Industry Code of Practice on Chemicals Classification & hazard Communication
4.Classification Based on Direction of Communication
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Transcript of 4.Classification Based on Direction of Communication
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Classification Based on Direction of Communication
The direction of communication may take any of the following patterns:
(a) External Communication
(b) Internal Communication
(c) Vertical Communication
(i) Downward Communication
(ii) Upward Communication
(d) Horizontal Communication
External Communication
External communication is the process of exchange of message and
information with persons outside the organization. It enables the management
of a business to keep in touch with external persons and organizations, which
is essential for successful conduct of business.
External communication may be defined as a form of communication
that takes place with other organizations or people outside the organization
itself. Now-a-days any organization depends on outside world to meet their
requirements. An external communication serves this purpose of making
contact with outsiders so as to know from them issues of their mutual
interests.
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Need for External Communication
Communication is a vital tool of management. It helps in maintaining favorable
relationships with outside contacts. The need for external communication
arises from the necessity of keeping in regular touch with outsiders in order to
carry on its business activities successfully. It has to enter into numerous
transactions with outside persons and organizations in connection with sales;
purchase, finance, marketing, collection of bills etc. It must also be in touch
with various external sources to secure information about market conditions,
prospects of raising finance, changes in laws and rules affecting business
operations and other related matters. Above all, it has project a good image
among the customers, investors and the public general through publicity in
order to promote business and goodwill. All these necessitate a continuous
flow of external communication.
It leads to better:
Sales volume
Public credibility
Operational efficiency
Company profits It should improve
Overall performance
Public goodwill
Corporate image Ultimately, it helps to achieve
Organizational goals
Customer satisfaction Effective External Communication results in:
a) Increased prestige among its investors, customers, suppliers and the general public. Neatly produced and promptly delivered communication invariably crates a favorable impression and enhances goodwill.
b) Improved public relations by keeping the public, including its investors, well informed about its activities. This helps in securing their understanding about the enterprise and its activities.
c) Improved business by creating favorable relationships with customers, suppliers and the public in general.
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Types of External Communication
External communication may be of two types: Oral and Written. However, all
business concerns are both the types of communication in varying degrees
depending on the nature of business and needs of particular circumstances.
Oral Communication
Oral external communication may be conducted in two ways: (a) Personal visits for face-to-face communication, and (b) telephonic communication. These are briefly discussed here: a) Face-to-face Communication: Personal visits for face-to-face conversation
are an effective means of external communication. The greatest advantage of
face-to-face communication is its effectiveness in getting quick results. The
personal approach helps both sides to come to a speedy decision on any
matter. It also helps in removing misunderstandings and resolving disputes. A
business deal which may take weeks to finalize through written
communication may be concluded through single personal visit. However, it is
costly and time consuming. Moreover, it does not provide a written record
which may be necessarily as evidence.
b) Telephonic Communication: The telephone is the workhorse of the modern
communication system. It is widely used for oral communication, both internal
and external. The telephone can be used for oral communication with any
outside person provided he is connected by telephone. Recent improvements
in the telephone services and introduction of highly sophisticated telephone
instruments have further enhanced its usefulness.
Written Communication
External communication through written media is the most effective means of
maintaining favorable relations with external business contacts. It constitutes
principal means of communication in a business office. Most of the businesses,
transactions of an enterprise are conducted and concluded orally have to be
confirmed by written record of some type.
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Media/Methods of External Communication
Different methods and means are used for external communication, both oral
and written. For oral external communication, the principal means used is the
telephone. The methods commonly adopted for transportation and
transmission of written external communication are of the following types:
i) For actual delivery or transportation of the written communication the
methods used are the postal mail, messengers, courier service, etc.
ii) For transmission of the written message without actual delivery of the
document, the methods usually adopted are telegraph service, tele-printer,
telefax, e-mail etc.
Some of the more important methods of external communication are
discussed here:
1. Telephone:
The telephone is the most common and useful method of oral communication
because of the speed and facility of direct personal contact. The development
of telephone services and invention of improved types of telephone
instruments have increased its usefulness tremendously.
2. Postal Mail:
Postal Mail is the most widely used method for delivering written
communication to any destination within or outside the country. It is the
cheapest and safest method of transmission of written messages of any types.
Even money remittances by cash, cheque or bank draft can be sent safely
through the postal mail service.
3. Messengers:
Written communication can also be delivered to external contacts through
messengers employed by the office. Besides the messengers engaged in the
internal mail service, a few messengers can be engaged to carry written
communications to outside parties and organizations situated within the city.
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4. Courier Service:
Business firms nowadays prefer to utilize the services of private agencies called
Courier Service for quick and safe transportation of written communication.
Courier service can be utilized for fast transportation of all kinds of written
communication, including parcels and packages of limited bulk, to any
destination within or outside the country. Some offices even use Courier
Service for delivery of mail within the city to avoid the cost of maintaining a
messenger service of its own.
5. Telegraph:
Telegraph is a well-known and commonly used method of transmission of
written communication. Telegrams are preferred by business firms for sending
urgent messages as they attract immediate attention and evoke prompt
action. As it is rather expensive, it is used selectively for sending short
messages in urgent business situations only. Telegraphic communication can
be sent to telegraph offices of selected post offices which accept telegraphic
messages for onward transmission.
6. Teleprinter:
Written communication can be transmitted to customers and other outside
contacts of a business firm through the Teleprinter network. This is both a
speedy and economic method of transmission of written messages even when
the distance involved is long.
7. Telefax or Fax:
It is a facsimile reproduction and transmission system now being used
increasingly for transmission of written messages. Anything written, typed or
drawn on paper can be transmitted by this machine automatically and
reproduced on the receiving machine.
8. E-mail:
E-mail (popular name for electronic mail) involves sending messages via
telecommunication links. It is the quickest means of transmitting messages. E-
mail saves you from telephone tags which assist communication cycle continue
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to work efficiently. E-mail messages can be sent to a large number of people
simultaneously and also can be easily stored for future reference.
