46 - Thermal Recovery

7/22/2019 46 - Thermal Recovery

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/46-thermal-recovery 1/46

Nflptdr 81

Xfdrkle _dnivdryNf`df Nfu, Gdtty Iè Ni.*

@btrihuntìb

Xfdrkle rdnivdry gdbdrleey rdadrs ti prindssds air rdniv-

dr`bg iè arik ubhdrgriubh airkltìbs oy usd ia fdlt.

Xfd fdlt kly od suppe`dh dxtdrbleey oy `bmdnt`bg l fit

aeu`h sunf ls stdlk ir fit wltdr `bti tfd airkltìbs, ir

`t kly od gdbdrltdh `btdrbleey oy nikoustìb. @b nik-

oustìb, tfd aude `s suppe`dh oy tfd iè `b pelnd lbh tfd

ix`hlbt `s `bmdntdh `bti tfd airkltìbs `b tfd airk ia l`r

ir itfdr ixygdb-nibtl`b`bg aeu`hs. Xfd kist nikkibey

usdh tfdrkle rdnivdry prindssd s lrd stdlk `bmdntìb prin-dssds lbh `b-s`tu nikoustìb.

Xwi Airks ia ^tdlk @bmdntìb Zrindssds

@b pr`bn`ped, lby fit aeu`h nlb od `bmdntdh `bti tfd airkl-

tìbs ti suppey tfd fdlt. Xfd aeu`hs usdh kist dxtdbs`vdey

lrd stdlk ir fit wltdr odnlusd ia tfd gdbdrle lvlèlo e`ty

lbh loubhlbnd ia wltdr. Fit wltdr `bmdnt ib fls oddb

aiubh ti od edss daa`n`dbt tflb stdlk `bmdnt ib lbh wèe bit

od h`snussdh fdrd. L snfdklt`n v`dw ia tfd stdlk `bmdn-

tìb prindss `s sfiwb `b A`g. 81.<, tigdtfdr w`tf lb lp-

prix`k ltd tdkpdr lturd h`stròutìb `bs`hd tfd airkltìb. ‐

Xfdrd lrd twi vlr`lt ibs ia stdlk `bmdntìb prindssds-

stdlk st`kuelt ib lbh stdlk h`spelndkdbt.

^tdlk ^t`kueltìb

Xf`s kdtfih fls oddb cbiwb ls tfd fuaa ‖b‐ puaa kdtfih,

s`bnd stdlk `s `bmdntdh `btdrk`ttdbtey lbh tfd rdsdrvi`r `s

leeiwdh ti prihund latdr dlnf `bmdntìb. @b tf`s prindss

tfd kl`b hr`v`bg airnd air iè h`spelndkdbt `s priv`hdh

oy rdsdrvi`r prdssurd, grlv`tltìble airnd, rinc lbh aeu`h

dxplbsìb, lbh, pissòey, airk ltìb nikplntìb. @b tfd

stdlk st`kueltìb prindss ibey tfd plrt ia tfd rdsdrvi`r

lhmlndbt ti tfd wdeeoird `s laadntdh. Latdr l bukodr ia

nyneds ia `bmdnt ib lbh prihuntìb, tfd bdlr-wdeeoird

rdgìb `b rdsdrvi`rs flv`bg e`tted ir bi h`p odnik ds si

hdpedtdh ia i e tflt aurtfdr `bmdnt ib ia stdlk `s autèd. @b

tf`s nlsd, w dees kust od hrèedh lt vdry neisd spln`bg ti

iotl`b l f`gf iè rdnivdry.

‖BiwWe`f dxlnibn

^tdlk H`spelndkdbt

Xf`s prindss, usuleey rdad rrdh ti ls stdlkaeiih ir stdlk-

hr`vd, fls l kunf f`gfdr iè rdnivdry tflb stdlk st`ku-

eltìb leibd. Wfd rdls stdlk st`kueltìb `s l ibd-wdee

ipdrltìb, stdlkaeiih rdqu`rds lt edlst twi wdees, ibd

sdrv`bg ls tfd `bmdntir lbh tfd itfdr sdrv`bg ls tfd

prihundr . Xfd klmir`ty ia stdlkaeiih primdnts usd plt-

tdrb aeiihs. @b klby nlsds, stdlk st`kueltìb `s rdqu`rdh

lt tfd prihundrs wfdb tfd iè `s tii v`snius ti aeiw od-aird tfd fdlt arik tfd `bmdntir lrr`vds. Odnlusd ia tfd f`gf

iè rdnivdry lnf`dvloed tfriug f stdlkaeiih`bg, klby

rdsdrvi`rs tflt wdrd prihundh oy stdlk st`kueltìb prdv`-

iusey biw lrd od`bg stdlk aeiihdh.

Xfrdd Airks ia @b-^ tu Nikoustìb

@b-s tu nikou stìb usuleey `s rdadrrdh ti ls a`rdaeiih.

Xfdrd lrd tfrdd airks ia `b-s tu nik oustìb prindssds-

hry airwl rh nikoustìb, rdvdrsd nikoustìb, lbh wdt

nikoustìb.

Hry Airwlrh Nikoustìb

@b tfd dlre`dr hlys, tf`s wls tfd kist nikkibey usdh airk

ia tfd nikoustìb prindssds. @t `s hry odnlusd bi wltdr

`s `bmdntdh leibg w`tf l`r. @t `s airwl rh odnlusd nikous-

tìb stlrts lt tfd `bmdntir lbh tfd nikoustìb aribt ki vds

`b tfd h`rdntìb ia tfd l r aeiw.

A`g. 81.? g`vds l snfdklt`n v`dw ia tfd hry airwlrh

nikoustìb prindss. ‐ Xfd uppdr plrt ia tfd a`gurd sfiws

l typ`nle tdkpdrlturd h`stròut ib leibg l nriss sdntìb

edlh`bg arik tfd `bmdntir lt tfd edat ti tfd prihundr lt tfd

r`gft. X wi tf`bgs bddh ti od pi`btdh iut. A`rst, tfd rdgìb

bdlr tfd prihun dr `s nieh, lt tfd ir`g`ble tdkpdrlturd ia

tfd rdsdrvi`r. @a tfd ubfdltdh iè `s f`gfey v`snius, `t nlb-

bit od pusfdh airwlrh oy tfd fdltdh iè lt `ts olnc tflt

fls oddb klh d kioèd oy tfd f`gf tdkpdrlturd ia tfd nik-

oustìb zibd. Xf`s pfdbikdbib `s nleedh ―e`qu`h oeinc-

`bg.‛ ^dnibh, tfd tdkpdrltu rd ia tfd rdgìb `b tfd olnc

ia tfd nikoustìb zibd `s f`gf, `bh`nlt bg l grdlt lkiubt

ia fdlt od`bg stirdh `b tfd rdgìb, bit usdh daa`n`dbtey.



81-?

@ P

A`g. 81.<-^tdlk `bmdntìb prindssds.

N_I^^-^DNX@IB IA AI_KLX@IB

A`g. 81.?-Hry airwlrh nikoustìb

niuwse@iB ]IBD ebLQleBl

eFe^ H@_DNX@IB

A`g. 81.>-_dvdrsd nikoustìb.

ZDX_IEDTK DBG@BDD_@BG FLBHOIIC

Xfd eiwdr plrt ia A`g. 81.? sfiws tfd aeu`h slturltìb

h`stròutìbs `bs`hd tfd airkltìb ubhdr tfd nikoustìb

prindss. Ibd sfiueh bitd tfd nedlb slbh `b tfd ourbdh-

iut rdgìb. Od`bg loed ti ourb tfd ubhds`rloed arlntìb

ia tfd iè (tfd fdlv`dr pirtìb) `s ibd lhvlbtlgd ia tfd

airwlrh nikoustìb prindss ivdr tfd rdvdrsd nikoustìb

prindss.

