48 Nuclear Technology in Energy Generation
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48 ANNUAL REPORT 2004 Nuclear Technology in Energy Generation References [1] E. L. Feinberg Mnohzestviennaja Generacija Adronov i Statstichceskaja Teorija. Uspehi Fiz.Nauk. 104,539, 1971. [2] J. Aichelin The Expansion of the Fireball Formed by a High Energy Heavy Ion Collision. Nuclear Physics A, Netherlands, V.411(3), p.474 506,1983. [3] A Wojciechowski, E. Strugalska Gola, Z. Strugalski The Model of Inelastic Collisions of High Energy Hadronic Projectiles with Nucleus; Comm. JINR El 2004 191, Dubna, 2004. [4] A. Wojciechowski, E. Strugalska Gola, Z. Strugalski Mathematical Model of the Collision Process and Interactions of Hadronic Projectiles with Nuclei. Raport IEA85/A, Otwock Świerk, 2002. [5] Ray E.L.Green and Ralph G. Korteling Fragment Production from p+Ag Interaction at Intermediate Energies, Physical ReviewC, Vol 22, No 4, p.1594,1980. [6] P. Kozma, C. Damdimsuren Nuclear Ructions of the Medium and Heavy Nuclei with High Energy Projectiles. Fragmentation of not Ag and 197Au that 3.65 GeV 12C Ions and 3.65GeVProtons. Czech J.Phys.40,1990. [7] S. G Mashnik, A. J.Sierk, K. K Gudima Complex Particle and light Fragment Emission in the Cascade Model of Nuclear Reactions, e Print nucl th/0208048 vi .23,8,2002. [8] G. Musulmanbekov, A. Al Haidary: Fragmentation of Nuclei at Intermediate and High Energies in Modified Cascade Model. e Print nucl th/0206054. [9] C .De Maizo, T. Cohen, F. Dengler, F. Crinns and others: Dependence of Multiplicity and Rapidity Distributions on the Number of Projectile Collisions in 200 GeV/c Proton Nucleus Interactions, Phys.Rev. D. Vol.29,11,1984. [10] A. Abduzhamilov et al.. Phys.Rev. D39,86,1989. [11] V. S. Barashenkov, V. D. Toneev: Vzaimodeistvie VysokoenergeticheskihChastits I Aatomnyh Yaders Fadnami,Atomizdat,1972. [12] S. Leray, X. Ledoux etall: Spoliation Neutron Production by 0.8.1.2. and 1.6 GeV Proton on Various Targets. Phys.Rev. C65 (2002) e Print nucl ex/0112003 v219Feb2002. [13] V. V.Uzhinski, Modified code FRUIOF, JINR Dubna, E2 96 192,1996. [14] A. Fasso, A. Ferrari, J. Ranft, P. Sala, Internet address: http://www.fluka.org. PL0600020 2 H+ ! H=> 3 H+p ! H+ 3 H=>"He + n ! H+ 3 He=> 4 He + p Q =3.25MeV Q = 4.03MeV Q =17.6MeV O = 18.4MeV E, = 2.5MeV B E. = 14MeV E« =0.75MeV i. =3.6MeV 0) (2) PHYSICS OF NEUTRON SOURCES CONTROLLED BY ACCELERATOR Andrzej Wojciechowski, Elżbieta Strugalska Gola, Marcin Bielewicz Institute of Atomic Energy Introduction At present the intensive search for effective sources of neutrons is continued. This is connected with a high scientists' interest in subcritical nuclear reactor ADS (Accelerator Driven System) with neutron source driven by accelerator. There are different neutron production methods. One of the most often applied methods is spallation of heavy nuclei. In this work we present also other (competitive) methods of neutron production as the synthesis of light nuclei, the catalyzed synthesis [3] and photonuclear reactions [4]. We present the comparisons of the efficiency of different methods of neutron production [1]. 1. Spallation Basic phenomena associated with spallation are widely described in the work [1]. The efficiency of neutrons production is a complicated function of the nucleon number of nuclei of the target energy of the hadron and the kind of the hadron (see Fig.l.) One ought to call attention to the high efficiency of neutron production for light targets. 2. The fusion of light nuclei There are many reactions of the fusion (synthesis) of light nuclei during which neutrons are produced and energy is emitted. Reactions (1) and (2) run through two channels. In the first one the neutron and energy are produced, in the second the proton and the energy. These reactions are a source of monoenergetic neutrons. The maximum cross section of the reaction (2) corresponds to the kinetic energy E D of deuteron 2 H E D =0.1 0.2 MeV. During this reaction the positive nuclear energy Q is emitted. A main advantage of the synthesis of light nuclei is the absence of instable nuclides products of the reaction. Other examples of the reaction of the synthesis: p+*H = > 3 He + u Q = 0.82Mev E n = 60 keV p+ 7 Li => 7 Be+ u Q = 1.65MeV E n = 30keV Example reactions of the synthesis which can be a source of monoenergetic neutrons. They are endoergic reactions they do not cause emitting energy.