9. Voice Mail:
Voice mail, strictly speaking, is a form of E-mail only. Here, a message, instead
of being communicated in a written form, is sent in the voice of the caller. Like
E-mail, it is very easy to use and is a convenient way of leaving short messages
for someone who is not immediately available.
10. Teleconferencing or Videoconferencing:
Teleconferencing or videoconferencing allows people to meet and work
collaboratively without having to be together in one room. It can lead to
substantial saving both in terms of money and executive time.
11. Information Service:
Some organizations provide the customers with after service. For this purpose,
they distribute leaflets, circular letter, and cards etc. which act as channels of
external communication.
12. Participation in Fair and Exhibition:
Trade fair and exhibition are sometimes arranged in big towns or abroad.
People as the representatives of a concern can attend in fair and exhibition.
These are also considered as external communication.
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Internal Communication
Communication occurring within the same organizational structure is called
internal communication. This communication takes place between or among
the employees and officers of the same organization. In this sense, if an
employee of a head office exchanges views with an employee of its branch
office located at different places, it falls within the category of internal
communication. But if a manager of a firm, being in the office, talks face to
face to an officer of another firm, this doesn’t mean internal communication.
So, communication between and among the employer and employees of the
same organization considered to be internal communication.
Need for Internal Communication
Every organization has its own objectives and to obtain such objectives
communication is required in each and every moment. Both internal and
external communication is equally important to run the business properly.
Internal communication is especially important because it links the day to day
operations of a business. The following points highlight the importance of
internal communication.
1. Control:
Control means keeping something within the limit. Lack of control causes
misuse of resources. Such control can be possible if there is effective internal
communication.
2. Coordination:
Coordination among activities of different departments is highly essential to
active the predetermined goals. Lack of coordination causes mismanagement.
Through internal communication, a strong chain is possible to enhance
coordination.
3. Motivation:
Because of internal communication, all levels in an organization work properly
to achieve the organizational goal. Nobody is ignored and therefore such
communication acts as a motivating factor.
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4. Development of Managerial Efficiency:
Management is getting things done by others. Communication is the only tool
in this regard. To influence the workers, managers must have proper
knowledge regarding the workers. Such knowledge can only be developed
through internal communication.
5. Job Satisfaction:
Employee dissatisfaction has negative effect on job performance and therefore
causes of dissatisfaction are to be identified and removed. Sound internal
communication can help here and as a result employees will be inspired.
6. Others:
Moreover, the followings are also possible because of internal communication:
a) Preparation of plan and therefore execution of plan
b) Exchange of news and views
c) Development of employee efficiency
d) Maintenance of link between various levels
e) Increasing morality
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Communication within Organization
There is a communication chain within an organization where employees
communicate within the same ladder or up and down the ladder to meet
specific demand. Generally communication within organization can be divided
into two types: formal and informal. Formal communication occurs formally
i.e. it maintains official rules and procedures.
For example, when departmental instruction is sent to the employees through
letter, it becomes formal communication. Whereas informal communication
passes through informal channels like gossiping during lunch, participation in
games, festival night or cultural program etc. which bind employees to create
an informal network.
Internal Communication in an Organization
Incoming Information
Internal
communication
Clients
Peers
Policymakers
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Media/Methods of Internal Communication
A number of forms are available to internally communicate information, views,
news or message within the member of the organization, some commonly
used forms are as follows:
1. Memos:
The most commonly used means of business communication especially among
departments are memos. A memo provides a format for a concise message.
Through this form, information flows across and up and down in the firm. It
reflects information, makes request and provides responses and presents
informal reports.
2. Interview:
Sometimes management and managed people of the organization resort to an
interview or conversation to exchange their views on different issues.
3. Telephone:
The use of telephone is increasing for internal communication. The size, scope
and nature of organization affect the use of telephone for internal
communication.
4. Report:
A report is another well-known medium of internal communication. A report
contains information based on investigation is sent to the authority concerned.
It is an excellent means of internal communication.
5. Notice Board:
Such a board is used by many organizations to send a message to the
employees. It must be kept up-to-date and attractive and should be placed
where employees make assembly.
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6. Face-to-face Discussion:
Executive officers and employees many times call for a discussion and
interchange views regarding the current problems. This discussion may be
regular or irregular and formal or informal depending on the situation.
7. Participation in Praying:
In a Muslim country there is a participation in the prayer by the officers and
employees where they get the chance to come close and create a relation.
8. Questionnaires and Survey:
Information about employee attitude, morals and relationship between
management and subordinates etc. may be collected through the use of
questionnaires and surveys.
9. Fax:
When departments, branches or units of an organization are scattered in
different place then fax is used for communication.
10. Intranet:
Due to wide use of computers now a days, on line system has given a new
image in the area of communication. Such a system interconnects all the
computers of an organization to create effective and fast communication.
11. Complaint and Suggestion Boxes:
At some convenient places in the office or the factory, complaint and
suggestion boxes are kept so that employees can drop their complaints and
suggestions, if any, into the box.
12. Posters:
Eye catching posters are used to communicate various norms, rules, principles
and ideas of an organization to make its employees aware and up-to-date.
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Differences between Internal and External Communication
The differences between Internal and External Communication are presented
as under:
Points of Difference
Internal Communication External Communication
1. Nature Internal communication takes place within the organization. Both the communicator and the communicatee are the employees of the same organization.
External communication takes place outside the four walls of the same organization. When one organization communicates with other organizations within or outside the country, it is engages in external communication.
2. Purpose The purpose of internal communication is to ensure efficient management and smooth operation of the organization.
Pm the contrary, external communication is done with outsiders in the hope of generating business that enables the firm to survive, expand and make profits.
3. Formality Internal communication flows along the prescribed channels as well as informal channels. All the members of an organization, communicating with one another are generally obliged to follow the prescribed (formal) channel. But still there exists in every organization an informal channel.
Most of the external communications are done through formal channels. Scope of using informal channels is very limited because of the lack of close proximity between the sender and the receiver of the message.