_dvdrsd Nikoustìb

^tr`ntey spdlc `bg, `t sfiueh od nleedh hry rdvdrsd ni kous-

tìb, odnlusd birkleey ibey l`r `s `bmdntdh, bi wltdr. L

s`kped dxlkped wèe fdep ti dxpel`b fiw rdvdrsd nikous-

tìb wirc s. @b irh`blry n`glrdttd skic`bg, ibd `gb`tds tfd

t`p ia tfd n`glrdttd lbh `bfleds. Xfd ourb`bg aribt wèe

trlvde arik tfd t`p ia tfd n`glrdttd tiwlrh ibd‐s kiutf,

leibg w`tf tfd l`r. Xf`s `s airwlrh nikoustìb. Xfd

n`glrdttd lesi nlb od ourbdh à ibd dxfleds. Xf`s wly , tfd

ourb`bg aribt stèe kivds arik tfd t`p ia tfd n`glrdttd

tiwlrh ibd‐s k iutf, out tfd l`r aeiw `s `b tfd ippis`td

h`rdntìb. Xf`s `s, tfdb, rdvdrsd nik oustìb.

A`g. 81.> sfiws tfd vlrìus zibds `bs`hd tfd airkltìb,w`tf tfd nieh zibd bdlr tfd `bmdntir lt tfd edat lbh tfd fit

zibd bdlr tfd prihun dr.> ^`bnd tfd rdgìb lriubh tfd

prihu ndr `s fit, tfd prioedk ia e`qu`h oeinc`bg kdbtìbdh

dlre`dr `b nibbdntìb w`tf tfd hry airwlrh pri ndss f ls

oddb de`k`bltdh.

@b pr`bn`ped, tfdrd `s bi uppdr e`k`t air iè v`snis`ty air

tfd lppe`nltìb ia tfd rdvdrsd nik oustìb prindss. Fiw-

dvdr, tf`s prindss `s bit ls daa`n`dbt ls tfd hry airwlrh

nikoustìb odnlusd l hds`rloed arlntìb ia tfd iè (tfd

e`gftdr pirtìb) `s ourbdh lbh lb ubhds`rloed arlntìb ia

tfd iè (tfd fdlv`dr pirtìb) rdkl`bs `b tfd rdgìb odf`bh

tfd nikoustìb aribt. Ods`hds, spibtlbdius `gb`tìb niueh

innur lt tfd `bmdntir.8 @a tf`s flppdb s, tfd ixygdb wèe

od usdh up bdlr tfd `bmdntir lbh wèe bit suppirt nik -

oustìb bdlr tfd prihu ndr. Xfd prindss tfdb rdvdrts ti air-

wlrh nikoustìb.

Bi rdvdrsd nikoustìb primdnt fls dvdr rdlnfdh nik-

kdrn`le stltus. Bdvdrtfdedss, tf`s prindss sfi ueh bit od

wr`ttdb i aa odnlusd, `b sp`td ia tfd hàa`nuet`ds aln`bg tf`s

prindss, `t niueh iaadr sikd fipd ia rdnivdr`bg dxtrdkdey

v`snius iè ir tlr.

Wdt Nikoustìb

Xfd tdrk ―wdt nik oustìb‛ lntuleey rdadrs ti wdt air-

wlrh nikoustìb. Xf`s prindss wls hdvdeipdh ti usd tfd

fdlt nibtl`bdh odf`bh tfd nikoustìb zibd. @b tf`s prin-

dss, wltdr `s `bmdntdh d`tfdr letdrbltdey ir s`kuetlbdiuseyw`tf l`r. Odnlusd ia `ts f`gf fdl t nlpln`ty lbh eltdbt fdlt

ia vlpir`zltìb, wltdr `s nlploed ia kiv`bg tfd fdlt od-

f`bh tfd nikoustìb aribt airwlrh, lbh fdep`bg ti h`s-

pelnd tfd iè `b aribt ia tfd nikoustìb zibd.

A`g. 81.8 sfiws tfd tdkpdrltu rd h`stròutìbs ia tfd wdt

nikoustìb prinds s ls tfd wltdr/l`r rltì (WL_) `b-

nrdlsds.4 Xfd nurvd air WL_;: rdadrs ti hry nikous-

tìb. W`tf lb `bnrdlsd `b WL _, tf d f`gf-tdkp drlturd zibd

odf`bh tfd nikoustìb zibd sfirtdbs (WL_; kihdrltd).

W`tf l aurtfdr `bnrdlsd `b WL_ , tfd nikoustìb wèe od

plrt`leey qudbnfdh ls sfiwb oy tfd nurvd air

WL_;elrgd.

Xfd wdt nikoustìb prindss lesi `s cbiwb ls tfd

NIANLW prindss, wf`nf `s lb lnribyk air ―niko`bl-tìb ia airwlrh nikou stìb lbh wltdraeiih .‛ Xf`s prin-

dss lesi nlb od nibstrudh ls stdlkaeii h w`tf `b-s tu stdlk



XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P 81->

gdbdrltìb. @t sfiueh od bitdh tflt tf`s kdtfi h nlbbit prd-

vdbt e`qu`h oeinc`bg lbh `ts lppe`nltìb `s e`k`tdh oy iè

v`snis`ty, ls `s tfd hry airw lrh nikoustìb. WL_ ; EL_GD

F`stir`nle Hdvdeipkdbt

Xfd aieeiw`bg e`sts nfribieig`nleey sikd ia tfd klmir

dvdbts tflt innurrdh `b tfd hdvdeipk dbt ia tfd tfdrkle

rdnivdry kdtfihs.

<0><

<080

<04?

<044

<046

<01:

<01?

L stdlkaeiih w ls nibhuntdh `b Wiihsib, XV.1

L hry airwlrh nikoustìb pri‐d nt wls stlrtdh `b

Hdelwlrd-Nfèhdrs a`deh, IC. M

L hry airwlrh nikoustìb primdnt wls nibhuntdh

`b siutfdrb Icelfikl. 6

L rdvdrsd nik oustìb primdnt w ls `b`t`ltdh `b Ode-

elky, K:.0

Xfd stdlk st`kueltìb prind ss wls lnn`hdbtleey

h`snivdrdh `b Kdbd Grlbhd Xlr ^lbhs,

Qdbdzudel. ‖I

^tdlk st`kueltìb wls stlrtdh `b Piro l E`bhl,

NL. ‛

Wdt nikoustìb pflsd ia l a`rdaeiih primdnt wls

stlrtdh b ^nfiibdoddc, Xfd Bdtfdrelbhs. @?

Nurrdbt ^tltus

T.^. Iè Zrihuntìb oy Dbflbndh _dnivdry Kdtfihs

Xfd s`gbà`nlbnd ia tfd tfdrkle rdnivdry prind ssds nlb

od sddb arik tfd Lprè <06? survdy ia tfd Iè lbh Gls

M. @> Ls sfiwb `b Xloed 81.<, ia tfd hl ey T .^. iè pri-

huntìb w`tf DI_ prindssds, 71.0% nikds arik stdlk

`bmdnt ib lbh ?.7% nik ds arik `b-s tu nikoustìb, title-

e`bg 70.1% iotl`bdh oy tfdrkle rdnivdry prindssds. Xfd

nikoustìb prindss, letfiugf hwlradh oy tfd stdlk `b-

mdntìb pr indssds, lnniubts ai r kird tflb hiuoed tfd pri-huntìb i a lee tfd nfdk`nle aeiihs niko`bdh, wf`nf

lkiubts ti <.? % .

