4A 07 Nguyen Thu Thuy PassiveVoiceinEnglishandVietnamese
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Transcript of 4A 07 Nguyen Thu Thuy PassiveVoiceinEnglishandVietnamese
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Passive Voice in English and Vietnamese.
HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF PEDAGOGY
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
PASSIVE VOICE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
A Contrastive Analysis and Educational Implications
Nguyen Thu Thuy
Class 4A_07
Ho Chi Minh City, 28/ 12/ 2010
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Passive Voice in English and Vietnamese.
ABSTRACT
In the globalization era, languages play an important role in communication and social,
economic development as well. Languages bring endless values and opportunities for the
learners and provide them with confidence and activeness in all interactive, interpersonal
relationship. More than that, languages also open a new life for the learners to discover
and challenge their new horizons. Being able to work and communicate with people from
different backgrounds and cultures is not only a strong motivation but also a qualified
requirement for all the modern labor force. However, learning languages require thelearners a lot of efforts and obviously, learners encounter a lot of difficulties when they
often misunderstand the similarities and dissimilarities between the target language and
their mother tongue. As a Vietnamese learner and a would-be English teacher, I think that
we should raise the students awareness about 2 language systems in all aspects such as
pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary. It will be easier for them to recognize some
common mistakes, avoid making mistakes and gradually use the foreign language
correctly and flexibly. From my observation, Passive Voice is an English grammatical
structure that students often confuse. So, in this assignment, I would like to point out
some issues that cause popular confusion and suggest some education implications. And
besides that, I also emphasize some aspects to distinguish Passive Voice and appearance
frequencies in 2 different language systems.
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Passive Voice in English and Vietnamese.
LITERATURE REVIEW:
Many linguists regard grammar structures as the core figures of one specific language.
When learning a language, learners are obligated to learn the grammar structures to
express their ideas. Grammar rules are so well-governed and traditional that we can
hardly find other explanations except the ones in all grammar books. They have the
strong power and influence on all other aspects of learning. And in Vietnam, English
grammar rules are strongly emphasized in all level of learning. The students need to
know the form in order to convey the meanings and functions. One form is used toconvey more than one single function and depending on the purpose of the speakers, we
can you different forms to express different meanings. And to a certain extent, Passive
Voice is somehow related to this matter.
In order to understand more about Passive, we should pay attention to the purpose of
using this structure. Passive voice is a voice that indicates that the subjectis thepatient or
recipient of the action denoted by the verb. Passive Voice focuses on the action, not the
agent. So when we have 2 indirect objects, we choose the more important one to be the
subject. And passive Voice is formed based on this rule:
Form of "to be" + past participle = passive voice
In Active Voice Subject will stand before Verbs:
Ex: They buy some flowers in this flower shop.
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsASubject.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsASubject.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPatientAsASemanticRole.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAVerbLinguistics.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsASubject.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPatientAsASemanticRole.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAVerbLinguistics.htm -
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Passive Voice in English and Vietnamese.
Some flowers are bought in this flower shop.
PASSIVE VOICE IN ENGLISH
When changing the Active Voice into Passive, we need to pay attention to Subject, Verb,
and Object. Here are some examples to illustrate some common rules in sentence
transformation.
- Subject of the Active Voice will become object of Passive Voice
- Verb of the Active Voice will become verb of Passive Voice, and is used in the
form: Tobe + Past Participle
- Object of the Active Voice will become Subject of Passive Voice
The identification of the subject relation may be further confirmed by finding significantoverlap with similar subject relations previously established in other languages.
- In English, we have 2 kinds of verbs: Transitive and Intransitive
- Transitive verbs are able to take a direct object, so they can be used in Passive
Voice. Ex: build, sell, buy, cut.
- Intransitive verbs are unable to take a direct object, so they cannot be used in
Passive Voice. Ex: sleep, fall, eat
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Passive Voice in English and Vietnamese.
- Passive constructions are easy to spot. Look for a form of "to be" (is, are, am ,
was, were, has been, have been, had been, will be, will have been, being) followed
by a past participle. (The past participle is a form of the verb that typically, but not
always, ends in "-ed." Some exceptions to the "-ed" rule are words like "paid" (not
"payed") and "driven." (not "drived"). Here's a sure-fire formula for identifying the
passive voice:
- form of "to be" + past participle = passive voice
The usage of Passive Voice is very stylistic to clarify the main point you wants to
readers to recognize. Passive Voice is very popular in a lot of scientific research
and newspaper or official papers when the writers want to have formal style and
avoid causing some embarrassment. And these are some common situations when
you can use this structure.
- To emphasize an object:
- 20 houses were sold in this region last year.
This passive sentence emphasizes the number of houses which were sold, and do not pay
attention to who bought them. An active version of the sentence ("some people bought 20
houses in this region last year) would put the emphasis on the buyers, who may be less
significant than the statistics.
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Passive Voice in English and Vietnamese.
- To de-emphasize an unknown actor/ subject
- More than 2000 buildings are destroyed in the earthquake.
