬z¬ .................. ÷Ú©√>V_ ...................... k´÷BÈs_ÁÈ, ®™ºk ÷[Æ ŒÚÂV^ .................... s|©A.................. ºkı|˛º≈[.
÷¶D : .................... >∫Ô^ √Ë°^·.
ÂV^ : ...................... ...........................
(kw∫zD√Ω, √^π¬z, \‚|D, ÔVFflƒÈVÔ)
ªº´V| Œ›mkVμ.
kıD y‚|Ô
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36
T|Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^
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37
6. WÈs_ \VÕ>Ï
\VÕ>Ï JkÏ √≈Õ>™Ï ;kV™D ºÂV¬˛fl ÿƒ[≈™Ï.
ÔVÕ>© √´©Á√¬ Ô¶Õ>™Ï ;Ôs[ WÈs_ z]›>™Ï !
sB©A ! sB©A !! sB©√¶V !!!ÿkıËÈVs[ ÔÁ>B¶V !
∂BÏsÈV>xBuEÔ^ !∂§° Ôı¶ ÿku§Ô^.
\¬Ô^ kVøD cÈÔD º√V_,\u≈ cÈÔD º>Ω™Ï !
>¬Ô kVÆ WÈsÁ™›>Vs¬ Ôı| *ı¶™Ï.
\Vÿ™V[ §Ú¬zD ÔV‚Eº√V_\¬Ô^ √VÏ›> WÈsºÈ
gÁ™ søÕ>√^·D º√V_∂Ô[≈ zaÔ^ Ôı¶™Ï !
z]›m ¶Õm ÿƒ[≈™Ï ;zMÕm WtÏÕm √VÏ›>™Ï;
A]B >Á´l_ cÈs™Ï;AÁÔ© √¶∫Ô^ ∏Ω›>™Ï.
ÔVu§ÈV> Á√Ôπ_Ô_KD \ıbD W´©∏™Ï.
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ºkuº≈VÏ cÈÔ› >Á´lºÈÿku§¬ ÿÔVΩÁB ÂV‚Ω™Ï.
WÈ°› >Á´l_ W[Æ, ÂVDWuzD cÈÁÔ© √VÏ›>™Ï !
zÈ°D ∂wÁÔfl ∑Ák›>™Ï !ºÔVΩ sı*[ Ôı¶™Ï !
√V‚¶[ ÔVÈ WÈ°>V[ !√V‚Ω ÿƒV[™ ÔÁ>Ô^>VD !
T‚| kVlu √ΩlºÈÿkπflƒD >Õ> WÈ°>V[ !
ÔVuÆD ¿ÚD ∂∫˛ÁÈ !Ô¶KD \ÁÈ•D ∂∫˛ÁÈ
¨uÁ≈© A_KD ∂∫˛ÁÈ !∏Áw¬zD clÚD ∂∫˛ÁÈ.
kVM_ √≈Õ> JkÚDkÕm Ô¶o_ z]›>™Ï !
ÂV–D ¿•D ÷Ú¬˛º≈VD;ÂV‚|¬ ÿÔ[™ ÿƒF˛º≈VD?
- ÿ√ÚfiE›]´™VÏÂÆÕÿ>VÁÔ.
ÔuÁÔ Â[º≈ ÔuÁÔ Â[º≈∏flÁƒ A˛–D ÔuÁÔ Â[º≈.
∏≈ˆ¶D ∏flÁƒ ®|›m clÏ kVμÕ>VKD Ô_sÔu√Á> ŒÚ ÂV”D s‚| s¶Vº>.
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39
7. Â\m \VWÈD - ÔÚÂV¶ÔD
ÔÚÂV¶ÔD Â\m \VWÈD. ÷m ÷Õ]BVs[ ÿ>[√z]l_ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. >tμÂV|, gÕ]´D, \ÔV´V‚Ω´D,ºÔVkV, \uÆD ºÔ´·D g˛BÁk ÂD ∂ıÁ¶ \VWÈ∫Ô^.
Â\m \VWÈ›][ º\u˛_ ∂´∏¬Ô¶_ ÷Ú¬˛≈m.ÿ√∫Ô”Ï ÂD \VWÈ›][ >ÁÈ ÂÔ´D. ÷>Á™ Ø∫ÔV ÂÔ´D®™°D ÌÆkÏ.
Â\m \VWÈ›]_ ÔV|Ô”D \ÁÈÔ”D ∂]ÔD.ÔV|Ôπ_ º>¬z, ƒÕ>™D, º√V[≈ \´∫Ô^ c^·™. BVÁ™,Ao, Ô´Ω, \uÆD \V[ x>oB sÈ∫zÔ^ kVμ˛[≈™.
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ÔVsˆ, ƒ´Vk], m∫Ô-√›]´V x>oBÁk Â\m\VWÈ›]_ |˛[≈ ÿ√ˆB gÆÔ^. ÔıD√VΩ∂Á•D, m∫Ô√›]´V ∂Á•D ÂD \VWÈ∂ÁÔ”^ ÿ√ˆBÁk. ÔıD√VΩ ∂Á Á\ÛÚ¬z∂Ú˛_ c^·m.
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÷Á> Úi V¤ƒVÔÏ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬˛º≈VD.
m∫Ô√›]´V ∂Á¬Ô‚| ÿ«Vƒ©º√‚º¶ ®[≈ÂÔÚ¬z ∂Ú˛_ c^·m. ÿÂ_, √Ú›], V˛, ºƒV·D, ÔÚDA,\uÆD ®ıÿF s›m¬Ô^ ∂]Ô·s_ sÁ·˛[≈™.
ºÔVÈVˆKD, «‚ΩlKD >∫ÔD Á¶¬˛≈m. z]Á´xÔD, ÿ«Vƒ©º√‚º¶, ÿƒı˘Ï x>oB ÷¶∫Ôπ_\∫ÔÃ∑D ÷ÚDA›>VmD ∂]Ô·s_ Á¶¬˛[≈™.
ÔÚÂV¶Ô›]_ √VÏ›m \˛w ºkıΩB ÷¶∫Ô^∂]Ô·s_ c^·™. ∂ku§_ º√¿Ú, «ÿ·¨|, ƒ´kÿ√eÿÔV·V, √V>Vt, √‚¶>Ô_, «D∏, EÚ∫ºÔˆ,nÿ«Vº·, s¤BVA´V, Á\ÛÚ, º¤V¬ ∂Ús º√V[≈Ákx¬˛B\V™Ák.
ÂD \VWÈ›]_ 30 \Vk‚¶∫Ô^ c^·™.÷D\VWÈ›]_ ÿ√ÚD√VºÈVÏ Ô[™¶D º√∑˛≈VÏÔ^.
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>tμ, ÿ>K∫z, \ÁÈBV·D, m”, z¶z, ÿÔV∫ÔM,\´V‚Ω, cÚm x>oB ÿ\VaÔÁ·© º√∑D \¬Ô”DkVμ˛[≈™Ï. ÷kÏÔ^ ∂Á™kÚD ŒuÆÁ\ cϺkV|kVμ˛[≈™Ï.
√Ω›>§Ô :
ÔÚÂV¶Ô \VWÈ›][ ÂÁÈÂÔ´D ÿ√∫ÔjÚ.
ÔVsˆ, m∫Ô √›]´V, ƒ´Vk] x>oB ÿ√ÚD gÆÔ^√VF˛[≈™.
m∫Ô √›]´V ∂Á¬ Ô‚| ÿ«Vƒ©º√‚øh¬z∂Ú˛_ c^·m.
«D∏, º√¿Ï, «ÿ·¨|, ƒ´k ÿ√eÿÔV·V, √V>Vt,√‚¶>Ô_, EÚ∫ºÔˆ, s¤BA´V, Á\ÛÚ º√V[≈÷¶∫Ô^ ƒˆ›]´© AÔμ ÿ√u≈Ák.
ÿ«Vƒ©º√‚º¶, z]Á´ xÔD, ÿƒı˘Ï, º√V[≈÷¶∫Ôπ_ ÷ÚDAD, \∫ÔÃ∑D ∂]Ô·s_˛Á¶¬˛[≈™.
∂ÚfiÿƒVu ÿ√VÚ^ :
∂ıÁ¶ = √¬Ô›m ; ÿ>[ = ÿ>uz ; |˛[≈ =√VF˛[≈ ; ŒuÆÁ\ = Œ[Æ ºƒÏÕ]Ú›>_.
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√luE
I. ÔÚÂV¶Ô \VWÈ›]_
AÔμ ÿ√u≈ ˛Á¶¬zD º√∑D÷¶∫Ô^ ÔM\∫Ô^ ÿ\VaÔ^
II. sÁ¶ ®ømÔ :
1. Ø∫ÔV ÂÔ´D ®[Æ ®m ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
2. ÔÚÂV¶Ô \VWÈ›]_ √V•D gÆÔ^ BVÁk ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
3. >∫ÔD ®∫ÿÔ∫z ˛Á¶¬˛≈m ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
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4. ÔÚÂV¶Ô \VWÈ›]_ ∂]Ô·s_ sÁ·•D sÁ·©ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ BVÁk ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
5. Â\m \VWÈ›]_ √VÏ›m \˛wºkıΩB÷¶∫Ô^BVÁk ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
6. ÂD \VWÈ›]K^· \¬Ô^ º√∑D ÿ\VaÔ^ BVÁk?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
7. Â\m \VWÈ›]_ ®›>Á™ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^ c^·™ ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
III. x>_ ®ø›Á> \Vu§ ºkÆ ÿƒV_ÈV¬˛ ®ømÔ :
ÿ\Va .................. .................. ..................
∂Á .................. .................. ..................
ÔVuÆ .................. .................. ..................
\´D .................. .................. ..................
Ô[Æ .................. .................. ..................
z‚Ω .................. .................. ..................
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IV. ÿƒVu ºÔVA´D :
ÿ√V∫Ô_ swVÿÔVı¶V¶©√|D ]∫Ô^
c°© √lÏ
ƒˆ›]´›]_ AÔμ ÿ√u≈ ÷¶D
sÁÈ cBÏÕ> cºÈVÔD
ºÔV_ zD√¸ c^· ÷¶D
÷ÕÂÔÚ¬z ∂Ú˛_ m∫Ô√›]´V ∂Á¬Ô‚|c^·m.
ÔÚÂV¶Ô \VWÈ›]_ √V•D gÆÔ^
ÔV ˆ
m ÔV
´V k ]
√ ] ´V
√VΩ \˛μÔ :
Ôu§¶ ºkbD :
∞‚Ω_ √Ω›>º>V| ÷ÚÕm s¶Vº> - ¿
∞[√Ω›º>VD ®[√Á>•D \≈Õms¶Vº> !
ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ§>k§ ¶Õm s¶Vº> - ¿Â_ÈkÏÔ^ #uÆD √Ω k·ÏÕm s¶Vº> !
J›º>VÏ ÿƒV_kVÏ ÔÁ>ÔÁ· *≈¬Ì¶Vm - √ıA
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xÁ≈ÔπKD, ÿ\Va>MKD \V≈¬ ̶Vm.
\Vu≈VÏÁÔ© ÿ√VÚÁ· ÂD∏ kVw¬ ̶Vm - >[
\V™t_ÈV¬ ºÔVÁw•¶[ º√ƒ¬Ì¶Vm.
m[√›Á> ÿk_KD Ô_sÔu§¶ºkbD - ÿÔ‚¶
ºƒVD√ÁȬ ÿÔV_KÕ]≈[ ÿ√u§¶ ºkbD
kDA ÿƒF•D ztÚÕ>V_ s‚Ω¶ ºkbD - ∂§°
k·ÏflElºÈ kV[ xÔ‚Á¶› ÿ>V‚Ω¶ ºkı|D.
- √‚|¬ ºÔV‚Á¶ Ô_BV∑Õ>´D
ºÂVBu≈ kVμºk zÁ≈ku≈ ÿƒ_kD.
ÿƒV_KºkVD, ®ømºkVD.
ÂV[
√Ω©º√[
|ºk[
#∫zºk[
ÂV∫Ô^
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8. ÿ«È[ ÿÔ_ÈÏ
∂È√V\V ®[–D E§B ÂÔ´›]_ 1880 - gD gı|ŒÚ ∂w˛B ÿ√ı zwÕÁ> ∏≈Õ>m. ∂¬zwÕÁ>l[ÿ√uº≈VÏ ∂k^ *m tÔ°D ∂[A ÿƒK›]™Ï. ∂k”¬zÿ«È[ ÿÔ_ÈÏ ®[Æ ÿ√Bˆ‚¶™Ï. ŒÚ ÂV^zwÕÁ>¬z¬ ÔVFflƒ_ kÕ>m, ÂV”¬z ÂV^ ÔVFflƒo[>V¬ÔD ∂]Ô\V™m. zwÕÁ> z\Á¶B z|D√›]K^·∂Á™kÚD √V|√‚¶™Ï. ∏≈z gı¶k[ s‚¶ kaÂD\V_ xΩÕ>·° √VÏ›m s‚º¶VD. ∏Áw©√mD,∏Áw¬ÔV>mD ∂k[ ÿƒBºÈ! ®[Æ ÷ÚÕm s‚¶™Ï.
ÿ«È[ ºÂVloÚÕm s|√‚¶V^, g™V_Ôı√VÏÁk•D, ºÔ‚zD ]≈–D º√VF s‚¶m ®[√Á>ÿ√uº≈VÏ ∂§Õ>™Ï. zwÕÁ> k·´ k·´ ÿ√uº≈VÏ ∂k^WÁÈÁB¬ Ôı| kÚÕ]™Ï. ÿ«È[ >[ >VF>[™Ú˛oÚ¬Ô ºkı|D ®™ ∂øm ∂¶D ∏Ω©√V^.
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>ÕÁ> zwÕÁ>¬z ®[™ º>ÁkºBV ∂Á>¬ ÿÔV| ®[ÆÌÆkVÏ.
ÿ«È–¬z¬ Ôı √VÏÁk•D ºÔ‚zD ]≈–D÷_ÈVs‚¶VKD, ∂k^ tÔ°D A›]ƒVoBVÔ ÷ÚÕ>V^.ÿ«È[ ®Á>•D ÔuÔ\V‚¶V^ ®[Æ √ÈÏ WÁ™›>™Ïg™V_, ∂k^ >VF ∂>Á™ ∞uƬ ÿÔV^·s_ÁÈ.ÿ«È[ tÔ°D mΩ©√V™ EÆt. g™V_ ∂kÁ·®ÀkVÆ x[º™uÆkm ®[Æ WÁ™›m >VFÔkÁÈ©√|kV^.
ÿ«È[ tÔ x´‚|›>™D t¬Ôk·VÔ k·ÏÕ>V^.>™¬z >ÁÈkVˆs¶ BVÁ´•D ∂–\]¬Ô\V‚¶V^.∂k^ gÁ¶Ô^ ®©ÿ√VømD ∂ø¬ÔVÔºk ÔV©√|D.∂Ω¬ÔΩ ºÔV∏›m¬ ÿÔV^kV^. EÈ ºkÁ·Ôπ_ >Á´l_√|›m¬ ÁÔ ÔV_ÔÁ· cÁ>©√V^.
∂k^ ÿ√uº≈VÏÔ^ ∂k”¬z¬ Ô_s Ôu∏¬Ô ŒÚgEˆBÁ´ ∞u√V| ÿƒF>™Ï. ∑_okV[ ®[–D gEˆÁB
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49
ÿ«È–¬z© √V¶D Ôu∏¬Ô Œ©A¬ ÿÔVı¶VÏ. ∑_okV[,ÿ«È–¬z ŒÚ ÿ√VDÁ\ÁB¬ ÿÔV|›m ÿ√VDÁ\ ®[Æcflƒˆ¬z\VÆ Ì§™VÏ. ÿ«ÈM[ ÁÔl_ gEˆÁB >[s´_Ô·V_ ÿ√VDÁ\ ®[≈ ®ø›Á> ®ø] GÊzøuU
Ì‚Ω cflƒˆ¬Ô >[ ÁÔ ÁƒÁÔ xÁ≈l_ ÿƒFm ÔV‚Ω™VÏ.
ÿ«È–D >[ gEˆÁB ÿƒFm ÔV‚ΩBÁ>© º√VÈflÿƒFm ÔV‚Ω™V^. ∂k^ ®[™ ÿƒF˛≈V^ ®[√Á>gEˆB´V_ ∂§Õm ÿÔV^· xΩBs_ÁÈ. ÿ«È[ >[gEˆÁBÁB tÔ°D sÚD∏™V^. ∑_okV[ tÔ°DÔıΩ©√V™kÏ; ∂[At¬ÔkÏ. ÿ«È–¬ÔVÔ ∂ºÂÔÿƒVuÔÁ·› >[ ÁÔ ÁƒÁÔ JÈD cÏ›]© AˆÕmÿÔV^”\VÆ ÿƒF>VÏ.
ŒÚ ÂV^ gEˆÁB ÿ«ÈÁ™ |D ¿ˆ_ ÁÔÁB ÂÁ™¬ÔÁk›>VÏ. gEˆÁB ‘¿Ï ’ ®™ cflƒˆ¬Ô ÿ«È[ ∂m ¿Ï ®™cÏÕ>V^. ¿Ï ®[√m ~´\V™m ®[√Á>•D cÏÕ>V^.
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50
cÈ˛_ ÿƒVuÔ^ tÔ°D x¬˛B\V™m ®[√Á>∂§Õ>V^. ÷À°È˛_ ∂k^ ∂§B ºkıΩB ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^∂Á™›Á>•D, ÿƒVuÔ^ >V[ cÏ›mD ®™ ∂§Õ>V^.÷mºk ∏ÿ´F_ xÁ≈BVzD.
ÿƒs›]≈[ ∂uº≈VÏ, º√∑D ]≈™uº≈VÏ >∫Ô”Á¶B®ı∫ÔÁ· ®|›mÁ´¬Ô ∏ÿ´F_ xÁ≈ÁBºB÷[Á≈¬zD √B[√|›] kÚ˛[≈™Ï.
√Ω›>§Ô :
∂wÔV™ zwÕÁ> ÿ«È[ ÿÔ_ÈÏ.
ŒÚ ÂV^ zwÕÁ>¬z ÔVFflƒ_ kÕ>m.
ÿ«È–¬z ÔVFflƒÈV_ Ôı√VÏÁk•D ºÔ‚zD]≈–D º√VFs‚¶m.
ÿ«È[ tÔ°D A›]ƒVoBVÔ ÷ÚÕ>V^.
ÿ«È[ Ô_s ÔuÔ ŒÚ gEˆBÁ´ ÿ√uº≈VÏ ∞u√V|ÿƒF>™Ï.
ÿ√VDÁ\ ®[≈ ®ø›Á> ®ø]¬Ì‚Ω cflƒˆ¬ÔgEˆÁB ÁÔ ÁƒÁÔ xÁ≈l_ ÿƒFm ÔV‚Ω™VÏ.
ÿƒs›]≈[ ∂uº≈VÏ, º√∑Õ]≈[ ∂uº≈VÏ >∫Ô”Á¶B®ı∫ÔÁ· ®|›mÁ´¬Ô ∏ÿ´F_ xÁ≈ÁB÷[Á≈¬zD √B[√|›] kÚ˛[≈™Ï.
