OLEH : YUNI KILAWATI S.PI.,M.SI

DESCRIPTIONIntegumentary system or skin is body skin

and derivates.

All of the fish body covered by skin except eyes (tranparently skin)

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMFINSFins are supported by rays which are

connected to the musculoskeletal system. There are two types of rays:Soft: flexible rays made of dermal bone

segments arranged end to end in a lineSpines: stiff, unjointed, mineralized rays.

These are found on dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins of higher fish

Unpaired Fins:

Dorsal: 1 or more. In higher fish the anterior portion (or first fin) is supported by spines. The dorsal fin(s) are used for rapid changes of direction

Caudal: Primary fin used for locomation; shape varies with motion type used by species

Anal

Paired Fins:

Pectorals: soft rayed only. They are attached to the pectoral girdle at the posterior border of the gill cavity. They are used to stabilize and change direction

Pelvic: variable location –thoracic or abdominal. Higher fish have thoracic pelvic fins. They are used to stabilize and brake

SkinEpidermis:Simple stratified squamous, but

nonkeratinized surface layerMucous glands: unicellular, produce mucin

for cuticleAlarm (club) cells: produce pheromones

which cause other fish to flee; no connection to skin surface, so pheromones only released when tissues damaged

Cuticle: a protective substance which coats the skin. It consists of mucin, immunoglobulins, etc, and is anti-pathogenic. Handling of fish should be gentle and minimal—wear wet latex-like gloves.

DermisCT, vessles, nervesScales: protective calcified plates which originate

in the dermis; usually covered with epidermisPlacoid scales: a plate beneath the skin with a

raised, exposed portion; includes a pulp cavity and dentin (sharks)

Ganoid scales: rhomboid shape, overlapping (gar)Cycloid scales: ovoid, smooth edges (lower

teleosts)Ctenoid scales: comblike with minute spikes on

caudal edge (higher teleosts)Absent in some species (agnatha, catfish)

Lateral line: A sensory mechanism which consists of a series of pores running along both sides of the body. The pores lead to mechanoreceptors which transmit information about water pressures, currents, and sound.

Hypodermis: Spongy CT and adipose tisssue; contains

melanocytesSkin factors to consider during surgery: Incision should be cranial-caudal, as

tension lines run dorsal-ventral Nonabsorbable suture recommended

because wet absorbable can pull in bacteriaClose with minimal tension and make knots

far from incision, because fish tissue breaks easily

Specialized skin cells allow amazing variety in fish coloration.

Chromatophores contain pigments (ex. Melanophores contain melanin) and iridophores contain reflective substances (ex crystals).

Rapid color change is produced by movemant of pigment within the dendritic chromatophores, while long term changes are produced by changes in the number of cells.

Control is hormonal (ex melanocyte stimulating hormone) and neural.

Coloration is used for mimicry, species distinction, and sexual dimorphism.

COLOR

FUNCTIONFirst body devenses from pathogenHarm environment protectionsExcretion and osmoregulationsInhalation supportingPoisonous gland productionsColour sourcesLight sourcesOdour and mucus secretions

STRUCTURESkin is composed of three layers:

1. Epidermis2. Dermis3. Stratum spongiosum

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: Integument of the head, transverse section (Formalin, H&E, Bar = 34.3 µm).

1. epidermis2. dermis (stratum compactum)3. hypodermis (areolar connective tissue) 4. epithelial cells5. alarm cells6. wandering leukocytes7. chromatophores

(melanocytes) 8. arteriole and venule.

 

EPIDERMISCeratin producingWet causing mucus (produced by all part of body)Part of inside always active for cleavage to cell

repairing or growth This layer called GERMINATIVUM

EPIDERMIS

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: Caudal peduncle, longitudinal section (Formalin,H&E, Bar = 31.7 µm).

1. epidemis2. scale pocket3. dermis (stratum compactum)4. muscle5. scales6. squamous epithelial cells7. undifferentiated basal cells8. alarm cell9. mucous cells10. taste bud. 

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: Scale

(Unstained, Bar = 175 µm).

