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Prof. Dr. Reinhold Leinfelder

Haus der Zukunft (Berlin) gGmbH i.Gr. Anthropocene Working Group, Freie Universität Berlin

Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, Munich

Images: Jaqueline Pulsack, UdK

Wow! Just see This. Earth is rising. How beautiful!

Let me see....!........!!!!!!!!!!

This shows the frailty of our Earth. We have to protect it

The Blue Marble

© Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin

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Martyna Zalatyte, University of the Arts Berlin , (In: A. Hamann, H. Wagenbreth, H. Trischler, R. Leinfelder, 2014

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Wyn Tiedmers, University of the Arts Berlin , (in: A. Hamann, H. Wagenbreth, H. Trischler, R. Leinfelder, 2014)

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http://www.reinhold-leinfelder.de

http://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstellungen/sonderausstellungen/2014/anthropozaen/comics/comic-projekt/




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–  Oceans are being used since onset of humankind – but: new quality since industrialisation

–  Oceans at risk: by direct use and indirect impact (e.g. climate change)

–  New options for use and access cause additional pressure

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Use of the Oceans

The Ocean as source and infrastructure

•  Food from the sea: fisheries and aquaculture

•  Energy from the sea: from fossil to renewable

•  Resources from the sea •  Marine ecosystem services, e.g. genetic

resources •  Traffic: Shipping and trade

from: Hamann et al 2014a

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Use of the Oceans

The Ocean as sinkhole

•  Food from the sea: fisheries and aquaculture

•  Energy from the sea: from fossil to renewable

•  Resources from the sea •  Marine ecosystem services, e.g. genetic

resources •  Traffic: Shipping and trade •  Oceans as a dump and sink for waste

of all kind

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from: Hamann et al 2014a

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Use of the Oceans

Threats to the Oceans

The ocean as „patient“

•  Warming •  Sea-level rise •  CO2-input and acidification •  Dead zones •  Pollution (nutrients, toxic substances, plastic),

oil spills •  Overfishing •  Ecosystem destruction,

loss of biodiversity (e.g. coral reefs)

•  Attention to interactions – synergistic impacts The oceans have arrived in the anthropocene…

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http://www.wbgu.de/en/flagship-reports/fr-2013-oceans/




http://www.die-grosse-transformation.de





Status and trends of fish stocks worldwide

Sources: Pauly, 2013; World Bank and FAO, 2009

•  Massive ecological damage •  Economically unsound: US$ billions are lost •  Far from sustainability

Year

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ber o

f sto

cks

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Developing

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10090807060504030201001950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

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Source: Alder and Sumaila, 2009; Worm et al., 2009

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© Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin © Reinhold Leinfelder, for Open Forum Anthropocene Working Group, The Anthropocene Project. A Report, HKW 17. Oct 2014, Berlin

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Anthropocene - Plastic and Coral Reefs

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Source: Plastics Europe 2013

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Left: clastic plastiglomerate on Kamilo Beach, Hawaii (from Corcoran et al. 2014)

Up: Yesenia Thibault-Picazo, CRAFT IN THE ANTHROPOCENE - objects and scenarios

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Source: Rockström et al., Nature, 24. Sept. 2009

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Change of Land Use

Phosphorous- Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

Ocean acidification

Climate Change

Chemical Pollution

Biodiversity Loss

Atmosph. Aerosols

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Global Freshwater

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Living with risks and likelihoods: The tipping point problem

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From : Hamann et al 2014a From : Lenton et al. 2008, PNAS 105, modified

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Spatial scarcity is not solely a technical problem but also depends on the social context it operates

Principle of the freedom of the Seas mare liberum & res commis (Hugo Grotius,1608) shifted to a mare ordinarium situation

Provided by Bela Buck, AWI

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Acidification

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The Time-Lag Problem

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e.g. „Jurassic reef“ characteristics in Bocas del Toro, Panama

increased sedimentation and eutrophication to study ‘atavistic’ structures

anthropogenic impacts result in low or medium complex reefs

similarity of Porites thickets to Jurassic reef thickets

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Use of the Oceans


Analysis of Ocean Governance

Guiding Principles

Three guiding principles for future ocean use in the Anthropocene

1.  Precautionary principle (e.g. Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro 1992)

2.  Systemic approach -  Ecosystem approach, incl. land/sea interactions -  Earth system interactions: CO2, pH -  Marine ecosystems and society

3.  Oceans as common heritage of mankind

Use of the Oceans


Analysis of Ocean Governance

Guiding Principles

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230799470_Could_Ecosystem_Atavisms_Help_Reefs_to_Adapt_to_the_Anthropocene_


Source: WBGU, 2013

Status Quo

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bal

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onal

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nal

Base

line

max. 350 nmThe Areae

Extended continental shelfd

EEZb High seasc

12 nm max. 200 nm

Coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction for resource management

Virtually unlimited sovereignty

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) incl. implementing agreements (FSA, etc.)