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51
I. ŒÚ kV¬˛B›]_ sÁ¶ >ÚÔ :
1. ÿ«È[ ®Õ> gı| ®∫z ∏≈Õ>V^ ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
2. ÿ«È[ ÿÔ_ÈÏ ®Õÿ>Õ>› ]≈Á™ ÷wÕ>V^ ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
3. ÿ«È–¬z¬ Ô_s Ôu∏›> gEˆÁB BVÏ ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
4. ∑_okV[ ÿƒVuÔÁ· ®ÀkVÆ cÏ›]™VÏ ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
5. ÿƒs›]≈[ \uÆD º√∑D ]≈™uº≈VÏ ÔuzD xÁ≈®m ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
II. ºÔVΩ‚¶ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· W´©AÔ :
1. ÿ«È[ ÿÔ_ÈÁ´ ................... ºÂVF >V¬˛Bm.
2. ∂k^ tÔ°D ................... ÷ÚÕ>V^
3. ÿ«È[ ÿÔ_ÈÚ¬z ................... ]≈–D ...................]≈–D º√VFs‚¶m.
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52
4. ∑_okV[ tÔ°D ...................
5. öí»ÝUS >[ gEˆÁBÁB tÔ°D ...................
III. ®]Ïfl ÿƒV_ >ÚÔ :
1. E§B x ....................
2. ∂[A x ....................
3. A›]ƒVo x ....................
4. |D x ....................
5. ~´\V™ x ....................
IV. ºƒÏ›ÿ>ømÔ :
1. zD + ì∂Á¶B = ..................
2. >[ + ∂Ú˛_ = ....................
3. ~´D + g™m = ....................
4. ÿƒs + ]≈[ = ....................
5. ]≈[ + ∂uº≈VÏ = ..................
V. kˆÁƒ© √|›] ®ømÔ :
Ôı√VÏÁk•D ºÔ‚zD ]≈–D º√VFs‚¶m.
zwÕÁ>¬z¬ ÔVFflƒ_ kÕ>m.
ÿ«È[ >[ >VF ∂Ú˛oÚ¬Ô ºkı|D ®™ ∂¶D∏Ω©√V^.
zwÕÁ>¬z© ÿ√uº≈VÏ ÿ«È[ ÿÔ_ÈÏ ®[Æÿ√Bˆ‚¶™Ï.
ÿ«È[ ºÂVloÚÕm s|√‚¶V^.
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53
∑_okV[ tÔ°D ÔıΩ©√V™kÏ.
ÿƒs›]≈[ ∂uº≈VÏ º√∑D ]≈[ ∂uº≈VÏ>∫Ô”Á¶B ®ı∫ÔÁ· ®|›mÁ´¬Ô ∏ÿ´F_xÁ≈ÁB© √B[√|›m˛[≈™Ï.
ÿ√uº≈VÏÔ^ ÿ«È[ Ô_s¬ÔuÔ ŒÚ gEˆÁBÁB∞u√V| ÿƒF>™Ï.
ŒÚ ÂV^ gEˆÁB ÿ«ÈÁ™ |D ¿ˆ_ ÁÔÁBÂÁ™¬Ô Ák›>VÏ.
VI.ˇμ¬ÔVbD ŒoÔπ_ º√ÿ´Vo d \uÆDEuÿ≈VoÁB ®|›ÿ>ømÔ :
ÁÔ›>‚|>_, kı›m© ØflE √≈›>_, \´›]oÚÕm÷ÁÈ ˇºw sø>_, ¸¸, Ê‚ΩBΩ›>_, √‚¶V∑ÿkΩ›>_, ÷´ÔEBD º√∑>_, ∑w_ÔVuÆ, ÷≈z sø>_,®ÆDA ªÏ>_.
º√ÿ´Vo Euÿ≈Vo
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54
√VΩ \˛μÔ.
√fiƒV© ÿƒ_ÈÈVD
√fi∑t‚¶VF kV∫ÔÈVD.
´Vº\¸k´D ÿƒ_ÈÈVD,
´ƒz_ÈV kV∫ÔÈVD.
z¤´V› ÿƒ_ÈÈVD,
zºÈV© ¤Vx[ kV∫ÔÈVD.
p ´∫ÔD ÿƒ_ÈÈVD
ÊMt‚¶VF kV∫ÔÈVD.
º>Ω› º>Ω kV∫˛ºB,ÌΩ¬ ÌΩ› ][™ÈVD.
ƒˆBV >k≈V ®™ z§©∏| :
1. ÔVB›Á>© √fiE™V_ Ôøkºkı|D.
2. #E ÔıË_ søÕ>V_ ®ˆflƒ_ ∞u√|D.
3. Û¶V™ ¿ˆ_ ÔıÔÁ·¬ Ôøk ºkı|D.
4. ÔV]_ zflEs‚| zÁ¶B¬ ̶Vm.
5. ÿÔV]¬zD ¿Á´ c¶D∏_ ÿÔV‚Ω¬ ÿÔVı¶V_zπÏEBV™ >ıßÁ´ ªu≈ºkı|D.
ÌΩ kVμÕ>V_ ºÔVΩÂ[Á\.
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55
9. ÔÁ>©√V¶_÷´ı| ØÁ™¬ z‚ΩÔ^
÷´ı| ØÁ™¬ z‚ΩÔ^
÷Á´∏Ω¬Ôfl ÿƒ[≈™ !
÷Úı¶ ∂Á≈ Œ[§M_
÷´ı|D √m∫˛ W[≈™.
®∫˛ÚÕº>V ®o Œ[Æ
®D∏¬ z]›m kÕ>m.
√m∫˛ ÷ÚÕ> ØÁ™•D
√VFÕm ∂>Á™© ∏Ω›>m.
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56
∏Ω›> ®oÁB ]ıÁ¬z
®|›m ØÁ™ ÿƒ[≈m
][™© º√VzD ƒ\B›]_
∂|›> ØÁ™ kÕ>m.
®™¬zD √∫z ÿÔV|›]|
®[º≈ ∂m°D ºÔ‚¶m
xΩBV ÿ>[º≈ ∂©ØÁ™
ÿ\VaÕm ʧ søÕ>m !
Œ[Á≈ Œ[Æ ÔΩ›mº\
c´¬Ô ƒ©>D ÿƒF>™
ÔıÔ^ JΩ ÷´ı|º\
Ô‚Ω© A´ı| ʧ™.
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ƒıÁ¶ º√V‚¶ ØÁ™Ô^
ÔıÔ^ ]≈Õm √VϬÁÔl_
s´‚Ω ∂kuÁ≈ ∂Ω›>™Ï
T‚| cˆÁ\BV·ÏÔ^.
Œ[Æ√‚| ÷Á´lÁ™›
][™ \≈Õ> ØÁ™Ô^
ÂoÕm √VkD mΩ›>™
Â_È √V¶D √Ω›>™.
- ÿ√.kV. xM´›]™D(÷MBÁk ÷Ú√m)
∂ÚfiÿƒVuÿ√VÚ^ :
÷Á´ = c°, √m∫˛ = ŒπÕm, √∫z = √VÔD, c´¬Ô =√È\VÔ, s´‚Ω = m´›], ÂoÕm = kÚÕm, ÿ\VaÕm =ÿƒV_o.
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58
I. sÁ¶Bπ¬Ô°D :
1. ÷Á´ÁB© ∏Ω¬Ô ®Ák ÿƒ[≈™?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
2. ÷´ı| ØÁ™¬z‚ΩÔ^ ®∫z √m∫˛ ÷ÚÕ>™ ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
3. ∏Ω›> ®oÁB© ØÁ™ ®∫z ÿÔVı| ÿƒ[≈m ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
4. ][™© º√VzD ºÂ´›]_ ®m kÕ>m ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
5. ÷´ı|D ®[™ ÿƒF>™ ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
6. ØÁ™ÔÁ· BVÏ s´‚Ω™Ï ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
7. ØÁ™Ô^ ∞[ mΩ›>™ ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
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II. ºÔVΩ‚¶ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· W´©AÔ :
1. ÷´ı| ØÁ™¬z‚ΩÔ^ ................ ∏Ω¬Ôfl
ÿƒ[≈™.
2. ®∫˛ÚÕº>V .................. Œ[Æ ®D∏¬ z]›m kÕ>m.
3. ][™© º√VzD ƒ\B›]_ ............. .............. kÕ>m.
4. Œ[Á≈ Œ[Æ ÔΩ›mº\ ............... ƒ©>D ÿƒF>™.
5. Œ[Æ√‚| ÷Á´lÁ™› .............. \≈Õ> ØÁ™Ô^
............. √VkD mΩ›>™.
III. ∏ˆ›ÿ>ømÔ :
1. ØÁ™¬ z‚ΩÔ^ = ....................
2. ®∫˛ÚÕº>V = ....................
3. Ô‚Ω©A´ı| = ....................
4. Œ[Á≈ÿBV[Æ = ....................
IV. ®]Ïfl ÿƒVuÔ^ >ÚÔ :
1. ÷Ú^ $ .................
2. √m∫˛ $ .................
3. c´¬Ô $ .................
4. ÂoÕm $ .................
5. Â_È $ .................
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60
V. ºÔ‚| ®ømÔ :
1. ÷Úı¶ ∂Á≈ Œ[§_ ÷´ı|D √m∫˛ W[≈™.
2. ®∫˛ÚÕº>V ®o Œ[Æ ®D∏¬ z]›m kÕ>m.
3. ÔıÔ^ JΩ ÷´ı|º\ Ô‚Ω©A´ı| ʧ™.
4. Œ[Æ√‚| ÷Á´lÁ™› ][™ \≈Õ> ØÁ™Ô^ÂoÕm √VkD mΩ›>™.
Ô_s ÔÁ´lÈ
\Vu≈∫ÔÁ·¬ Ôı| ∏Ω•∫Ô^ !
x>_ √¶›]uzD, ÷´ı¶Vkm √¶›]uzDzÁ≈Õ>√‚ƒD 6 \Vu≈∫Ô^ c^·™. ∂kuÁ≈¬Ôı|∏Ω¬Ô°D.
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10. cÁw©º√ cBÏ°
∂Ïfl∑™VA´D ®[√m ŒÚ ∂w˛B ˛´V\D.∂¬˛´V\›]_ \mƒÕ]´[ ®[–D ŒÚ ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï÷ÚÕ>VÏ. ∂kˆ¶D xÚÔ[, ÔÕ>[, xMB[ ®™ J[ƺkÁȬÔV´ÏÔ^ ºkÁÈ ÿƒFm ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>VÏÔ^.∂©º√Vm ŒÚ ÂV^.
ÔV‚E 1
√V›]´∫Ô^ : ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï, ºkÁÈBV‚Ô^, xÚÔ[,xMB[, ÔÕ>[.
ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï : ÂV[ ∂B_ ÂV‚|¬z© √BD ÿƒFB÷Ú¬˛º≈[. ®[M¶D c^· √›]_ŒÚ √z]ÁB c∫Ôπ¶D ÿÔV|›m s‚|flÿƒ_˛º≈[.
xÚÔ[ xMB[ ÔÕ>[
JkÚD ºƒÏÕm : ƒˆ nBV! ∂©√ΩºB ÿƒF•∫Ô^ !
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ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï : xÚÔV ! ÷º>V c™¬z nD√>Vl´D
xÚÔ[ : Â[§, x>ÈVπ! ¿∫Ô^ ¿| kVμTÏ.
(xÚÔ[ tÔ xÔ\ÈÏflE•¶[ kV∫˛¬ÿÔV^”>_)
ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï : xMBV ! ÷º>V c™¬z x©√>Vl´D,kV∫˛¬ÿÔV^.
xMB[ : Â[§ ! nBV, ÷Á>© √›]´\VÔ¬ ÔV›mc∫Ôπ¶D Œ©√Á¶©º√[.
ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï : ÔÕ>V ! ÷Õ>V, ÷Ú√>Vl´D ‘√VFkV∫˛¬ÿÔV^.
ÔÕ>[ : Â_Èm, x>ÈVπ ! (∂kÏ √V>D ÿ>V‚|kV∫˛¬ ÿÔV^”>_)
(ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï ∂[Á≈¬ºÔ ∂B_ ÂV‚|¬z √B©√‚|flÿƒ[≈VÏ.)
ÔV‚E 2
(xÚÔ[, ÔÕ>[, xMB[ ®[≈ JkÚD ÔÈÕmÁ´BVΩ›]‚¶t‚¶™Ï.)
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xÚÔ[ : Âı√ÏÔº·! ÂDxÁ¶B x>ÈVπ ÂD]≈Á\ÁB ®Á¶º√V¶ºk ÷©√›Á>Â\¬z ∂π›m ÷Ú¬˛≈VÏ.
ÔÕ>[ : ÂV–D ∂Á>ºB >V[ WÁ™¬˛º≈[.
xMB[ : ÷m ÂDxÁ¶B ]≈Á\¬z ŒÚ ƒkV_.∂º>V| ∂kÏ ÿÔV|›> √›Á>© Â\¬z√VmÔV¬Ô› ÿ>ˆ˛≈>V ? ®[Æ º>Ï°Ák›]Ú¬˛≈VÏ.
xÚÔ[ : √›Á>© ÿ√‚Ωl_ Ák›m© Ø‚Ω∂©√ΩºB ]ÚD√ Œ©√Á¶¬Ô ∂kÏ Â\¬zÿÔV|¬Ô s_ÁÈ ! ®™ºk ÂVD....
xMB[ : Âı√ÏÔº· ! Â\m x>ÈVπ tÔ°DÔ|Á\BV™kÏ. √›Á> ÂVD x>‹|ÿƒFm ÿ>VÁÈ›m s‚¶V_, ÂDÁ\ÿÔV[º≈ º√V‚| s|kVÏ.
ÔÕ>[ : c∫Ô^ ]‚¶D ®mkVÔ ÷ÚÕ>VKDc∫Ô”¶[ Ák›m¬ ÿÔV^”∫Ô^.®[Á™ s‚| s|∫Ô^. ∂m º√VmD®™¬z.
ÔV‚E 3
ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï ŒÚ kÚ¶D Ôa›m, >VF ÂV‚|¬z› ]ÚD∏kÕm, >[ ºkÁȬÔV´ÏÔ^ JkÁ´•D ∂Áw›m©º√E™VÏ.
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64
ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï : ¿∫Ô^ ®©√Ω ÷Ú¬˛SÏÔ^. c∫Ô”Á¶BT‚Ω_ ∂Á™kÚD ÂÈ\VÔ÷Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ·V ? ªˆ_ ∞>Vkm x¬˛BWÔμflEÔ^ cı¶V ? g\VD ÂV[ ∂B_ÂV‚|¬zfl ÿƒ_KD º√Vm ÿÔV|›>√›Á> ®[™ ÿƒFyÏÔ^ ?
xÚÔ[ : nBV ! >V∫Ô^ ®™¬Ôπ›> nD√>Vl´›Á>¬ ÿÔVı| WÈD kV∫˛, ˛Æÿk‚Ω, ]´V‚Áƒ ÿÔVΩÔ^ ‚|,]™xD ∂Á>¬ÔkM›m kÕº>[sÁ·flƒ_ Â[≈VÔ ÷ÚÕ>m. W´D√÷ÈV√›Á>•D ÿÔV|›>m.
ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï : ∂©√ΩBV ! t¬Ô \˛μflE c[–Á¶BcÁw©√Vu≈ÁÈ© √V´V‚|˛º≈[.
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65
xÚÔ[ : c∫Ô”Á¶B nD√>Vl´›Á> ÷´ı|\¶∫z g¬˛º™[. nBV ! ÷Á> ∞uƬÿÔV^· ºkı|D.
ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï : Â_Èm c›>\º™ ! ¿ cıÁ\BVÔfl ÿƒB_√‚¶VF, c[ ÷ÈV√›Á> ¿ºBÁk›m¬ÿÔV^.
xMB[ : nBV >V∫Ô^ ®™¬Ôπ›>x©√>Vl´›Á>¬ÿÔVı| g|Ô^ kV∫˛k·Ï›º>[. ∂Ák √È\¶∫z g˛™.÷º>V ÷Õ>©√›Á> ∞uƬÿÔV^”∫Ô^, nBV !
ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï : Â_Èm xMBV ! Ô|Á\BVÔ cÁw›>VF,÷ÈV√›Á> ¿ºB Ák›m¬ ÿÔV^.
xMB[ : >∫Ôπ[ c>sÁB ®©ÿ√VømD \≈¬Ô\V‚º¶[.
ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï : ÔÕ>V ! ÂV[ ÿÔV|›>© √›Á> ¿ ®[™ÿƒF>VF, ÿƒV_, √VϬÔÈVD ! ∞>VkmsBV√V´D ÿƒF>VBV ?
ÔÕ>[ : nBV ! ÂV[ ®[™ x‚¶V·V ? >V∫Ô^®™¬Ôπ›> ÷Ú√>Vl´›Á> ÷º>V ÷Õ>©√VÁ™l_ Ák›m, √›]´\VÔ© Øtl_AÁ>›m, ÷´° √ÔÈVÔ¬ ÔVk_ ÔV›m,∂Õ> √›Á> ∂©√ΩºB ÿÔVı|kÕm^º·[.
ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï : ∂¶! ∂¶! x‚¶Vº· ! ¿ xBuE ∂u≈k[.ºƒVDº√§, ÷M ®[ x[™V_ WuÔVº>.Ω© º√VF s|. Ô¶°^ c™¬z¬ÿÔV|›>› ]≈Á\ÁB•D √B[ √|›>
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66
s_ÁÈ. ÂV[ ÿÔV|›> √›Á>•D √B[√|›>s_ÁÈ. ºƒVD√ºÈ ÂDxÁ¶B x>_®]ˆ. ºƒVD√ÁÈ Œa›mfl ∑Æ∑Æ©√VÔ ÷Ú.Â_kVμ° ‚|D.
√Ω›>§Ô :
ÂV[ ∂B_ ÂV‚|¬z© √BD ÿƒFB ÷Ú¬˛º≈[.
xÚÔV ! ÷º>V c™¬z nD√>Vl´D.
ÂD ]≈Á\ÁB ®Á¶ º√V¶ºk Â\¬z ÷©√›Á>Â\¬z ∂π›]Ú¬˛≈VÏ.
WÈD kV∫˛ ˛Æ ÿk‚Ω ]´V‚Áƒ¬ ÿÔVΩÔ^‚º¶[.
c[–Á¶B cÁw©√Vu≈ÁÈ© √V´V‚|˛º≈[.
ºƒVD√ºÈ Â\m x>_ ®]ˆ. ºƒVD√ÁÈ Œa›>V_Â[z kVwÈVD.
ºÔ‚| ®ømÔ.