4. Direction In internal communication information flows in different directions – downward to subordinates, upward to superiors and horizontal to peers. Moreover, in some instances, information flows diagonally when it cannot be effectively and efficiently
External communication is unidirectional. Normally information flows horizontally between the people of equal rank and status bellowing to different organizations.
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transmitted through downward, upward or horizontal channels.
5. Frequency Most of the communication, an organization is to do, is internal by nature. A typical day for a manager includes most of the following activities – desk work (which deals with issuing orders and instructions, answering hundreds of enquiries and complaints), attending scheduled and unscheduled meetings, telephone calls, etc. One of the reasons for such frequent internal communication may be that it is associated with day-to-day operations of the organization.
External communication, on the other hand, is comparatively less frequent. This lower frequency may be due to the inherent nature of external communication.
6. Scope Internal communication cannot take the form of mass communication because of its scope being confined within the four walls of the organization.
Sometimes mass communication becomes inevitable to establish a link with outsiders specially those who stay at a far distant place even outside the country. In these situations, mass media like radio, television, newspaper etc. are extensively used for such external communication.
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Vertical Communication
A communication that exists between superior and subordinate can be termed
as vertical communication. When the communication flows from upward to
downward i.e. from superior to subordinate it is called downward
communication. And when it is reversed i.e. from subordinate to superior, it is
called upward communication. Therefore both upward and downward in
together make vertical communication.
The vertical communication can be shown below:
Figure: Vertical Communication
Top Level Management
Middle Level Management
Lower Level Management
Workers/Employees
Downward Communication Upward Communication
Vertical Communication
Workers/Employees
Lower Level Management
Middle Level Management
Top Level Management
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When vertical communication follows downward trend then it involves
directions, instructions, order or advice, whereas vertical communication
following upward trend involves problem defining, giving opinion and
reporting.
Vertical communication uses both oral and written method to fulfill the
objective of communication. Face to face or telephonic conversation, meeting,
seminar etc. are used for oral communication. On the other hand, letters,
memos, notices, reports and other written documents are sued for written
communication.
Therefore, communication happening between two or more persons having
different level, rank or designation can be defined as vertical communication.
Merits of Vertical Communication
There are some advantages of vertical communication. Those advantages
highlighted below:
(1) Communication at various levels of an organization is possible through
vertical communication.
(2) Advice, order or instruction are implemented through such communication.
(3) Problems existing any department, position or level pinpointed.
(4) Vertical communication plays a vital role to motivate the subordinates.
(5) Job assignment, Job rationality and Job evaluation are possible due to such
communication.
(6) Employee attitude and job satisfaction can be identified if vertical
communication is active.
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Demerits of Vertical Communication
Vertical communication also faces some disadvantages or limitations which
are:
(1) As the designation or rank of the sender and receiver involved in vertical
communication is not same, so there always exists a difference. Such
difference hampers the way of communication.
(2) Subordinates at many occasions cannot express their feelings, attitude or
emotion to their respective superiors which calls for communication gap.
(3) Sometimes the superiors can be reluctant to forward their message which
can be a barrier to such communication.
(4) Such communication passes on various levels of an organization which calls
for delay and slowness.
(5) Subordinates always have fear to ask for further explanation from their
superiors. So, subordinates always have doubt regarding the message
received.
Types of Vertical Communication
Vertical communication can be two types. Thus-
(i) Downward Communication
(ii) Upward Communication
A brief discussion of these two types follows:
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Downward Communication
The word “downward” refers to the flow which is directed from higher to a
lower level. If so, downward communication is said to move from one level of
an organization or a group to a lower level. Thus, downward communication is
a process of sending a message from a superior to a subordinate. The
Managing Director of a public limited company, for example, sending a
message to the departmental heads; or a manager issuing instructions to an
assistant manager; or a supervisor giving directions to the workers, all are
examples of downward communications. Through downward communication,
management tries to carry out its basic functions of planning, organizing,
directing and controlling. Major types of information sent through downward
communication include – job instructions, organizational procedures and
practices, feedback to the subordinates about their performance, making the
objectives known and the delegation of authority clear to the lower levels of
management. This type of communication is also known as top-down
communication.
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Objectives of Downward Communication
The overall purpose of downward communication is to supply the subordinates
with relevant information, instruction and necessary explanation. Managers at
different levels within the organization send such messages to the employhees
they manage. Downward communication is, therefore, mostly needed to
facilitate the achievement of target results. There are many objectives behind
downward communication. These are:
1. To Direct:
To give specific directives to the subordinates, downward communication is
used.
2. To Interpret:
With the help of downward communication, organizational objectives and
policies do explained to the lower level employees in order to give them
complete understand.
3. To Give Feedback of Performance Appraisal:
Supervisors evaluate the work performed by the employees they supervise.
Downward communication is used to inform the employees of their
evaluation.
4. To Define Responsibility and Delegate Authority:
Every work responsibility of each employee should be clearly defined and
thereafter the employees are to be informed of their jurisdiction of operation
through downward communication.
5. To Motivate:
Employees need motivation to work wholeheartedly so as to achieve
organizational objectives. Management has to resort to repetition is also one
of the objectives of downward communication.
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6. To Educate:
To teach and impress the employees by frequent repetition is also one of the
objectives of downward communication.
7. To Inform Job Rationale and Significance:
Another objective of communication is to produce understanding of the task
and its relation to other organizational tasks.
8. To Give Idea:
With the help of downward communication objective, policies, rules are
explained to the subordinates by superior to give complete understanding.
9. To Explain About Change:
Changes are independent to circumstances, when there is any change in
respect of plans, policies, procedures or rules etc. such are communicated with
explanation through downward communication.
10. To Maintain Discipline:
Such communication follows the organizational hierarchy, so every section,
unit or department must follow the set rules or procedure. As a result,
discipline is ensured.
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Forms of Downward Communication
There are many forms available for downward communication. Some of these
forms are as follows:
1. Letters/Notices:
Important directive to initiate actions are communicated to employees
through letters or notices. Theses directives are generally sent only to those
employees who are directly affected by them.