Gdigrlpf`nle H`stròutìb ia Xfdrkle

_dnivdry Zrimdnts Zitdbt`le air @bnrdkdbtle _dnivdry

Xloed 81.?, olsdh elrgdey ib tfd <06? survdy, @> sfiws

tfd gdigrlp f`nle h`stròutìb ia tfd stdlk `bmdntìb prim-Lnnirh`bg ti Mifbsib dt le., e4 vlst dbdrgy rdsiurnd s dx-

`st `b tfd tlr slbhs `b Qdbdzudel lbh Nieiko`l (<,:: : tidnts `b tfd wireh. Ia tfd hlèy iè prihuntìb arik stdl k

`bmdntìb prindssds, 7<.7% nikds arik tfd T.^., <4.8%<,6:: oèeìb ooe), Nlblhl (0:: oèeìb ooe) , lbh tfd T. ^ .

(>: oèe ib ooe). Xfdsd tlr slbhs sfiueh od l klmir tlr gdt

XLOED 81.<-T.^. DI_ Z_IHT NX@IB (<06?)

^tdlk

Nikoustìb

Xitle tfdrkle

K`ndeelrepieykdr

Zieykdr

Nlust`n

Itfdr nfdk`nles

Xitle nfdk`nles

NI, k`snòed

Itfdr glsds

Xitle

Grlbh Xitle

O@H %

?66,>01 71.0

<:,??6 ?.7- ~

?06,1?8 70.1

0:? :.?

?,467 :.7

46: :.?

>8: :.<

8,8:0 <.?

?<,04> 4.0

80,01? <>.>

7<,0<4 <0.?

>78,086 <::.:

H@^XLBND ---)

A`g. 81.8-Wdt nikoustìb.

arik @bhibds`l, 7.:% arik Qdbdzudel, lbh >.:% arik

Nlblh l. @b tfd T.^., Nleàirb`l lnniubts air bdlrey lee

tfd prihuntìb, w`tf sklee pdrndbtlgds nik`bg arik Eiu`-

s`lbl, Lrclbsls, Xdxls, Icelfikl, lbh Wyik`bg.

Xfd hlèy iè prihuntìb oy `b-s`tu nik oustìb `s sfiwb`b Xloed 81.>. Fdrd, tfd T.^. lnniubts air 8:.:% ia tfd

title prihuntìb, aieeiwdh oy _iklb`l (?1.:% ), Nlblhl

(??.<%), lbh Qdbdzudel (<:.6%). Ia tfd T.^. prihun-

tìb, bdlrey ibd-flea nikds arik Nleàirb`l, ibd-tf`rh

arik Eiu`s`lbl, w`tf tfd rdst arik K`ss`ss`pp`, Xdxls,

lbh @ee`bi`s.

Kl mir Xfdrkle _ dnivdry Zrimdnts

Xfd klmir tfdrkle rdnivdry primdnts, lgl`b olsdh elrgdey

ib tfd <06? survdy, t> lrd e`stdh `b Xloed 81.8.

_dsdrvi`rs Lkdbloed ti Xfdrkle _dnivdry

Xloed 81.4 sfiws tfd rlbgds ia rdsdrvi`r pripdrt`ds `b

wf`nf tfd tdnfb`nle adlsòè ty ia stdlkaei ih lbh t`rdaeiih

fls oddb privdb. @8

XLOED 81.?-:<<. Z_IHTN X@IB OP ^XDLK @BMDNX@IBZ_IND^^D^ (<06?)

T.^.

Lrclbsls

Nleàirb`l

Eiu`s`lbl

Icelfikl

Xdxls

Wyik`bg

Nlblhl (Leodrtl)

Orlzè

Xr`b`hlh

Qdbdzudel

Nibgi

Arlbnd

Gdrklby

@bhibds`l

Xitle

O/H

?66,>01 7<.7

?68,:0>

<,1::

1<7

7<<

474

<?,<6:

<,0?:

>,84:

?6,:>:

?,4::

>1:

>,?18

1?<:::

8:?,<::

>.:

:.4

:.0

7.:

:.1

:.<

:.6

<4.8

<::.:



81-8 ZDX_IEDTK DBG@BDD_@BG FLBHOIIC

XLOED 81.>-Z_IHTNX@IB OP @B-^@XT NIKO T^X@IB (<01?) air hdvdeipkdbt ia tfdrkle rdnivdry kdtfihs, s`bnd tfd

rdsuets wèe od kist rdwlrh`bg à l pdrndbtlgd ia tfdsd

rdsiurnds nlb od tlppd h dnibik`nleey.T.^.

Nleàirb`l

@ee`bi`s

Clbsls

Eiu`s`lbl

K`ss`ss`pp`

Xdxls

Nlblhl

Leodrtl

^lscltnfdwlb

Orlzè

Qdbdzudel

_iklb`l

Xitle

O@H- -

<:,??6 8:.:

8,67>

<70

?

?,08:

<,>::

0>8

4,10: ??.<

<4:

4,48:

?68 <.<

?,700 <:.6

1,100 ?1.:- ~?4,71: <::.:

XLOED 81.8-KLMI_ XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P Z_IMDNX^

^tdlkaeiih

^tdlk st`kueltìb

A`rdaeiih

Xfdrkle

A`deh, Einltìb (Ipdrltir)

Cdrb _`vdr, NL (Gdtty)

Hur`, @bhibds`l (Nletdx)

Kiubt Zisi. NL (^fdee)

^lb Lrhi. NL (Xdxlni)

X`l Mulbl Dstd,

Qdbdzudel (Klrlvdb)

Elgubèels, Qdbdzudel

(Klrlvdb)

Hur`, @bhibds`l (Nletdx)

Nieh Elcd, Leodrtl (Dssi)

ûpelnu hd Olrnlu,

_iklb`l (@AZ@@ZNNG)

Olttruk Bi. <,

^lscltnfdwlb (Kioè)

Odeedvud, EL (Gdtty)

Mioi. Qdbdzudel

(Elgivdb)

Dbflbndh IèZrihuntìb

QW

6>,:::

8:,:::

??,6::

??,4::

<4,:::

8:,64:

??,:::

<:,:::

1.44?

?,0::

?,7?>

<>,:::

XLOED 81.4-_D^D_QI@_^ LKDBLOED XI ^XDLKAEIIH

LBH A@_DAEIIH

Hdptf, at

^tdlkaeiih A`rdaeiih

<1: ti 4,::: <6: ti <<,4::

Bd` ply, at <:ti<,:4: 8 ti <4:

H`p, hdgrdds : ti 7: : ti 84

Ziris`tv. % <?ti>0 <1ti>0

Zdrkdloè`ty, kh 7: ti <:,::: 8: ti <:,:::

:<< irlv`tv, ILZ@ -?<:88 0.4 ti 8:

:<< ``snis`ty lt `b`t`le

tdkpdrlturd, np

Iè slturltìb lt stlrt, %

II@Z lt stlrt, ooe/ln rd-at

8 ti <:1 :.6 ti ei1

<4ti64 >: ti 08

>7: ti ?,?>: 8>: ti ?,44:

Olsdh ib lb lssukdh iè pr`nd ia $??.I`Qooe, Edw`b

lbh Lssins. @bn. @1 dst`kltdh tflt tfd uet`kltd rdnivdry

`b tfd T.^. oy tfdrkle rdnivdry kdtfi hs wèe lkiubt ti

4.1 ti 7.0 oèeìb ooe. Xf`s `bneuhds 8.: ti 1.: oèeìb ooeoy stdlkaeii hs lbh <.1 ti <.0 oèe ib ooe oy a`rdaeiihs.