∂w˛B ´V\D ]´V‚Áƒ¬ ÿÔVΩÔ^
∂B_ ÂV| sÁ·flƒ_
xÔ\ÈÏflE cÁw©√Vu≈_
Œ©√Á¶©º√[ ÿƒB_√‚¶VF
ÔÈÕmÁ´BVΩ √È\¶∫z
º>Ï° Øtl_ AÁ>›m
Ô|Á\BV™kÏ Â_ kVμ°
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∂ÚfiÿƒVu ÿ√VÚ^ :
∂B_ ÂV| = ÿkπ ÂV|, √›]´\VÔ = √VmÔV©√VÔ,√V>D = ÔVÈΩ, ÔÈÕmÁ´BVΩ = ÌΩ©º√E, º>Ï° =ºƒV>Á™, sÁ·flƒ_ = ∂]Ô·° sÁ·>_
√luE
I. s™V¬Ô”¬z sÁ¶Bπ¬Ô°D :
1. ∂w˛B ´V\›][ ÿ√BÏ BVm ?
sÁ¶ .......................................................................
...........................................................................
2. ÿƒ_kÕ>ˆ¶D ºkÁÈ ÿƒF> ºkÁÈBV‚Ôπ[ÿ√BÏÔÁ· ®ømÔ.
sÁ¶.............................................................................
.............................................................................
3. ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï ®∫z ÿƒ_k>VÔ Ì§™VÏ ?
sÁ¶.............................................................................
.............................................................................
4. ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï ∂B_ ÂV| ÿƒ_KDº√Vm, >[ºkÁÈBV‚Ô”¬z ®Àk·° √D ÿÔV|›mflÿƒ[≈VÏ ?
sÁ¶ ...........................................................................
...........................................................................
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68
5. xÚÔ[ >™¬Ôπ¬Ô©√‚¶ nD√>Vl´›Á>¬ÿÔVı| ®[™ ÿƒF>V[ ?
sÁ¶.............................................................................
.............................................................................
6. xMB–¬z ∂π¬Ô©√‚¶ √›Á> ®[™ÿƒF>>VÔ¬ ̧™V[ ?
sÁ¶.............................................................................
.............................................................................
7. ÔÕ>Á™ ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï ∞[ ºÔV∏›m¬ ÿÔVı¶VÏ ?
sÁ¶.............................................................................
.............................................................................
II. ºÔVΩ‚¶ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· W´©AÔ :
1. ÿƒ_kÕ>ˆ[ ºkÁÈBV‚Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏÔ^ ................
................ ..................
2. ÂV[ .................. ÂV‚|¬z© √BD ÿƒFB
÷Ú¬˛º≈[.
3. Â[§ x>ÈVπ ¿∫Ô^ ...................
4. Â\m x>ÈVπ tÔ°D ..................
5. nD√>Vl´›Á>¬ ÿÔVı| WÈD kV∫˛ .............
.............. ∂Á>¬ ÔkM›m kÕº>[.
6. x©√>Vl´›]_ ............... kV∫˛ k·Ï›º>[.
7. ∂¶, ∂¶ ............... ¿ xBuE ∂u≈k[.
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69
III. ∏ˆ›ÿ>ømÔ :
1. xÔ\ÈÏflE = ..................
2. x©√>Vl´D = ..................
3. ÔÈÕmÁ´BVΩ = ..................
4. Ô|Á\BV™kÏ = ..................
5. cÁw©√Vu≈_ = ..................
IV. ºƒÏ›ÿ>ømÔ :
1. nD√m + gl´D = ...................
2. √È + \¶∫z = ...................
3. ®™¬z + ∂π›> = ...................
4. xBuE + ∂u≈k[ = ...................
5. ÷Ú√m + gl´D = ...................
V. ÿ√VÚ›] ®ømÔ :
∂ g
1. ∂Ïfl∑™V A´D ∂B_ÂV|
2. ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï nD√>Vl´D
3. xÚÔ[ g|Ô^
4. xMB[ Øtl_ AÁ>›>V[
5. ÔÕ>[ ∂w˛B ´V\D
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70
VI. A]B ÿƒVuÔÁ· cÚkV¬zºkVD :
ºkÁÈBV‚Ô^
®-| ºkÁÈ ; g‚Ô^ ;
k·Ï›º>[ ............ ..............
AÁ>B_ ................. ..............
]≈Á\ÁB ................ .................
Ô©√_ ................ ................
VII. ÿƒVuÔÁ· ÷Á›m› ÿ>V¶Ï cÚkV¬zÔ :
1. ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï ∂B_ ÂV| √BD
(®-|) ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï ∂B_ ÂV‚|¬z √B©√‚¶VÏ.
2. WÈD ˛Æ ]´V‚Áƒ sÁ·flƒ_
3. Â_Èm cıÁ\ ÿƒB_√‚¶VF
4. g|Ô^ k·Ï›º>[ √È\¶∫z
5. √VÁ™l_ √›]´\VÔ ÔVk_ÔV›º>[
6. ºƒVD√_ ŒaÕm ∑Æ∑Æ©√VÔ
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71
VIII. ÿƒV[™m BVÏ ?
1. ÂV[ ∂B_ ÂV‚|¬z© √BD ÿƒFB ÷Ú¬˛º≈[.
...............................................................................
2. Âı√ÏÔº· ! ÂDxÁ¶B x>ÈVπ ÂD ]≈Á\ÁB®Á¶ º√V¶ºk √›Á> Â\¬z ∂π›m^·VÏ.
...............................................................................
3. Â\m x>ÈVπ tÔ°D Ô|Á\BV™kÏ.
...............................................................................
4. c[–Á¶B cÁw©√Vu≈ÁÈ© √V´V‚|˛º≈[.
...............................................................................
5. x©√>Vl´›Á>¬ ÿÔVı| g|Ô^ kV∫˛k·Ï›º>[.
...............................................................................
6. ∂¶! ∂¶! x‚¶Vº·! ¿ xBuE ∂u≈k[ºƒVDº√§.
...............................................................................
√V¶ÁÈ© √VΩ \˛μÔ :
Œπ√ Á¶›> ÔıË™VF kV! kV! kV!cÆ]ÿÔVı¶ ÿÂfidE™VF kV! kV! kV!
Ôπ√ Á¶›> ÿ\Val™VF kV! kV! kV!Ô|Á\ ÿÔVı¶ º>Vπ™VF kV! kV! kV!
ÿ>π° ÿ√u≈ \]l™VF kV! kV! kV!
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EÆÁ\ Ôı| ÿ√V∫zkVF kV! kV! kV!®πÁ\ Ôı| ÷´∫zkVF kV! kV! kV!
∞ƺ√V_ ÂÁ¶l™VF kV! kV! kV!
ÿƒB_]≈[ :
ÿƒF]› >V^ÔπKD, EÆkÏÔ”¬ÔV™ÿkπX|ÔπKD kÚD ÿƒF]ÔÁ·© √Ω›>§Ô
ÿ√Vm ÷¶∫Ôπ_ Œ‚¶©√‚¶ kıfl∑kÿ´V‚ΩÔ^, mı| ∂§¬ÁÔÔ^, s·D√´∫Ô^,ƒVÁÈl[ ÿ√BÏÔ^ º√V[≈kuÁ≈© √Ω¬Ô.
kV´©√›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔπ_ kÚD A]ÏÔ^, s|ÔÁ>Ô^g˛BkuÁ≈© √Ω›m sÁ¶B§Ô.
]Ú\ swV, ∂Áw©∏>μ, √^π gı| swV∂Áw©∏>μÔÁ· √Ω›>§Ô.
ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ ÿƒV_ ∂‚Á¶ÔÁ· ÷Á›m ÿ>V¶ÏcÚkV¬˛ ®ømÔ :
˛π √^π sÁ·BVΩ™Ï
∂x>V √≈Õm ∞§™
∂Ë_ \´›]_ ÿƒ[≈V^
g|Ô^ √Õm ÿƒ[≈m
EÆtBÏ \ÁÈl_ ∞§Bm
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GkzxUPõmk :
1. ˛π √≈Õm ÿƒ[≈m.
2. ...............................................
3. ...............................................
4. ...............................................
5 ...............................................
6. ...............................................
÷≈V_ ®[≈ *–¬z ∂>[ ÷>BD >ÁÈl_÷Ú¬˛≈m.
®KDÁ√ ∑Ák¬Ô, ®KDA c^· ÷¶›]uz º√VÔÂVF¬z kaÔV‚|∫Ô^.
GÊzx¨¤øÇ &
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74
÷kÏÔ^ BVÏ ? ®[™ ÿƒF˛≈VÏÔ^.
.................................... ....................................
.................................... ....................................
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.................................... ....................................
.................................... ....................................
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77Â[§ : ]™›>Õ]
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78
11. kV˚Ï]
kV™ ªÏ] kV™ ªÏ]®∫ºÔ º√V˛[≈VF ? - ÂV[kVΩ¬ÁÔBVF© º√Vkº>÷È∫ÁÔ \VÂÔº´.
√VÁ™ Œ[Æ zƬ˛_ Ôı¶V_®[™ ÿƒFzkVF ? - “∂¶√VÁ™ ∞m? ƒ‚Ω ∞m?kV™ ÿkπlºÈ.”
gÁ™ Œ[Æ zƬ˛_ kÕ>V_®[™ ÿƒFzkVF ? - “∂¶gÁ™ ∞m ØÁ™∞mkV™ ÿkπlºÈ?”
ÔV™K¬z ÷Á·©√V≈®∫ºÔ >∫zkVF ? - “ÂV[º√V™°¶[ a≈∫˛ÿ√Vøm º√V¬zºk[.”
®›>Á™º√Ï ÷Ú¬˛[≈VÏÔ^kV™∆Ï]ºB ? - “gD®ø√mº√Ï ÷Ú¬˛[≈VÏÔ^®[ klu§ºÈ!”
ÿ\›> cB´›º>lÚÕmsøÕ]|kVºBV ? - “®[º\_ ÷Ú¬zD ÿ√V§ÿÔ‚¶V_søÕ]|ºkº™”
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79
ÿ\VF›m© AB_ kÕm s‚¶V_®[™ ÿƒFzkVF ? - “∂Õ>ÿ\VF›>© AB_ >Vı|km‚|ÂÏ ]≈D.”
- √VºkÕ>Ï √V´]>Vƒ[
]≈[ : ºÔ‚¶_ : √Ω›m©AˆÕm ÿÔV^”>_.
√Ω›>§Ô :÷Buÿ√BÏ : Ô™Ô ∑©A´›]™DE≈©A©ÿ√BÏ : √V´]>Vƒ[ÿ√uº≈VÏ : Ô™ÔƒÁ√, ÷Ȭzt∏≈©∏¶D : AmÁkº>Vu≈D : 29.04.1891\Á≈° : 21.04.1964
ÿƒV_ sÁ·BV‚|J[ÿ≈ø›m kVÏ›Á>lºÈ
x>o´ıÁ¶ sȬ˛s‚¶V_c¶KÆ©∏_ Œ[ÆkÚDcÁw©√>uz c>s ÿƒFB
Â| ®ø›Á> ÿk‚Ω s‚¶V_‚A¬z ®]Ï©A kÚD.
÷Æ]BÁ> ®|›ms‚¶V_‘®ı’ ∂>M_ ∏[™VzD∂D J[Æ Œ[Æ ºƒˆ[∂>[ *m ®ø]¶ÈVD.c‚ÔV´© √B[ √¶°Dc>s|º\ ∂ÀkVÏ›Á>
÷ÚºkÆ√È[ ÿÔV|¬zD÷Õ> kVÏ›Á> ®[™ ?
sÁ¶ : √ÈÁÔ
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ÂV∫Ô^ BVÏ ?ΩBVΩ cÁw©√]_ÁȺkƈ¶xD º√Vk]_ÁÈg™V_cÁk ÂV∫Ô^ ƒÁ\›]|ºkVD.cÈ˛uzD ÿÔV|›]|ºkVD.ÂV∫Ô^ BVÏ ?
sÁ¶ : >Vk´∫Ô^
(EÆ mπ ÿ√Úÿk^·D)ºƒVÁÈl_ √Ès> √≈ÁkÔ^ ∑u§› ]ˆ˛[≈™
ÿ\V›>D ®›>Á™© √≈ÁkÔ^ ?
sÁ¶................
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81
12. ]ˆ√]B ]ˆs¬´\[ ƒÏk¬QÏ
ÔÚÂV¶Ô \VWÈ›]K^· >VÏkVÏ\Vk‚¶›]_ “\VÛÚ” ®[≈ ŒÚ E§B˛´V\D. ∂À∆ˆ_ c^· ºÔVlo_ØÁƒ ÿƒFkÁ>› ÿ>VaÈVÔ¬ÿÔVı¶kÏ √ƒk´ƒV. ∂kÚÁ¶B\Á™sl[ ÿ√BÏ \_ÈÀkV.÷kÏÔ”¬z ÿÂ|∫ÔVÈD zwÕÁ>©º√Æ ÷_ÁÈ. ÔVE s∑kÂV>M[∂Ú·V_ ƒÏk¬QÏ \Ô™VÔ© ∏≈Õ>VÏ.∂kÏ “Ek–D √VÏk]•D” ®™mÿ√uº≈VÏ, A‚¶>›>[ ®[–Dÿ√Bˆ_ ÁÔÈVB›]_ ÷ÚÕ>k[ÂV[, ŒÚ ÔV´›>V_ Ek[ ®[Á™Øt¬z ∂–©∏™VÏ” ®[Æ̧•^·VÏ.
÷kÏ ÷·D kB]ºÈºB T‚ΩoÚÕm ÿkπºB§™VÏ,m≈k≈D º\uÿÔVı¶ ƒÏk¬QÏ ƒV], ƒ\BD,J¶ÂD∏¬ÁÔÔ^ x>oBkuÁ≈ ®]Ï›>VÏ. kVøDWÈxD, ∂ÚÕmD ¿ÚD, y•D, kV™›]_ Œπs|DÛˆB–D cÈ˛K^· ∂Á™›m \¬Ô”¬zDÿ√VmkV™Ák, √È zø¬Ô”D, √Vμ ÿƒF•D ƒV]Ô”D®>uz ? ®[Æ ƒV]ÁB ®]Ï›m¬ z´_ ®ø©∏™VÏ.
“ŒÚ sÈ∫˛[ \Vtƒ›Á> cı√kÁ™s¶,ÿ>Fk›][ ÿ√B´V_ sÈ∫ÁÔ© √ol‚| ∂>Á™cı√kº™ º\Vƒ\V™ yı¶›>ÔV>k[.” ®[Æ̧•^·VÏ.
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∂kÏ >D √V¶o[ ÷Æ] ∂Ωl_ “ƒÏk¬Q” (®_ÈVDk_È ÷Á≈kV) ®[Æ xΩ¬˛≈VÏ.
ƒÏk¬QÏ √VΩB √V¶_Ô^ J[Æ ÿ√ÚD ∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ∂Á\Õm^·™. ∂kuÁ≈ cÈ˛B_, ∂≈¬ ºÔV‚√V|,g[*ÔD ®[≈ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ √z›m 34 mÁ©∏ˆ°Ôπ[ ˇμ kˆÁƒ©√|›]•^·VÏ.
ƒÏk¬Qˆ[ J[Æ ∂Ω¬ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·¬ Ô[™¶›]_“]ˆ√]” ®[Æ z§©∏|˛≈VÏÔ^. ®™ºk ÷kÏ “]ˆ√]B]ˆs¬´\[” ®[Æ E≈©A© ÿ√BÏ ÿ√u≈VÏ. √V\´\¬Ô”D AˆÕm ÿÔV^”D kÁÔl_ cBÏÕ> ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ·®πB ÂÁ¶l_ >Õm^·VÏ. >ta_ ]Úk^”kÁ´©º√VÈ°D, ÿ>K∫˛_ ºk\ıVÁk© º√VÈ°DÔ[™¶›]_ ƒÏk¬QÏ s·∫z˛≈VÏ.
‘J¶Ï ’kV[ \Áw ÿ√Val–D Ôu√VÁ≈Bm
kV[ \ÁwÁB c‚ÿÔV^”º\V J¶Ú¬zD
TVD cÁ´©√m √È ƒÏk¬Q
∂ÚfiÿƒVuÿ√VÚ^ :
º√Æ - ÿƒ_kD
x¬] - T|º√Æ
√ˆ] - ÛˆB[
]ˆ√] - J[Æ ∂Ω¬ ÔsÁ>
√¬] - ÿ>Fk©√uÆ
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83
√luE
I. ∏ˆ›ÿ>ømÔ :
ÿÂ|∫ÔVÈD =
zwÕÁ>© º√Æ =
kVøt¶D =
cÈ˛K^· =
ˇa_ÁÈ =
II. ºƒÏ›m ®ømÔ :
m≈° + ∂≈D =
zwÕÁ> + º√Æ =
ÿkπ + ∞§™VÏ =
∂ + ªˆ_ =
III. ºÔVΩ‚¶ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· W´©AÔ :
1. ƒÏk¬QÏ ÁÔÈVB›]_ .................. ®[≈ ÿ√Bˆ_÷ÚÕº>[ ®[Æ Ì§™VÏ.
2. ÷kÏ .................. kB]ºÈºB T‚Á¶s‚|ÿkπºB§™VÏ.
3. “ƒÏk¬Q” ®[≈ ÿƒV_o[ ÿ√VÚ^ ...............
4. ƒÏk¬Qˆ[ J[Æ ∂Ω¬ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· Ô[™¶›]_................ ®[Æ z§©∏|˛≈VÏÔ^.
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84
IV. ∏[kÚD s™V¬Ô”¬z sÁ¶ >ÚÔ :
1. ƒÏk¬Qˆ[ ÿ√uº≈VÏ BVkÏ ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
2. ∂Á™›m \¬Ô”¬zD ÿ√VmkV™Ák ®Ák?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
3. ƒÏk¬QÏ yı¶VÁ\ÁB ®]Ï›m¬Ì§•^·ÁkBVÁk ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
4. ƒÏk¬QÏ √VΩB √V¶_Ôπ[ J[Æ ÿ√ÚD∏ˆ°Ô^ ®Ák ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
5. ƒÏk¬Qˆ[ E≈©A© ÿ√BÏ ®[™ ? ∂ÀkVÆ ∞[∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈VÏ ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
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85
6. ƒÏk¬QÏ √V¶o[ ÷Æ] ∂ΩÁB ®ÀkVÆxΩ¬˛≈VÏ ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
V. s|√‚¶ ®ø›m¬ÔÁ· ®ømÔ :
VI. zøs_ ºƒ´V>Á>¬ ºÔVΩ‚|¬ ÔV‚|Ô :
1. √V´]BVÏ, √V´]>Vƒ[, ÔV\´VƒÏ, Ôı>Vƒ[.
2. >fiƒV∆Ï, Á\ÛÏ, √V>Vt, «D∏.
3. ÿ√∫ÔjÏ, ÿƒ[Á™, ]Úk™Õ>A´D, gÕ]´V.
4. ÔVÕ]BΩÔ^, Ô[™¶D, >tμ, ÿ>K∫z.
5. ]Úk^”kÏ, ºk\ıV, ƒÏk¬QÏ, ∂©m_ÔÈVD.
