4th Intl. Conf. on Technology Policy and Innovation Curitiba, 28-31 August 2000 CENTER FOR...
-
Upload
desiree-banford -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of 4th Intl. Conf. on Technology Policy and Innovation Curitiba, 28-31 August 2000 CENTER FOR...
4th Intl. Conf. on Technology Policy and Innovation
Curitiba, 28-31 August 2000
CENTER FOR INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY RESEARCH, IN+
Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon
http://in3.dem.ist.utl.pt
CENTER FOR INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY AND POLICY RESEARCH, IN+
Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon
http://in3.dem.ist.utl.pt
Towards a University Agenda on Engineering Policy
and the Management of Technology
Pedro Conceição and Manuel Heitor
Towards a University Agenda on Engineering Policy
and the Management of Technology
Pedro Conceição and Manuel Heitor
Background: trends for the University ?
Conceicão & heitor (1999)
Codified knowledge(“software”)
Tacit knowledge(“wetware”)
• Valorization of human and intellectual capital?
Challenges and … Opportunities...Challenges and … Opportunities...
TRADITIONAL MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE UNIVERSITIES and R&D IN SOCIETY
The model: “american university” as reference
1. Intellectual Property Protection
issues: economic impact negligible
promotes institutional integrity
requires adaptation and flexibility
2. Technology Infrastructures and Science Parks
issues: emphasis local development
have not promoted U-I linkages
TRADITIONAL MECHANISMS TO PROMOTE THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITIES IN SOCIETY
The trend: a process of “institutional convergence”
The result: universities today, despite their long historical I inheritance, are relatively new institutions…
… with a complex set of incentive structures and organizational features (Rosenberg & Nelson, 1996)
The threat: institutional integrityThe analysis: “standard”, linear model has been implicit in m most studiesThe analysis: “standard”, linear model has been implicit in m most studies
New technologies
Existingtechnologies
2000 2010
Edudation / trainingfor last 10 years
2000 2010
Education / training acquired for more than 10 years
2010: 80% of technologies with less than 10 years, while 80% of working force has acquired training with more than 10 years
The knowledge gap (Scope: EUROPEAN REGIONS)The knowledge gap
(Scope: EUROPEAN REGIONS)
QUESTION
Which trends for advanced education and research in engineering schools, in a way to contribute for the challenges faced by engineering and technology to enhance innovation?
Which trends for advanced education and research in engineering schools, in a way to contribute for the challenges faced by engineering and technology to enhance innovation?
Our Argument...
The need for institutional renewal, …promoting diversity with institutional integrity, (Conceicão & Heitor, 1999) …making use of partnerships! (Conceicão, Gibson, Heitor & Sirilli, 2000)
The scope:... the globalized “learning society”!The scope:... the globalized “learning society”!Knowledge Institutions Learning Organisations
Intellectual Property Learning Networks
Knowledge Institutions Learning Organisations
Intellectual Property Learning Networks
BUT, understanding research (R&D; R&T; R&L), promoting research for creative teaching, and integrating technology, policy and management!
BUT, understanding research (R&D; R&T; R&L), promoting research for creative teaching, and integrating technology, policy and management!
1. Technological change: accelerating
2. The “new” economy: “the big boom”
3. Social Dynamics: complexity and diversity
4. “Governance”: a new model!
The CONTEXT
OCDE: “FUTURES”, Hannover 2000
EC: “IPTS - Futures Report”, 2000
Technological Change:materials, IPTS(1999)
STEELS
CAST IRON
IRON
COOPER
ALLOYSTEELS
GLASSY METALS
AL-LITHIUM ALLOYS
DUAL PHASE STEELS
MICROALLOYED STEELS
BRONZE
SKIN FIBRE GUMS
RUBBER
LIGHTALLOYS
SUPER ALLOYS
TITANIUMZINCONIUMETC
NEW SUPER ALLOYSDEVELOPMENT SLOWMOSTLY QUALITYCONTROL ANDPROCESSING
CONDUCTINGPOLYMERS
HIGH TEMPERATUREPOLYMERS
HIGH MODULUSPOLYMERSBAKELITE
NYLON
WOOD
PAPER
STONEFLINT
POTTERT
GLASS
CEMENT
REFRACTORIES
PORTLANDCEMENT FUSED
SILICA CERMETS
EPOXIES
POLYESTERS
COMPOSITES
POLYMERS
METALS
CERAMICS
POLYMERS
COMPOSITES
CERAMICS
METALS
ALLOYS
10 000 BC 5000 BC 0 1000 1500 1800 1900 1940 1960 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020GOLD
CERAMIC COMPOSITES
COMPOSITESMETAL-MATRIX
SURFACEENGINEERING
RE
LA
TIV
E I
MP
OR
TA
NC
E
SUPERCONDUCTORSTOUGH ENGINEERING
CERAMICS
KEVLAR
BRICKS (with STRAW)
IVORY
10000 BC5000 BC
0 1000 1500 1800 1900 1940 1960 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Technological Change:
telecommunications
Technological Change:
perspectives The Convergence: telecommunications and computers ...