2. Manuals/Circulars:
Organizational policies and procedures may be announced through circulars,
manuals etc.
3. Bulletins:
Bulletins are used to inform the employees of certain important and urgent
matters.
4. Posters:
For miscellaneous information to be communicated posters may be used. To
make this form effective, it should be eye-catching and displayed in places
where employees can see them. It should also contain such information as will
create interest in the workers.
5. Annual Report:
Organizational activities and achievement during the year should b e made
familiar to the staff. To acquaint the lower level staff with these matters,
annual report may be found suitable.
6. Company Periodicals:
Another method of communicating information to the employees is company
periodicals. Well-written articles covering different aspects of the organization
are published in these periodicals.
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7. Employee Handbook:
Employee handbooks usually contain information regarding employee
responsibilities. When employees join in an organization, they may be given
this handbook so that they can be aware of their duties, responsibilities and
other issues related to the job.
8. Memos:
For a concise message to be communicated memos, which provide format, are
used. This is the most frequently used form for business communication,
especially among various departments.
9. Prerecorded Messages:
Some companies tape their own television programs and later replay it to
employees through television screen in company lunch-rooms and other
locations. Particularly big organizations having branch operations use this
approach to keep branch employees informed of the corporate developments.
10. Job Holder Reports and Meetings:
A few organizations adapt tis form. The operational procedure is that a report
about a firm’s performance is presented by top management at the meeting
where all employees are invited. Employees are invited to question
management and to give suggestions in the same way that owners do in
stockholder meetings.
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Advantages of Downward Communication
Most of the communication flows within an organization are downward,
because it is accompanied by various advantages. These are:
1. Increases Efficiency:
Subordinates get the necessary instructions from their superiors. As a result,
they can properly perform their duties and thereby increase efficiency.
2. Helps Maintain Good Relations:
Because of the systematic flow of information under this communication, it is
possible to maintain good relations at all the stages of the organization.
3. Improves Discipline:
Chain of command is completely observed in downward communication. So, a
sense of discipline develops among the employees.
4. Absence of By-passing:
As chain of command is clear in downward communication, no superior can
send any message to any subordinate through by-passing the immediate next
subordinate.
5. Facilitates Delegation of Authority:
Delegation of authority is facilitated through downward communication. This is
possible because of the unique characteristics of downward communication
flowing from upper level to the lowest level of the organization.
6. Helps to Inform Subordinates:
To inform the subordinates of the policies and procedures framed by top level
management, superiors are to take recourse to downward communication.
7. To Facilitate Interpretation:
Subordinates need explanation of organizational policies, procedures, rules
etc. these explanations are sent to subordinates through downward
communication.
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8. Systematic Flow:
Because of the systematic flow of information under this communication, it is
possible to maintain good relations at all stages of the organization.
9. To Begin Action:
Such communication inspires the employees to take initiative because they are
aware regarding their specific task. So, downward communication helps to
begin action.
10. Completeness:
This is a complete form of communication because the boss is conscious about
every pattern of communication.
From the above discussion, it is found that downward communication offers
advantages which help achieve the objectives of an organization.
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Limitations of Downward Communication
In spite of having many advantages, downward communication suffers from
certain disadvantages. The following are some examples of such
disadvantages:
1. Under-communication:
In the pure downward communication feedback is not possible. So if messages
sent through this system are not clearly understandable to the receiver, they
will lead to unsatisfactory performance.
2. Loss of Information:
In downward communication transmitting information to the destination in it’s
entirely, through several layers, is hampered. Unless fully written some parts
of information, in the course of transmission, are almost certain to be lost.
3. Distortion:
In the lines of downward communication, information is very likely to be
distorted because of exaggerations, understatements and giving unconscious
twists which are part of human nature. Thus the information that passes
through the long chain of command may lose a little of its authenticity at every
level. By the time information finally reaches the destination, it may not
contain even an iota of truth.
4. Tendency towards Autocracy:
Downward communication is highly authoritarian. The subordinates under this
system do not get any opportunity to take part in the decision-making process.
Rather, they are to receive the policy decisions and directives without
questioning their appropriateness or validity. This dictatorial attitude of the
superior leads the subordinate staff to resent.
5. Low Morale:
Late receipt of information, slowness in the transmitting process and the
authoritarian feature of the system reduce the morale of the subordinates.
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6. Suspicion:
The very nature of downward communication does not allow the subordinates
to send back their reactions which lead them to be suspicious of the directives
of the superiors.
7. More Emphasis on Boss’s Interest:
Subordinates react best to the matters that serve the greatest personal
interests of their superiors, sometimes neglecting other matters. Among the
various commands, policies, practices and suggestions that come from above,
subordinates select those most in keeping their perception of their boss’s
character, personal motivation and style and give them priority.
8. Low Efficiency:
As a corollary, the above limitations produce another limitation – reduction of
efficiency in the employees.
9. Delay:
If the line of communication in the downward system is very long, it takes too
much time to transmit information to the lowest level of management. By the
time information reaches the destination, it is too late losing much of its
significance.
The above limitations have curtailed the popularity of downward
communication. But these are not absolutely beyond control. Many of the
limitation can be removed if the management and the managed sincerely
desire.
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Essentials of Effective Downward Communication
The effectiveness of downward communication is largely determined by the
following factors:
1. Possession of Adequate Information:
Through downward communication, superiors transmit information such as
organizational objectives, procedures, activities, achievements, etc. to the
subordinates. To make effective communication, managers themselves must
be in possession of adequate information relating to concerned issues.
2. Clear Idea:
Managers must have clear idea about how much information to be
communicated and at what time. With this end in view, managers must work
according to communication plan which will ensure that there is neither any
communication gap nor any over-communication or under-communication.
3. Detailed Information:
Information should be sent to employees as much detail as it enables the
employees to clearly understand the message and perform their jobs in better
ways.
4. No By-passing:
Information must reach the destination through the proper channel. No by-
passing should be entertained. Sending a message through by-passing creates
many problems. For example, if the managing director by-passes the
departmental heads to directly communicate with the lower staff, the
organizational structure is subverted thereby and this creates bad precedence
for the smooth flow of downward communication.