∂§Õm ÿÔV^Ô :
ƒV[º≈VÏ kVøt¶º\ AM>D>kÁ·, *[Ô^ cÁ≈•D ¿ÚD AM>º\V ?ÂsKD ƒV[º≈VÏ kVøt¶º\ AM>\VD.Ôk·xı ÿÂF Â[≈V>VÏ º√V_ ƒÏk¬Q
Û Ú
] √ ]
√ ƒ ´
] Ú ” Ï
A ¶ > > [
ƒ k ¬ Ï
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86
∂§ºk E≈Õ>m∂§s–D ÿ√ˆ]_ÁÈ >Vl–D a_ÁÈ.
√ˆ]l[ Œπ¬z WÔˆ_ÁÈ cÈ˛_
∂§ºk cBÏkVD ƒÏk¬Q.
]Ú ÷_ÈV s›Á> √B[ ÷_ÁÈ.
s|ÔÁ>Ô^1. ºƒ]kÚD ∏[º™, \˺BVÁƒ kÚD x[º™ ∂m
- ®[™ ?2. E≈˛_ÈV\_ √≈ÕmkÚD, T| AzÕm ºƒ] >ÚD -
∂m ®[™ ?3. klu§_ ÿÂÚ©Á√ ∑\¬˛[≈V[, kluƬz
ºƒVuÁ≈ ƒÁ\¬˛[≈V[ - ∂k[ BVÏ ?4. ∂^π¬ zΩ›>V_ >VÔD yÏ©º√[, gwD kÕ>V_
>›>π¬ÔÁk©º√[ - ÂV[ BVÏ ?5. ŒuÁ≈¬ ÔVÈ–¬z x[˚Æ √_kˆÁƒ - ∂k[ BVÏ?6. xΩ•¶[ ÷ÚÕ>V_ ÔıË_ÁÈ,
ÿ\V‚Á¶BΩ›>V_ J[Æ Ôı - ∂mBVÏ ?7. ÔΩ¬Ô› ÿ>ˆBV>k–¬z c¶Dÿ√_ÈVD √uÔ^ -
∂k[ BVÏ ?8. >Á´l_ ÷Ú©√V[, >ı߈_ t>©√V[ - ∂k[
BVÏ ?9. Ek©√VF ÷Ú©√V[, ÿ>Ús_ Wu√V[, ]≈Õ>kVF
J¶ \V‚¶V[ - ∂k[ BVÏ ?10. ÔVÁ>› ]Ú˛™V_ ÔÁ>ÿƒV_kV[ - ∂k[ BVÏ ?
sÁ¶ : 1) ÿ>VÁȺ√E, 2) >√V_ 3) ∂|©A, 4) >ıßÏ, 5)\¬ÔVfl ºƒV·D 6) º>∫ÔVF 7) Ê©A, 8) √¶z, 9) >√V_ ÿ√‚Ω10) º´ΩºBV.
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13. ∑uÆ©A≈© √VmÔV©A
º>∫˛ ÷Ú¬˛≈ ÿ>ÚºkV´› >ıß´V_yÁ\Ô^ kÕm ºƒÚD.
>V∫˛|D \M>º´ ! ƒuÆ ¿Ï EÕ]›m›>ıßÁ´© √VmÔV©¨Ï !
ÔVu§ºÈ AÁÔ#∑ ÔÈ©√Á>fl ∑kVE¬Ô¬ÔVƒºÂVF kÕm ºƒÚº\ !
AˆÕ>Á>› >|©√>V_ Øtl_ \M>Ϭz©AmkVμ° \È´VzD !
T‚ΩKD ÿkπlKD #FÁ\ÁB¬ ÔV©√>V_ÿkπºBÆD ºÂVFÔ^ BV°D!
Ô¶Á\BVF› #FÁ\ÁB¬ ÔV©√>V_Ô¬˛ÈV ÷[√D ºƒÏ¬zD.
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88
√Õ>\VF¬ Ôa°Ô^ √¬Ô›]_ ÷Ú©√>V_√Ès> ºÂV•ı¶V¬zD.
√^·›Á>› º>VıΩºB ÷ÁkÔÁ· ÷|km√ı√V‚Á¶ k·Ï›m¬ÔV‚|D.
EÕ>Á™¬ z^πÁ> Ê´VÔÁk›]Ω[E≈©√VÔ kVwÁk¬zD.
kÕ>Á™¬ zˆB>VD ∑›>›Á> kVμ¬ÁÔl_\©√kϬz ÷MÁ\ ºƒÏ¬zD.
- ÷´V. ÷´V>V Ú‚Ω[ÔsB´∫Ô¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^
∂ÚfiÿƒVuÿ√VÚ^ :
EÕ]›m = WÁ™›m ; ∑kVE›>_ = Jfl∑s|>_.
#FÁ\ = ∑›>D ; Ô¬˛ÈV = ®ıo¬ÁÔBu≈
÷|km = º√V|km ; √Õ>D = ÿ>V¶ÏA
Ê´VÔ = ºÂÏ›]BVÔ ; Ák›]Ω[ = Ák›]ÚÕ>V_.
kÕ>Á™¬zˆB>VzD ; k¬Ô›]uzˆB>VzD.
I. s™V¬Ô”¬z sÁ¶Bπ :
1. º>∫˛•^· ¿´V_ cı¶VzD yÁ\Ô^ BVÁk ?
2. ∑uÆfl Ûw_ ∂∑›>\VzD ºkÆ√È ÛμWÁÈÔÁ·¬ÌÆÔ.
3. Ôa°ÔÁ· ®©√Ω ∂©A≈© √|›> ºkı|D ?
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4. T‚ΩKD ÿkπlKD #FÁ\ÁB¬ ÔV©√>V_ ®[™√B[ ?
5. ÔVuÆ \VƒÁ¶•D ºkÆ √È Ûw_ÔÁ·¬ ÌÆÔ.
II. ºÔVΩ‚¶ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· W´©AÔ :
1. ÔVu§_ AÁÔ, #∑ ÔÈ©√Á>fl ∑kVE›>V_ ..............kÚD.
2. ∑›>›Á> kVμ¬ÁÔl_ ÷Á©√kϬz ................ºƒÏ¬zD.
3. T‚ΩKD, ÿkπlKD #FÁ\ÁB¬ ÔV©√>V_................... ÿkπºBÆD.
4. Ôa°Ô^ √¬Ô›]_ ÷ÚÕ>V_ √Ès> ...............cı¶V¬zD.
III. μ¬ÔVbD ÿƒVuÔ”¬z ∞u≈ ®mÁÔfl ÿƒVuÔÁ·®ømÔ :
(®.|) T‚ΩKD - ÂV‚ΩKD.
1. √Õ>D -
2. √^·D -
3. Ô¶Á\ -
4. EũA -
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IV. ŒÚ ÿƒV_K¬z©√È ÿ√VÚ^ ®ømÔ :
(®.|) √Ω
]∫Ô^
\Ë
V. ˇμ¬ÔVbD ÿƒVuÔ”¬zfl ƒˆBV™ ®]ÏflÿƒVuÔÁ·© √z]loÚÕm ®|›ÿ>øm :
Â[Á\ x .................
∂∑›>D x ...............
º\| x ................
m[√D x ...................
VI.∏ˆ›ÿ>ømÔ :
ÿ>ÚºkV´D ..................
√ı√V| .................
Am kVμ° ....................
ºÂV•ı¶V¬zD ..................
√Ω©√m
∂·©√m
√Ω¬Ô‚|
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
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14. ÂV[z ºÔVΩ(ÂV¶ÔD)
÷¶D : ºƒVw \[™M[ ∂´ƒÁk, ∂ÁkºBVÏ,\Õ]ˆÔ^, AÈkÏÔ^, zΩ\¬Ô^,
∂´ƒ[ : kVμÔ ºƒVwk·ÂV| ! k·ÏÔ >tμ !®[–Á¶B \™]_ ¿ı¶ ÂV‚Ô·VÔ ŒÏgÁƒ. ∂Á> ∂´ƒÁk AÈkÏÔ·V˛B ¿∫Ô^yÏ›m Ák¬Ô ºkı|D.
AÈkÏ- 1 : \V>D xD\Vˆ ÿ√Vakm >k§™VKD\V>D xøkmD \VˆBVÔ s·∫zD∂´ƒÏ¬z ∂´ºƒ! c∫Ô^ gÁƒÁB WÁ≈ºkuÆkm ®∫Ô·m >ÁÈBVB Ô¶Á\.
∂´ƒ[ : Â[§ AÈkÏÔº· ! Â[§. ¿∫Ô^ ÂVÁ·ÔVÁȬz^ ÂV[z ºÔVΩ© √V¶_ÔÁ·ƒÁ√l_ √VΩ¬ÔV‚¶ ºkı|D ∂mºk ®[gÁƒ.
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(AÈkÏÔ^ ŒÚkÏ xÔ›Á> ŒÚkÏ√B›m¶–D, zw©√›m¶–D √VÏ›m¬ÿÔV^˛[≈™Ï)
∂´ƒ[ : AÈkÏÔº· ! ÷[Æ º√VF ÂVÁ· √V¶K¶[kVÚ∫Ô^.
ÔV‚E - 2
ë(AÈkÏÔ^ ºƒVÏÕ> xÔ›m¶[ kÕm ÿÔVıΩÚ©√Á>®]ˆ_ kÕ> Œ·ÁkBVÏ Ôı¶VÏ ∂kÏÔÁ·© √VÏ›m©º√ƒ› ÿ>V¶∫˛™VÏ.)
Œ·ÁkBVÏ : AÈkÏÔº· ! ¿TÏ kVμÔ ! c∫Ô·mxÔ∫Ôπ_ \ÈÏflE ÷_ÁȺB !î ºƒVw\[™M[ g‚El_ AÈkÏÔπ[ xÔ∫Ôπ_ºƒVÔ\V ? ÔV´D BVm ? cÁ´©¨Ï !ºƒVwÂV‚Ω_ AÈkÏÔ^ ºƒVÏÕ]Ú©√º>V ?̶Vº> !
AÈkÏ : kVøD >tºw ! ®∫Ô”Á¶B >tμ› >VºB !c∫ÔÁ· k∫z˛º≈VD.
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AÈkÏ 2 : ®∫Ô^ ∂´ƒÏ ÿ√Ú\V[ ÂVÁ· ÔVÁȬz^
ÂV[z ºÔVΩ©√V¶_Ô^ √V¶ºkı|D ®™
gÁl‚|^·VÏ.
AÈkÏ 3 : ®_ºÈVÚD ºƒÏÕm ÷´ÿk_ÈVD Ôı
sa›m© √VΩ™VKD ÂV[z ºÔVΩ©
√V¶_ÔÁ·© √V¶ xΩ•\V ?
AÈkÏ 4 : ∂´ƒÚÁ¶B gÁÁB *≈ xΩ•\V ?
AÈkÏ 5 : ∂Á™kÚD ºƒÏÕm ÷´ÿk_ÈVD
√VΩ™VKD EÈ gl´D √V¶_Ô^ >Vº™
√V¶ xΩ•D.
AÈkÏ 6 : AÈÁ\ ÷Ú¬˛≈m ! g™V_ ÿ√Vøm ÷Ú¬Ô
ºkı|º\ ! Œ[≈V, ÷´ı¶V ÂV[z
ºÔVΩ© √V¶_Ô^.
Œ·ÁkBVÏ : ∂fiƒVyÏÔ^, ®™m ∂[A ÿÂfiƒ∫Ôº·
ÂV[z ºÔVΩ© √V¶_ÔÁ· ÂV[ √VΩ›
>Ú˛º≈[.
AÈkÏ 1 : ¿∫Ô^ ŒÚkÏ \‚|D ÂV[z ºÔVΩ©
√V¶_ÔÁ· ÂVÁ· ÔVÁȬz^ ®©√Ω©
√VΩ xΩ¬Ô xΩ•D ?
Œ·ÁkBVÏ : ¿∫Ô^ ∂flƒ©√¶°D ºkı¶VD
ƒfiƒÈ©√¶°D ºkı¶VD. ÂVÁ·
ÔVÁÈkÁ´ ®[™? .... ÷[º≈ ÷©º√Vº>
÷∫ºÔºB √V|˛º≈[ ®ø]¬ ÿÔV^”∫Ô^.
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ëºÔV¶V– ºÔVΩ ÿÔV|©∏–D >[–Á¶ÂV¬ºÔV¶VÁ\ ºÔVΩ ÿ√ÆD.
ëŒÚÔV_ ÿƒ[Æ \]BV>VÏ xu≈D \]›m t]BVÁ\ºÔVΩ ÿ√ÆD.
ë cıßÏ cıßÏ ®[Æ ª‚¶V>VÏ \Á™l_cıVÁ\ ºÔVΩ ÿ√ÆD.
ºÔVΩ ÿÔV|›mD zΩ©∏≈Õ>VÏ >Dº\V| Ì|kmºÔVΩ ÿ√ÆD.
AÈkÏÔ^ : ! ÷m ®∫Ô”¬z s·∫ÔV\_ º√Vluº≈!
Œ·ÁkBVÏ : AÈkÏÔº· ! ÷Á>¬ ÿÔVı|º√VF ∂´ƒ[x[ √V|∫Ô^.
AÈkÏÔ^ : ∂DÁ\ºB ºÔVΩÿ√ÆD, ºÔVΩ ÿ√ÆD®[Æ ÂV[ºÔ z≈^ kΩk©√V¬Ôπ_√VΩBÁ> ∂´ƒ[ ∞uƬ ÿÔV^kVº™V ?
Œ·ÁkBVÏ : ÔkÁÈ©√¶ ºkı¶VD, AÈkÏÔº·! ÿku§c∫Ô”Á¶Bm! ÿƒ[Æ kVÚ∫Ô^.
ÔV‚E 3
÷¶D : ∂´ƒÁk
(∂´ƒ[, AÈkÏÔ^, ∂Á\flƒÏ \uÆD \¬Ô^.x>ÈVº™VÏ)
kVlu ÔVkÈ[ : kVμÔ ! ∂´ºƒ ! k·ÏÔ ºƒVw ÂV|.
(kVlu ÔVkÈ[ ∂´ƒÁ™© √ËÕm)
>∫ÔÁ·¬ ÔV© AÈkÏ ÿ√Ú\¬Ô^kÕm^·™Ï.
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95
∂´ƒ[ : c^º· k´fl ÿƒV_.
(AÈkÏÔ^ ∂´ƒÁk¬z^ kÕm ŒÁ·kBVˆ[ÂV[z ºÔVΩ© √V¶ÁÈ© √VΩ™Ï)
∂´ƒ[ : Â[Æ ! AÈkÏÔº·! ÷m, ¿∫Ô^ √VΩB√V¶ÈVÔ› º>V[≈s_ÁȺB √VΩBm BVÏ ?tÔ Â[≈VÔ c^·m.
AÈkÏÔ^ :ÂV∫Ô^ ÿƒFk>§BVm sa›m¬ÿÔVıΩÚ¬ÁÔl_ Œ·ÁkBVÏ>V[®∫Ô”¬ÔVÔ ÷©√V¶ÁÈ© √VΩ™VÏ.
∂´ƒ[ : ! Œ·ÁkBV´V ! ®[™ gflƒˆBD! ÂV[ c¶º™√VÏ¬Ô ºkı|D. kVÚ∫Ô^, ∂kÁ´ ∂Áw›mkÚºkVD. ÂV[ ∂©ÿ√Vøº> WÁ™›º>[÷›>ÁÔB ÔÚ›mÁ¶B √V¶ÁÈ Œº´ ÷´s_∂k´V_ >V[ √V¶ xΩ•D.
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96
ÔV‚E 4
∂´ƒ[ : (E´D >Vμ›]) >tμ› >VºB ! k∫z˛º≈[>∫ÔÁ· ÷flºƒVw ÂV| k´ºku˛≈m.
Œ·ÁkBVÏ : Â_Èm \[™V, c[ ÂV| >Áw¬Ô‚|D ! >tμk·´‚|D !
(∂´ƒ[ Œ·ÁkBVÚ¬z ÿ√V[–D ÿ√VÚ”DkVˆ kw∫˛ \˛μÕ>V[)
AÈkÏÔ^ :®D ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB¬ ÔV›> Œ·Ák©∏´V‚ΩºB¿˘a ÔVÈD kVμT´VÔ ! ¿∫Ô^ AÈkÏÔ”¬ÿÔ_ÈVD AÈkÏ.
I. ∂ÚfiÿƒVu ÿ√VÚ^ :
1. xD\Vˆ = \V>›]_ J[Æ xÁ≈ \Áw ÿ√Va•D
2. xÔ\ÈÏflE = \˛μflEl™V_ xÔD \ÈϺ√V_\ÈÏ>_
3. cÁ´©¨Ï = ÿƒV_TÏ
4. ∂fiƒV yÏÔ^ = √B©√¶VyÏÔ^
5. Û[B\_È = ÿku§¶\_È
6. ÔV¬Ô = ÔV©√Vu≈
7. ÿÂfiƒ∫Ôº· = ÷>B∫Ôº·
8. ƒfiƒÈD = \™¬ÔȬÔD
9. cıßÏ = c° ƒV©∏|∫Ô^
10. ŒÚÔV_ = ŒÚ ºkÁ·
11. zΩ©∏≈Õ>VÏ = Â_È zΩl_ ∏≈Õ>VÏ
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97
12. s·∫ÔV\_ = AˆBV\_.
13. √¬] = ÿ>Fk©√uÆ
II. Œo ÂBfl ÿƒVuÔ^ :
1. \]BV>VÏ
2. t]BVÁ\
III. ºÔVΩ‚¶ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· W´©AÔ :
1. ®™m \™]_ ............... ÂV‚Ô·VÔ ŒÚ gÁƒ.
2. c∫Ô·m ............. \ÈÏflE ÷_ÁȺB.
3. ÂVÁ· ÔVÁȬz^ ............... ºÔVΩ
√V¶_ÔÁ·©√V¶ ºkı|D.
4. AÈkÏ .............. ºƒVÔ\V !
5. Œ·ÁkBVÚ¬z ................. kVˆkw∫˛
\˛μÕ>V[.
IV. ∏ˆ›ÿ>ømÔ :
1. \]BV>VÏ = ...............................
2. ºƒVÏÕ]Ú©√º>V = ...............................
3. ÷´ÿk_ÈVD = ...............................
4. Û[B\_È = ...............................
5. ºƒVw\[™[ = ...............................
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98
V. ºƒÏ›ÿ>ømÔ :
1. zΩ + ∏≈Õ>VÏ = .........................
2. >[ + cÁ¶B = .........................
3. ºÔVΩ + ÿ√ÆD = .........................
4. kVl_ + ÔVkÈ[ = .........................
5. ®∫z + ÷Ú¬˛≈VÏ = .........................
VI. s™V¬Ô”¬z sÁ¶ >ÚÔ :
1. ºƒVw ∂´ƒM[ gÁƒ BVm ?
√]_ : ........................................................................
........................................................................
2. AÈkÏÔ^ ºƒVÔ\Á¶B¬ ÔV´D BVm ?
√]_ : ........................................................................
........................................................................
3. Œ·ÁkBVÏ AÈkÏÔπ¶D BVm ̧™VÏ ?
√]_ : ........................................................................
........................................................................
4. Œ·ÁkBVÏ √VΩB ÂV[z ºÔVΩ© √V¶_ÔÁ· ®ømÔ.