Transcript of 48 Nuclear Technology in Energy Generation
48 ANNUAL REPORT 2004Nuclear Technology in Energy Generation
References
[1] E. L. Feinberg -Mnohzestviennaja Generacija Adronov iStatstichceskaja Teorija. Uspehi Fiz.Nauk. 104,539,1971.
[2] J. Aichelin - The Expansion of the Fireball Formed by aHigh Energy Heavy Ion Collision. Nuclear Physics A,Netherlands, V.411(3), p.474 - 506,1983.
[3] A Wojciechowski, E. Strugalska-Gola, Z. Strugalski -The Model of Inelastic Collisions of High EnergyHadronic Projectiles with Nucleus; Comm. JINR El-2004-191, Dubna, 2004.
[4] A. Wojciechowski, E. Strugalska-Gola, Z. Strugalski -Mathematical Model of the Collision Process andInteractions of Hadronic Projectiles with Nuclei. RaportIEA85/A, Otwock-Świerk, 2002.
[5] Ray E.L.Green and Ralph G. Korteling - FragmentProduction from p+Ag Interaction at IntermediateEnergies, Physical Review C, Vol 22, No 4, p.1594,1980.
[6] P. Kozma, C. Damdimsuren - Nuclear Ructions of theMedium and Heavy Nuclei with High Energy Projectiles.Fragmentation of not Ag and 197Au that 3.65 GeV 12C -Ions and 3.65GeVProtons. Czech-J.Phys.40,1990.
[7] S. G-Mashnik, A. J.Sierk, K. K-Gudima - ComplexParticle and light Fragment Emission in the CascadeModel of Nuclear Reactions, e-Print nucl-th/0208048vi .23,8,2002.
[8] G. Musulmanbekov, A. Al-Haidary: Fragmentation ofNuclei at Intermediate and High Energies in ModifiedCascade Model. e-Print nucl-th/0206054.
[9] C .De-Maizo, T. Cohen, F. Dengler, F. Crinns and others:Dependence of Multiplicity and Rapidity Distributions onthe Number of Projectile Collisions in 200 GeV/c Proton-Nucleus Interactions, Phys.Rev. D. Vol.29,11,1984.
[10] A. Abduzhamilov et al.. Phys.Rev. D39,86,1989.[11] V. S. Barashenkov, V. D. Toneev: Vzaimodeistvie
Vysokoenergeticheskih Chastits I Aatomnyh YadersFadnami,Atomizdat,1972.
[12] S. Leray, X. Ledoux etall: Spoliation NeutronProduction by 0.8.1.2. and 1.6 GeV Proton on VariousTargets. Phys.Rev. C65 (2002) e-Print nucl-ex/0112003v219Feb2002.
[13] V. V.Uzhinski, Modified code FRUIOF, JINR Dubna,E2-96-192,1996.
[14] A. Fasso, A. Ferrari, J. Ranft, P. Sala, Internet address:http://www.fluka.org.
PL0600020
2 H+ ! H=> 3 H+p!H+3H=>"He + n!H+3He=>4He + p
Q = 3.25MeV
Q = 4.03MeV
Q = 17.6MeV
O = 18.4MeV
E, = 2.5MeV B
E. = 14MeV E«
Ł = 0.75MeV
i. = 3.6MeV
0)
(2)
PHYSICS OF NEUTRON SOURCES CONTROLLED BY ACCELERATOR
Andrzej Wojciechowski, Elżbieta Strugalska-Gola, Marcin BielewiczInstitute of Atomic Energy
IntroductionAt present the intensive search for effective sources ofneutrons is continued. This is connected with a highscientists' interest in subcritical nuclear reactor ADS(Accelerator Driven System) with neutron source drivenby accelerator. There are different neutron productionmethods. One of the most often applied methods isspallation of heavy nuclei.In this work we present also other (competitive)methods of neutron production as the synthesis of lightnuclei, the catalyzed synthesis [3] and photonuclearreactions [4]. We present the comparisons of theefficiency of different methods of neutron production
[1].
1. SpallationBasic phenomena associated with spallation are widelydescribed in the work [1]. The efficiency of neutronsproduction is a complicated function of the nucleonnumber of nuclei of the target energy of the hadron andthe kind of the hadron (see Fig.l.) One ought to callattention to the high efficiency of neutron production forlight targets.
