48078008 TOEFL Book Grammar
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Transcript of 48078008 TOEFL Book Grammar
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Grammar Vocabulary
GRAMMAR VOCABULARY..............................................................................................................................................
1. SENTENCES.............................................................................................................................................................
1.1 Sentence patterns...................................................................................................................................
1.1.1 Subject.......................................................................................................................................
1.1.2 Object.........................................................................................................................................
1.1.3 Complement...............................................................................................................................
1.2 Subordinate clause.................................................................................................................................
1.2.1 Reduced clause..........................................................................................................................
1.3 Reversion Inversion o ng! o "ng t# c$%n$ & o tr' "ng t#.................................................
2. VERBS.......................................................................................................................................................................
2.1 (enses.....................................................................................................................................................
2.1.1 )ast............................................................................................................................................
2.1.2 )resent.......................................................................................................................................
2.1.3 *uture.........................................................................................................................................
2.2 +erb patterns...........................................................................................................................................
2.2.1 Intransitive +...............................................................................................................................
2.2.2 ,in-ing verbs! S ,in-ing + C /noun & adj & adv0.....................................................................
2.2.3 (ransitive +! S +t O /sb0....................................................................................................
2.2. (ransitive +! S +t O /sb0 IO /st$0..................................................................................
2.2. (ransitive +! S +t O /sb0 4are In5. causative 5orm....................................................
2.2.6 (ransitive +! S +t O /sb0 +7ing /present participle0 +2 ang ti8p ti9n.......................
2.2.: )erception verbs! S +t O /sb0 ;erund & 4are in5...........................................................
2.2.< (ransitive +! S +t O /sb&st$0 /as & to be0 OC /complement0..........................................
2.2.= S + /not0 ;erund /+7ing0 $>an t$?n$ c@ng viAcB DuaB passive...............................
2.2.1E S eFpression ;erund /+7ing0..............................................................................................
2.2.11 S + to +...........................................................................................................................2.2.12 S + to7in5 & +7ing.................................................................................................................
2.2.13 Series o5 +................................................................................................................................
2.3 Godal verbs "ng t# $Hn$ t$i............................................................................................................
2. Condition...............................................................................................................................................
2..1 (ense........................................................................................................................................
2..2 Conditional conjunction............................................................................................................
2..3 Jnreal eFpression....................................................................................................................
2.. (o Kis$....................................................................................................................................
2. Lctive 7 )assive voice...........................................................................................................................
2..1 Lctive 5orm...............................................................................................................................
2..2 )assive 5orm.............................................................................................................................
2.6 Reported speec$...................................................................................................................................
2.: +erb prepositions...............................................................................................................................
2.< +erbal p$rases......................................................................................................................................
2.
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3.2. Jncountable nouns..................................................................................................................
3.2. Count and noncount noun meanings........................................................................................
3.2.6 Collective nouns singular & plural +erbs.................................................................................
3.2.: )atterns....................................................................................................................................
3.2.< Noun p$rase Q Ldv Ldj Noun............................................................................................
3.2.= Noun clauses............................................................................................................................
3.2.1E Lrticle.......................................................................................................................................
3.3 N +erb................................................................................................................................................
3. )reposition............................................................................................................................................
3..1 )ronouns..................................................................................................................................
3..2 Noun p$rases...........................................................................................................................
3..3 N Idioms................................................................................................................................
4. A!ECT"VES...........................................................................................................................................................
.1 )osition o5 adj. in clause........................................................................................................................
.2 )ossition o5 adj in p$rase! O)SLCOG...............................................................................................
.3 )atterns.................................................................................................................................................
.3.1 Sentences................................................................................................................................
.3.2 Ldjective clause........................................................................................................................ Comparison...........................................................................................................................................
..1 Dual comparision....................................................................................................................
..2 Comparative.............................................................................................................................
..3 Supperlative.............................................................................................................................
. +ocabularT............................................................................................................................................
..1 escriptive adj..........................................................................................................................
..2 ,imiting adj...............................................................................................................................