√]_ : ........................................................................
........................................................................
5. ∂´ƒÏ Œ·ÁkBVÚ¬z kw∫˛Bm BVm ?
√]_ : ........................................................................
........................................................................
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99
VII. c™¬z› ÿ>ˆÕ> A_kÏÔπ[ ÿ√BÏÔÁ·®ømÔ:
1. .......................
2. .......................
3. .......................
4. .......................
5. .......................
IX.∂Á¶©AÔπ_ c^· ®ø›m¬ÔÁ·¬ Ô‚¶›]_∂Ω›ms‚| \Á≈Õm^· √≈Ák ∂_ÈmsÈ∫˛[ ÿ√BÁ´ Ôı|∏Ω :
(√. B. k. ) (>. ¶. Ô. ƒ)
´ B ´ _ Ô ¶ kV ƒ
B \ k ´ > ƒ Ô ¶
´ B √ k ƒ › > Ô
k ´ l √ ¶ ƒ > m
(®.Ô) \l_ sÁ¶ ...................(¿. w. È. ≈) (Â. ·. ™. ˇ)
Ô ¿ È ≈ Â · ˇ ™
≈ w ¿ Ω ˇ ™ \V ·
È ¿ w ≈ · ™ Â ˇ
≈ ´ È w ˇ · [ Â
sÁ¶ : ................. sÁ¶ : .................
ÔD√Ï
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100
X. ∂§Õm ÿÔV^Ô :
EÈ ∂ØÏk ∂Á\©A
* ÿk‚|¬˛π¬z ÔVmÔ^ ÔVo_ c^·™.
* Âı|Ô”¬z© √uÔ^ klu§_ c^·™.
XI.¡ÁkBVÁ´ √u§ nÕm ÿƒVuÿ≈V¶ÏÔ^ ®ømÔ:
ÿƒB_Ô^ 1
* ‘ÂV[z ºÔVΩ’ ÂV¶Ô›Á> cÏflE•¶[ ÂΩ¬Ô.
* cıÁ\, ∂[A, ÂV‚|√uÆ, ∂˛DÁƒ º√V[≈√ıAÔÁ· s·¬zD ÂV‚|©√uÆ \uÆDÂV‚|©A≈¬ ÔÁ>ÔÁ· ÂΩ›m¬ ÔV‚|Ô.
* ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚El_ Ôı|Ôπ›> ÂV¶Ô∫ÔÁ·ÂΩ›m¬ ÔV‚|Ô.
* T´√VıΩB Ô‚¶ÿ√VD\[ º√V[≈ T´ÏÔπ[kVμÁk ÂV¶Ô\V¬˛ ÂΩ›m¬ÔV‚|Ô.
Ôu≈o[ ºÔ‚¶ºÈ Â[Æ.
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101
15. y´V> sÁ·BV‚|© ∏^Á· - Ôı[
y´V> sÁ·BV‚|©∏^Á· - Ôı[
ÿ>ÚsºÈ ÿ√ıÔ”¬ ºÔVBV> ÿ>V_ÁÈ.
1. ][™© √w∫ÿÔVı| >ÚkV[ - √V]
][˛[≈ º√V]ºÈ >‚Ω© √§©√V[ ;
®[™©√[ ®[Á™B[ ®[≈V_ ; ∂>Á™
®flEu √|›]¬ ÔΩ›m¬ ÿÔV|©√V[
(-y´V>)
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102
2. º>ÿ™V›> √ı¶∫Ô^ ÿÔVı| - ®[™
ÿƒF>VKD ®‚¶V> cB´›]_ Ák©√V[.
\Vÿ™V›> ÿ√ıΩ ®[√V[ - ƒuÆ
\™\˛øD ºÂ´›]ºÈ˛^π s|kV[.
(-y´V>)
3. ∂wz^· \ÈÏ ÿÔVı| kÕº> - ®[Á™
∂w ∂wfl ÿƒF>∏[ ÔıÁ JΩÿÔV^
zwoºÈ Û‚|ºk[ ®[√V[ - ®[Á™¬
zÚ¶V¬˛ \ȈÁ™› º>Va¬z Ák©√V[.
(-y´V>)
4. ∏[™ÁÈ© ∏[M[§ø©√V[ : - >ÁÈ
∏[º™ ]ÚDAx[º™flÿƒ[Æ \Á≈kV[
kı©Amfl ºƒÁÈ >MºÈ - Aø]
kVˆfl ÿƒVˆÕº> kÚ›]¬ zÁÈ©√V[
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103
5. A_ÈV∫ zw_ ÿÔVı| kÚkV[ :- ∂x>
ÿ√V∫˛› >mD√Âu >D √Ω©√V[ ;
Ô^·V_ \B∫zkm º√VºÈ - ∂Á>¬
ÔıJΩ kVF ]≈Õº> ºÔ‚ΩÚ©º√VD.
(-y´V>)
6. ∂∫ÔVÕ ]Ú¬zD kVF>MºÈ - Ôı[
gº≈ø Ô‚ÿ¶ÆD Á√© º√V‚| s|kV[.
®∫ÔV˛KD √VÏ›>mıº¶V ? - Ôı[.
®∫ÔÁ·fl ÿƒF˛[≈ ºkΩ¬ÁÔ ÿBV[º≈V
(-y´V>)
- \ÔVÔs √V´]BVÏ
BVmD ªº´, BVkÚD ºÔπÏ,ymD Â[ÆD ∏≈Ï>´ kV´V!
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104
s|ÔÁ>Ô^
1. \´›]_ cBÏÕ>\´D
zΩ¬Ôfl ∑Ák¿Ï >ÚD - ∂m®[™ ?
2. √flÁƒ W≈›>w˛
√k·kVFflEˆ©√w˛
x›mfl ÿƒV_Èw˛ - ÂV[ BVÏ ?
3. ŒÚ\´›m¬z
gl´D #ıÔ^ - ∂m ®[™ ?
4. √Ôo_ ÿ>ˆBV\_
÷´s_ ÿ>ˆºk[ - ∂m ®[™ ?
5. ®™¬z›>ÁÈ Œ[Æ
ÔıÔ^ J[Æ - ÂV[ BVÏ ?
6. √≈©º√[ !
ÿkπflƒxD ÿÔV|©º√[ - ÂV[ BVÏ ?
7. k‚¶ kΩkwÔ[
kÕ>Vº™ ÔVÁÈlºÈ
®‚¶ W[Æ º√ƒV\ºÈ
ÿƒ[≈Vº™ \VÁÈlºÈ - ∂m ®[™ ?
8. gl´D º√Ï ÿƒF> ∂wÔV™ \ı¶√D
ŒÚk[ Ôı√‚¶º√Vm cÁ¶Õ>>VD \ı¶√D
- ∂m ®[™?
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105
9. ŒÚ ÿÂ_ z›]º™[
Tÿ¶_ÈVD ct - ∂m ®[™ ?
10. ªÚ¬ ÿÔ_ÈVD
Œº´ m©√‚Ω - ∂m ®[™ ?
ƒˆBV™ sÁ¶ÁB› º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô°D.
1. kV™D, 2. º>[Ì|, 3. ÷·¿Ï, 4. ‚ƒ›]´∫Ô^, 5.ÛˆB[, 6. gÈ\´D, 7. ÿ\øz kÏ›] 8. ˛π,9. º>∫ÔVF, 10. t[tM©ØflE.
\Vu≈∫ÔÁ·¬ Ôı|∏Ω∫Ô !
6 \Vu≈∫Ô^ c^·™. ∂Ák :
1. .............. 4. ..............
2. .............. 5. ..............
3. .............. 6. ..............
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106
16. \ÔV›\V ÔVÕ] ka
ÔVÕ]› >V›>V ÂD>V›>V
ÔÚÁ t¬Ô ÿ√ÚÕ>V›>V
ƒVÕ> JÏ›] ®[ÿ≈[ÆD
ƒ›]B JÏ›] ÂD>V›>V!
ÔıËu E≈Õ> s|>ÁÈÁB¬
ÔÚ] kVμÕ>VÏ ÂD >V›>V
\ıË_ BVkÏ kVμsuzD
kaÔV‚Ω|kVÏ ÂD >V›>V!
ÔVÕ] ÿƒV[™ kaÔÁ·
ÔÁ¶©∏Ω›m ¶Õ]Ω[
ƒVÕ] ®∫zD WÈs|D
ƒ›]BÕ>V[ ÿk[§|D.
∂[A ∫˛ k·ÏÕ]|D
∂˛DÁƒ ®[ÆD WÁÈ›]|D
÷[√ kVμ° ÿ√Ú˛|D
∞Áwl[ m[√D ŒaÕ]|D.
cÈ˛_ ∂Á\] ∞u√|D.
•›>D BV°D ŒaÕ]|D
ÔÈÔD ¿∫˛ ®∫zº\
ÔÚÁ ÿk^·D ÿ√Ú˛|D.
- ∂w k^πB©√V
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107
I. ˇμ¬ ÔVbD s™V¬Ô”¬z sÁ¶Bπ :1. ÔVÕ]› >V›>Vs[ ÷´ı| z∫Ô^ BVÁk ?
sÁ¶.............................................................................
.............................................................................2. ÔVÕ] ÿƒV[™ kaÔÁ·¬ ÔÁ¶©∏Ω›>V_ ®[™
gzD ?sÁ¶
.............................................................................
.............................................................................3. ∂˛DÁƒÁB¬ ÔÁ¶©∏Ω©√>V_ ∞u√|D √B[Ô^
BVÁk ?sÁ¶
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
II. ºÔVΩ‚¶ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· W´©AÔ :1. ÔıËu E≈Õ> ............. ÔÚ] kVμÕ>VÏ.
2. ƒVÕ] ®∫zD WÈs¶ .............. kaÔÁ·¬ÔÁ¶©∏Ω¬Ô ºkı|D.
3. ÔVÕ]› >V›>V ................ t¬Ô >V›>V.
4. \ıË_ ®_ºÈVÏ kVμsuz kaÔV‚ΩBkÏ .......
III. W´©AÔ :(®-|) ƒVÕ] ®∫zD WÈs|D.1. ∂[A ∫˛ ..............2. ÷[√ kVμ° ............3. ∞Áw m[√D ............4. ∂˛DÁƒ ®[ÆD ............5. cÈ˛_ ∂Á\] .............
6. ÔÚÁ ÿk^·D ............
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108
IV. ∏ˆ›ÿ>ømÔ :
1. ®[ÿ≈[ÆD ...................
2. ÔıËu E≈Õ> ................
3. ÔÁ¶© ∏Ω›m ................
4. ∂˛DÁƒ ÿB[ÆD ...............
5. cÈ˛ÈÁ\] .................
6. ÔÚÁ•^·D ...............
V. ºÔVΩ‚¶ ÿƒV_K¬z ∞u≈ ®]ÏflÿƒV_ÁȬºÔVΩ‚¶ ÷¶›]_ ®ømÔ :
1. ∂˛DÁƒ kal_ ÿƒ[≈V_ ÷[√ kVμ° ÿ√Ú˛|D.
÷DÁƒ kal_ ÿƒ[≈V_ ............. kVμ° ÿ√Ú˛|D.
2. ÔVÕ] kal_ ¶Õ>V_ cÈ˛_ ∂Á\] ∞u√|D.
............ BV°D ŒaÕ]|D.
VI.ˇø^· ÿƒVuÔÁ·© √B[√|›] cDÿƒVÕ>kV¬˛B›]_ ®ømÔ :
1. ƒVÕ] ............................................................
......................................................................
2. ƒ›]BD .........................................................
......................................................................
3. ∂˛DÁƒ .........................................................
......................................................................
4. ÔÈÔD ............................................................
.......................................................................
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109
5. ÔÚÁ .........................................................
......................................................................
VII. ˇºw c^· ∂Á¶©AÔπoÚÕm ƒˆBV™sÁ¶ÁB ®|›ÿ>ømÔ.
(E∫ÔD xw∫˛B>V_ ; zπÏ tzÕ>>V_ ; ;ÛˆB[\Á≈Õ>>V_ ; √E ®|›>>V_ ; ÿ√Ú\Áw©ÿ√F>>V_)
1. ...................... zwÕÁ> ∂ø>m.
2. ...................... c¶_ Â|∫˛Bm.
3. ..................... ÿk^·D kÕ>m.
4. ..................... sÈ∫zÔ^ √BÕm Ω™.
VIII. √Ω›m©√VÏ¬Ô :
\V[ ŒÚ ÔV‚| sÈ∫z. ÷>uz∂w˛B ÿÔVDAÔ^ cı|. ÷m tÔ°DºkÔ\VÔ |D. ÷m >Vk´ cıË.\V[Ôπ_ A^π\V[, ÔÁÈ\V[ ®™√ÈkÁÔ•ı|.
÷Á>©º√VÈ ∏[kÚD sÈ∫zÔÁ·©√u§ ®ømÔ.
√∑ z]Á´
........................... ............................
........................... .............................
........................... .............................
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17. Ô¶_(cÁ´BV¶_)
∂[Æ E›>Á´ \V>D, ÿ√eÏt WÈ° Œπ TE¬ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m. \∫ԔϬ Ô¶uÔÁ´l_ \VkÏÔ”DgEˆBÏÔ”D Ô¶o[ ∂wÁÔ¬ Ôı| \˛μÕm÷´E›m¬ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>VÏÔ^. ∂ÁÈÔ^ ÔÁ´¬z kÚkmDÿƒ_km\VÔ ÷ÚÕ>™. ∂¬ÔV‚EÁB¬ ÔV¬Ôı ºÔVΩºkı|D.
∂©ÿ√Vøm \VkÏÔ^, gEˆBÏÔ”¶[ cÁ´BV¶›ÿ>V¶∫˛™Ï.
√VK : ∂©√©√V ...... Œ[≈[∏[ Œ[≈VÔ ®›>Á™∂ÁÈÔ^! ÷Ák ®©√Ω cı¶V˛[≈™ nBV ?
gEˆBÏ : Ô¶o[ º\u√z]l_ ®©º√VmD ÔVuÆTE¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD ∂>™V_ ∂ÁÈÔ^cı¶V˛[≈™
ºÔV∏ : Ô¶K¬z^”D ∂ÁÈÔ^ ÷Ú¬z\V nBV ?
gEˆBÏ : Ô¶K¬z ∂Ωl_ ∂ÁÈÔ^ ÷Ú¬ÔVm.Ô¶_ ∂ÁÈÔ^ ÷_ÈV\_ ∂Á\]BVÔ÷Ú¬zD.
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111
c\V : (Ô¶_ ¿Á´¬ zΩ›m© √VÏ›m) nBV, Ô¶_¿Ï ∞[ c©√VÔ c^·m ?
gEˆBÏ : WÈ›]_ √ΩÕm^· c©A¬Ô^, gÆÔ^JÈ\VÔ ∂Ω›mfl ÿƒ_È©√‚|¬ Ô¶o_ºƒÏ˛[≈™. Ô¶_ ¿Ï gsBV˛¬ ÿÔVıº¶÷Ú¬˛≈m. c©A \‚|D Ô¶oºÈºB>∫˛s|˛≈m. ÷>™V_>V[ Ô¶_¿Ï c©√VÔc^·m.
∂x>V : Ô¶K¬z^ ®[ÿ™[™ c^·™? ÌÆ∫Ô^nBV!
gEˆBÏ : \VkÏÔº· ! Øtl[ º\oÚ©√Á>©º√V[º≈ Ô¶oKD √VÁ≈Ô^, \ÁÈÔ^\uÆD gÆÔ^ ÷Ú¬zD. ∂∫z kıkı *[Ô^, ∑≈V¬Ô^, Ô¶_ gÁ\Ô^,Ô¶uz]Á´Ô^, ¶V_‡∏[Ô^, ‚ƒ›]´gÁ\Ô^, ]t∫ÔÈ∫Ô^ \uÆD √_ºkÆkÁÔBV™ Ô¶u√VDAÔ”D c^·™.
JÏ›] : nBV ! Ô¶uÔÁ´l_ ÔV©√|D OıËB\_ ®∫˛ÚÕm ®©√Ω cı¶VluÆ.
gEˆBÏ : Ô¶uÔÁ´l_ c^· √VÁ≈Ô^ \uÆD Ô¶o_c^· √VÁ≈Ôπ[ ∂ˆ©∏™VKD Â]Ô^ÿÔVı|kÚD \ıË™VKDcÚkV™m>V[ ÷Õ> OıËB \_.
‘√V : Ô¶o[ gwD ®Àk·° ®[Æ ÿƒV_ÈxΩ•\V ? nBV ?
gEˆBÏ : ..... ÿƒV_ÈÈVº\ ! cÈ˛ºÈºB tÔgw\V™ Ô¶u √z] ºƒÈfiÎœ©, ÷>–¶BgwD 31,614 ∂ΩÔ^ ÷\B \ÁȺB JμzD∂·°¬z ÷©√z] gwD. √E∏¬ \ÔVÔ¶o_ c^·m.
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112
\VkÏ : Â[§ nBV ! Ô¶ÁÈ© √u§ ÂV∫Ô^ EÈÿƒF]ÔÁ· ∂§Õm ÿÔVıº¶VD.
gEˆBÏ : Â_Èm, ®[ \Vkfl ÿƒ_k∫Ôº· ! \M>kVμ¬ÁÔl_ Ô¶_Ô”D ƒx›]´∫Ô”D,x¬˛B √∫˛Á™ k˛¬˛[≈™. ga÷Á≈kÁ™ ∂Ω›ÿ>Vøm ÂVD k∫˛kVμ›mºkV\VÔ !
ö\¯Ø£õk :
1. clˆ™∫Ô^
2. PhÀ ÁõÌ E°›Ú[PøÍ ÁmhªkP.
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113
√Ω¬Ô : E›]Á´ \V>D ÿ√eÏt WÈ°. ÔV Ôı ºÔVΩ
ºkı|D.
Ô¶K¬ÔΩl_ ∂ÁÈÔ^ ÷Ú¬ÔVm, Ô¶_ ¿ÏgsBV˛¬ ÿÔVıº¶ ÷Ú¬˛≈m.
cÈ˛ºÈºB tÔ gw\V™ Ô¶u √z] ºƒÈfiÎ œ©.
Ô¶o_ ÷Ú¬zD clˆ™∫Ô^ \uÆD ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[√¶∫ÔÁ· kÁ´Ô.
I. s™V¬Ô”¬z sÁ¶>ÚÔ :1. Ô¶_ ∂ÁÈÔ^ ®ÀkVÆ cı¶V˛[≈™ ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
2. ®∫z ∂ÁÈÔ^ ÷Ú¬ÔVm ?..............................................................................................................................................................
3. Ô¶_ ¿Ï ∞[ c©√VÔ c^·m ?..............................................................................................................................................................
4. Ô¶K¬z^ ÷Ú¬zD ¿ÏkVμ ∏´VËÔ^ BVÁk ?..............................................................................................................................................................
5. Ô¶uÔÁ´l_ OıËB \_ ®ÀkVÆcı¶VluÆ ?..............................................................................................................................................................
6. Ô¶o[ gw\V™ √z] ®∫z^·m ? gwD ®Àk·°?..............................................................................................................................................................