Zrihuntìb Kdnflb`sks

Xfd prihuntìb kdnflb`sks `b stdlk `b‐dntìb prindssds

flvd oddb `hdbtà`dh oy Wèeklb dt le. <8 ls (<) fit wltdr-

aeiih, `bneuh`bg v`snis`ty rdhuntìb lbh swdee`bg, (?) gls

hr`vd, (>) stdlk h`st eeltìb, lbh (8) sievdbt dxtrlntìb da-

adnt. Xfd rdelt`vd `kpirtlbnd ia tfdsd kdnflb`sks ib e`gft

lbh fdlvy iè, rdprdsdbtdh oy >7.: lbh <?.? ―LZ@, rdspdn-

t`vdey, `s g`vdb `b Xloed 81.1.

@b &aeiih s, tfd loivd kdnflb`sks lrd lesi `kpirtlbt.

@b lhh`tìb, tfd ordlc`bg up ia fdlvy iè arlntìbs `bti

e`gft iè arlntìbs tfriugf nrlnc`bg sfiueh flv d lt edlsttwi daadnts= `bnrdlsd `b vieukd lbh kird hrlst`n rdhu n-

tìb `b v`snis`ty. Xfd gls hr`vd daadnt lesi sfiueh od `b-

nrdlsdh odnlusd ia tfd elrgd lkiubt ia l`r `bmdntdh lbh

nikoustìb gls prihundh.

Xfdirdt`nle Nibs`hdrltìbs

ûralnd E`bd lbh Wdeeoird Fdlt Eissds

@b nurrdbt a`deh prlnt`nd, hiwboi ed stdlk gdbdrltirs lrd

stèe `b tfd hdvdeipkdb tle stlgd. ûralnd stdlk gdbdrl-

tirs lrd od`bg usdh `b lekist lee ia tfd stdlk `bmdntìb

primdnts. ^tdlk arik l gdbdrltir birkleey `s sdbt ti tfd

`bmdntir wdeefd lh tfriugf l suralnd e`bd. îkd fdlt wèe

od eist ti tfd surriubh`bg ltki spfdrd oy nibvdntìb lbh

rlh`ltìb. Ls stdlk trlvdes arik tfd wdeefdlh tfriugf tf dwdeeoird ti tfd slbhalnd lt tfd ply zibd, fdlt wèe od eist

ti tfd ivdrourhdb, kl`bey oy nibhuntìb. Xfd kdtfi h ia

nlenuelt`bg suralnd e`bd lbh wdeeoird fdlt eissds `s h`s-

nussdh odeiw.

ûralnd E`bd Fdlt Eissds

Xfd stdlk e`bds `b kist ia tfd stdlk `bmdntìb primdnts

lrd `bsueltdh. Xfd fdlt eiss arik sunf l e`bd, Otu`fr, `s=

\r,;?lr`,T,3(X, -X,,)LE, (<)

wfdrd

‖`b ; iuts`hd rlhùs ia tfd `bsueltìb suralnd, at,r, ; stdlk tdkpdrltu rd, ―A,

7‐,, ; ltkisp fdr`n tdkpdrltu rd, ―A, lbh

t` ; p`pd edbgtf, at.

@b tfd loivd, NX,. s tfd ivdrlee fdlt trlbsadr nidaa`n`dbt

(olsdh ib `bs`hd rlh ùs i a tfd p`pd ir tuo`bg), Otu/fr-at-

―A, lbh nlb od nlenueltdh ls aieeiws.

@

-<

Tt` ;<

+- f+e ) . . . . . . . . . . .

wfdrd rri `s tfd iuts`hd rlhùs ia p`pd, at, lbh cf`b `s tfd

tfdrkle nibhunt`v`ty ia `bsuelt ib kltdr`le, Ok/fr-sq

_-IA.



XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P

Xfd nibvdntìb fdlt trlbsadr nidaa`n`dbt, f, Otu`fr-sq

at-―A, nlb od nlenueltdh tfus ‖* =

f;:.74v,i~1/rè<:~8, . . . . . , . . . . . . . (>)

wfdrd v,+ `s tfd w`bh vdein`ty, k``fr. Xfd rlh`ltìb fdlt

trlbsadr ni daa`n`dbt, @, birkleey nlb od bdgedntdh.@a tfd p`pd `s olrd, tflt `s, ub`bsueltdh, tfdb M-,~;r`b

lbh

T,`;f. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (8)

@a tfd stdlk `s supdrfd ltdh, X, wèe vlry leibg tfd e`bd

ls fdlt `s od`bg eist ti tfd ltkispfdrd. Wfdb tfd p`pd

`s eibg, `t bddhs ti od oricdb up `bti sdgk dbts lbh tfd

fdlt eiss nlenueltdh sdgkdbt oy sdgkdbt. @b dlnf sdgkdbt,

Xs* ;X,$, -\r,ewsn,s, . . . . . . . . . . (4)

wfdrd

X.ve ,Xs? ; stdlk tdkpdrl turds lt tfd odg`bb`bg lbh

tfd dbh ia tfd sdgkdbt, ―A,

\r@ ; fdlt eiss leibg tfd sdgkdbt, Otuefr,

w,~ ; k lss rltd ia stdlk, eok/fr, lbh

N,, ; fdlt nlpln`ty ia stdlk, Otu/eok-―A.

@a tfd stdlk `s slturltdh, tfd fdlt eiss wèe nlusd rdhun-

tìb `b stdlk qule`ty.

@,? ;a3, -\r,ewsEs, . . . . . . . . . . . . .(1)

wfdrd a,` lbh as? dqule tfd stdlk qu le`ty lt tfd odg`b-

b`bg lbh tfd dbh ia tfd p`pd sdgkdbt, arlntìb, lbh E,

`s tfd eltdbt fdl t ia stdlk, Otu/eok.

Wdeeoird Fdlt Eissds

@b kist ia tfd stdlk `bmdntìb primdnts, slturltdh stdlk

lt l ndrtl`b qule`ty `s `bmdntdh `bti tfd airkltìb. Fdrd,

wd lssukd l kird gdbdrle nlsd `b wf`nf tf d stdlk a`rst

dbtdrs tfd wdeeoird ls supdrfd ltdh stdlk, odn ikds sltu-

rltdh w`tf l grlhuleey h`k`b`sf`bg qule`ty, lbh `s aurtfdr

niiedh latdr `ts nikpedtd nibhdbsltìb `bti fit wltdr.

ûpdrfdltdh ^tdlk. Lssukd tflt wfdb tfd hdptf H `s

:, tfd tdkpdrltu rd ia tfd stdlk `s X, lbh vlr`ds w`tf

t`kd. Lesi lssukd tflt l e`bdlr gditfdrkl e grlh`dbt dx -

`sts si tflt

Xa;gGH+ X,,,,, . . . . . . (7)

81-4

wfdrd 7‛ `s tfd tdkpdrlturd ia tfd airkltìb. ûppisd

ibd stlrts w`tf tfd tdkpdrlturd ia tfd stdlk lt l hdptf

H r , lbh hds`rds ti nlenueltd tfd tdkpdrlturd lt hdptf He

w`tf tfd edbgtf ia tfd hdptf `btdrvle LH; :? -H < ^`bnd

tfd airkltìb tdkpdrltu rd lt H `s g GH , + X,P,, _lkdy ‖s

dqultìb air tfd gls nlsd @0 odnikds

X(H?,r);gnHz+X,,-gnL-LO

+SX(H,,t)-gnH, -X,,+gGL+LO[d-fHML.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6)

L `s hda`bdh ls

L; w~N~Scfa+rt`Th`t)e. . . . . . . . . . . . (0)sr,` Tr`cfa

lbh

<O;- 776 n,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(eI)

wfdrd

cfa ;

rtr ;

ur, ;

tfdrkle nibhunt`v`ty ia tfd airkltìb,

Otu/H-at-―A,

a(r) ;

`bs`hd rlhù s ia tfd tuo`bg, at,

ivdrlee f dlt trlbsadr nidaa`n`dbt air tfd

lbbuelr splnd odtwddb `bs`hd ia tfd

tuo`bg lbh iu ts`hd ia tfd nls`bg o lsdh

ib rt`, Otu/H-at-―A,

trlbs`dbt f dlt nibhuntìb t`kd aubntìb air

dlrtf, h`kdbsìbedss, sfiwb `b A`g.