..3 Irregular comparatives and supperatives.................................................................................
.6 )reposition............................................................................................................................................
#. AVERBS.................................................................................................................................................................1 e5inition...............................................................................................................................................
.2 Ldverbial p$rases Q G)( Q Ganner )lace (ime.............................................................................
.3 4uilding ords.......................................................................................................................................
. +ocabularT............................................................................................................................................
..1 *reDuencT................................................................................................................................
..2 egree.....................................................................................................................................
..3 UualitT&manner t%n$ c$VtB cc$ t$Wc......................................................................................
.. )lace........................................................................................................................................
.. (ime.........................................................................................................................................
..6 )urpose......................................................................................................................................: Reason nguTXn n$Yn............................................................................................................
..< Concession n$Z'ng b".........................................................................................................
..= Contrast [i l\p.....................................................................................................................
..1E +ocabularT................................................................................................................................
$. CON!UNCT"ONS.....................................................................................................................................................
6.1 +ocabularT............................................................................................................................................
6.1.1 Coordinating conjunction..........................................................................................................
6.1.2 Subordinating conjunction........................................................................................................
%. &RE&OS"T"ONS......................................................................................................................................................
:.1 Geaning................................................................................................................................................:.2 )$rases.................................................................................................................................................
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L"STEN"NG.........................................................................................................................................................................
TOE'L.................................................................................................................................................................................
(. CON'USE )ORS..............................................................................................................................................
*. NUMBERS...............................................................................................................................................................
=.1 Ordinal numbers s[ t$W t].................................................................................................................
=.2 Cardinal number s[ 8m....................................................................................................................
=.3 (imeB.....................................................................................................................................................
=. Lge........................................................................................................................................................
=. Geasurement units.............................................................................................................................=.6 Comparative..........................................................................................................................................
=.: Gat$s....................................................................................................................................................
1+. E,&RESS"ONS - &RASES...................................................................................................................................
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1. SENTENCESGain clause subordinate clause
1.1 Sentence patternsIntroductorT
modi5ier
S Ldv + O Ldv
N/ de5initing relative clause + O / V-0 OA/ /Lppositive /N p$rase0/
non7de5inite relative clause/+7ingB +7ed^0 /
+ O a V O
A5/ + O B^B and + O Ldv
modi5ies
clauseA5 V0
O
+ O Ldv
modi5ies +&r67. +7ing OB V6 8 + OV-0 OB activeV-6 OB passive
To 09 OB
purposeLdverbial clause/ Gain clauseGain clause Ldverbial
clause
S&EC"AL
": ; :6lyt$at clause
T
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1.1.3 ComplementNB Ldj.
)attern! S ,in-ing + complement /modi5T S0
Complement ! classi5ication /norminal0B description /adjectival0B location time /adverbial0.
1.2 Subordinate clauseNoun clause
Ldjective clause
Ldverbial clause
Reduced adj7clause` appositive.
1.2.1 Reduced clause
I5B unlessB
$et$erB
alt$oug$B t$oug$
K$enB a5terB be5oreB sinceB $ile V-0LctiveGain clause
/S+O0
OnceB untilB $enB $eneverB $ereB $ereverB as V- 6)assive
($oug$ K$ile adj
E. (a-e t$e medicine a=prescribed
($e man too- t$e medicine a=$aving to.
L5ter & 09permittedB t$e student ill be absent 5rom class.
1.3 Reversion Inversion o ng! o "ng t# c$%n$ & o tr' "ng t#
&a::6r a5 8 au;696c:056 V 8 S S:ro 9orm
)6a> 9orm 6m7
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long subjectf
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2. (ER)S'00:6 56rb can combine it$ S complete sentence /c$ia t$H v? p$ $@hp vi S0.
No-900:6 56rb to in5` + ing` + ed cannot ma-e a complete sentence.
2.1 Tenses
2.1.1 Past
2.1.1.1 S0m7l6 7a=:
T0m6 67r6==0o! )re$istorTB deadt$B ancestorB during t$e 1
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2.2 (erb patternsS LuFilarT + Gain +
Godal + Q canB couldB maTB mig$tB illB
ouldB s$allB s$ouldB mustB oug$t toB
$ad betterB ould rat$er
Moal 56rb 8 o: bar6 09.