International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)

International Seabed Authority Responsible for the mineralresources of the Area

Continental ShelfCommission

The Area as acommon heritage of mankind

Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs): Fisheries management on the high seas including some straddling and highly migratory fish stocks

Regional cooperation between the coastal states, e.g. in the UNEP Regional Seas Programme

Contracting states of UNCLOS

Contracting states of the FSA Limited accountability obligations vis-à-vis RFMOs, sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks

Mostly coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction

Scope of the common heritage of mankind

Territorialseaa

Glo

bal

Regi

onal

Natio

nal

Base

line

max. 350 nmThe Areae


EEZb High seasc

12 nm max. 200 nm

Coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction for resource management

Virtually unlimited sovereignty

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) incl. implementing agreements (FSA, etc.)

International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)

International Seabed Authority Responsible for the mineralresources of the Area

Continental ShelfCommission

The Area as acommon heritage of mankind

Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs): Fisheries management on the high seas including some straddling and highly migratory fish stocks

Regional cooperation between the coastal states, e.g. in the UNEP Regional Seas Programme

Contracting states of UNCLOS

Contracting states of the FSA Limited accountability obligations vis-à-vis RFMOs, sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks

Mostly coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction

Scope of the common heritage of mankind

Territorialseaa

d*#'AFGHW`(&(-%'2-,'!"#$%'G-B#,%$%"#'(%')*#'+%)*,-.-"#%#T'd*#'c$,(%#'K#,()$Y#'

National stewardship functionAccountability obligations vis-à-vis WOOSustainable management of all resources Sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks together with RMMOs

Accountability obligations vis-à-vis RMMOs Sustainable management of all resources

Virtually unlimited sovereignty Monitoring and reporting obligations

The oceans as the common heritage of mankind

Regional cooperation with coastal states Regional treaties, UNEP Regional Seas Programme

Marine conservation Sustainable management of resources (except mineral resources of the Area) Access to legal remedies/rights of action (ITLOS)

Regional Marine Management Organizations (RMMOs) Regional stewardship function, accountability obligations vis-à-vis WOO Sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks together with coastal states

World Oceans Organization (WOO) Global stewardship function for marine conservation and sustainable management of all resources Integrates the International Seabed Authority and Continental Shelf Commission If coastal states or RMMOs fail to meet their remit: access to legal remedies/rights of action (ITLOS)

Reformed UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): integrates the implementing agreements (FSA, etc.)

Int. Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS): extensive responsibility, rights of sanction vis-à-vis coastal states and RMMOs

Contracting states of the reformed UNCLOS

The Areae

12 nm

Territorialseaa

max. 350 nm

max. 200 nm

Glo

bal

Regi

onal

Natio

nal

High seasc


EEZb

Base

line

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national jurisdiction Integration area of the common heritage of mankind principle and coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction

Scope of the common heritage of mankind principle

National stewardship functionAccountability obligations vis-à-vis WOOSustainable management of all resources Sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks together with RMMOs

Accountability obligations vis-à-vis RMMOs Sustainable management of all resources

Virtually unlimited sovereignty Monitoring and reporting obligations

The oceans as the common heritage of mankind

Regional cooperation with coastal states Regional treaties, UNEP Regional Seas Programme

Marine conservation Sustainable management of resources (except mineral resources of the Area) Access to legal remedies/rights of action (ITLOS)

Regional Marine Management Organizations (RMMOs) Regional stewardship function, accountability obligations vis-à-vis WOO Sustainable management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks together with coastal states

World Oceans Organization (WOO) Global stewardship function for marine conservation and sustainable management of all resources Integrates the International Seabed Authority and Continental Shelf Commission If coastal states or RMMOs fail to meet their remit: access to legal remedies/rights of action (ITLOS)

Reformed UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): integrates the implementing agreements (FSA, etc.)

Int. Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS): extensive responsibility, rights of sanction vis-à-vis coastal states and RMMOs

Contracting states of the reformed UNCLOS

The Areae

12 nm

Territorialseaa

max. 350 nm

max. 200 nm

Glo

bal

Regi

onal

Natio

nal

High seasc


EEZb

Base

line

Mostly coastal-state sovereign rights and

national jurisdiction Integration area of the common heritage of mankind principle and coastal-state sovereign rights and national jurisdiction

Scope of the common heritage of mankind principle

Future

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3-%"4:&(-%&'•  Oceans have reached the Anthropocene

•  Oceans are under anthropogenic influence since long, but the Great Acceleration (1950) does change sediment characteristics:

•  Decrease in biodiversity, homogenisation trend and lateral shifts in biotic patterns, reduction of coral reef complexity and numbers, increase in anoxic sediments

•  Sediments with different geochemical signals, high amounts of anthropogenic particles (plastic, glass, industrial particles)

•  Starvation of siliciclastic and calciclastic shallow-water sands (owing to damming of rivers and excavations of marine sands), non-natural, non-predictable sediment patters.

•  BAU: total collapse of coral reefs, extinction phase of other organisms, no calcareous sediments, spreading out of anoxic sediments and plasticlastics

•  Mitigation/Adaptation: Human-aided, adapted reef types, continuation of calcareous sediments, Human-aided beach bars, mangrove shoals, islands, lower rates of plasticlastics. CE'


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http://www.reinhold-leinfelder.de



http://www.wbgu.de


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