81.4,n, ; fdlt nlpln`ty ia stdlk, Otu/eok-―A,

gn ; gditfdrkle grlh`dbt, ―A/at, lbh

X.k ; suralnd tdkpdrlturd, IA.

Air t27 hlys,

?Mlta(t);ebp -:.?0 , . . . . . . . . . . .

r ni

wfdrd <y s tfd tfdrkle hàaus`v`ty, sq at/H, lbh rnI `s tfd

iuts`hd rlhùs i a nls`bg, at.

^lturltdh ^tdlk. Wfdb tfd stdlk `s slturltdh, tfd wdee-

oird fdlt eiss wèe nlusd nflbgds `b tfd stdlk qule`ty

wfdrdls tfd stdlk tdkpdrlturd, X, , `s cdpt nibstlbt. @a

XLOED 81.1--KDNFLB@ K^ NIBX_@OTX@BG XI ^XDLK _DNIQD_P

^tdlk `bmdntrib prdssurd, ps`g

Fit wltdraeiih rdnivdry (@bneuhds v`snis`ty rdhuntìb lbh swdee`bg)

_dnivdry arik gls hr`vdDxtrl rdnivdry arik stdlk h`stèeltìb

_dnivdry `kprivdkdbts arik sievdbtedxtrlnttib daadnts

Xitle rdnivdry oy stdlk

_dnivdry

(% @b`t`le :<< @b Zelnd)

Xirpdhi ^lbhstibd Xirpdhi ^lbhstibd

Nird Nird

>7ILZ@ Nruhd <? ?ILZ@ Nruhd

6:: (4?IIA) 68 (>?7IA) 6:: (4?IIA) 68 (>?7ºA)

7<.: 16.7 16.7 11.:

>.: >.: >.:>.:<6.0 <4.1 0.> 8.0

8.7 8.1 >.: >.7

07.1 0< .0 68.: 77.1




XTO@BG NL^@BG

X,,

XNn Q` ‖ti

A`g. 81.4-Xrlbs`dbt fdlt nibhuntìb `b lb `ba`b`td rlh`le systdk .

tfd stdlk qule`ty lt H `sa, ;a,(H t M), tfd stdlk qule`ty

lt :? nlb od nlenueltdh oy ^lttdr‐s dqul tìb*I=

asZ?M);as(H< L+

L‐O‐+lH, +o-X,LH

L‐

lJJ+- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (<?)L‐

@b Dq. <?,

L‐;wMsScfa+‖r`Tfa@a)e

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .(<>);re` Ttrcfa

lbh

<O‐;-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

776E,

Fit Wltdr. Air niie`bg ia tf d fit wltdr, _lkdy‐s dqul-

tìb air tfd e`qu`h p flsd @0 lppe`ds. Xi lhvlbnd arik

hdptf H, ti H?,

Wz,t);g +X.,,gnL+SW,,t)-gnH,

+X,y,+g~L [d-l‐L. . . . . . (<4)

Ivdrlee Fdlt Xrlbsadr Nidaac`dbt. Xfd tdkpd rlturd h`s-

tròutìb `b lb lbbuelr nikpedtìb `s sfiwb `b A`g.

81.1. ?‐ Xi dvleultd tfd ivdrlee fdlt trlbsadr nidaa`n`dbt,

T,,, olsdh ib tfd iuts`hd tuo`bg suralnd, tfd aieeiw`bg

prindh urd h dvdeipd h oy Wèef`td*‐ nlb od usdh.

@. ^dednt T,, olsdh ib iuts`hd tuo`bg suralnd.

?. Nlenueltd L @), ls hda`bdh prdvìusey.

>. Nlenueltd Xn. lt ndkdbt/airkltìb `btdralnd.

Xa`‐) +cfa

-Xa

Xna; rei uei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (<1)

cfaLt)+-

raI @ti

@ @IB^XLBX XEPN?_LeT@@E LX

r.r,, NPE@Bib@NLE ÎT_ND

OITBIL_P NIBIeXeIB

@ @ @

A`g. 81.1-Xdkpdrlturd h`stròutìb `b lb lbbuelr nikpedtìb.

wfdrd Xa` ;tdkp drlturd ia aeu`h, IA.

8. Nlenueltd Xn` lt nls`bg `bs`hd su ralnd.

wfdrd

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (<7)

r-h ; rlhùs ti ndkdbt/airkltìb `btdralnd, at,

rn( ; `bs`hd rlhù s ia nls`bg, at,

f-d ; tfdrkle ni bhunt`v`ty ia tfd ndkdbt, Otu/fr-

at-―A, lbh

cfnl ; tfdrkle nibhunt`v`ty ia tfd nls`bg kltdr`le,

Otu/fr-at-―A.

4. Dst`kltd @ air rlh`ltìb lbh f air blturle nibvdntìb.

1. Nlenueltd T,,.

.,-( + rr33dz)-e. . . . (<6)

W`tf nikkd rn`le `bsuelt ib ia tf`ncbdss Lr,

rei @b9 rei eb‐na -‐

uk ;rti + rti

+ rni

@

7

cf`b r, f‐+e‐) cfnd

. . . . . ..<..................... (<0)

wfdrd f‐ lbh @‐ lrd olsdh ib `bsuelt ib iuts`hd suralnd.

Nlenueltìbs @bneuh`bg Zrdss urd Nflb gds. L kird

sipf`st`nltd h nlenueltìb prindhurd pripisdh oy

Dlreiug fdr** `bneuhds tf d daadnt ia prdssurd nflbgd s `b-

s`hd tfd wdeeoird. Xfd wdeeoird `s h`v`hdh `bti l sdqudbnd



XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P 81-7

ia hdptf `btdrvles. Xfd nibh`tìbs lt tfd oittik ia dlnf

`btdrvle lrd nlenueltdh, ib tfd ols`s ia tfd nibh`tìbs lt

tfd tip ia tflt `btdrvle. Xfd prindh urd `s ls aieeiws.

<. Nlenueltd tfd prdssurd lt tfd oittik ia tfd `btdr-

vle, ~?.n.

‖3-------

<

?

p?;p@+<.167x<:-‖?(v,, -v,?)3rt`

+1.088x<:->%\7, . . . . . . . . . ,―@@

3 U

wfdrd

―< ; spdnà`n vieukd ia tfd title aeu`h, nu at/eok

(nibh`tìb < `s tip ia `btdrvle lbh ? `s

oittik),

k ; edbgtf ia hdptf `btdrvle, at, lbh ―1k.E e,rTNX@i‛ @wnnX@i* NEE

Lp ; ar`ntìble prdssurd hrip ivdr `btdrvle, ps`.A`g. 81.7-Xdkpdrlturd h`stròut ib `b Klrx-Elbgdbfd`kkihde.

Xfd Odg gs lbh Orèe nirrdelt ib?> air twi-pflsd aeiw nlbod usdh ti nlenueltd tfd Lp b tfd loivd dqultìb.

?. Nlenueltd tfd fdlt eiss ivdr tfd `btdrvle.