The QUESTION : scope and scale
PRODUCTS
PRODUCT
•more technologies to produce each product
•more products produced from a given technology
Source: von Tunzelmann (1999))
TECHNOLOGIES
PROCESSES
TECHNOLOGY
PROCESSES
New reactors
Nuclear fusion
New energy biomassPhotovoltaic materials
Fuel cells
Superconductors
Supervision of energy processes
Robotics
Security systems
energy
Batteries
Pacemakers
Artificial Heart
Recombin. DNA
New drugs
Enzymatic Synthesis
Membranes
Biocompatible materials
Instrumental analysis of dna sequences
biotechnologies
Power lasersBio-leaching
Biological ore processing
New alloys
Ceramics and composits
Computer based design of new materials
materials
Photovoltaic applications
Biosensors
Biochips
Semiconductors
Superconductors
Telematics
Automation
Computers
information technologies
energybiotechnologiesmaterialsinformation technologies
Emerging interactions...
Source: BIPE
fromto
The importance of Technology in corporate development
Case study: Innovation in Italy (Evangelista & Sirilli, 1997)
The convergence of sectors is emerging, with the growing importance of technology in corporate development
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
93-95 96-98
Not relevant
Little relevant
Very relevant
The structure of the “new” economy
Agriculture
Indústry
Services
Agriculture
Indústry
Services
Industrial era
Knowledgeera I- Recession
II- Growth
Technology replaces employment
Economy without employment
Demand Deficit
Technology createsnew industries and opportunities
Entrepreneurial economy
Value creation
THE ISSUE …1
The evidence:The evidence:
•“The major source of economic growth in developed countries has been science-based technology”, Kuznets (1966)
•“The major source of economic growth in developed countries has been science-based technology”, Kuznets (1966)
•“The explosion in knowledge creation was concentrated in a few regions, and led to similarly concentrated distribution of income”, World Bank (1999)
•“The explosion in knowledge creation was concentrated in a few regions, and led to similarly concentrated distribution of income”, World Bank (1999)
•The most daunting problem is that of “spiritual inequality”, Fogel (1999)•The most daunting problem is that of “spiritual inequality”, Fogel (1999)
Regional diversity in Western Europe
Fonte: Sixth Periodic Report DG XVI 1998
THE ISSUE …2
A specific issue: EUROPEAN DIVERSITYA specific issue: EUROPEAN DIVERSITY•“With some notable exceptions, the regional developmment debate in Europe has been dominated by exogeneous models to such an extent that development tends to be conceived as something that is introduced to, or visited upon, less favoured regions, LFRs, from external doors…
• …this kind of regional policy did little or nothing to stimulate localised learning, innovation and indigeneous development within LFRs”,
Henderson & Morgan (1999)
•“With some notable exceptions, the regional developmment debate in Europe has been dominated by exogeneous models to such an extent that development tends to be conceived as something that is introduced to, or visited upon, less favoured regions, LFRs, from external doors…
• …this kind of regional policy did little or nothing to stimulate localised learning, innovation and indigeneous development within LFRs”,
Henderson & Morgan (1999)
Innovation in EUsource: Community Innovation Survey, OCT-PT
IrelandAustria
Germany
Netherlands
UK
Sweden
Norway
France
Luxembourg
Finland
Belgium
Portugal
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Share of Innovative Firms in Manufacturing
Sh
are
of
Inn
ova
tive
Fir
ms
in S
ervi
ces
• The need to consider engineering research and teaching in a broader context, leading to innovation:
–Promoting value, by exploiting change
–Understanding institutional development
–Integrating systems of competence building and social cohesion
The ISSUE ...concluding
OUR GOAL: to discuss the emergence of a university agenda on engineering policy and the management of technology
advanced education and research in engineering policy and management of technology...
Which specific driving forces? Which specific driving forces? 1. Productivity
2. The knowledge-based industries
3. Resouces
4. Scale vs intensity
5. Industrial structure
6. Institutional development
7. The regional dimension
8. Sustainable development
9. Social capital for the inclusive development
1. Productivity
2. The knowledge-based industries
3. Resouces
4. Scale vs intensity
5. Industrial structure
6. Institutional development
7. The regional dimension
8. Sustainable development
9. Social capital for the inclusive development
advanced education and research in engineering policy and management of technology...