5. Re-explanation:
If subordinates fail to clearly understand the message, there should be an
arrangement to re-explain the message.
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6. Decentralization:
Effectiveness of downward communication can also be increased through
decentralization. If the system is decentralized, every level of management
becomes the original source of message. As a result, possibilities of distorted,
lost and delayed information are largely reduced because of the shorter
communication route used.
7. Awareness about the Receiver’s Knowledge:
To make effective communication, language of the message should be such as
would enable the receiver to understand it easily and clearly.
8. Willingness:
Lastly it can be said that both the sender and the receiver of the message must
be willing and sincere to make downward communication effective. Both of
them must extend their whole-hearted co-operation in this regard.
Specimen for Downward Communication
An example of downward communication by a General Manager (Chief
Executive Officer) to the production management through a show case notice
is given below:
Textile Ltd. 24, Motijheel, Dhaka-1000
5.03.11 Manager Production Department Sub: Show cause for the failure. According to finished production report, the actual figure is much less than the target set for last month. Please check the discrepancy and interpret the reasons in details within one week. Mr. Tanjid Khan General Manager
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Upward Communication
Upward communication flows from one level of an organization or a group to a
higher level. This is just opposite to downward communication. Subordinates
may have many suggestions and complaints which need to be transmitted to
the superiors. Upper management also needs to know specifically about
production performance, marketing information, financial data and so forth.
Whenever the subordinates send any suggestion, complaint or any other type
of message to the superiors on their own accord or at the will of the superiors,
the process is called Upward Communication.
This type of communication is also known as bottom-up communication.
The main purpose of upward communication is to know if the subordinates
have properly received the message or they have any problem. Another
purpose is to collect necessary data from the subordinates who are associated
with implementation of the plan made by the upper level management. Rue
and Byars of Georgias State University (1980), identified the following four
major types of information which generally flow through upward
communication.
1. Information on subordinate achievement, progress and future plans.
2. Information about work problems which require assistance from higher
ups in the organization.
3. Ideas for improvement in work related activities and functions.
4. Information on subordinates’ feelings about work and work-related
issues.
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Forms of Upward Communication
Upward communication may be done in a number of ways. Some of the more
commonly used forms are discussed below:
1. Report:
Most frequently used form for upward communication is report. Subordinates
may be required to submit reports to the senior about the progress of their
(subordinates’) work at regular intervals.
2. Complaints/Suggestion Boxes:
Complaint/Suggestion Boxes are installed at some convenient places in the
factory or office. Employees drop the complaints and suggestions, if any, into
the boxes. Later on, these are collected and reviewed through established
schedule and procedure.
3. Open-door Policy:
This form gives the employees a feeling that the manager’s doors are always
open to them. Whenever the subordinates likes they can walk into the
superior’s room without any hesitation and talk to him about their problems.
4. Direct Correspondence:
Under this system, the employees are encouraged to seek advice of their
superiors about their problems at their own initiatives.
5. Counseling:
Sometimes, in some organizations, lower level employees are encouraged to
seek advice of their problems at their personal problems. As the employees
feel free to talk about their problems through this system, their morale
increases.
6. Social Gathering:
Social gatherings, arranged in different departments, offer an informal
atmosphere where lower level employees feel to talk to the seniors about their
problems.
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7. Letters:
Letters are relatively brief documents. They are used for day to day exchange
of information.
8. Memos:
The most frequently used form for upward communication is memos. Through
memos a short piece of information is sent to executives by subordinates.
Generally routine information is communicated through this means.
9. Quality Circles:
Quality circles, voluntarily formed with a small group of workers, identify
problems within their immediate work areas and suggest solutions to the
higher-ups.
10. Special Meetings:
Employees many call special meetings to discuss issues of mutual interest with
managers.
11. Questionnaires and Surveys:
Managers may obtain information about employee attitude and morale,
employee views about the organization and relationship between manager
and subordinates through questionnaires and surveys.
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Advantages of Upward Communication
Modern democratic system and the recently developed Human Resource
Management concepts have drawn our attention. With the increasing use of
these systems, importance of upward communication has also increased in the
interest of effective operation of an organization. Upward communication
provides numerous advantages:
1. Decision Making:
Top level management needs to know about production performance,
marketing operations, and financial data and so on before making any
decision. Subordinates supply their information through upward
communication and thus decision-making is made easier and better.
2. Giving Feedback:
Through upward communication the subordinates send back their reactions to
the decision given by the superiors. Thus, upper level management can ensure
whether the lower level employees have accepted the message sent by the
superiors.
3. Providing Suggestions:
Subordinates can provide their constructive opinions to the superiors through
upward communication. These opinions may be useful to the achievement of
the organization’s objectives.
4. Motivating:
Upward communication is a communication tool through which the lower level
staffs is allowed to express their opinions to the upper level superiors.
Naturally, juniors are motivated and their job satisfaction increases, thereby
facilitating the achievement of production target.
5. Maintaining Good Relations:
If there is upward communication working in an organization, subordinates get
the opportunity to express their opinions on different issues relating to the
operations of the organization. This arrangement creates and maintains a
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sense of belonging in the mind of the juniors. As a result, harmonious
relationship prevails between the superiors and subordinates.
6. Developing Creativity:
Upward communication facilitates the development of basic and creative
thought in the subordinates.
7. Knowing Employee’s Attitude:
Every organization undertakes some welfare measures for the employees. If
upward communication is in operation, management can know through it
whether/how far the employees are satisfied with the welfare activities.
8. Favorable Organizational Environment:
Upward communication enriches the relationship between subordinates and
superiors. As a result organization attains continuous development.
9. Development of Plan:
Upper level management can collect information from the bowel level
management through upward communication information obtained from such
communication can be used to develop and implement any plan.
10. Prompt Appreciation:
Because of upward communication, subordinates get the opportunity to praise
their boss for any positive or effective movement. This ultimately results in
cordial relationship between superiors and subordinates.