Intransitive + Godi5ier Q adv
)rimarT + Q beB $aveB do^ (ransitive + IO O Q Sb St$,in-ing + Complement Q NB adjB adv(o be
2.2.1 Intransitive V
Intransitive +erbs! cannot be passive 5orm
Sap run rTB
CollapeB runB al-B ait^ modi5ier Q adv
2.2.2 Linin! verbs" S # Linin! V # C $noun % adj % adv&
L0>0 56rb=
4e Q 4ecome
4ecome k tr nXn
;o
;ro
;et
(urn
complement Q NB adjB adv
Remain vn c>n
StaTLppear k
,oo- k tr@ng n$Z
Seem k dZng n$Z
Sound ng$e n$Z
)rove t ra*eel
Smell
(aste
F. (o loo- ordinarT lTing on t$e bed
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2.2.3 'ransitive V" S # Vt # (O $sb&
2.2.3.1 Subuc:056 b :
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2.2.) 'ransitive V" S # Vt # (O $sb& # IO $st*&
,ist o5 verbs!
Krite
Read
Sing
(ell
)aintra
)ass
and
;ive
Send
4orro /sb0 /st$0 Q borro /st$0 9rom /sb0
,end k /st$0 :o /sb0
Gail
4ring*ind
;et
,eave
)romise
O55er
($ro
Sell
4uT
,oan
Oe n@h
Ldvance t trZwc
(eac$
S$o
Ga-e
*eed
Cut
4uild
8 =b 8 =:
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2.2.+ 'ransitive V" S # Vt # (O $sb& # ,are In-. causative -orm
2.2.#.1 Ac:056
(o
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Call
Name
Ga-e
Consider k /sb0 /as0 N Q regard k /sb0 a= N Fem n$Z
Lppoint k by n$iAm
Lssign p$Yn c@ngB c$z n$
esignate /c$z n$0
C$oose
Select
)ic- out
8 O =b;=:
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2.2.6 S # V # $not& # 4erund $V/in!& *7an t*8n* c9n! vi:c; 0< =ua; passive
T6=6
)ast action! + $aving pp.
)assive! + being pp.
L0=: o9 56rb=
Ldmit k t$#a n$\n passive.
Ldvise /k0 +7ing Q advise /sb0 to7in5Lnticipate k [n trZwc
Lppreciate /k0 +7ing Q advise adj +7ing
Lvoid k
Lllo /k0 +7ing & to7in5 Q allo /sb0 to7in5.
Complete
Consider k Fem n$Z.
Control k
e5end
e5er Q elaT +7ing Q )ostpone +7ing trH $on
elaT k +7ing Q )ostponek +7ing to & until enT k +7ing Q Re5use k (o7in5. p$ n$\n
esire k passive.
etest
iscuss
isli-e
ncourage /k0 +7ing Q encourage /sb0 to7in5
njoT k
scape
Fcuse
*ancT tZng tZ'ng*ear
*inis$ k
*orbid /k0 +7ing Q 5orbit /sb0 to7in5.
*orgive +7ing Q 5orgive /sb0 to7in5.
ate /kk0 +7ing Q $ate to7in5.
Imagine
Involve k liXn Duan
qeep /k0
,i-e /kk0 +7ing li-e to7in5,ove /kk0 +7ing love to7in5
Gention
Gind k ould Tou mind & do Tou mind
Giss
Need /k0 +7ing passive.
)ardon
)ermit /k0 +7ing Q permit /sb0 to7in5.
)ractise
)revent
Uuit kRemember /kk0 +7ing remember to7in5
Recall
Recollect
Recommend /k0 +7ing Q recommend /as0
to7in5
Regret +7ing regret to7in5 ti8c
Report
Resent k p$n n"B nyi gi\nB g$en
Resist -$ng c]
Resume
Ris- li{u
Suggest passive.