If you don't actually know who destroyed the buildings or it is obvious that the
earthquake destroyed them and you do not need to mention again, then you may need to
write in the passive. But remember, if you do know the actor, and if the clarity and
meaning of your writing would benefit from indicating him/her/it/them, then use an
active construction.
If the readers do not need to know who is responsible for the action.
If it is hard for you to choose Active or Passive, try to put yourself in your reader's
position to anticipate how he/she will react to the way you have phrased your thoughts.
KFC was delivered at 3:30 a.m. yesterday.(passive)
and
A man from KFC shop delivered KFC at 3:30 a.m. yesterday.(active)
The first sentence might be more appropriate when listeners do not really care about the
man; they are so more interested in the object (KFC). But if we want to focus on the
serviceman, we should use the first structure.
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Passive Voice in English and Vietnamese.
PASSIVE VOICE IN VIETNAMESE
Vietnamese has the different grammatical rules. In Vietnamese, changing the word orders
is the main way to change it into Passive Voice and we can not change word forms, even
with verbs. So, we can not base on the word form or grammar structures. And if we
totally base on grammar structures, we can be led to wrong conclusion.
Ex: Ti b t.
These following examples will modify more:
No English Vietnamese
1. Passive Voice which is transformed
based on the relevant tense.
- My house is built.
Passive voice containing b/ c and
the agent and the object of action.
Passive voice regarding b/ c as
independent verbs, and after these verbs,
we do not need to use other verbs.
Ex: Con c nhn qu ca ng gi Noel.
Passive voice containing b/ c beforeother verbs, and modifies the passive
meaning for the whole sentence.
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Passive Voice in English and Vietnamese.
Ex: C y b kin ra ta.
2 Passive voices with Inversion in a
Clause.
Ex: It is thought that she has stolen
the budget.
Passive voice has b/ c but does not
have any object.
Ex: Ton b tin u b nh cp.
3 Passive voice has 2 Objects (Indirect
object and Direct Object). Choosing
which object to be the subject
depends on the purpose and emphasis
of the speech.
Ex: She was given a big house as the
birthday present.
A big house was given to her as the
birthday present.
Passive Voict have e which does not
appear b/ c. However, we can add
b/ c to this sentence.
Ex: Bi bo da trn cc thng tin c tht
v th trng chnh khon.
Ex: Bi bo c da trn cc thng tin c
tht v th trng chnh khon.
4 Passive Voice is followed by To-
infinitive.
Ex: The patients are not permitted tosmoke in the hospital.
Passive voice does not express the
meaning of actions but the meaning of
situations.
Ex: Ti b ui vic.
5 Passive voice with passive Infinitive.
Ex: The passengers who fight against
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Passive Voice in English and Vietnamese.
the police must be punished.
6 Passive Voice with Causative
meaning.
Ex: I have my hair cut.
7 Passive Voice with To- infinitive.
Ex: There is nothing to be done to
save the destroyed environment.
8 Passive Voice with Gerund ( V-ing)
Ex: They like being treated well in
the new communities.
9 V-ing with the Passive meaning.
Ex: The house needs cleaning.
10 Passive Voice with past- participles,
without Tobe/ get
Ex: The doll made in China is very
cheap.
Passive Voice without b/ c but still
has the passive meaning.
Ex: chi do Trung Quc sn xut
thng khng an ton cho tr em.
COMMON ERRORS
Students often have made mistakes when translating sentences with b/ c especially
at elementary level, b/ c is overemphasized in English- Vietnamese translation, the
consequence of which is the tendency to treat any sentences containing b/ c as
Passive.
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Passive Voice in English and Vietnamese.
Ex: Ti b mt tin = I was lost my money.
Ngi nh b sp xung = The house was collapsed.
Therefore, we should pay attention to the notes and instructions when conducting new
form to beginner of English to avoid misleading way of thinking in the long run.
I personally suggest that in sentences like these, teachers may ask pupils to drop b/c
and see whether they are still grammatical. If the answer is "yes" the sentence under
consideration is not passive and vice versa.
And we should point out ways to distinguish Intransitive and Transitive Verbs and the
numbers of Transitive Verbs used in this structure is very narrow compared with
Vietnamese.
In countering such sentences as:
o n nu xong ri, ti dn bn i nha!
A learner should be aware the subject can not carry out the actions and in this case, it
is better to play safe by translating them as passive although English does allow a subject
of its verb to be used similarly to those of Vietnamese.
These practical applications are very helpful for language learners and such a
research is the goal we aimed at.
Other examples will modify some common errors:
- A thief uses a false key to break into this house.
This house is broken by the false key. (wrong)
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Passive Voice in English and Vietnamese.
Students have difficulties when they face Phrasal verbs (verbs containing Verbs and
prepositions), they have tendency to omit Prepositions.
Moreover, students often use by before the agent, so they must be aware that we have
to use with before the tool which is used to carry out the action.