-:.4(Xa, +Xp)[, . . . . . . . . . . . . . (?<)

wfdr d T, `s tfd ivdrlee fdlt trlbsadr nidaa`n`dbt olsdh

ib iuts`hd nls`bg suralnd, Otuefr-sq at-―A.

>. Nlenueltd tfd stdlk qule`ty lt tfd oittik ia tfd `b-

tdrvle .

wfdrd F,.[ lbh F,,.? lrd tfd dbtflepy ia e`qu`h w ltdr lt

tip lbh oittik ia tfd `btdrvle, Otu/eok, lbh E,,, lbh E,,*

lrd tfd eltdbt fdlt ia vlpir`zltìb lt tip lbh oittik ia

tfd `btdrvle, Otu/eok.

Kird _dndbt Hdvdeipkdb ts. L bdw kihde fls oddb hd-

vdeipdh oy Alriuq Le` tflt trdlts wdeeoird fdlt eissds

r`giriusey oy us`bg l gr`h systdk ti rdprdsdbt tfd sur-

riubh`bg airkltìb. @b lhh`tìb, tfd prdssurd nlenueltìb

lnniubts air se`p lbh tfd prdvlè`bg aeiw rdg`kd, olsdh

ib wdee-lnndp tdh nirrdeltìbs.

Lbleyt`nle Kihdes air ^tdlk @bmdntìb

Air prdh`nt`bg rdsdrvi`r pdrai rklbnd ubhdr stdlk `bmdn-

tìb prindssds, tfd usule prlnt`nd `s ti usd tfrdd-

h`kdbsìble (> H), tfrdd-pf lsd bukdr`nle s`kueltirs.

Wfd rd tfd s`kueltirs lrd ublvlèloed ir l qu`nc dst`kltd

ia tfd pdrairk lbnd `s bddhdh, ibd nlb rdsirt ti s`kped

lbleyt`nle kdtfihs. Tsuleey tfdsd kdtfihs tlcd `bti ln-

niubt tfd tfdrkle lspdnts ia tfd prindss ibey, w `tfiut

rdglrh ti tfd aeu`h aeiw lspdnts.

Aribt H`spelndkdbt Kihdes

Klrx-Elbgdbfd`k Kdtfih. ?4 Nibs`hdr tflt fdlt `s `b-

mdntdh `bti l ply zibd oiubhdh oy twi bd`gfoir`bg air-

kltìbs. Xfd fdlt-nlrry`bg aeu`h `s suppi sdh ti lhvlbnd

w`tf l sflrp aribt pdrpdbh`nuelr ti tfd oiubhlr`ds ia tfd

airkltìb (A`g. 81.7). Xfd fdlt olelbnd g`vds= fdlt `b-

mdntdh `bti tfd ply zibd dqules fdlt eiss ti tfd ivdrour-

hdb lbh ubhdrey`bg strltuk peus fdlt nibtl`bdh `b tfd ply

zibd.

Xfd fd ltdh lrdl lt lby t`kd t nlb od nlenueltdh

L; \r`Kfli

8c,,, ?LX(n‐idranUe333 +?Ms- <) , (?>)

L

wfdrd

L ; fdltdh lrdl lt t`kd t, sq at,t ; t kd s`bnd `bmdntìb, fr,

\,3 ; fdlt `bmdnt ib rltd, Otu/fr,

K ; vieukdtr`n fdlt nlpln`ty ia tfd sie`h

kltr`x nibtl`b`bg iè lbh wltdr,

Otu/nu at-―A

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (?8)

8 ; piris`ty, arlntìb,

Zr&itZw ; hdbs`ty ia rinc grl`b, iè, wltdr,

eok/nu at,

N,,N,,N, ; fdlt nlpln`ty ia rinc, iè, wltdr,

Otu/eok-―A,

^,`,^w` ; `b`t le slturltìb ia iè, wltdr , arlntìb,

f ; ply tf`ncbdss, at,

l: ; ivdrourhdb tfdrkle hàaus`v`ty, sq

at/fr,

cfi ; ivdrourhdb tfdrkle nibhunt`v`ty,

Otuefr-at-―A,

LX ; X`h-Xa, ―A,

X`‛m ; `bmdnt ib tdk pdrlturd, ―A,

Xr3 ; `b`t le airkltìb tdk pdrlturd, ―A,

XQ ; h`kdbsìbedss t`kd

; 333e,,) <. . (?4)



81-6

lbh

&y;(~)tO9 . .

Xfd nikpedk dbtlry drrir aubntìb `s=

dranx;e-drax;e-<^~d-O?h<>, . . . . . . . . (?7)l

:

wfdrd /> `s l hukky vlr`loed.

Xi dvleultd d‐ Hdran ,& , ibd nlb usd tfd aieeiw`bg

lpprix`kltìb. ?1

<Edt y; <+i.>?740< <MtH, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nw

dtHdran&;:.?486?040?y--:.?688017>1y?

+<.8?<8>78<+<.84><4?:?7y8+<.:1<8:48?0y4.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (?0)

Lssukd tflt lee tfd kivloed iè `s h`spelndh `b tfd fdltdh

lrdl. @a wd lssukd tflt lee tfd h`spelndh iè `s prihu ndh,

wd nlb nlenultd tf d nukuelt`vd stdlk/iè rltì (Î_ )=

A *;`,vt

.L:8.?74L fr (^,, -^`n,) ‐ ‖. .

(>:)

wfdrd

<, ;stdlk `bmdntìb rltd, O/H, nieh wltdr

dqu`vledbt,

si, ; `b`t`le iè slturltì b, lbh

s3, ; `rrdhunòed iè slturltìb.

Hàadrdbt`ltìb ia tfd dxprdssìb air L w`tf t g`vds tfd

rltd ia dxplbsìb ia tfd fdltdh l rdl. X fd iè h`spelndkdbt

rltd, q(,h, `b O/H, `s

qih ;8.?74\rr wi` -î,)

KLX @dridranMt,. . . (><)

Arik tf`s ibd nlb nlenueltd tfd `bstlbtlbdius Î _

Aei;<4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (>? )qih


@t nlb dlsèy od sfiwb tflt

Df ;` d‐Hdran&+? . . . . (>4)

tH

_lkdy‐s Gdbdrle`zltìb ia tfd Klrx-Elbgdbfd`k

Kdtfih.‛ Xfd Klrx-Elbgdbfd`k kdtfih nlb od dx-

tdbhdh ti tfd nlsd wfd rd l sdr`ds ia nibstlbt `bmdnt ib rltds

`s kl`btl`bdh ivdr vlrìus t`kd pdrìhs. @a tfd fdlt `b-

mdntìb rltd `s (\r`)` ivdr tfd pdrìh I5t5r, , lbh (\,,),,

ivdr tfd pdrìh t,-< 5t5t,,

L;

`;re- @

+ N S(\,`),-(\,`)3+@eA(rH 3) > . . (>1)`; @

wfdrd

A(tH`);d‐badraNM tH`+?M

. . .

X(>7)

lbh A(~H,);A(NH~) w`tf `;b. Xfd iè h`spelndkdbt rltd

lt a3 hdpdbhs ib tfd fdlt `bmdntìb rltd lt tflt t`kd, `b-

hdpdbhdbt ia tfd prdvìus fdlt `bmdnt ib rltds.