(opB nd /kk0
(olerate t$a t$WB c$u ]ng
(rT /kk0 +7ing trT to7in5
Jnderstand
Kant /k0 +7ing ant to7in5 Q ant /sb0 to7
in5.
S 8 V 8 G6ru D S 8 V 8 O=b 8 :o-09.
Ldvise
Recommend
ncourage -$uT8n -$%c$B ng $"
Lllo
)ermit
*orbid k cVm
8 V-0 D 8 =b 8 :o-09
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2.2.1> S # e?pression # 4erund $V/in!&
2.2.1+.1 E7r6==0o ; 7
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2.2.11 S # V # to # V
2.2.11.1 S 8 V 8 o: :o 09. >
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Ls-
(ell
S$o
Ldvise
(eac$
,earn
qno
Remember
*orget
Fplain
Jnderstand
Konder
ecide
8 )
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Remenber
*orget
Regret
,ove
,i-e &disli-e /ould Tou li-e0
ate
Kant
)re5er
(rT to7in5 c[ gng
(rT +7ing t$Z~
Needk to7in5 active
Needk +7ing Q need to be pp. passive
Ldvise to7in5&+7ing Q advise /sb0 on /st$0
Lgree
Lllo
)ermit
Lttempt,eave
Gean
Neglect
read s' $i
StudT
Stop
)ropose
;o on
Can_t $elpCan_t bear
8 V-0 DuaB b "ng /Z'c l?m0B c@ng viAc`
meaning! tin$ t$|nB tHn$ cm
8 :o-09 s l?mB -8t Du meaning! v\t c$VtB
2.2.13 Series o- V
2.2.13.1 S 8 V 8 :o 8 V
)urpose n$mB x.
2.2.13.2 S 8 V a V
Consecutive cc $?n$ "ng liXn ti8p.
2.2.13.3 S 8 V / 7r6=6: 7ar:0c07l6
Simultaneous
cc $?n$ "ng cng m"t lc.
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2.3 *odal verbs "ng t# $+n$ t$,i
&r6=6: :6=6 Moal 56rb 8 o: bar6 09.
Godal verbs! canB couldB maTB mig$tB illB ouldB s$allB s$ouldB mustB oug$t toB $ad betterB ould rat$erB
1. R6Fu6=: Yu cu lWc< =X
)0ll you 8 09. $ave /sb0 do /st$0
)oul you 8 09. invite
2. &6rm0==0o ,0 7
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11. S76c:a:0o abou: :
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2.).3 @nreal e?pression
h_c
)0=< D "9 oly Zc m?B gi m?B gi m?.
)oul :o Go D ?oul ra:
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2. /ctive 0 assive voice
2.+.1 Bctive -orm
Geaning! Fpress $abitualB naturalB realT actions
Compare t$ese cases!
Lctive! I5 t$e sa-e ba-es muc$ longerB it ill burn.
Lctive! 4ric- eFposed
Lctive! GecurT eFpand in direct proporttion to temp.Lctive! t$e sale ends
Lctive! CitT lies in ^
)assive! CitT is locatied in ^
2.+.2 Passive -orm
S + O /st$0 IO /sb0
O /st$0 b6 8 77. IO by S
IO /sb0 b6 8 77. to O by S
S 6: 8 77 st$ $appen unplannedB uneFpected.
S 0= =a0 :
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2. Reported speec$
V6rb=
as-B believeB 5orgetB -nom rememberB reportB saTB t$in-B tell t$at clause.
C
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2. (erb 4 prepositionsLccede :o tn t$?n$
Lccommodate :o sp F8p
Lccommodate /sb0 ?0:< /st$0 cung cVp
LccompanT by /sb0 ?0:< /st$0 t$eo
Lccount 9or D as o5 /prep0 t%n$ 8n
Ldd /st$0 :o /st$0
Ldjust :oLdmit :o n$\n v?o .