Which relevant topics? Which relevant topics? 1. Advanced Research Methods for decision support and
policy analisis
2. Management of technology and innovation
3. Organizational design and institutional development
4. Technology policy (environment; industrial; communications)
1. Advanced Research Methods for decision support and policy analisis
2. Management of technology and innovation
3. Organizational design and institutional development
4. Technology policy (environment; industrial; communications)
1. Productivity
D ecom position o f G D P per H our W orked in to E ffects o f W ork ing H ours, Labor Force P artic ipation and G D P P er C ap ita , 1997
G D P p er h o u r E ffec t o f G D P p er p erso n E ffec t o f E ffec t o f labor fo rce E ffec t o f w ork ing age T o ta l e ffec t G D P p er p erso nw o rked as a % w ork ing em p lo yed as a % unem ploy- as a % o f the w ork ing popu la tion as a % of labor fo rce as a %
of the O E C D A verage hours o f the O E C D A verage m ent age popu la tion o f the to ta l popu la tion partic ipa tion o f the O E C D A verage
(1 ) (2 ) (3 )= (1 )+ (2 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) (7 )= (4 )+ (5 )+ (6 ) (8 )= (3 )+ (7 )
A us tra lia 96 0 96 -1 2 0 1 97A ustria 102 -4 98 3 -2 1 2 100B e lg ium 128 -5 123 -3 -19 -1 -22 101C anada 97 2 98 -2 2 2 2 100D enm ark 92 0 92 1 9 1 11 103F in land 93 0 94 -7 2 0 -5 88F rance 123 -9 113 -6 -9 -2 -17 97G erm any 105 -5 100 -3 -4 2 -4 96G reece 75 -4 71 -2 -11 1 -12 58Ire land 108 5 113 -4 -12 -3 -18 95Ita ly 106 -11 96 -5 -1 2 -5 91Japan 82 10 92 4 6 4 14 106T he N etherlands 121 -26 95 2 -4 2 0 96N ew Z ea land 69 8 77 1 3 -1 2 79N orw ay 126 -17 109 4 12 -4 12 122P ortuga l 56 2 58 0 1 1 2 60S pa in 84 13 97 -14 -13 2 -26 71S w eden 93 -3 89 -3 6 -4 -1 88S w itze rland 94 0 94 3 12 1 17 111T urkey 36 2 38 0 -8 -1 -9 29U nited K ingdom 100 -9 91 0 3 -2 0 92U nited S ta tes 120 -1 118 3 9 -2 10 128E U -14 103 -5 98 -4 -4 0 -8 90 S o urce: A rk and M cG uckin (1 9 9 9 ).
2. Knowledge-based industries
UK*
Belgium
Portugal**
Greece*
Sweden***
NL*
AustriaJapan
Norway
Canada
Denmark
Spain***
Denmark
Mexico
ItalyUS
France
Korea
Germany
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Share in Business Sector Value Added of Knowledge Based Industries (share year 1996 except: *1995;**1993; ***1994)
Av
era
ge
An
nu
al R
ea
l Va
lue
Ad
de
d G
row
th o
f K
no
wle
dg
e B
as
ed
Ind
us
trie
s (
19
85
-sh
are
ye
ar)
OECD(2000)OECD(2000)
Share in business sector value added in knowledge business industries (share year 1996)Share in business sector value added in knowledge business industries (share year 1996)Av
era
ge
an
nu
al
rea
l v
alu
e a
dd
ed
gro
wth
of
kn
ow
led
ge
ba
se
d
ind
us
trie
s (
19
85
sh
are
ye
ar)
A
ve
rag
e a
nn
ua
l re
al
va
lue
ad
de
d g
row
th o
f k
no
wle
dg
e b
as
ed
in
du
str
ies
(1
98
5 s
ha
re y
ea
r)
3. RESOURCES
Expenditure by Manufacturing Firms on Innovation
Ireland
GermanyAustria
NetherlandsUK
Sweden
NorwayFrance
Finland
BelgiumPortugal
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08
Expenditure in Innovation (Share of Turnover)
Sh
are
of
Inn
ova
tive
Fir
ms
0
0,025
0,05
0,075
0,1
0 0,125 0,25 0,375 0,5
Pub
lic
R&
D E
xpen
ditu
res
per
capi
ta
Private R&D Expenditures per capita
Canada
DenmarkFinland
France
Germany
Ireland
Japan
Netherlands
Norway
PortugalSpain
Sweden
UK
US
Belgium
Canada
Czech Rep
Denmark Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Ireland
Japan
Korea
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
SpainSweden
Turkey
UK
US
Perspectives for “change”:Perspectives for “change”:Public vs private R&D expendituresPublic vs private R&D expenditures
P97
P95
P81
ESIR
SE
JP
USA
FR
D
UK
4. Scale vs Intensity
R&D Expenditure (OECD)
Sweden
Finland Japan
France
Germanythe Netherlands
Denmark
UK
US
Belgium
Austria
Ireland
Italy
SpainPortugal
Greece
0
0,005
0,01
0,015
0,02
0,025
0,03
0,035
0,04
100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
Scale- Total Expenditure in R&D ($PPP; logarithmic scale)
Inte
nsi
ty-
Sh
are
of
GD
P s
pen
t o
n R
&D
55. THE INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE. THE INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1983 1987 1991 1995
YEARFood, beverages & tobaccoTextiles, apparel & leatherWood products & furniturePaper, paper products & printingChemical productsNon-metallic mineral productsBasic metal industriesFabricated metal products
Other manufacturing, nec
EU-13
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1983 1987 1991 1995YEAR