1. Radii2. Circuli3. Focus4. lateral line pore (not always present).

CELL PIGMENT

DERMIS

Contain of collagen fiber , the thick cellFor the fish with scale useful to scale

producing (integument derivate)

DERMIS

ORGANS ON SKIN1. MUCUS2. SCALE3. COLOUR4. LIGHT ORGAN5. POISONOUS GLAND

MUCUSComposed primarily of glycoprotein

(called mucin)become mucus if elaborate with water

Thick mucus found in fish without scalesFunction :

- scratch decrease during swimming- water flow protection- body devense from bacterial- lesion covering- wet protection- nest maker

skin - mucous cells

Examples:

African fish summer sleep inside the nest that make from mud and mucus.

Tricogaster trichopterus (sepat Jawa)& T. pectoralis (sepat siam) make the nest from mucus to save their egg.

ScalesCalled dermis scaleVery hard on primitive fish Pada ikan primitif

constitute outer scale.Modern fish has the thin scale and flexible

Scale types:1. COSMOID

2. GANOID

3. PLACOID

4. CYCLOID

5. CTENOID

Cosmoid scales of the Cosmoid scales of the Queensland Lungfish. .

Photo: C. Bento © Australian Museum.Photo: C. Bento © Australian Museum. COSMOID :

- Be a fossil- Be a fossil

- Part of : - Part of :

*virodentin (outer)*virodentin (outer)

*cosmine (inner)*cosmine (inner)

*isopedine (inner)*isopedine (inner)

Comprise bone and Comprise bone and

& little vessel.& little vessel.

Ganoid scales of the Florida Gar, Lepisosteus platyrhincus. Photo: C. Bento © Australian

Museum.

GANOID- Found in Actinopterigii- The outer layer contain ofOrganic Citrate ganoine

Placoid scales of the Broadnose Sevengill Shark. Photo: S. Lindsay © Australian Museum

PLACOID- Found in

chondrichtyes- Shape like a spine

(same as teeth composer)

- enamel as a outer layer that cover dentin layer, have canaliculi inside dentin ( have blood vessel and peak nerve dermis)

Cycloid scales of Jungle Perch, Cycloid scales of Jungle Perch, Kuhlia Kuhlia rupestrisrupestris. Photo: C. Bento © Australian . Photo: C. Bento © Australian

Museum.Museum. CYCLOID CYCLOID – found in – found in

osteichtyesosteichtyes

- cycloid scale in - cycloid scale in malacopterygiimalacopterygii

Ctenoid scales of the Paradise Fish, Macropodus opercularis. Photo: S. Lindsay © Australian

Museum

CTENOID- Found in Acantopterygii- Shape : very thin ,

transparently, without dentin and enamel

Scale attitudePrimarily on all of body : operculum until pre

caudalisPolyodon only below operculumMas Kaca only in LLTongkol Pre Dorsal and hind headHalf part of scale in dermis sac like roof tileThe outside look more dark because of the

pigment.

circuluscirculusGaris lingkaran pada sisik cycloid & ctenoidGaris lingkaran pada sisik cycloid & ctenoidSelalu ber + sepanjang musim, pd musim Selalu ber + sepanjang musim, pd musim

dingin pertumbuhan lambat.dingin pertumbuhan lambat.Berdempetan/ bertumpuk dsbt annulus (jmk: Berdempetan/ bertumpuk dsbt annulus (jmk:

annuli)annuli) utk menghitung umur ikan utk menghitung umur ikanSisik LL & sisik palsu tdk dpt utk menentukan Sisik LL & sisik palsu tdk dpt utk menentukan

umurumuryg dpt menentukan adalah yg yg dpt menentukan adalah yg tertanam dlm tubuh & grs annulinya jelastertanam dlm tubuh & grs annulinya jelas

Dried scale of a Barramundi showing the growth

rings, or annuli

Scale countingA. LINEA LATERALIS (LL)

Sisik yg dihitung adalah sisik berpori/ gurat sisi/ linea lateralis (LL).

Jumlah tdk sama utk masing-masing spesies.

Dihitung dari dpn /dekat kepala kearah ekor.

Jika LL tdk lurus (ex. Ikan kuweh) maka dihitung mengikuti arah LL.