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Problems of Upward Communication
It is true that upward communication has many advantages. But it is not very
easy to have a smooth upward flow. Smooth upward communication is
hindered by a number of limitations, more prominent of which are discussed
below:
1. Fear:
One prominent barrier of upward communication is that many employees fear
communicating their ideas up the organizations. A research study disclosed
that the majority of the employees believed that the best way of gaining
promotion was to agree with superiors (Vogel, 1967). This tendency to
suppress fact must not be entertained because it is not the suppressed
information but the correct one, which is absolute needed for proper
management of an organization.
2. Lack of Initiative:
Employees are usually found reluctant to talk any initiative for upward
communication. If it so happens, an organization is deprived of many merits
resulting from upward communication.
3. Nonresponsive Management:
Many employees feel that management is both inaccessible and unresponsive.
Employees often see their bosses as too busy or they simply cannot find their
bosses when they are wanted. Even if the subordinates can locate them, the
managers are not found to be responsive to what they (subordinates) say,
which results in employees becoming very reluctant to express their ideas,
opinions and feelings.
4. Distortion:
Usually, upward communication is more prone to distortion than downward
flow of communication. Lower-level staffs with aspirations for ‘moving up’
hardly send critical or unpalatable information upward. In fact, upward
communication is subject to filtering, as information passes from person to
person. Thus, it is deliberately distorted.
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5. By-passing:
In the process of upward communication, sometimes workers directly
approach the top most authority with their suggestions or complaints ignoring
their immediate boss. Thus, the officers having been by-passed feel slighted
and consequently the relations between the workers and their immediate boss
get strained which results in poor (or no) job performance.
6. Recklessness:
Taking the opportunity of upward communication, sometimes the
subordinates behave with their bosses recklessly. This stands in the way of
developing and maintaining good relations between the workers and the
superiors.
7. Flattery:
This is just opposite to reckless behavior of the subordinates. Flatteries are
part of human nature, at least, to some people. Subordinates having this
nature always try to satisfy their bosses with whatever information they feel
appropriate. They often serve the boss’s personal interest, not the interest of
the organization.
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Essentials of Effective Upward Communication
To overcome the problems of or to effectively use upward communication,
due attention must be given on the following matters:
1. Understanding:
Upward communication encounters many difficulties in most hierarchical
organizations because of the lack of understanding between the people
involved in upward communication. Managers often fail to understand the
lower level staff. This problem must be solved in terms of human perception. It
is rightly said that the better the interpersonal perception, the better is the
communication.
2. Encouraging Subordinates to Communicate:
Often workers are to remain afraid of their bosses. With this fearful mind they
cannot be expected to freely talk to the managers. Hence, the managers must
change their autocratic attitudes by driving out the awe of authority from the
mind of the lower level staff. To do this, superiors should keep on encouraging
the subordinates to come out of their shell and freely talk to the seniors.
3. Participative Management:
One of the important ways of using upward communication is the positive
attitude of managers. If participative management is sincerely encouraged,
upward communication takes place.
4. Confidence in Sub-ordinates:
Superiors must have confidence in the abilities and capacities of subordinate
employees. If the workers feel that they have an important role in the success
of the organization and that their inputs are really solicited, their participation
generally results in improved methods and increased productivity.
5. Short Communication Lines:
Distortion by ‘editing’ and filtering can be avoided or at least minimized by
making the lines of communication short as far as possible.
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6. Initiative from Superiors:
Workers should not be expected to take initiative for upward communication.
To make if effective managers, instead of waiting for employees to come with
their problems and ideas, had better get off their chairs and walk through and
get in touch with the employees.
7. Redressal of Grievances:
Due attention should be given one the legitimate claims and grievances of the
employees. These issues should not be kept hanging rather they should be
promptly resolved.
8. Reward for Proper Suggestions:
In the process of upward communication, workers not only complain but also
give many suggestions on different issue of the organization. Any such
suggestion for any improvement, if found feasible, should be taken up for
implementation and the workers making the suggestion should be suitably
rewarded.
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Specimen of Upward Communication
An example of upward communication by a sales manager to a general
manager (CEO) through a letter:
Goodwill Enterprise 76,Dhanmondi,Dhaka
12.12.2010 The General Manager Subject: Reviewed sales report. Dear Sir, As per your direction, we checked the last month’s sales figure tonight and found the figures correct. One particular thing, which draws your attention, is that such an astonishing sales achievement has been possible because of our newly introduced credit sales policy. Our customers have increased their confidence in us and this helped us achieve the tremendous sales increase. Yours Sincerely A.R. Joardar Sales Manager
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Differences between Upward and Downward Communication
The points of difference between upward communication and downward
communication may be presented as under:
Points of Difference
Downward Communication Upward Communication
1. Definition Downward communication is a process of sending a message from a superior to a subordinate. Information flow from one level of an organization to immediate lower level.
On the other hand, upward communication flows from one level of an organization or a group to a higher level and continues up the organizational hierarchy. This is just opposite to downward communication.
2. Nature Messages in downward communication include instructions, orders, advices and the like. So, it is directive in nature.
Messages in upward communication include suggestions, complaints and the like. So, it is non-directive.
3. Application Downward communication is suitably found in an authoritarian environment. In such communication, the lower level employees have no or little scope to ask why.
Upward communication on the other hand, is found in a democratic organizational environment where participative management is encouraged.
4. Purpose The overall purpose of downward communication is to supply the subordinates with relevant information and necessary explanation. So, it is mostly needed to facilitate the achievement of target results.
The main purpose of upward communication is to ensure if the subordinates have properly received/understood the message. Data on job performance, work problems, work improvement etc. are also collected through upward communication.
5. Frequency Downward communication takes place frequently. Direction, order, advice etc. are frequently issued to the lower level employees.
Upward communication on the contrary does not occur as frequently as downward communication does.
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6. Distortion Because of the authoritarian nature of downward communication people involved in the process of transmitting messages, find very little scope to deliberately distort the message. If there is any distortion at all, it happens unconsciously there.