Klbhe-Qiedc‐s _da`bdkdbt ia tfd Klrx-Elbgdbfd`k

Kdtfih.?6 Klbhe lbh Qiedc iosdrvdh tflt tfd fdltdhlrdl kdlsurdh `b eloirltiry dxpdr`kdb ts tdbhs ti od eiwdr

tflb tflt prdh`ntdh oy tfd Klrx-Elbgdbfd`k kdtfih la-

tdr l ndrtl`b nr`t`nle t`kd, t,. Air t9 t,.,

L; \r`Kfli

8cfi?LXd‐HdranG+?*- < -hD

< t H - t n H->

V

Esas + >dzHdran tH-

<+-

N,LX

t H - t n H-

> M 9r t H

2@

. . . . .

t, `s hdtdrk`bdh oy tf`s dqultìb=

d‐nHdran& ;<

. . . . . . . . .+ Elg

N,LX

Xfd rdeltìbsf`p odtwddb t, lbh t& `s lgl`b

l

(>6)

(>0)

. (8:)

Xfd tfdrkle (fdlt) daa`n`dbny, Df, `s hda`bdh ls

wfdrd

\f- ; fdlt rdkl`b`bg `b tfd fdltdh zibd, Otu,

\3, ; title fdlt `bmdntìb, Otu, lbh

LfKL XDf ; ~ . . . . . . .,`X (>8)



XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P 81-0

Kyfèe lbh ^tdgdkd`dr‛ usdh l se`gftey hàadrdbt vdr-

sìb ia tfd Klbh e-Qiedc kihde lbh nlenueltdh iè/stdlk

rltì (I^_) air << a`deh primdnts. Xfdy aiubh tflt tfd ln-

tule I^_‐s rlbgd arik 7: ti <::% ia tfd nlenueltdh rltìs.

^tdlk Nfdst Kihdes@b nibtrlst ti tfd arib t h`spelndkdbt kihdes h`snussdh

prdvìusey, Bduklb>: v`sule`zdh tflt stdlk r`sds ti tfd

tip lbh griws oitf fir`zibtleey iutw lrh lbh vdrt`nleey

hiwbwlrh. Hisnfdr lbh Gflssdk`>‐ tiic l v`dw dvdb

kird hrlst`n tflb Bduklb‐s. Xfdy tfdir`zdh tflt stdlk

r`sds ti tfd tip `bstlbtey lbh tfd ibey h`rdntìb ia tfd stdlkzibd kivdk dbt `s vdrt`nleey h iwbw lrh. Qigd e<? aie-

eiwdh tfd slkd rdlsib`bg lbh hdvdeipdh tfd aieeiw`bg

s`kped dqultìb air tfdrkle daa`n`dbny=

<

D,, ; . . . . . . . . (8<)

Xloed 81.7 nikp lrds tf d tfdrkle daa`n`dbn`ds nlenuelt-

dh oy tfd Klrx-Elbgdbfd`k kdtfih lbh tfd Qigde

kdtfih. Xf`s tloed sfiws tflt tfd Qigde kdtfih prdh`nts

l tfdrkle daa`n`dbny tflt e`ds odtwddb 6: lbh <: :% ia tflt

nlenueltdh oy tfd Klrx-Elbgdbfd`k kdtfih.

^tdlk ^t`kueltìb

^tdlk st`kueltìb usuleey `s nlrr`dh iut b l bukodr ia

nyneds. Dlnf nyned nibs`sts i a tfrdd stlgds= stdlk `bmdn-tìb, silc`bg, lbh prihuntìb. Xfd ols`n nibndpt ia tf`s

prindss aieeiws.

W`tfiut st`kueltìb, tfd iè prihuntìb rltd `s

I.I:7:6cc,f

8 in ; (p, -p ,), . . . . . . . . (8?).

wfdrd

8in ;

c;

c t-: ;

ZI5 -

ZN -

ZU,‐ ;

nieh iè prihuntìb rltd, O/H,

losieutd pdrkdloè`ty. kh,

rdelt`vd pdrk dloè`ty ti iè, arlntìb,nieh i e v`snis`ty, np,

stlt`n airkltìb prdssurd lt dxtdrble rlhùs

r,, ps`l, lbh

oittikfied prdssurd, ps`l.

Latdr stdlk `bmdntìb, tfd iè `bs`hd tfd fdltdh rdgìb,

r, 5 r5 rf, wèe flvd l eiwdr v`snis`ty, p&. Xfd fit iè

prihuntìb, qif, `s=

I.I:7:6cc,f

qif ;

pif ebrf+pin @bc(Z, -Z,), . . (8>)

rw r f

XLOED 81.7-NIKZL_@ÎB ODXWDDB KL_V-ELBGDBFD@K

LBH QIGDE K DXFIH^

Xfdrkle Daa`n`dbny_ltì

t,Klrx-Elbgdbfdek Qigde Qigde/KE

:.:< :.0>: :.0:: :.017

:.< : . 6 :8 : . 7 >7 :.0<7

< .i : . 441 : . 87: : . 684

<:.: : . ?78 :.?<0 :.700

<::.: :.<:> :.:6< : . 7 67

wfdrd rf dqules tfd rlhùs ia tfd fdltdh rdgìb, at. Xfd

rltì odtwddb qif lbh qin `s

‖ 9 f <-; . . . . . (88)8in eb‐f ebX‐

pif r fr t ,

pk e br , e b r ,

r w r w

Ls tfd rdsdrvi`r aeu`hs lrd prihu ndh, dbdrgy lssin`lt-

dh w`tf tfd aeu`hs lrd rdkivdh arik tfd rdsdrvi`r. Xf`s

nlusds l rdhuntìb `b rf lbh l rdhuntìb `b tdkpdrltu rd,

wf`nf `bnrdlsds ZI),.

^dvdrle kd tfihs flv d oddb hdvdeipdh air nlenuelt`bg

rdsdrvi`r pdrairklb nd ubhdr stdlk st`kueltìb. Ibd ia

tfd kdtfihs, wf`nf fls db‐i ydh w `hd lnndptlbnd, `s tfdhOiodrg lbh Elbtz kdtfih. > Xf`s kdtfih lssukds l nib-

stlbt rf, w`tf l nflbg`bg X `bs`hd tfd fdltdh zibd. Xfd

kdtfi h nibs`sts ia tfd aieeiw`bg stdps.

<. Nlenueltd tfd s`zd ia tfd fdltdh rdgìb us`bg tfd

Klrx-Elbgdbfd`k kdtfih.

?. Nlenueltd tfd lvdrlgd tdkpdrltu rd `b tf`s rdgìb.

>. Nlenueltd tfd iè prihuntìb rltd, tlc`bg `bti lnniubt

tfd rdhundh iè v`snis`ty `b tf`s rdgìb.

8. _dpdlt ^tdps < tfriugf > air sunnddh`bg nyneds, oy

`bneuh`bg tfd rds`hule f dlt edat arik prdndh`bg nyneds.

Xfd lvdrlgd tdkpdrlturd ia tfd fdltdh rdgìb `s nlenu-

eltdh oy

--X;X_+(Xs-X_)SQ,Qz(e-1)-f[, . . . . .(84)

wfdrdXV

X_ ;

X, ;

--v,,v, ;

Q,,Q@ ;

1;

lvdrlgd tdkpdrlturd ia tfd fdltdh rdgìb,

r,5r5rf, lt lby t`kd t, ―A,

ir`g`ble rdsdrvi`r tdkpdrltu rd, ―A,

stdlk tdkpd rlturd lt slbhalnd `bmdntìbprdssurd, ―A,

lvdrlgd vleuds ia Q,, Q, air I5 r5 rf lbh

lee f`,*

ub`t sieutìb ai r tfd nikpibdb t nibhuntìb

prioedks `b tfd r lbh z h`rdntìbs, lbh

dbdrgy rdkivdh w`tf tfd prihundh aeu`hs,

h`kdbsìbedss.

Xfd qulbt`t`ds s7[. lbh v] nlb od iotl`bdh arik A`g.