Ldvise on /st$0
Lppeal 9or -Xu gi
LpplT :o /place0 9or /position0 Fin v?o
Lppose :o +7ing
Lpprove o9
Lrive a: placeB 0 countrTB 0 citTB $ome
Lttac$ :o
Lttribute :o
4elieve 0/ belie5/s0 0 /n04elong :o/st$0
Con5ess :o t$ n$\n
Con5ine :o giam c|m B $}n c$8.
Contribute :o ng gp
Consist o9 D compose o9 gm Q include Qincompass.
elicate /st$0 :o /v7ing0
evide 0:o
evote /st$0 :o /st$0 c[ng $i8n
i55erentiate b6:?66 0 -$c n$au gia c$
nter /place0 enter 0:o /problem0Fpose :o
*ace ?0:
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(o catc$ /sb0 0 +7ed bt gp
(o be caug$t 0 +7ed
(o be opposited :o
(o be better o99 +7ing
Ldvise /sb0 o /st$0& o9 /st$0
advise /sb0 aa0=:doing st$
Lggree ?0:< ; o
Concentrate o t\p trung
Count o /sb&st$0
ecide o P
epend o P
esign o P
*ocus o P
Insist o ;:iB n$Vt n$ k
)lan o /+7ing0 k
RelT o! to be dependent tin v?o.
Spend /time0 o /st$0 Q spend /time0 o0 /st$0 k
Spend /moneT0 9or /st$0 k
+ote o /st$0 k
Con5ide 0 gii b?T vi
ngage 0 ti8n $?n$B $Wa $n
Observe 0 /lig$tB 5lame0)articipate 0
Ran- 0 value0 F8p $}ng t$eo
Range 0 /sie0 p$Yn lo}i t$eo
Succeed 0
+arT 0 /st$0
E.
I 5orgot abou:our as-ing t$em
+ prep.7Ldj7;erund7Obj
2.5 (erbal p$rases
To ma>6
(o ma-e means to produceB creat contruct.
F!Ga-e an advances in
ma-e an attempt
ma-e c$oice
ma-e a comparision
ma-e a contribution
ma-e an eFception
ma-e a decision
ma-e a discoverT
ma-e a distinction
Ga-e a 5orcast
Ga-e a la
Ga-e a mista-e
Ga-e a point
Ga-e an investment
Ga-e a plan
Ga-e a prediction
Ga-e a pro5it
Ga-e a promise
Ga-e an o55er
Ga-e a suggestion
Ga-e a sound & noise
Ga-e use o5
(o ma-e a grant to /sb0 Q to grant /sb0 /st$0 banB cVp.
(o ma>6 Obj /s$ort 5orm0 a :o 09. Q (o ma>6 8 a Obj /noun p$rase0.
F. Ga-e it possible 5or people to live
Ga-e possible t$e 5irst settlment
To o
(o do means to per5ormB actB accomplis$
o an assignment
o bussiness it$
o a job /errandB c$ore viAc vt0
o one_s dutT
o one_s or-
o $omeor-
o researc$
o someone a 5avor
o one_s best c[ gng $8t sWc
o manu5acture
o contribution :o
o damage
o onder
o a service
o -indness
o $arm
o rong
o justice to n$ gi ng
To A50=6
Ldvise /sb0 o: :o do /st$0
Ldvise /sb0 o9 o/st$0 Q in5orm /st$0
Ldvise /sb0 o /st$0 Q s$ould do /st$0
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Ldvise /sb0 aa0=: /st$0& doing /st$0 Q s$ould not do /st$0
Ldvise /sb0 :
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2.5.1 Clic*s
(o put 0Tour diarT Q remember to do.