On the other hand, being non-directive in nature, upward communication is more prone to distortion. Subordinates with expectation of getting promotions in the administrative hierarchy hardly send critical or unpalatable information to their bosses. Thus information may be deliberately distorted here.
7. Initiative Here, higher authority takes the initiative to make communication.
Here, lower level employees take initiative to establish communication.
8. Management It is an instruction type of management.
It is as like as consultative management.
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Horizontal Communication
Communication between the individuals of the same level or groups within the
same departments or across departments is called Horizontal Communication.
Many of these communication events are sent across informal pathways. In
that case, it allows one to by-pass the formal structure and addresses the
problems at the level where they appear. For example, the production
manager in the diagram below may directly exchange information with the HR
manager by-passing the formal structure of organizational hierarchy i.e.
moving up through the hierarchy at the top (general manager) and then down
to the HR manager at the right. Thus, workers directly communicating with co-
workers and supervisors exchanging information with other supervisors are all
engaged in horizontal communication. Horizontal communications among
departmental heads are diagrammatically represented in the following figure:
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Purposes of Horizontal Communication
The overall purpose of horizontal communication is to quickly facilitate the co-
ordination of activities across different departments of the organization. The
major types information flowing through horizontal communication are:
1. Information about the coordination of activities across multiple parts of
the organization,
2. Information about work activities in the same level of the organization,
3. Information about persuasion of others at similar levels in the
organization,
4. Information regarding colleagues’ feelings on work and work-related
issues.
Forms of Horizontal Communication
Horizontal communication is carried on through different means. But it most
effectively takes place through oral means. Among the oral means, face-to-
face conversation or a brief exchange of views over telephone is the usual and
frequently used means of horizontal communication.
Periodical meetings among equal ranking officers’ e.g. departmental heads
may also be held to horizontally send a message to the persons desired. An
interview may be considered one of the forms of horizontal communication in
this category.
In horizontal communication, side by side with the use of oral forms, written
forms are also used. Among written forms, memorandums, letters, reports etc.
are the most frequently used means for the purpose.
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Advantages of Horizontal Communication
Horizontal communication is very important to promote understanding and
coordination among various departments. A brief description of its importance
is given below:
1. Coordination:
Coordination of activities among different departments is necessary for
smooth operations because the output of the whole organization involves the
contribution from each department. For example, the increased production
will require additional material, machine hours, human effort and finance. So,
all departments, in together, must, work for any single piece of operation and
hence coordination is must for proper operation.
2. Quickness:
Horizontal communication takes place quickly because persons of equal rank
react actively and promptly. This increases the motion of an organization.
3. More Complete Information:
An obvious advantage is that information received through horizontal
communication is more details. This is possible because information is less
filtered in horizontal than in vertical communication.
4. Less Distortion:
The direct nature of this form of communication helps for less distortion that
may occur when information passes vertically through many different people.
5. Mutual Understanding:
Finally, horizontal communication plays an important role in work teams
consisting of members from different departments having similar designation.
Team members get an opportunity for free discussions of their mutual interest.
Thus, the free flow of horizontal communication makes a bridge between
peers.
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6. Harmonious Relation:
Such communication occurs between the same ranked personnel. There is free
and frankness among the peer group. This calls for betterment for the
organization.
7. Departmental Communication:
Horizontal communication is very important for the departmental
communication because such communication always follow the organizational
structure.
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Limitations or Disadvantages of Horizontal Communication
Under horizontal communication workers get too much friendly with one
another and create problems for the management. It also creates unnecessary
delay and arise bitterness among the workers. Horizontal communication faces
some problems or limitations which are as follows:
1. Overload:
Since information is less filtered in horizontal communication, so one must sort
a greater amount of data which may lead to overload.
2. Wastage of Time:
Such communication involves excessive sorting of data which can kill the useful
and valuable time of superiors.
3. Damn-care:
Horizontal communication takes place between two equal ranking employees.
This feeling of equality may lead ‘no respect no honor’ to each other involved
in such communication. When ego factor strongly works in the mind of sender
and receiver then they may not care for receiving and sending information in
due time.
4. Lack of Cooperation and Coordination:
When two superiors bear any personal conflict then there is a lack of
cooperation and coordination between the respective departments. This will
lead to communication gap and therefore failure to reach organizational goal.
5. Rivalry:
In horizontal communication, workers are separated from each other when
they are grouped into different departments. Such separation calls for limited
understanding of each other which may turn to rivalry.
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6. Specialization:
It may cause individuals to be aware about the work of their respective unit
only. As a result, they are little concerned about the demand and need of
others. Hence there is a communication gap.
7. Inter Departmental Conflict:
If conflict exists between departments, then the result of horizontal
communication would lead to uncertainty.
Essentials of Effective Horizontal Communication
To make horizontal communication effective, managers must recognize it as a
realistic and useful way to exchange a message. To be effective, this
communication is to be considered a form of emergency communication to
affect a quick solution of a particular problem.
Some managers discourage horizontal communication thinking that workers
may get friendly to each other and thus create problems for management. But
that may not be true. Managers in that case should be convinced that such
feelings have no strong footings. Managers should be made fully aware of the
fact that it is not horizontal communication, but downward communication
where authoritarianism is likely to create bitterness and disorder among the
workers. Moreover, it should be made clear to the managers and other people
within the organizational hierarchy that appropriate horizontal communication
is neither threatening nor eroding to their authority. Care should also be taken
so that managers may have clear understanding that horizontal
communication is a functional part of the total communication process.
Another way of making horizontal communication effective is that the
organizational structure is to be made in such a way that opportunity for
interdepartmental communication increases. Finally, it may be said that
mutual understanding and trust among the employees of different
departments must be developed. This will act as lubricant in the way of
effectively using horizontal communication.