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II. ºÔVΩ‚¶ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· W´©AÔ :1. ∂¬ÔV‚EÁB¬ ÔV .............. ºÔVΩ ºkı|D2. Ô¶o[ º\u√z]l_ ®©º√VmD ............ TE¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD.3. Ô¶_ ¿Ï ................. ÷Ú¬zD.4. ºƒÈfiÎœ©∏[ gwD ................. ∂ΩÔ^5. ºƒÈfiÎœ© ............... \ÔV Ô¶o_ c^·m.
III. ºƒÏ›ÿ>ømÔ :1. º\_ + √z] = º\u√z]2. Ô¶_ + c^ =3. √È + ºkÆ =4. ∂Ω + ÿ>Vøm =5. √ΩÕm + c^· =6. \™D + ÷[§ =
IV. zøs_ ºƒ´V>Á> k‚¶t‚|¬ÔV‚|Ô : x›m, √k·D, Ák´D, c©A. ÛˆB[, ƒÕ]´[, ‚ƒ›]´D, º\ÔD. ÿkıÁ¶, >V\Á´, ∂_o, º´V¤V. Ô©√_, º√ÚÕm, s\V™D, \V‚|kıΩ ˛ˆ¬ÿÔ‚, «V¬˛, ÿ>VÁȬÔV‚E, ÁÔ©√Õm.
V. ÿÔV|¬Ô© √‚ΩÚ¬zD ÿƒV_K¬zˆB ®]ÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ© √V¶© √z]loÚÕm ®|›m W´©AÔ :1. zwÕÁ>Ô”¬z¬ Ô¶_ ®[≈VºÈ Œº´ .............
(ÔkÁÈ)2. ∂ÁÈÔ^ ÷_ÈV\_ Ô¶_ (gÏ©√ˆ¬zD) .............3. Ô¶_ ¿Ï ................ ÷Ú¬zD (∑Ák)4. ºƒÈfiÎœ© tÔ°D ................. (º\|)5. Ô¶ÁÈ© √u§ .................. ÿƒF]ÔÁ· ∂§Õº>VD
(EÈ)
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VI.ÿƒV_ ∂‚Á¶ÔÁ· ÷Á›m› ÿ>V¶ÏÔÁ·cÚkV¬˛ ®ømÔ :
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
.......................................................................
Ô¶o_ kVøD ‚ƒ›]´ *[Ôπ[ c¶o_JÁ· ®[≈ √z] ˛Á¶BVm.
ºÂuÆ ÷[Æ ÿƒ[º≈VD
Ô¶uÔÁ´¬z ƒÕÁ>¬z
ÂVÁ· ÈV_√V¬ ÿƒ_ºkVD
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116
18. ºƒk_ Ì°m
ºƒk_ Ì°m, ÔVÔD ÔÁ´•mÿƒ∫Ô]º´V[ kÚD ºÂ´tmgÔV ! ÷[–D #∫˛¶ÈV\V !∂]ÔVÁÈlºÈ Ôı sa©º√VD !
ÔVÁÈl_ ]™D √Ω©√]™VºÈÔ_º\_ ®ø›ÿ>™© √]BV>V!ºkÁȺBV| \™ ºkÔxD ºƒÏÕ>V_ºkı|D ÿ√VÚ^ ÁÔ Ì¶V>V !
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>ÕÁ> >VF zÚ ÿ>FkD ÿ√ˆºBVÏ>∫ÔÁ· ∂[√VF k∫˛|ºkVDEÕÁ>¬ ˛M>VD ÿƒÕ>tμÔÁÈÔ^º>ÏÕº> ÂÈD ÿ√≈ kVμºkVº\ !
- ]Ú A. g. x›m ˛Ú‚Ω[.
∂ÚfiÿƒVuÿ√VÚ^ :
ÔÁ´•m = Ì©∏|˛≈m
ÿƒ∫Ô]º´V[ = ÛˆB[, √ˆ].
ÿ√VÚ^ = ÿƒ_kD
EÕÁ> = ∂§°
º>ÏÕº> = º>Ï° ÿƒFº>
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118
√luE
I. sÁ¶Bπ¬Ô :
1. ºƒk_ Ì°D ºÂ´D ®m ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
2. ]™D ÔVÁÈl_ ®[™ ÿƒFBºkı|D ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
3. ºkı|D ÿ√VÚ^ ®©º√Vm ÁÔ Ì|D ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
4. BVÏ BVÁ´ k∫Ô ºkı|D ?
sÁ¶........................................................................
........................................................................
II. ºÔVΩ‚¶ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· W´©AÔ :
1. ÿƒ∫Ô]º´V[ c]¬zD ºÂ´D ..................
2. ............. l_ Ôı sa¬Ô ºkı|D.
3. \™]u˛MBm ................ ÔÁÈÔ^.
4. >ÕÁ> >VF ................ ÿ>FkD.
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119
III. Œ›> ŒoÂBfl ÿƒVuÔÁ·© √V¶ooÚÕm ®ømÔ:
1. ÔVÁÈ - ºkÁÈ
........... - ...........
........... - ...........
ÿƒB_ xÁ≈ :
\VkÏÔ^ ÷´ı| zø¬Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆB ºkı|D.
ŒÚ zøs™Ï 10 ÿ√BÏ ÿƒVuÔÁ· Œ[≈[ ∏[Œ[≈VÔ¬ Ì≈ ºkı|D.
÷[ÿ™VÚ zøs™Ï ÷©ÿ√BÏ ÿƒVuÔ”¬z ∞u≈∂Á¶ ÿ\VaÔÁ·fl ºƒÏ›m¬ Ì≈ºkı|D.(®-|) º√∑D ˛π ; √Ú›> \´D ; cBÏÕ> \M>[.
÷©ÿ√Vøm ÷´ıV¶D zøs™Ï 10 sÁ™flÿƒVuÔÁ·¬ Ì≈ ºkı|D(®-|) ®ø]™V[, √VΩ™V[, º√EBm.
x>u zøs™Ï ∂>uºÔu√ ∂Á¶ ÿ\VaÔÁ·flºƒÏ›m¬ Ì≈ ºkı|D.(®-|) ∂wÔVÔ ®ø]™V[, ÿ>πkVÔ© √VΩ™V[.
ÿÔVfiE© º√EBm.
∂]Ô \]©ÿ√ıÔ^ ÿ√u≈ zøsuz ÿku§
ÛˆB[ c]¬zD x[ ºƒk_ Ì°D.
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120
1. ÔÚÁ ÔV‚|∫Ô^ ®[–D ÔÁ>ÁB© √Ω›m,s™V¬Ô”¬z sÁ¶Bπ¬Ô.
√^π \VkÏÔÁ· gEˆBÏ ∑uÆÈV ∂Áw›mflÿƒ[≈VÏ. kal_ ŒÚz·›]uzfl ÿƒ[≈™Ï. ∂∫z WÁ≈B>kÁ·Ô^ ÷ÚÕ>™. \VkÏÔ^ ÷ÚkÏ ∂∫z ˛Á¶›>ÔuÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı|, >kÁ·Ô^ *m ®§B› ÿ>V¶∫˛™Ï.>kÁ·Ô^ mΩ mΩ›>™. ∂∫z kÕ> gEˆBÏ \VkÏÔ^Ô_ ®§kÁ>› >|›m, ∂§°Á´ ̧™VÏ. \VkÏÔº·!∏´VËÔ”D |®ø©© º√V_ clÚ^·Ák. AÁØøÓ
m[AÆ›>¬ ̶Vm. AÁاh® ÔÚÁ•¶[ ¶ÕmÿÔV^· ºkı|D ®[≈VÏ ?
1. √^π \VkÏÔ^ ®∫zflÿƒ[≈™Ï ?
2. z·›]_ ®[™ √VÏ›>™Ï ?
3. ®ku§[ *m Ô_ ®§B› ÿ>V¶∫˛™Ï ?
4. gEˆBÏ Ì§B ∂§°Á´ BVm ?
5. ÷¬ÔÁ>l[ JÈD ¿∫Ô^ ∂§Õm ÿÔVı¶ÿ>[™ ?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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121
kıD y‚|Ô.
˛Æ¬ÔÈVÔ›ÿ>ˆ•D √¶›]_ ŒÚ Ø \Á≈Õm^·mÔı|∏Ω•∫Ô^.
‚ƒ›]´D c^· √z]¬z º´V¸ kıxD A^πc^· √z]¬z √flÁƒ kıxD y‚|∫Ô^.
sÁ¶
>ı߈_ kVø˛[≈ *[ ∂Á> s¶ cBÏÕ>√VoºÈ kVøD√Ω ÿÔfiE™VKD kVwVm,
kVw°D xΩBVm.
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122
19. √^π gı| swV
√^πlºÈ gı| swV√Ω¬zD \VkÏ ]ÚswVm^π ÂV∫Ô^ ˛·D∏‚º¶VD#B gÁ¶Ô^ ∂ËÕ]‚º¶VD !
E≈©A sÚÕ]™Ï kÕ>mDE≈©√VF ÂV∫Ô^ k´ºkuº≈VDÿ√VÆ©√VF ¶¬zD WÔμ°Ôπ_®∫Ô^ ]≈Á\ÁB¬ ÔV‚Ω|ºkVD !
º√fl∑© º√V‚Ω ÔsÁ>© º√V‚Ω√u√È º√V‚Ωl_ ÿk[§|ºkVDJfl∑©√luE º√V‚ΩBV™ºBVÔVsKD ƒV]›]| ºkVD !
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kÕ> sÚÕ]™Ï \˛μÕ]|kVÏckÁÔ zπ´ kVμ›]|kVÏ÷Õ>© √^π E≈Õ>m ®[º≈÷MB xΩÁk¬ ̧|kVÏ.
- Ô[M¬ ºÔVs_ ÷´V¤V
∂ÚfiÿƒVuÿ√VÚ^ :
#B = #FÁ\BV™; E≈©A = º\[Á\; m^π = z]›m;WÔμ°Ôπ_ = WÔμflEÔπ_; ckÁÔ = \˛μflE.
√luE
I. sÁ¶Bπ¬Ô :
1. √Ω¬zD \Vkˆ[ ]ÚswV ®m ?
2. E≈©A sÚÕ]™Á´ ®ÀkVÆ k´ºku≈™Ï ?
3. gı| swVsuÔVÔ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ º√V‚ΩÔ^BVÁk?
4. kÕ> sÚÕ]™Ï √^πÁB©√u§¬ ̧Bm BVm ?
II. ºÔVΩ‚¶ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· W´©AÔ :
1. m^π ÂV∫Ô^ ..................
2. ®∫Ô^ ................ ÔV‚Ω|ºkVD.
3. √u√È© º√V‚Ωl_ ....................
4. ÷Õ> √^π E≈Õ>ÿ>[≈ ................... xΩÁk¬Ì§|kVÏ.
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124
III. ∏ˆ›ÿ>ømÔ :
1. ˛·D∏‚º¶VD.
2. ÔsÁ>© º√V‚Ω
3. √u√È
4. kVμ›]|kVÏ.
IV. ®]Ïfl ÿƒVuÔÁ· ®ømÔ :
1. #B x .................
2. ckÁÔ x .................
3. ÷MB x .................
4. \˛μÕm x .................
kVÔ™∫Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏÔÁ· ®ømÔ.
.............................. ..............................
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125
.............................. ..............................
.............................. ..............................
.............................. ..............................
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126
20. s≈z ÿk‚Ω•D k™º>kÁ>•D
ŒÚ ÔV‚Ω_ ŒÚ s≈zÿk‚Ω ŒÚ \´›Á> ÿk‚Ω¬ÿÔVı| ÷ÚÕ>V[. ∂Õ> \´D Ï gu§[ ÔÁ´l_÷ÚÕ>m. \´›Á> ÿk‚|Dº√Vm ÁÔl_ ÷ÚÕ> ºÔV¶Vˆ>k§ guƬz^ søÕm s‚¶m. gÆ tÔ°D gw\VF÷ÚÕ>√ΩBV_ >ıßÚ¬z^ ÷≈∫˛, ∂k™V_ºÔV¶VˆÁB ®|¬Ô xΩBs_ÁÈ. ∂>™V_ ÔÁ´l_c‚ÔVÏÕm ∂w g´D∏›>V[.
∂k™m ∂øz´ÁȬ ºÔ‚¶ k™º>kÁ> ∂k[ º\_÷´¬Ô∫ÿÔVı| ∂k[ x[A º>V[§, ∞[ ∂ø˛≈VF ?®[Æ ºÔ‚¶m.
ºÔV¶Vˆ >ıßÚ¬z^ søÕm s‚¶>VÔ°D, ∂m˛Á¶¬ÔVs‚¶V_ >[ ∏Áw©A¬z ka ÷_ÁÈ ®[ÆDs≈zÿk‚Ω Ì§™V[.
k™º>kÁ> >ıßÚ¬z^ Jμ˛ ŒÚ >∫Ô¬ºÔV¶VˆºBV| ÿkπºB kÕ>m. ∂Á> s≈zÿk‚Ωl¶DÿÔV|›>m. ∂Á>© √VÏ›> ∂k[, ∂m >[ ºÔV¶Vˆ ∂_È®[ÆD, ∂m >™¬z ºkı¶VD ®[ÆD \Æ›ms‚¶V[.
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127
k™º>kÁ> *ı|D >ıßÚ¬z^ Jμ˛ ŒÚ ÿk^π¬ºÔV¶VˆÁB ®|›mkÕm ÿÔV|›>m. ∂m°D>[–Á¶Bm ∂_È ®[Æ Ì§ s≈zÿk‚Ω\Æ›ms‚¶V[.
k™º>kÁ> J[≈Vkm >¶ÁkBVÔ› >ıßÚ¬z^Jμ˛ s≈zÿk‚Ωl[ ºÔV¶VˆÁB ®|›m kÕmÿÔV|›>m. ∂Á>© √VÏ›>mD s≈zÿk‚Ω tzÕ>\˛μflE ∂Á¶Õm, ÷´ı| ÁÔÔ·VKD ∂Á> kV∫˛¬ÿÔVı¶V[.
s≈zÿk‚Ωl[ ºÂÏÁ\ÁB© √VÏ›> k™º>kÁ>\˛μflE ∂Á¶Õ>m. ¿ cıÁ\BVÔ Â¶ÕmÿÔVı¶√ΩBV_ c[–Á¶B ºÔV¶VˆºBV| ÷Õ>›>∫Ô¬ ºÔV¶VˆÁB•D, ÿk^π¬ ºÔV¶VˆÁB•D c™¬z√ˆƒVÔ¬ ÿÔV|¬˛º≈[ ®|›m¬ ÿÔV^ ®[Æ k™º>kÁ>ÿƒV_ouÆ.
J[Æ ºÔV¶VˆÔº·V| s≈zÿk‚Ω T| ]ÚD∏™V[.ÔV‚Ω_ ¶Õ> ∂]ƒB›Á> ∂¬ÔD √¬Ô›]_c^·kÏÔπ¶D ̧™V[.
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128
÷Á>¬ ºÔ‚¶kÏÔπ_ ŒÚk[ c¶º™ ÔV‚Ωuzflÿƒ[≈V[. s≈zÿk‚Ωl[ ºÔV¶Vˆ >ıßÚ¬z^søÕ> ∂º> ÷¶›]_ >™m ºÔV¶VˆÁB º√V‚¶V[.ÔÁ´l_ c‚ÔVÏÕm ∂ø>V[.
k™º>kÁ> kÕ>m. ÔV´›Á>¬ ºÔ‚¶m.>ıßÚ¬z^ Jμ˛ ŒÚ >∫Ô¬ ºÔV¶VˆÁB ®|›m kÕmÔV‚ΩBm. ∂Á>© √VÏ›> º√´VÁƒ¬ÔV´[, g\VD∂m>V[ ®[Æ ÿƒV_o¬ÿÔVıº¶ >∫Ô¬ ºÔV¶VˆÁB¬ÁÔ©√u≈© º√V™V[.
c¶º™ k™º>kÁ> “...! º√´VÁƒ¬ÔV´º™! c^·›Á>∂§B¬ÌΩB c[ ÿ>Fk›Á>BV ∞\Vu≈© √VϬ˛≈VF ?c[–Á¶B ºÔV¶VˆÁB¬ ̶ c™¬z ÿÔV|¬Ô xΩBVmΩ©º√V!” ®[Æ Ì§ \Á≈Õ>m.
º√´VÁƒ¬ÔV´[ ÿkÆ∫ÁÔºBV| T| ]ÚD∏™V[.
º√´VÁƒ ÿ√Ú‚¶D.
∂]Ô gÁƒ ÿÔVı¶V_ c^·mD √§º√VzD.
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129
√luE
I. Œ[Æ ∂_Èm ÷´ı| kˆÔπ_ sÁ¶ >ÚÔ :
1. ÔV‚Ω_ s≈z ÿk‚Ω ®[™ ÿƒFmÿÔVıΩÚÕ>V[ ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
2. s≈z ÿk‚Ωl[ ºÔV¶Vˆ ®∫z søÕ>m ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
3. k™º>kÁ> s≈z ÿk‚Ωl¶D ®[™ ºÔ‚¶m ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
4. k™º>kÁ> \˛μÕm s≈zÿk‚Ω¬z √ˆƒVÔ¬ÿÔV|›>m ®[™ ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
5. s≈z ÿk‚Ωl[ ºÂÏÁ\lÁ™ s·¬zÔ ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
6. º√´VÁƒ¬ÔV´Á™© √VÏ›m k™º>kÁ> ̧BmBVm ?
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
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130
II. ºÔVΩ‚¶ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· W´©AÔ :
1. s≈z ÿk‚Ωl[ ºÔV¶Vˆ ................. søÕ>m.
2. s≈z ÿk‚Ω¬z k™º>kÁ> ................
ºÔV¶VˆÁB•D ................. ºÔV¶VˆÁB•D
√ˆƒVÔ¬ ÿÔV|›>m.
3. º√´VÁƒ¬ÔV´–¬z k™º>kÁ> ÿÔV|©√>uz¬
ÔV‚ΩB ºÔV¶Vˆ ................. g™m.
4. º√´VÁƒ .............. gzD.
III. ºƒÏ›m ®ømÔ :
1. k™D + º>kÁ> = ....................
2. ÷´¬ÔD + ÿÔVı| = ..................
3. >∫ÔD + ºÔV¶Vˆ = ..................
4. ÿk^π + ºÔV¶Vˆ = ..................
5. ÿ√ÚÁ\ + gÁƒ = ..................
IV. ®]ÏflÿƒV_ ®ømÔ :
1. ∂ø>_ x .................
2. º>V[§ x .................
3. \˛μflE x .................
4. cıÁ\ x .................
5. ÷ÈV√D x .................
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131
V. ˇºw z§©∏‚|^· ÷¶∫Ôπ_ ¿∫Ô^√VÏ›>kuÁ≈ ®ømÔ :
Ø∫ÔV ............... ............... ............... ...............
√^π ............... ............... ............... ...............
º√ÚÕm WÁÈBD ............ ............ ............ .............