2. The fusion of light nucleiThere are many reactions of the fusion (synthesis) oflight nuclei during which neutrons are produced andenergy is emitted.
Reactions (1) and (2) run through two channels. Inthe first one the neutron and energy are produced, in thesecond the proton and the energy. These reactions are asource of monoenergetic neutrons. The maximum crosssection of the reaction (2) corresponds to the kineticenergy ED of deuteron 2H ED=0.1-0.2 MeV. Duringthis reaction the positive nuclear energy Q is emitted.
A main advantage of the synthesis of light nuclei isthe absence of instable nuclides - products of thereaction.
Other examples of the reaction of the synthesis:
p+ *H = >3He + u Q = -0.82Mev E n = 60 keV
p+7Li =>7Be+ u Q = -1.65MeV E n = 30keV
Example reactions of the synthesis which can be asource of monoenergetic neutrons. They are endoergicreactions - they do not cause emitting energy.
Nuclear Technology in Energy GenerationANNUAL REPORT 2004
49
10001i«V
100 ISOTarget A
200
Fig. 1. The comparison of the neutrons yields due to beam ofprotons and deuteriums {2/. The vertical axis and thehorizontal axis mean the number of neutrons emitted fromthe target per one projectile and mass number of the targetrespectively.
3. The muon catalyzed fusionThe fusion (synthesis) of light nuclei catalyzed with themuon has advantages of the usual synthesis, that is tosay the absence of producing of unstable nuclides. Oneuses here the phenomenon proposed by C. Petitjaen etal. [3]
The nucleus of the deuterium or the tritium cancapture the negative muon. The least orbit of the muoncaptured by the nucleus is about 2.5 fm (the atom of
hydrogen usual has an orbit about 105 fm). The muon-deuterium or the muon-tritium system (the muondeuterium or muon tritium) practically eliminateselectrically the influence of other nuclei, because theprobability of the reaction of the synthesis betweenthem increases much. According to the authors, theoptimum conditions of the creation of Jtmesons ofnegative muons are when a beam of deuterons 1.5 GeVstrikes the coal target.
If we take into account secondary neutrons comingfrom the reaction (n. 2n) and (n. 3n) we can obtain nomore than 30 neutrons per lGeV per deuterium. Themaximum number of produced neutrons(14 MeV) /lGeV per 1 deuterium is equal about 15.
4. Photonuclear reactionsIn this chapter (y.n) reactions are presented, which arenamed photonuclear reactions. To get photonuclearreactions in the target one does not have to use a beamof photons to irradiate the target. High energy photonsappear in the target during braking of hadrons andleptons and as the effect of the beta decay of unstablespallation product. Neutrons can be produced by usingan electron beam [4]. A beam of high energy electronspassing through the matter creates an electromagneticcascade consisting of electrons, positons and photons.
The cross section of photoreaction is dominated bydipole giant resonance. The maximum of cross sectionof the neutron emission is about 10 MeV and is weaklyrelated to mass of the nucleus of target. The optimumenergy of electrons (on the neutron production) isbetween 100-200 MeV. For example the linearAccelerator of Euroatom at the energy 100 MeV attainsthe efficiency 0.1 of the neutron per 1 electron.
Fig. 2. Cross sections [barn/ for the reaction 23SL'(y. n), 238l'(y. 2n) as the function of the energy of the photon [Mel ].
5. The comparison of the efficiency of differentmethods of neutron productionThis chapter includes comparison of the efficiency ofneutrons production using different methods. Thecomparison of these results gives a little surprisingresults: the reaction d+Be (2.1*102) is almost aseffective as p+Pb (2.6* 102). A most effective method ofthe neutron production is the reaction p+238U (lGeV).But the reaction p+Pb. d+Be and the synthesis catalyzedgive similar results. In experiments whose results arcshown in table 1 targets of the different size were used
(the size of the target impromptu essential bears on theefficiency emission of neutrons). For comparing moreexactly different methods of producing neutrons oneought to adapt targets of the same size. For the test ofbetter comparing one can use the table 2 which containsresults of calculations of the efficiency of neutrons onthe basis of experimental data coming from the sameexperiment [2] (the same measuring methods, targets ofthe same dimension). Table 2. compares efficiencies forbeam of the deuterium and targets Be. Pb and U at theenergy 200 MeV, 500 MeV and 1 GeV.
50 ANNUAL REPORT 2004Nuclear Technology in Energy Generation
Table 1. The comparison of different methods of the neutron production in the reactions.