Portugal
5. Industrial structure: Dynamics
0,06
0,07
0,08
0,09
0,1
0,11
0,12
0,13
0,14
0,15
0,16
0,17
0,18
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Italy
Japan
Korea
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
UK
USA
6. Institutional DevelopmentMarket Regulation and Employment Protection
Nicoletti, Scarpetta & Boylaud; OECD (2000)
7. The regional dimension:technology and innovation gap
7. The regional dimension:technology and innovation gap
1. Input: HUMAN AND MATERIAL RESOURCES
2. output: SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CAPACITIES
3. determining factors :• international cooperation
• sme`s: support services
networks
• FDI: integration in local economies
• transports, communications, energy infrastructures
1. Input: HUMAN AND MATERIAL RESOURCES
2. output: SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CAPACITIES
3. determining factors :• international cooperation
• sme`s: support services
networks
• FDI: integration in local economies
• transports, communications, energy infrastructures
… BUT, ALSO, INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS… BUT, ALSO, INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS
7. The regional dimension:technology and innovation gap …cont.
Most development programmes stand on their ability to build “social capital”: a relational infrastructure for collective action
Most development programmes stand on their ability to build “social capital”: a relational infrastructure for collective action
This requires a shift in development studies:
• from state-led or market-driven processes, regardless time, space or milieu
• to institutional perspective, looking at the quality of institutional networks
This requires a shift in development studies:
• from state-led or market-driven processes, regardless time, space or milieu
• to institutional perspective, looking at the quality of institutional networks
7. The regional dimension:technology and innovation gap …cont.
INSTITUTIONAL NETWORKS to mediate:
•mediate information exchange
• knowledge creation
•capacity for collective action
•potential for interactive learning
•efficacy of voice mechanisms
Henderson & Morgan (1999)
INSTITUTIONAL NETWORKS to mediate:
•mediate information exchange
• knowledge creation
•capacity for collective action
•potential for interactive learning
•efficacy of voice mechanisms
Henderson & Morgan (1999)
9. Social capital for inclusive development
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Turkey
Mexico
Portugal
France
Italy
Germany
Belgium
Austr ia
Spain
Korea
Ireland
Japan
Iceland
Switzerland
UK
US
Netherlands
Australia
Canada
Denmark
Sweden
Finland
Norway
A Measure of Trust
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Turkey
Mexico
Portugal
France
Italy
Germany
Belgium
Austr ia
Spain
Korea
Ireland
Japan
Iceland
Switzerland
UK
US
Netherlands
Australia
Canada
Denmark
Sweden
Finland
Norway
A Measure of Trust
OECD(2000)OECD(2000)
POLICY ISSUES
• THE CONTEXT:
increase importance of knowledge for development
• THE CHALLENGE:
how to promote the learning society?
Towards an Agenda for innovation and technology policy:
1. the framework: interactive nature of innovation
2. balancing innovation and diffusion
3. wetware/software interaction
4. the inclusive development
5. the institutional development
… debate
…challenges and opportunities for a University Agenda on:
Engineering Policy
and the Management of Technology !
…challenges and opportunities for a University Agenda on:
Engineering Policy
and the Management of Technology !
• PROCESSES: complex and diversified
• INVESTMENT: education; R&D; learning-by-doing
• AGENTS: state, firms, universities, schools
KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION
Creation and distribution
of knowledge
Economic growth and
development
Technological innovation
and development
Perspectives for “change”Perspectives for “change”
Building the conceptual framework
•The notion of localised technological change:
•The science base:
• a joint process of production, learning and communication
• a fully endogenous, with strong interdependence between specialisation and diversification
• important, but limited role of demand
• based on mix of generic and tacit knowledge
” …the aim of policy should be to create a broad and productive science base, closely linked to higher education…”, Pavitt (1998)
•…Systems of Innovation and Competence Building!•…Systems of Innovation and Competence Building!