Jika ada 2 (ex. Ikan buntal) maka yg dekat kepala dihitung lbh dahulu (LL1 & LL2).

Jika banyak (ex. Ikan belanak) yg dihitung satu saja yg plg tengah.

B. LINEA TRANSVERSALIS (LTr)

LTr adalah sisik transversal/ sisik yg terletak antara dorsal dg ventral.

Dihitung pangkal terdepan sirip dorsal sampai LL yg kedua dihitung dari pangkal terdepan sirip anal kearah LL

Scale RudimenterSisik ketiak dada (pectoral axilliary scale) tdp

di sekitar dasar sirip pectoralSisik ketiak perut (pelvic axilliary scale) tdp di

sekitar dasar sirip ventralSisik berduri atau sisik lipat ada dua macam

yaitu tdp di depan sirip perut atau pre pelvic scute dan dibelakang sirip perut (post pelvic scutes)

ColoursDisebabkan oleh schemachrome

butiran2 pigmen

Warna ikan laut dpt dibagi :a. Hdp di permukaan: perakb. Hdp di tengah : kemerahanc. Hdp di dlm/ dasar violet s/d hitam

Biochrome pigmen pembawa warna :- carotenoid : kuning merah- chromolipoid : kuning s/d coklat- indigoid : biru, merah, hijau- melanin : merah & coklat- perphyrin (pigmen empedu): merah,

kuning, hijau, biru- flavins : kuning dg fluoresensi

hijau- purine : putih keperakan- pterine : putih, kuning, merah dan

orange

2 macam sel yang memberi warna ikan Iridocyte (leucophore & guanophore) sel kaca karena dpt merefleksikan warna di luar tubuh tersusun dr guanin

Untuk mengelabui musuh tawes, kembung, gabus, bandeng, tembang & kembung bag. Dorsal gelap & anal putih

Ikan dpt berubah warna krn, menjadi jelas atau pucat : - secara cepat stimuli chy & stimuli mata- lambat hormon

Mimicri warna menyerupai lungkungannya.

chromatophoreTdp dlm dermis tdr dr butir pigmen yg dapat

menyebar dan berkumpul jika berkumpul memberi warna pucat jika menyebar membuat warna jadi jelas

Chromatophore dasar ada 4 :a. Erythrophore : merah & orangeb. Xantophore : kuningc. Melanophore : hitamd. Guanophore : putih / keperakan (irydococyte)

Light organsCahaya yg dikeluarkan organ hidup

bioluminescense (kunang-kunang/insekta, nocticula/ plankton, cacing lamprydae, cumi-cumi, ikan)

Light sources:1. bacteri yg bersimbiose dg ikan (di kantong klj epidermis) ikan leweri batu(photoblepharon), leweri air (Anomalops)2. dikeluarkan oleh ikan (photophore/ photocyte)

Head of a scaleless black dragonfish, Melanostomias species C, about 5cm in length. Note chin barbel (to lure prey), yellowish light organ below eye, and bioluminescent tooth

bases.

Malacocephalus kekuatan chy s/d 10 m, glb chy 410 – 600 µ

Light Function:1. Cahaya jg berfungsi pd proses reproduksi ikan jantan membimbing betina ke tempat berpijah2. Untuk menarik mangsa ikan pemancing

Poisonous GlandMucus modificationFungsi :

a. mempertahankan dirib. menyerang musuhc. mencari makan

Ikan beracun biasanya hidup di dasar air & gerakannya lamban, contoh : Dasyatidae, Myliobatidae & chimaera

Racun segar dpt mematikan :- tikus setelah 11 menit- kodok stlh 41 menit- anjing sembuh kembali stlh 8 hari

The poisonous FishLepu tembaga (Synanoeja sp)

hdp di karang/ pasir yg dangkal racun tdp di lapisan kulit penutup jari- jari keras D & V duri terinjak >kelenjar tertekan>cairan racun akan meresap dlm luka > korban akan demam 3 x 24 jam

Baronang (Siganus spp) kelj racun pd sirip keras D & V

Ikan Pari pd duri ekorLele lokal (Indonesia)pd D & P jari-

jari kerasIkan buntal di empedu

Danke Sehr…