Reaction
EnergyEfficiencyNumber of neutron/MeV*projectileCreating nuclidesinstab. Long lifeSource ofinformation
D-'+T^He 4
+n
0.15MeV
7*10"5
No
Dr.PszonaIPJ
p+pb i08=>X+n
lGeV
0.0262.6*10"2
Yes
[5]
P + U ^ ^ X + n
lGeV
0.0383.8*10"2
Yes
[5]
e'+jadro=>X+n
lOOMeV
0.001l*10"3
No
[4]
DVTJ=>He4+nD2+C=>3t-lGeV
0.0303*10"2
No
[3]
D'+Be=>X+n
lGeV
0.0212.1*10"2
Yes
[2]
Table 2. The comparison of the efficiencies for differenttargets and energies.
ReactionEnergy[MeV]2005001000
D+Be
0.85*10-21.8*10-22.1*10-2
EH-Pb
0.9*10-23*10-24.8*10-2
d+U
1.1*10-23.4*10-25.1*10-2
Numbers in the Table 2 mean the efficiency defined as[number of neutrons/MeV* projectile].
One ought to notice good efficiency of berylliumtarget Spallation of the beryllium gives one unstablelong-life nuclide 10Be. Spallation of lighter targetsshould not produce any unstable long-life nuclides. It isnecessary to study the efficiency of production ofneutrons in the case of other reactions 2H+X where Xmeans the light nucleus.
References
[1] A. Wojciechowski, E. Strugalska-Gola, M. Bielewicz:Analiza Procesu Spalacji i Wytwarzania Neutronów,Raport IEA B-33/2004,2004
[2] D. Ridikas and W.MittigN.LM. A418, (1998)449,Internet Address: sc.in2p3.fr/gpr/PPNPport/node86.html
[3] C. Petitjean et aL, Fusion Technology 25(1994)437,Internet Address: lpsc.in2p3.fr/gpr/PPNPport/nodel51.html#Muons.
PL0600021
[4] S . S. Abalin et al.: 'Conception of Electron Beam-DrivenSubcritical Molten Salt Ultimate Safety Reactor. Preprint"Dubna". "Kurtchatov", "Novosibirsk" and"Kharkhov".Intemet Address: lpsc.in2p3.fr/gpr/PPNPport/node88.html
[5] L. Pieńkowski, F. Goldenbaum, D. Hilsher at al.:Multiplicity distribution for 1.94 to 5GeV/c proton,antiproton, pion. kaon and deuteron induced spallationreactions thin and thick targets, Phys.Rev.C56:1909-1917,1997.
[6] M. I., Banat, K. KGudima, S. G. Mashnik: Proton-induced fission cross section calculation with the IANLcodes CEM2k+GEM2 and IAQGSM+GAEM2.E-pimtnucl-th/03ep.
[7] A. V. Prokofiew, S. G. Machnik, W.B.Wilson -Systematics of Proton-Induced Fission Cross Section forIntermediate Energy Applications, LANL Report LA-UR-02-5837(2002).
[8] S. G. Mashnik, K. K. Gudima, A. J. Sierk - Merging theCEM2K and LAQGSM Codes with GEM2 to describeFission and Light-Fragment Production.
[9] X. Ledoux, H. G. Bohlen, J. Cugnon - Hot Nuclei in475MeV. 2GeVProton and 2GeV3He InducedReactions, GANIŁ, P 95 08,2003.
[10] S. G. Mashnik, A J. Sierk, K. K. Gudima - ComplexParticle and Light Fragment Emission in the CascadeModel of Nuclear Reactions, e-Print nucl-th/0208048 vi,23.08.2002.
[11] G. Musulmankov, A Al-Haidary - Fragmentation ofNuclei at Intermediate and High Energies in ModifiedCascade Model, e-Print nucl-th/0206054.
PERIODIC QUALITY TESTING OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL WWR-SM AND EK-10 TYPEFOR DETERMINATION OF CORROSION PROCESSES BEHAVIOUR
Stefan Chwaszczewski1, Wojciech Czajkowski2, Magdalena Mądry1, Jolanta Przyłuska1,'institute of Atomic Energy
2Radwaste Management Plant
Spent fuel discharged from EWA research reactor wasstored in a long time in wet conditions. First fuelelements - Ek-10 type - were stored in water pool morethen 45 years. After reconstruction of EWA reactor theWWR-SM fuel assemblies were used. First WWR-SMassemblies were discharged in 1967. All time of storagethe water parameters in storage pool were keep inproper conditions (conductivity < 5 ^S and pH at the
level between 5.8 and 6.5). The corrosion processesoccurred in clad material stored in a long time in wetconditions. This effect was observed in complexinvestigation of spent fuel quality [1]. Based on theseresults the periodic quality investigations of longeststorage spent fuel was decided.