(o give me a $and Q $elpB aidB assisstB^
3. N67NS
3.1 Nouns agree 8it$ (6r6 ; :
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(eeers 7 n$%p
Scissors 7 -eo
(ongs 7 -ehp
EE dollars a Tear
a lar6 =u77ly o9pensOlTmpic series
Mo=: o9 :
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Vocabulary
3.2.3 Countable nouns 3.2.) @ncountable nounsS0ular &lural
Llga algae to
Nucleus Nuclei n$Yn (4
4acterium 4acteria
*is$ *is$
*ungus *ungi & 5ungusesGouse Gice
Kol5 Kolves c$ si
Gan Gen
C$ild C$ildren
)erson )eople
Llumnus Llumni
*oot *eet
($oug$t 7 ($oug$s
*eeling *eelings
4Tssinosis 4Tssinoses 7 bAn$ bi p$yi do b@ng
atum 7 ata
4asis 4ases
Criss Crises
Criterion Criteria
Stimulus Stimuli 7 tc n$Yn -%c$ t$%c$
)$enomenon )$enomena
ialTsis ialTses t$am tc$
Gedium media
Radius RadiiIndeF Indices
LppendiF Lppendices
*ood /s0 *ruitB LppleB 4read /s0B 4utterB C$eeseB
Co55eeB )epper /s0B SaltB Sugar /s0B (ea /s0B Gil-B Rice/s0 oil
Clot$ingB eelrT
G66ral N=
DuipmentB *urnitureB Gac$inerTGaterials! oodB ironB glass
(ra55icB (ransportation
omeor-B ouseor-B In5ormationB qnoledgeBGusicB trainingB movie
Suns$ine
vidence /bng c$Wng0B IntelligenceB +iolenceB
LirB steamB smo-eB aterB iceB SoilB Silver /s0
Ldvice
Courageamage
*unB ,uc-B onestT /s] t$?n$ t$\t0B appinessBSadnessB beautTB peaceB
,uggageB )ostage
GoneT
)otterTB )overtTB )rogressB ScenerT
Ab=:rac: N=
Signi5icanceB ignorance
S0ular ou= 7lural
Improvement/s0B mammal/s0B 5ossil/s0B color/s0B
regulation/s0B mural/s0 tran$ tZng` vegetable/s0Bcollection/s0` s-in /s0B superstition/s0B culture/s0
3.2.+ Count and noncount noun meanin!sLgreement/s0
4one/s0
4usiness/es0Clot$/s0
amage s] t$iAt $}i` damage/s0 ti{n bo?i
t$Zng.
ecision/s0
ducation/s0
*ire/s0
;lass/es0
istorT/ies0
onor/s0
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3.2. Collective nouns # sin!ular % plural VerbsLrmT /o?n DuYn0
LssemblT
Ludience
4andB (eam
Class
Client -$c$ $?ng ca lu\t sZ^
Club
C$orus d?n o?ng ca.
Committee singular +
Congress
Crod
Cre
*acultT
*amilT
;overnment
;roup
urT /bo?i t$am o?n0
GajoritT k
GinoritT
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Organiation
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Series
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2B3B^ miles
E. at plentT 5ruit and vegetables.
OrdinarT! sing +($e majoritT believes $im to inocent.
($e majoritT o5 students believe $im to inocent /v@ t"i0.
Mo=: o9 :
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Nosingle alp$abet Q o: asingle alp$abet
*rance_s Independence aT
is 5irst & last Tears o9 o55ice a= )resident o5 us
N/ =o call6/N
NB bot$ o5 $ic$ +
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T Brticle
Ng$a c$ung land
+ng Vt c t$x t$e land
F. ($e Gecican ;overnment
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($e orld_s most eFtensive ranges
Ric$ people Q t$e ric$
(alented people Q t$e talented
3.3 N 4 (erb
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3.- repositionCause o9
C$oice o9
Conponent o9
Content o9
Cost o9
anger o9
55ect o9 /cause0 o /receiver0Duivalent o9
vidence o9
Fample o9
*orm o9
;roup o9
Instance o9 trZng $@hp
Intention o9
Get$od o9 ; 9or
Native o9 / native :o a
Origin o9)ossibilitT o9 ; 9or
)rice o9
)robabilitT o9
UualitT o9
Result o9
SupplT o9
Jse o9
Lpproac$ :o
Lttention :o
4elie5 0
Contribution :o
Cure 9or
ecrease 0
emand 9orFception :o
Fcuse 9or
Fperience ?0:parative times& tice a= 5ar a= comparable
Mor6;l6== :