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Specimen for Horizontal Communication
An example of horizontal communication by a Production Manager to a Sales
Manager through a letter:
Golden Corporation 42, Gulshan, Dhaka
The Sales Manager Golden Corporation Date: 6.01.2011 Subject: A request for sales information. Dear Sir, We are going to prepare our production budget for the next financial year very soon. Now we are at data collection. I would appreciate if you kindly let us know the expected sales volume of our enterprise for the next year. Truly Yours, R K Talukdar Production Manager
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Comparison between Horizontal and Vertical Communication
The following important aspects help to compare between horizontal and
vertical communication:
Points of Difference
Horizontal Communication Vertical Communication
1. Definition Such communication flows between people at the same level.
Such communication flows between people of different levels.
2. Coordination Such communication helps in coordination between various departments of an organization.
It normally coordinates the activities of superior and subordinates.
3. Flow of Communication
The communication flows here like a straight line.
It may flow as an upward or downward way.
4. Methods Oral communication is very suitable for such communication as sender and receiver belong to same level.
Such communication generally uses written procedures and methods.
5. Example Communication between purchase and sales manager.
Communication between sales manager and sales executives or agents.
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Two-way Communication
When a communication channel pushes the flow of information in two
directions, back and forth, it is called two-way communication. In two-way
communication, a sender transmits a message to the intended receiver and
the said receiver sends back his reactions to the original sender. Face-to-face
discussions and phone conversations are examples of two-way
communication. For example, a sales manager sent the following message to
the sales persons: “Come to the office tomorrow sharp at 8 a.m. ignoring the
hartal call of the opposition parties. I will not entertain any flimsy excuse for
not being able to come to the office.” The sales persons informed the
manager: “Sorry sir, it would not be possible for us to reach the office at all
because we apprehend that there may be severe confrontation between pro
and anti hartal groups resulting in the stoppage of free movement of
passengers on the road.” In this system, there is a completed communication
circuit, because there is a message flow from a sender to a receiver and back
to the sender as displayed in the following figure:
Sender Receiver
Figure: Two-way Communication Process
Decodes Message
Receives Message
Selects Channel
and Transmits
Message
Encodes Message
Decodes Message
Receives (Perceives) Message
Selects Channel
and Transmits
Feedback
Encodes Message
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Necessity of Two-way communication in the Communication
Process
The purpose of communication is to inform, persuade, entertain and or elicit
action. The precondition of achieving these objectives is the clear
understanding and acceptance of the message by the receiver. But clear
understanding sometimes becomes difficult, if not, impossible, due to
communication breakdowns (barriers). Several breakdowns may occur at any
stage, and at any moment in the communication process resulting in
misunderstanding of the message. Through one-way communication (simple
send-receive), it is not possible to know the state of understanding or the
reaction of the receiver. But it is inevitable to know the reactions of the
receiver for effective communication. Naturally, a sender of the message
expects that the receiver sends his/her message (response) back to him
(sender). This response or return message of the receiver is called feedback.
Feedback completes two-way communication. It tells the sender how well the
message is understood and how it will be used by the receiver. Feedback is the
only way to ascertain the receiver’s reactions to the message.
In this system, the communicatee can play the role of both the receiver and
sender of the message simultaneously. As both the communicator and the
communicatee can freely express their opinions and reactions through this
communication process, so it is indispensable for any meaningful
communication. If we are to complete a circuit, it is two-way communication,
not the one-way. Here lies the significance of two-way communication. In a
nutshell, it can be said that if communication is to accomplish any fruitful
result, obviously it should be done though two-way communication.
There are many reasons for which two-way communication is given much
importance now-a-days. The reasons are briefly discussed here:
1. Dynamic Process:
In two-way communication, information flow starts from the sender (source)
and reaches to the receiver (destination). The receiver having received the
message sends back his reaction to the original sender. The sender, the next
time when transmitting a message again, transmits it with necessary
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adjustment based on the responses given by the receiver previously. This is the
dynamism of two-way communication. This dynamic process makes
communication complete and as such effective.
2. Implementation of Executive Direction:
Managers at different levels within the organization advice, inform, direct and
instruct subordinates on different issues. Clear understanding of these
messages is the primary requirement for their successful implementation. In
the presence of two-way communication, the subordinates receiving the
message can get clarification, if needed, from the source through feedback
facility.
3. Job Satisfaction:
One of the prominent features of two-way communication is that the receiver
does play not only the role of receiving a message, but also the role of sending
a message. The subordinates can inform the source of their complaints,
suggestions about the directives and many other problems they face through
the feedback facilities available in two-way communication. This opportunity
of exchanging ideas freely between managers and subordinates increases job
satisfaction of the employee largely.
4. Democratic Environment:
Through free discussions and constructive criticism, plans, decisions or
instructions can be improved. Due to the presence of feedback systems in two-
way communication, employees can inform freely the managers of the pros
and cons of their reactions to the instructions received. This opportunity
creates a democratic environment in the organizations. As a result, the
achievement of organizational goals becomes easy.
5. Providing Suggestion:
Both the superiors and the subordinates require information and suggestions
from each other for making effective decision as well as for its implementation.
The feedback system of two-way communication acts as a bridge between the
superiors and the subordinates for the purpose. In two-way communication,
subordinates can feedback information and suggestions to the concern
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superior about different aspects of their jobs. The superior also can do the
same thing for the subordinates if and when needed. Decisions taken after the
interaction of opinions in this way can rapidly be implemented.
6. Receiver’s Reactions:
The receivers’ reaction to the message may be positive, negative or neutral. If
it is negative or even neutral, the message is difficult to be carried out.
Therefore, two-way communication is necessary to determine the receiver’s
actual reaction so that necessary alterations can be provided to them
subsequently.
7. Better Relations:
Through the free exchange of opinions under two-way communication, a
communicator and a communicatee can know each other. Due to this
feedback system, labor management relations are improved.
8. Acknowledgement of Information:
In two-way communication, the receiver can send back his reactions to the
communicator. When the receiver sends back the reactions, this feedback acts
as acknowledgement of the receipt of information. Thus, the receiver cannot
refuse the receipt of the message transmitted to him.
9. Accuracy of Understanding:
If information sent to the desired receiver contains any vagueness or technical
words, it is difficult for the receiver to understand the actual meaning of the
message. To solve this problem, two-way communication has no substitutes.