- Ex: He was killed with a big branch. (1)
- Ex: He was killed by a big branch. (2)
The first sentence means that somebody used the big branch to kill him. The second
sentence means that the branch is the reason which killed him, maybe in an accident.
IMPLICATIONS
In term of linguistic factors:
From all observation and evaluation, we come to a conclusion the lexical meaning or
grammatical status of such word as b/ c/phi become the main principles for us to
form Vietnamese Passive Form. And we do not always base on the form, but the
semantic meaning of the whole sentence in order to find out what is mainly mentioned.
Ex: Ta nh mi xong nhng cha c ai vo .
In term of semantic, this sentence sounds very illogic because ta nh mi is an object
and itself can not carry out the action and it must be human who builds it. But in fact, it is
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Passive Voice in English and Vietnamese.
grammatically correct. In English, we consider Passive Voice based on the grammatical
forms because English is a synthetic language. Sometimes, the meaning of passiveness
must be understood through the context, the roles of the speakers and the situations when
the sentences are uttered.
In term of beyond language factors
In both English and Vietnamese, passive voice is used to focus on the fact, the action
or result of an action. Therefore, in passive sentence, the doers are often omitted but its
disappearance does not influence the meaning of the event.
Passive voice has an important role in English, especially in academic works where
the actions taken place without mentioning the doer. Vietnamese, vice versa, prefer active
form. Hence, sometimes when translating from English into Vietnamese, if the translator
keeps the original structure, the Vietnamese version will not very idiomatic. We can take
here several examples from the passage
Ex: A suggestion is made to the students who do not have enough money to pay for
their fees is that they should have a suitable part-time job.
We should not translate word by word like this:
Mt li ngh c lm ti nhng sinh vin khng c tin trang tri hc ph l
h nn tm cng vic bn thi gian ph hp.
Ex: ngi ta ngh nhng sinh vin khng c tin trang tri hc ph nn tm cng
vic lm thm ph hp.
Another example is:
- Milk is drunk by the babies.
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Passive Voice in English and Vietnamese.
It will be very strange for Vietnamese students to say: Sa c ung bi cc em
b.
It will be better if they translate into Vietnamese like this:
Nhng em b ung sa.
Teacher should be alert and sensitive when guiding the students into the
translation that is widely spoken and accepted in Vietnamese. The passive one
sounds artificial and unlike to be said. But if the active sentence was Millions of
people drink Tiger Beer all over the world."
Then the passive "Tiger Beer is drunk all over the world"is definitely feasible if
the passive was used, listeners can imagine how popular the beer is, and so the
importance of this kind of beer can be emphasized.
In spoken language, there is still another quite interesting thing of using b/c/phi
especially in Northern Vietnam.
Ex: Bn thng ny hi b p.
Ci gii thng ny hi b to y.
It can be seen that in these examples b/ c mean nothing relating to passive or
suffering. However, these sentences sometimes express negative meaning than positive
meaning. Also, sometimes "c" can be used and followed a verb to express the
meaning of a "good result" of an action, such as in these sentences.
Ex: Ti c chn lm i s cho cng ty.
(I was nominated to be the representative of company)
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Passive Voice in English and Vietnamese.
CONCLUSION
We can see that language is so sophisticated. The way we use and totally
understand the meaning of one expression or structure depends on how you can
familiarize yourself with it in the suitable situations. And realizing the differences in the
first and second language helps you to analyze. The important way in which Vietnamese
passive differs from English one is that Vietnamese verbs don't themselves imply a clear
notion of "voice" in the grammatical sense. However, in English, a transitive verb can be
active or passive. No such distinction is necessary in Vietnamese. Hence, the object of
Vietnamese verbs is not formally marked. In the limited words, all of my information
may be not enough. Hopefully, it can provide learners with some guides and tips in
writing and transforming sentence in specific context. And more than that, students can
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Passive Voice in English and Vietnamese.
use what they have learned in the classroom in the classroom successfully and
confidently. Communicative competence is the goal of all learners and I hope that
Passive Voice can help you to be more active. I think we should try to talk and think in
the way the native speakers say or talk rather than think in our traditional way
REFERENCE SITED
Elearning.khoaanh:
http://elearning. Khoaanh.net
stateMaster-Encyclopedia. (n,d) PassiveVoiceinEnglish.December29,2009, from:
http://.statemaster.com/encyclopedia.
Ting Vit- S tho ng php chc nng, Quyn 1. Cao Xun Ho.
K thut dch Anh-Vit, Nguyn Quc Hng. MA
Mt s vn v cu b ngtrong Ting Vit vTing Anh
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Passive Voice in English and Vietnamese.
Le Quang Thiem (2004).Nghin cu i chiu cc ngn ng. Ha Noi: Ha Noi National
University Press
Nguyen, H. L. (2004).An Outline of Morphology. Ho Chi Minh City: University of
Education Press
Nguyen, T. G., Doan, T. T., & Nguyen, M. T. Dn lun ngn ng hc. Ho Chi Minh
City: Educational Publisher