ÔÁ¶T] ............... ............... ............... ...............
tÚÔ¬ÔV‚EflƒVÁÈ ............ ............ ............ .............
c\¬z› ÿ>ˆÕ> \´∫Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏÔÁ· ®ømÔ† :
1. .........................
2. .........................
3. .........................
4. .........................
¿∫Ô^ \ÈÏÔπ[ ÿ√BÏÔÁ· ®ømÔ :
1. .........................
2. .........................
3. .........................
4. .........................
5. .........................
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132
VI.ˇμ¬ Ôı¶ √V¶ÁÈ© √Ω›m ∂§Ô :
#BÔVuÆD Â[ÃÚD
∑ı¶© √E›> ∏[ c°D
ºÂVÁB ‚Ω s|\©√V !
±Æ kB∑ >Ú\©√V !
VII. zøs_ ºƒ´V>Á> k‚¶t|Ô :
1. >∫ÔD, ÿƒDA, √V>´ƒD, ÿk^π
2. ÔV|, k™D, Ø∫ÔV, T|
3. º>kÁ>, Ô√], v¸©õÀ, xÚÔ[.
4. gÆ, Â], ¿ÏTμflE, z‚Á¶.
VIII. Œ›> Œo©AÁ¶B ÿƒVuÔÁ· ®ømÔ :
ÔV| ............... ............... ............... ...............
k™D ............... ............... ............... ...............
√ÈD ............... ............... ............... ...............
Ô[Æ ............... ............... ............... ...............
s≈z ............... ............... ............... ...............
√EBV_ kV|D ŒÚk–¬z *[ >ÚkÁ>s¶*[ ∏Ω©√>uz ÔuÆ›>´ºkı|D.
- Ê™©√wÿ\Va
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133
kıD y‚|Ô.
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134
]∫Ô^ √Mÿ´ı|
E›>Á´ ÁkÔVE gM gΩ gkË
A´‚¶VE n©√E ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ \VÏÔa
Œ›mkÚD Á> \VE √∫zM ®_ÈVD ÷Ák
´VıΩ[ √M´ı| ]∫Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏ.
ÿÔV›m¬ ÿÔV›>VF ØsÚ¬zD E›]Á´lºÈ
Ì°D zl_ ! \Áw ÿ√F•D ÔVÏ›]ÁÔlºÈ
ÿ\›>zπ VlÚ¬zD \VÏÔalºÈ tÔ
ÿk©√¬Ô]Ï ÔV‚E>ÚD Á>© ∏≈©∏ºÈ!
- √V´]>Vƒ[.
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135
√Ω›>§Ô :
]ÁƒÔ^ :Ô]Ï xÁ·©√m ˛w¬z - ∂>[®]Ï ÷Ú©√m º\uzx]Ï ÷\BD k¶¬z - ∂>[®]Ï z\ˆ ÿ>uz
- √V´]>Vƒ[
√Ω›>§Ô :
ÿÔV›m ÿÔV›>VF ÿ\›> zπ´VlÚ¬zD
Ì°D zl_ ÿk©√¬Ô]Ï.
\Áw© ÿ√F•D
√luE
I. sÁ¶Bπ¬Ô°D :
1. >tμ \V>∫Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏÔÁ· kˆÁƒBVÔ ®ømÔ.
1. .................... 2. .................. 3. ............... 4. .............
5. .................... 6. .................. 7. ............... 8. .............
9. .................. 10. ................. 11. .............. 12. .............
2. ÿÔV›m¬ ÿÔV›>VF ®Õ>\V>›]_ Ø Ø¬zD ?
3. ®D\V>›]_ \Áw© ÿ√Va•D ?
4. \VÏÔa\V>D ®©√Ω ÷Ú¬zD ?
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136
II. ºÔVΩ‚¶ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· W´©AÔ :
1. ØsÚ¬zD E›]Á´l_ .............. Ì°D.
2. ............. ÿ√F•D ÔVÏ›]ÁÔl_.
3. ÿ\›>zπ´VlÚ¬zD ...............
4. tÔ ÿk©√¬ Ô]Ï .............. ∏≈©∏_.
III. ∏ˆ›ÿ>ømÔ :
1. ØsÚ¬zD
2. \Áw© ÿ√F•D
3. ÿk©√¬Ô]Ï
4. Á>©∏≈©A
IV. ÿ√VÚ›] ®ømÔ :
∂ g
1. E›]Á´ ∂. ÿk©√D
2. ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ g. zπÏ
3. \VÏÔa ÷. \Áw
4. Á> ~. Ø Ø¬zD.
gΩ©√‚¶D º>Ω sÁ>
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137
21. k™ sÈ∫zÔÁ·¬ ÔV©º√VD
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138
x[–Á´ :
∂wz tz sÈ∫zÔ”D √≈ÁkÔ”D ÷_ÈVsΩ_ÂDxÁ¶B kVμ¬ÁÔ √B™u≈m g˛s|D,sÈ∫zÔÁ·•D, √≈ÁkÔÁ·•D √VmÔV¬Ôflƒ´VÈB∫Ô^ ∞u√|›> ºkı|D, ®[≈VÏ √ıΩ>¤k«ÏÈV_ ºÂÚ. ∂kÏ kV¬z WÁ≈ºkÆD kÁÔl_, Â\m∂´ƒV∫ÔD g∫ÔV∫z √≈ÁkÔ^ √VmÔV©AWÁÈB∫ÔÁ·•D, k™ sÈ∫zfl ƒ´VÈB∫ÔÁ·•D∞u√|›]•^·m. ÂD ÂV‚| º>EB sÈ∫ÔVÔ Ao•D,º>EB √≈ÁkBVÔ \lKD º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
k™ sÈ∫zÔπ[ √B[ :
k™ sÈ∫zÔ”D, √≈ÁkÔ”D Â\¬z ∂]Ô·°√BÁ™› >Ú˛[≈™.
∂Ák ÂV‚Ωuz ∂wÁÔ•D ÿ√VoÁk•D >Ú˛[≈™.º\KD \M>ÏÔ”¶[ ∂]Ô ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B™ \V[PÒ
|©US \V[ ÿÔVDA, º>Vø»²®, BVÁ™ BVÁ™›>Õ>zøu²D u¸QßÓx. EÈ sÈ∫zÔπ[ ÿÔVø©A|©US \ÚÕ>VÔ© √B[√|˛≈m. BVÁ™, Ao, EÆ›Á>E∫ÔD, ÔVı¶VtÚÔD x>oB sÈ∫zÔ^ Â\¬z ∂ÕWBflÿƒÈVkËÁB ~‚Ω› >Ú˛[≈™. >kÁ·, ®o, z´∫zº√V[≈Ák g´VFflE¬z© √B[√|˛[≈™.
k™ sÈ∫z √VmÔV©A :
ÔV‚Ω_ c^· sÈ∫zÔÁ·•D √≈ÁkÔÁ·•D \M>[∂a›m kÚ˛[≈V[. ºk‚Á¶BV¶°D, ÿ√Vømº√V¬Ô°D ÔV|ÔÁ·•D, sÈ∫zÔÁ·•D ∂a›ms‚¶V[. ÷>™V_ ∂Ák ªÏÔ”¬z^ AzÕm
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139
clÏfl ºƒ>›Á> ∞u√|›m˛[≈™. ÂD ƒ∫Ô› >tμ÷Ȭ˛B∫Ôπ_ ÔV©√|D sÈ∫˛™∫ÔÁ·•D,√≈Ákl™∫ÔÁ·•D >uÿ√Vøm ÔV xΩk]_ÁÈ.EÆ›Á>, E∫ÔD, Ao, Ô´Ω, ÔVı¶V tÚÔD º√V[≈sÈ∫zÔ^ k´ k´ zÁ≈Õm kÚk>V_ ÷kuÁ≈©√VmÔV©√m ∂kEBD. ®™ºk ∂´∑, k™sÈ∫z©√VmÔV©Afl ƒ‚¶D Œ[Á≈ ÷Bu§, ∂Á> ÂÁ¶xÁ≈©√|›]•^·m.
ƒ´VÈB∫Ô^ :
ÔÚÂV¶Ô›]_ Á\ÛÚ¬z ∂Ú˛_ xm\ÁÈ, √Õ]©ØÏ,ÂVÔ´ÿ«Vº·, √[º™´Ô‚¶V º√V[≈ ÷¶∫Ôπ_ƒ´VÈB∫Ô^ c^·™. ´∫Ô™]‚| ®[–t¶›]_√≈ÁkÔ^ ƒ´VÈBD c^·m. ÷∫z^· sÈ∫zÔ”D√≈ÁkÔ”D, ®ÀkÁÔBV™ √BxD ÷[§ kVμ˛[≈™.gÕ]´© ∏´º>ƒ›]_ ‘z‚¶Ï,’ ‘ÂVÔÿ´VD,’ ‘√¬ÔV_.’®[–t¶∫ÔπKD z¤´V› \VWÈ›]_ ‘˛Ï’®[–t¶›]KD \›]B©∏´º>ƒ›]K^· ‘√[™V’ ®[≈÷¶∫ÔπKD k™ sÈ∫z ƒ´VÈB∫Ô^ c^·™.
\Vÿ√ÚD ƒ´VÈBD :
÷Õ]BVs_ ‘Ô[«V’ ®[–D ÷¶›]K^· ƒ´VÈBDtÔ© ÿ√ˆBm. ÷∫z© √ÈkÁÔ© √≈ÁkÔ”D, \V[÷™∫Ô”D, EÆ›Á>, Ao, E∫ÔD, Ô´Ω º√V[≈sÈ∫zÔ”D ∞´V·\VÔ k·Ï¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. >tμÂV‚ΩK^· ºk¶Õ>V∫Ô_ ®[–t¶›]uz √_ÈVl´¬Ô¬ÔV™ ˛ºÈV *‚¶Ï #´›]oÚÕm ∂B_ÂV‚|©√≈ÁkÔ^ kÕm >∫˛fl ÿƒ_˛[≈™. √≈ÁkÔ^ ÷∫zx‚Á¶l‚| ÿ√Vˆ›m ÷™sÚ›] ÿƒFm >∫Ô^
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140
zfi∑ÔÁ· c¶[ ∂Áw›mfl ÿƒ_˛[≈™.
xΩ°Á´ :
ÔV|Ô^ ∂akÁ>› >|¬Ô ºkı|D. ÷>uz ŒÚkÁÔl_ c>s ÿƒFkm \´D Â| swV. k™ sÈ∫zÔÁ·©√VmÔV©√>uzD ÂV‚Ω_ \Áw ÿ√Vak>uzD ÔV|Ô^º>Ák. sÈ∫zÔÁ· √VmÔV©√m ∂ÚÁ\BVl–D \¬Ô^∏≈ clÏÔπ¶xD ∂[AD, ÔÚÁ•D ÿÔVı|√VmÔV©√m ÂÈD √B¬zD.
√Ω›>§Ô :
sÈ∫zÔÁ·•D √≈ÁkÔÁ·•D √VmÔV¬Ôflƒ´VÈB∫Ô^ ∞u√|›> ºkı|D.
>kÁ·, z´∫z ®o º√V[≈Ák g´VFflE¬z©√B[√|˛[≈™.
ÔV|ÔÁ· ∂a©√>V_ k™sÈ∫zÔ^ ªÚ¬z^ kÕms|˛[≈™.
ÔÚÂV¶Ô›][ xm\ÁÈ, √Õ]©ØÏ, ÂVÔ´ÿ«Vº·√[º™´Ô‚¶V, º√V[≈ ÷¶∫Ôπ_ ƒ´VÈB∫Ô^c^·™.
÷Õ]BVs_ ‘Ô[«V’ ®[–D ÷¶›]K^· ƒ´VÈBDtÔ© ÿ√ˆBm.
ÔV|Ô^ ∂a©√Á>› >|¬Ô ºkı|D.
>tμ ÂV‚ΩK^· ºk¶Õ>V∫ÔK¬z √_ÈVl´¬Ô¬ÔV™ ˛ºÈV*‚¶Ï #´›]oÚÕm ∂B_ ÂV‚|©√≈ÁkÔ^ kÕm >∫˛fl ÿƒ_˛[≈™.
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141
I. ∂ÚfiÿƒVu ÿ√VÚ^ :
1. k™D = ÔV|
2. kV¬z = ÿƒV_
3. ÿ√Vo° = E≈©A
4. ~‚|>_ = ƒD√V]›>_
5. ºƒ>D = ∂a°
6. ƒ´VÈBD = √VmÔV©∏¶D
√luE
II. ®]Ïfl ÿƒV_ >ÚÔ :
1. zÁ≈° x
2. ∂Ú˛_ x
3. ÿ√ˆBm x
4. √È x
5. ∂a©√m x
III. s™V¬Ô”¬z sÁ¶ >ÚÔ :
1. k™sÈ∫zÔÁ·© √VmÔV¬Ô √ıΩ> ¤k«ÏÈV_ºÂÚ Ì§Bm ®[™ ?
sÁ¶ ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
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142
2. ÂD ÂV‚Ω[ º>EB sÈ∫z BVm ?
sÁ¶ ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
3. ÂD ÂV‚Ω[ º>EB √≈Ák ®m ?
sÁ¶ ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
4. sÈ∫zÔ^ Â\¬z >ÚD ÿƒ_k∫Ô^ BVÁk ?
sÁ¶ ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
5. g´VFflE¬z© √B[ √|D sÈ∫zÔ^ BVÁk ?
sÁ¶ ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
6. \¬Ô^ ÔV|ÔÁ·•D sÈ∫zÔÁ·•D ®ÀkVÆ∂a›>™Ï ?
sÁ¶ ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
7. ÔÚÂV¶Ô›]_ ƒ´VÈB∫Ô^ ®∫z^·™ ?
sÁ¶ ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
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143
8. gÕ]´©∏´º>ƒ›]_ k™sÈ∫z ƒ´VÈB∫Ô^®∫z^·™ ?
sÁ¶ ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
9. ÷Õ]BVs_ c^· tÔ© ÿ√ˆB ƒ´VÈBD ®m ? ∂m®∫z^·m ?
sÁ¶ ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
10. ÔV|Ô^ ∂akÁ>› >|¬Ô ºkı|D ∞[ ? ®©√Ω?
sÁ¶ ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
IV. ÿ√VÚ›mÔ :
1. º>EB©√≈Ák «V¬˛
2. º>EB sÈ∫z gÈ\´D
3. º>EB \ÈÏ \l_
4. º>EB \´D Ao
5. º>EB sÁ·BV‚| >V\Á´
V. ∏[ kÚD ÿƒVuÿ≈V¶ÏÔÁ· kV¬˛B›]_∂Á\›m ®ømÔ :
1. ƒ´VÈBD
2. \l_
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144
3. √VmÔV©º√VD
4. g´VFflE
VI.s|√‚¶ ÷¶›]_ ˇμ¬Ôı¶ku§[ŒoÔÁ·© ÿ√VÚ›] ®ømÔ :
1. º>Ã - ∂Ô°D
2. zl_ - √V|D
3. ˆ - cÆxD
4. Ao - Ì°D
5. \l_ - ªÁ·l|D
÷©√V¶ÁÈ© √VΩ© √wzÔ :
Ô_KD \ÁÈ•D z]›mkÕº>[ - ÿ√Ú∫
ÔV|D ÿƒΩ•D Ô¶Õm kÕº>[.
®_ÁÈ sˆÕ> ƒ\ÿkπ ®∫zD - ÂV[
÷≈∫˛› >kμÕm >kμÕm kÕº>[,
∞≈V> º\|Ô^ ∞§kÕº>[ - √È
∞ˆ z·∫Ô^ W´©∏ kÕº>[,
ª≈V> ªu§KD c‚AzÕº>[ - \_
Á¶Ô^ ÿ√V∫˛¶ ΩkÕº>[.
VII. \V§•^· ®ø›m¬ÔÁ· xÁ≈© √|›] ®ømÔ :
∫ E D Ô ..........................
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145
Æ E Á> › ..........................
Á™ ¿ BV Ï ..........................
´ Ô Ω ..........................
[ \V ..........................
o A ..........................
gÆ s›]BVƒ∫Ô^ Ôı|∏Ω¬Ô.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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146
ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ kV_ÔÁ·› º>ÏÕÿ>|›msÈ∫zÔ”¶[ ÷Á¬Ô°D :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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147
22. Â_ka
1. guÆ©ÿ√Ú¬z ∂uÆ ∂Ω∑|D ∂ÕÂV”D
∂ÀkVÆ ªuÆ© ÿ√Ú¬ÔV_ cÈz ª‚|D-∞u≈kϬz
Â_ zΩ©∏≈Õ>VÏ Â_ÌÏÕ>VÏ g™VKD
÷_ÁÈ ®™\V‚¶VÏ ÷ÁƒÕm.
- Œ·ÁkBVÏ
ÔÚ›mÁ´ :
gÆ, ÿk^·© ÿ√Ú¬z ÷_ÈV\_ ¶©√kÚÁ¶BÔVÁÈfl ∑|˛[≈ ∂·suz k≈ı¶ ÔVÈ›]KD ˇμ¿´V˛B ªuÆ JÈD cÈÔ \¬Ô”¬z c° ∂π¬zD. ∂mº√VÈ Â_È z|D√›]_ ∏≈Õ> Â[\¬Ô^ >V∫Ô^kÆÁ\l_ kVΩ™VKD kÚºkVϬz ÷_ÁÈ ®[ÆÿƒV_ÈV\_ ÿÔV|©√VÏÔ^.
∂ÚfiÿƒVuÿ√VÚ^ :
ÿ√Ú¬z - ÿk^·D
∂uÆ - ÷_ÈV\_, W[Æ º√VF
∂Ω∑|D - \_ ÿk©√D ∞uÆ Â¶©√kÏ ÔV_ ∑|D.
ª‚|D - c° ∂π¬zD.
Â_ÌÏÕ>VÏ - kÆÁ\ cÁ¶ºBVÏ
∞u≈kϬz - ÷_ÁÈ ®[Æ ºÔ‚√kϬz.
÷ÁƒÕm - \™D Œ©∏.
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148
2. ŒÚÂV^ cÁk Œa®[≈V_ ŒaBVF
÷ÚÂV”¬z ∞_®[≈V_ ∞ÈVF-ŒÚÂV”D
®[ºÂV° ∂§BVF ÷|DÁ√ÌÏ ®[ klº≈ !
c[º™V| kVμ>_ ∂ˆm.
- Œ·ÁkBVÏ
ÔÚ›mÁ´ :
m[√D tz>uzˆB ®[ klº≈ ! c° ˛Á¶¬ÔV>º√Vm ŒÚÂV^ cı ºkıΩB cÁk s‚| ÷Ú®[≈V_ ÷Ú¬Ô\V‚¶VF. c° ˛Á¶¬zDº√Vm÷´ı| ÂV‚Ô”¬zD ºƒÏÕm cı ®[≈VKDcı\V‚¶VF. ŒÀÿkVÚ ÂV”D ÂV[ c°º>|k>uz© √|D m[√›Á> ¿ ∂§B \V‚¶VF, ®™ºk÷›>ÁÔB ÷B_A ÿÔVı¶ c[º™V| ÂV[ ÌΩ kVμ>_ÔΩ™D.
∂ÚfiÿƒVuÿ√VÚ^ :
÷|DÁ√ - m[√D
∞_ - ∞uƬÿÔV^
ºÂV° - m[√D
∂ˆm - ÔΩ™D
Œa - s‚| s|
>tμ ÿ\Val[ ®ø›m¬Ô^ ‘∂’ s_ g´D∏›m,ÔÁ¶El_ ‘[’ ®[≈ ®ø›m¶[ xΩ˛≈m. ∂m º√VȺk]Ú¬z≈”D ‘∂’ s_ g´D∏›m ÔÁ¶El_ ‘[’ ®[ÆxΩ˛[≈m.
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149
23. zΩB´∑› >ÁÈk´V™ Â_ÈVEˆBÏ
Ô_s ®[√m ®ø›>§Ák \‚|º\ÿÔV|¬Ô¬ ÌΩB>VÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈m.∂m, \M>Á™fl EÕ]¬Ô Ák¬Ô¬ÌΩB>VÔ°D, AˆÕm ÿÔV^· Ák©√>VÔ°D,ÿ√VÆÁ\ k·Ï©√>VÔ°D ÷Ú›>_ ºkı|D.
÷ÀkVÆ Ì§BkÏ ¶V¬¶Ï. ÷´V>V˛Úi[ ∂kÏÔ^.÷kÏ ÷Õ]B¬ zΩB´∑›>ÁÈk´VÔ© √>s k˛›>VKD >VDÏ gEˆBÏ ®[√]ºÈºB ÿ√ÚÁ\ ÿÔVı¶kÏ. ∂k´mkVμ¬ÁÔ k´ÈVuÁ≈ ∂§Õm, ∂kÏ kal_ ¶©º√VD.
˛.∏. 1888 - gD gı| ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 5 - gD ÂV^]Ú. ÷´V>V˛Úi[ ]Ú›>Ël_ ∏≈Õ>VÏ. ÷kÚÁ¶B>ÕÁ>BVÏ ]Ú. T´VƒVt nBÏ, >VBVÏ ]Ú\]. Ê>D\V^.ÿ>V¶¬Ô¬ Ô_sÁB› ]Ú›>ËlKD, ]Ú©√]lKDxΩ›>VÏ. cBÏ Ô_sÁB ºkŸÏ ªˆ∑¬ Ô_ŸˆlKD,ÿƒ[Á™lKD ÔuÆ› º>ÏÕ>VÏ.
¶V¬¶Ï. ÷´V>V˛Úi[ ÿƒ[Á™ \VWȬ Ô_Ÿˆl_º√´VEB´VÔ› >D √ËÁB› ÿ>V¶∫˛™VÏ. >[–Á¶B®πB, ÔMkV™ º>Vu≈›>VKD, Ôu∏›>_ ]≈›>VKD\VkÏÔπ[ c^·∫ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔV^Á·¬ ÿÔVı¶VÏ.
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150
\VkÏÔ”¬z Â_È Âı√´VÔ°D, kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ°D]ÔμÕ>VÏ. ÷Õ]BVsK^· ®_ÈV© √_ÔÁȬ ÔwÔ∫Ô”D¶V¬¶Ï. ÷´V>V˛Úi[ ∂kÏÔÁ·© √ËB\Ï›>sÚD∏ ∂Áw›>™. g™V_, ÷kÏ Á\ÛÚ √_ÔÁȬÔwÔ›]_ >›mk© º√´VEˆB´V™VÏ. ∏[ Ô_Ô›>V√_ÔÁȬ ÔwÔ›]KD º√´VEˆBÏ √ËlÁ™ ∞u≈VÏ.
÷kÏ g∫˛È›]_ >∫z >Á¶l[§ \Á¶]≈Õ>ÿk^·D º√VÈ© º√∑D gu≈_ kVFÕ>kÏ. cÈÔ©√_ÔÁȬ ÔwÔ∫Ô^ ÷kÚ¬z© √]º™ø xÁ≈ ¶V¬¶Ï√‚¶D kw∫˛fl E≈©∏›>™.
÷kÏ gEˆBÏ √ˬz› >DÁ\ ∂Ï©√Ë›m¬ÿÔVı¶VKD, ÂV‚| s|>ÁÈ© º√V´V‚¶›]KD √∫zÿÔVı¶VÏ. ∂ı_ ÔVÕ]BΩÔ^, ºÂÚ º√V[≈>ÁÈkÏÔ”¶[ ÷ÁÕm º√V´VΩ™VÏ. ÂV| s|>ÁÈ∂Á¶Õ> ∏≈z ÷´ı| xÁ≈ ÷Õ]B¬ zΩB´∑› mÁ›>ÁÈk´VÔ© ÿ√VÆ©º√u≈VÏ. 1962 - gD gıΩ_ ÷Õ]B¬zΩB´∑› >ÁÈk´VÔ› º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô© √‚¶VÏ.
>D ∏≈Õ> ÂVÁ· gEˆBÏ ]™\VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶V¶ºkı|D ®[Æ sÚD∏™VÏ. ∂kÚÁ¶B sÚ©√©√Ωgı|º>VÆD ∂kÚÁ¶B ∏≈Õ> ÂV·V™ ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 5 gDÂV^ gEˆBÏ ]™\VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶V¶©√‚| kÚ˛≈m.∂ÕÂVπ_ \›]B, \VWÈ ∂´∑Ô^ E≈Õ> gEˆBÏÔÁ·›º>ÏÕÿ>|›m Â_ÈVEˆBÏ sÚmÔ^ kw∫˛fl E≈©∏›mkÚ˛[≈™. 1997 x>_ ∂ÀsÚm ¶V¬¶Ï ÷´V>V˛Úi[sÚm ®[Æ ∂kÚÁ¶B ÿ√BˆºÈºB kw∫Ô©√|˛≈m.
∂˛È cÈÔD º√VuÆD ÷ÕÂ_ÈVEˆBÚ¬z \›]B ∂´∑ÂD ÂV‚Ω[ cBˆB sÚ>V™ √V´> ´›™V sÚm kw∫˛©ÿ√ÚÁ\©√|›]•^·m. ÷kÏ 1975 - gD gı| ∞©´_]∫Ô^ √]º™wVD ÂV^ ÷BuÁÔ ®F]™VÏ. \Vº\Á>BVD∂kÏ \Á≈Õ>VKD ∂kÏ>D AÔμ ®[ÆD \Á≈BVm.
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√Ω›>§Ô : ¶V¬¶Ï, ÷´V>V˛Úi[ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈk´VÔ© √>s
k˛›>VKD >VD Ï gEˆBÏ ®[√]ºÈºB ÿ√ÚÁ\ÿÔVı¶kÏ.
∂kÚÁ¶B ∏≈Õ> ÂVÁ· gEˆBÏ ]™\VÔ¬ÿÔVı¶V|˛º≈VD.
¶V¬¶Ï. ÷´V>V˛Úi[ ÿƒ[Á™ \VWȬ Ô_Ÿˆl_º√´VEˆB´VÔ› >D √ËÁB› ÿ>V¶∫˛™VÏ.
cÈÔ©√_ÔÁȬ ÔwÔ∫Ô^ ÷kÚ¬z© √]º™øxÁ≈¶V¬¶Ï √‚¶D kw∫˛fl E≈©∏›>™.
\›]B ∂´∑ √V´> ´›™V sÚm kw∫˛ÿ√ÚÁ\©√|›]•^·m.
√luEI. ®]ÏflÿƒV_ >ÚÔ :
1. ÿ√ÚÁ\ x .................2. ®πB x .................3. Â_È x .................4. ]≈Õm x .................5. AÔμ x .................
II. ºÔVΩ‚¶ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· W´©AÔ :1. cÈÔ© √_ÔÁȬ ÔwÔ∫Ô^ ÷kÚ¬z© ............. xÁ≈
¶V¬¶Ï √‚¶D kw∫˛fl E≈©∏›>™.
2. ÷´ı|xÁ≈ ÷Õ]B¬ zΩB´∑› .............ÿ√VÆ©º√u≈VÏ.
3. ∂kÚÁ¶B ∏≈Õ>ÂV^ ................ ]™\VÔ¬ÿÔVı¶V¶©√‚| kÚ˛≈m.
4. \›]B ∂´∑ ............... sÚm kw∫˛©ÿ√ÚÁ\©√|›]•^·m.
5. ÷kÏ Á\ÛÏ©√_ÔÁȬ ÔwÔ›]_ ..............º√´VEˆB´V™VÏ.
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III. Œ[Æ ∂_Èm ÷´ı| kˆÔπ_ sÁ¶ >ÚÔ :
1. ¶V¬¶Ï ÷´V>V˛Úi[ ®∫z, ®©º√Vm ∏≈Õ>VÏ?
sÁ¶ ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
2. ¶V¬¶Ï ÷´V>V˛Úi[ ∂kÏÔπ[ ÿ√uº≈VÏ BVkÏ ?
sÁ¶ ................................................................................
...............................................................................
3. ¶V¬¶Ï ÷´V>V˛Úi[ ÿ>V¶¬Ô¬ Ô_sÁB•D
cBÏÔ_sÁB•D ®∫z √l[≈VÏ ?
sÁ¶ ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
4. ¶V¬¶Ï ÷´V>V˛Úi[ ®©º√Vm zΩB´∑›
>ÁÈkÏ g™VÏ ?
sÁ¶ ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
5. ¶V¬¶Ï ÷´V>V˛Úi[ \VkÏÔπ¶D ÔV‚ΩB
∂[Á√ s·¬zÔ.
sÁ¶ ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
6. ¶V¬¶Ï ÷´V>V˛Úi[ ∂kÏÔπ[ g∫˛È
ÿ\Va gu≈ÁÈ© √u§ ®ømÔ.
sÁ¶ ...............................................................................
...............................................................................
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153
IV. ºw ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚|^· kV¬˛B∫ÔÁ·© √Ω›mflƒˆBV™ ÿƒV_ÁÈ W´©AÔ :
ë(ƒÁ\B_ ∂Á≈ : \Ú›mk\Á™ ;√^π¬Ì¶D ; º√ÚÕm WÁÈBD ; Á\>V™D)
1. zwÕÁ>Ô^ √Ω¬zD ÷¶D .................
2. º√ÚÕmÔ^ WuzD ÷¶D .................
3. \VÁÈl_ zwÕÁ>Ô^ sÁ·BV|D ÷¶D ...........
4. c° >BVˆ¬zD ÷¶D ................
5. ºÂVBVπÔ^ E˛flÁƒ ÿ√ÆD ÷¶D ................
V. ÁÔÿBø›m© ∏´]ÔÁ·© √Ω¬Ô°D.
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154
VI. |õ÷ÍkPøͨ £iUPÄ®.
(Ô¶_ kVøD cl´™∫ÔÁ· k‚¶t|.)
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155
Â[§ - ]™›>Õ]
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156
24. ]Ú¬z≈^
sÚÕº>VD√_
1. ÿƒ_sÚÕm D∏ kÚsÚÕm √VÏ›]Ú©√V[Â_ sÚÕm kV™›>kϬz.
2. º\V©√¬ zÁw•D ∂MflƒD xÔÕ]ˆÕmºÂV¬Ô¬ zÁw•D sÚÕm.
ÿƒFÕ Â[§ ∂§>_.3. ÿƒFBV\u ÿƒF> c>s¬z ÁkBÔxD
kV™ÔxD gu≈ Ȉm.4. Â[§ \≈©√m Â[≈[Æ Â[≈_Èm
∂[º≈ \≈©√m Â[Æ.Ô_s
5. ÔıbÁ¶BVÏ ®[√kÏ Ôuº≈VÏ xÔ›]´ı|AıbÁ¶BVÏ Ô_ÈV >kÏ.
6. ºÔΩ_ søfl ÿƒ_kD Ô_s ŒÚkuz\V¶_È \uÁ≈ BÁk
- ]Úk^”kÏ.∂ÚfiÿƒVu ÿ√VÚ^ :1. D∏ = º√Vu§ : kÚsÚÕm = kÚD sÚÕ]™Ï,
kV™›>kϬz = kV–È˛K^· º>kÏÔ”¬z.
2. º\V©√ = xÔÏÕm √VÏ›>_ ; zÁw•D = kV|DºÂV¬Ô = √VϬÔ.
3. ÁkBÔD = \ıbÈÔDkV™ÔD = kV–ÈÔD.
4. Â[§ = Â[Á\ ;
5. Ôuº≈VÏ = Ôu≈kÏ ; xÔ›]´ı| = xÔ›]_ ÷´ı|
6. søflÿƒ_kD = ∂aku≈ÿƒ_kD ; \V¶_È = ÿƒ_kD∂_È
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ÔÚ›mÁ´ :
1. kÕ> sÚÕ]™Á´© º√Vu§ ÷M kÚD sÚÕ]™Á´®]Ï©√VÏ›]Ú©√k[, kV–ÈÔ›]_ c^· º>kϬzDÂ_È sÚÕ]™[ gkV[.
2. ∂Mflƒ©Ø xÔÏÕ>°¶[ kVΩ s|D. ∂mº√V_,xÔ\ÈÏflEl[§ ºkÆ√‚| ºÂV¬˛™V_, sÚÕ]™ÏxÔD kV|D .
3. >V[ Ï c>s•D x[ ÿƒFBV]Ú¬Ô, ∏≈Ï >™¬zfl ÿƒF>c>s¬z \ıbÈÁÔ•D sıbÈÁÔ•D ÁÔ \V≈VÔ¬ÿÔV|›>VKD ~| gÔVm.
4. ŒÚkÏ x[ ÿƒF> Â[Á\ÁB \≈©√m Â_È>_È. ∂kÏÿƒF> yÁ\ÁB ∂©ÿ√Vøº> \≈Õm s|km Â_Èm.
5. Ô_s Ôu≈kÏÔ”¬z Ôı ÔıVÔ¬ ÔÚ>©√|D\u≈kÏÔ”¬z ∂m AıVÔ¬ ÔÚ>©√|D.
6. ŒÚk–¬z ∂a° ÷_ÈV> E≈Õ> ÿƒ_kD Ô_sºBgzD. Ô_s >s´ \u≈© ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ ®_ÈVD (∂›>ÁÔBE≈©AÁ¶B) ÿƒ_kD ∂_È.
I. sÁ¶Bπ¬Ô°D :
1. º>kÏÔ”¬z Â_È sÚÕ]™™VÔ ∂Á\kÏ BVÏ ?
2. sÚÕ]™Ï ®©ÿ√Vøm kVΩs|kÏ ?
3. \ıbÈÁÔ•D sıbÈÁÔ•D ÁÔD\V≈VÔ¬ÿÔV|›>VKD ®>uz ~| gÔ xΩBVm ?
4. ®Á> \≈Õm s|km E≈Õ>m gzD ?
5. xÔ›]_ ÷´ı| Aı cÁ¶BkÏ BVkÏ ?
6. ŒÚk–¬z ∂as_ÈV> ÿƒ_kD ®m ?
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158
ÂÕ>ÈVÈV
ÔV¬ÁÔfl E≈˛MºÈ ÂÕ>ÈVÈV ! - W[≈[
ÔˆB W≈Õ º>V[Æ Á>ºB ÂÕ>ÈVÈV !
√VϬzD \´∫Ô ÿ·_ÈVD ÂÕ>ÈVÈV ! - W[≈[
√flÁƒ W≈Õ º>V[Æ Á>ºB, ÂÕ>ÈVÈV !
ºÔ‚z ÿ\Vol ÿÈ_ÈVD ÂÕ>ÈVÈV ! - W[≈[
ˇ> tÁƒ¬z >¶V, ÂÕ>ÈVÈV !
y¬z^ s´ÁÈ Ák›>V_ ÂÕ>ÈVÈV - W[Á™›
yı| t[√Õ º>V[Æ>¶V, ÂÕ>ÈVÈV !
- \ÔVÔs √V´]BVÏ
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159
]≈[Ô”D √V¶ ®ıÔ”D
]≈[√z]
]≈[Ô^ √V¶ ®ı
1. ºÔ‚¶_1. ∂§xÔ\V™ Ûwo_
®πB ÿƒVuÿ√Va°ÔÁ·¬ 13, 21ºÔ‚√m¶[ AˆÕm¬ÿÔV^km.
2. ∂§xÔt_ÈV> Ûwo_ 10, 14, 18ÿƒVuÿ√Va°ÔÁ·•DcÁ´BV¶_ÔÁ·•D AˆÕm¬ÿÔV^”>_.
3. ∂§xÔt_ÈV> Ûwo_ÿƒB_√V|Ô^, ÷ku§_~|√‚¶ z§©AÔÁ·•DÁƒÁÔÔÁ·•D AˆÕm¬ÿÔV^km.
4. ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ √V¶©√z]l[ Á\B¬ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· ∂§Õm¬ÿÔV^km
1. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ© º√∑>_. 18, 22,2. ÿ>πkVÔ \™©√V¶D 1, 2,
ÿƒFm Œ©As›>_.3. ∂§xÔt_ÈV> 6, 20
ÿ√VÚ‚ÔÁ· AˆÕm¬ÿÔV^”>_
4. kz©√Á≈l_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√ÆD®πB kV>D \uÆD skV>D 16, 23º√V[≈ku§_ √∫z ÿ√Æ>_.
5. º√fl∑ ÿ\Va \uÆD ÷Ȭ˛Bÿ\VaÔπ[ ÷Á¶ºBBV™ 4, 15, 19ºkÆ√V‚Á¶¬ Ôu≈_.
º√∑>_
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160
1. sB©Ø‚|D √¶¬ÔÁ>Ô^ 6, 7\uÆD √›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔÁ·©√Ω›>_.
2. ÁÔÿBø›m© ∏´]Ô^\uÆD \u≈kÏÔπ[ÁÔÿBø›Á>© √Ω›>_.
3. EÆkÏ ÷Ȭ˛B∫ÔÁ·© 4, 11, 17√Ω›>_.
4. ∞≈¬zÁ≈B 4000 ÿƒVuÔÁ·©√Ω›m© AˆÕm¬ ÿÔV^”>_ 7, 8, 16
5. √V¶›]_ c^· ÿƒF]›ÿ>Vz©A \uÆD WÔμ°Ôπ[ 3, 9ÔV´ ÔVˆB∫ÔÁ·© AˆÕm¬ÿÔV^”>_.
6. √V¶© √z]ÁB© √Ω›>∏[®©√Ω ? ∞[ ? ®>uz ? 6, 12, 20º√V[≈ s™V¬Ô”¬zsÁ¶Bπ›>_.
1. ∂wÔVÔ°D ÿ>πkVÔ°D 5, 1®øm>_.
2. ºÔ‚| ®øm>_ JÈD √B[√V‚ΩoÚ¬zD ®ø›m¬ 14Az§X|ÔÁ·© √B[ √|›]®øm>_.
3. z§©AÔÁ·© ∏[√u§®ø›m¬ z§X|ÔÁ·¬ 5, 16ÿÔVı¶ √›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔÁ·®øm>_.
4. ®πB √Á¶©√Vu≈_s]ÔÁ·© AˆÕm ÿÔVı| 3, 5, 18ÿƒVuÿ≈V¶ÏÔÁ·cÚkV¬z>_
√Ω›>_
®øm>_
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