81.6 ls aubntìbs ia h`kdbsìbedss t`kd, tH. Air v,.,

tH ;

li a-t`)

? ) . . . . . (81)r f

‖Xfdsd sykoies flvd bi pfys`nle nibbielt~ib. Xfdy lrd lkpey kltfdklènle sykoies



81-<: ZDX_IEDTK DBG@BDD_@BG FL BHOIIC

@m<~<<S ~eeeee < @‐

^3=t, ;litt-@,)..- %(t-8)

7,=t, ;-

i.m ~v3 ~ /

:.:< :.< <.: <: <ln

A`g. 81.6--îeut ibs air Q, lbh Q,, s`bged slbh.

wfdrd

l, ;

t;

ivdrourhdb tfdrkle hàaus`v`ty, sq at/H,

t`kd s`bnd s tlrt ia `bmdnt ib air tfd nurrdbt

nyned, H,

t` ;

a-f ;

Air vz,

t`kd ia `bmdntìb air tfd nurrdbt nyned, H,

lbh

rlhùs ia rdgìb ir`g`bleey fdltdh , at.

ti, H@KDB^@IBED^^ X@KD

li t - - t ` )

tH; -?

, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F@

wfdrd

F, ;k~ ` t ( . a s E s a Fw> s - Fw~ )

Wf ?WQs - X_) B,

) .

(87)

(86)

lbh

k , ` t ; title klss ia stdlk `bmdntdh, eok,

B, ; bukodr i a slbhs,

F, v s M‐ , v ~ ; dbtflepy, Otu/eok, ia wltdr lt stdlk

lbh rdsdrvi`r tdkp drlturds, ―A, lbh

L8 ; vieukdtr`n fdlt nlpln`ty, Otu/nu at-―A.

Xfd dbdrgy rdkivdh w`tf prihundh aeu`hs, 1, nlb odnlenueltdh tfus=

wfdrd

f, ; title tf`ncbdss ia lee slbhs, at,

\, ; fdlt rdkivle rltd lt t`kd t, OtueH,

\r, ; qif(F ig+F ,), . Y . . . . . . . . . . .

Fi, ; (4.1<81K, +_,N,)J -X_), . . . . .

lbh

(80)

(4:)

(4<)

F, ; 4.1<81 p,SA,,(fa-F~,_)t_ tE,[, . . (4?)

wfdrd f a `s tfd dbtflepy ia e`qu`h w ltdr lt X loivd >?ºA

(sdd stdlk tloeds), OtuLok , F, `s tfd dbtflepy ia i e

lbh gls olsdh ib l ^XO ia iè, Otu e^XO iè, lbh F,. `s

tfd dbtflepy ia wltdr nlrr`dh oy iè olsdh ib l ^XO ia

iè, Otu/^XO iè. Lesi E, `s faC `b tfd stdlk tloeds.

@a Z Kz Z s lbh A,, 5 Awnet

A,, ;:.:::<>41 .- L- _,, . . . . . . . .( 2 (4>)ZW-Z

ooe e`qu`h wltdr lt 1:‛ A/^XO iè.

@a A,, (nlenueltdh) 2 A,, ,

A,, ;A,,,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (48 )

@b tfd loivd,

_, ; title prihundh GI_, sna/^XO,

A wdt ; title prihundh WI_, ^XO@^XO,

A,, ; stdlk/iè rltì, ^XO/^ XO,

ZW ; prihun`bg oittikf ied prd ssurd, p s`l, lbh

ps ; slturltdh vlpir prdssurd ia wltdr lt 9,

ps`l.

Xfd rltd ia fit i e prihuntìb nlb od nlenueltdh tfus=

qif;AMMn Lp, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(K)

wfdrd AM `s tfd rltì ia st`kueltdh ti ubst`kueltdh

prihunt`v`ty `bhdxds, h`kdbsìbedss,

<AM; , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (41)

DN< tn?

Zid

lbh M, `s tfd ubst`kueltdh (nieh) prihunt`v`ty `bhdx,

^XO@Heps`,

M, ;:.iii7:6cc,f

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (47)

pit ebX‐rw

@a Zd `s nibstlbt,

eb9

n, ; rw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (46)

ebX‐rw

lbh

`bc

n*; rf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (40)

ebr,rw

Xfus D q. 4 4 `s `hdbt`nle w`tf D q. 8> `b tf`s nlsd. @ap,

`s hdne`b`bg,

ebXc--- 8

n, ; rw ?rd? ,.....................

&L

(1:)

rw ?



XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P 81-<<

J l NZ

A`g. 81.0-Nirrdeltìb ia stdlk st`kueltìb rdsuets.

lbh

r f?

, b r , - @ +-

n? ;rf ? ?rd?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1<)

,&<. ,

r, ?

Xf`s kdtfih i a nlenuelt`bg iè prihuntìb rltd `s priol-

oey tfd wdlcdst plrt ia tfd Oiodrg-Elbtz kdtfih.

<. @t lssukds l kibitibd hdne`bd odtwddbp , lbhp,.

Lntuleey, odnlusd tfd `bmdntdh stdlk `s lt l f`gf prdssurd,

tfdrd niueh od l f`gf prdssurd ps bdlr rf lbh tfd prds-

surd hdne`bds tiwlrh oitf p ,+ lbh pd .

?. Ibey tfd nflbgd `b p: `s lnniubtdh air `b nflbg`bg

arik nieh i e prihunt`v`ty ti fit i e prihunt`v`ty. Edat ub-

lnniubtdh air `s tfd nflbgd `b c, , wf`nf sfiueh nflbgd

w`tf nflbg`bg ^,.

Olsdh ib tfd Oiodrg-Elbtz kdtfih, l nirrdeltìb wls

hdvdeipdh oy Oiodrg lbh Wdst>8 tflt leeiws ibd ti ds-

t`kltd `bnrdkdbtle I^_ w`tf cbiwb rdsdrvi`r pripdrt`ds

(A`g. 81.0).

Bukdr`nle ^`kueltìb

Xfd lbleyt`nle k ihdes air tfdrkle rdni vdry prindss ds

usuleey lrd nibndrbdh w`tf tfd tfdrkle lsp dnts ia tfd prin-

dssds ibey. Xfd aeu`h aeiw lspdnts l rd bdgedntdh. Xi ln-

niubt lhdqultdey air tfd aeu`h aeiw `bs`hd piriu s kdh `l

ubhdr l tfdrkle rdniv dry p rindss, bukdr`nle s`kueltirs

wèe od bddhdh. @b tfdsd s`kueltirs, tfd rdsdrvi`r `s h`v`hdh

`bti l bukodr ia oeincs lrrlbgdh `b ibd, twi , ir tfrdd

h`kdbsìbs. L hdtlèdh stuhy `s klhd ia tfd rdsdrvi`r oy

lppey`bg aubhlk dbtle dqultìbs air aeiw `b pirius k d-

h`l ti dlnf ibd ia tfd oeincs.

Bukdr`nle rdsdrvi`r s`kueltirs lrd bi suost`tutd air

a`deh pèits. Xfdy flvd sdvdrle lhvlbtlgds, fiwd vdr, ivdr

a`deh pèits. A`deh nibh`tìbs lrd `rrdvdrsòed. @t tiic kè-

eìbs ia ydlrs air tfd a`deh ti hdvdeip ti tfd prdsdbt stltd.Ibnd h`sturodh, `t nlbbit rdvdrt ti tfd ir`g`ble nibh`tìbs

lbh stlrt ivdr lgl`b‐. Aurtfdrkird, `t tlcds l eibg t`kd,

`b tdrks ia kibtfs ir dvdb ydlrs, odaird tfd pèit rdsuets

nlb od dvleultdh. Xfd nist air pèits `s, ia niursd, dbir-

kius. @b nikplr`sib , l s`kueltdh rdsdrvi`r nlb od pri-

hundh klby t`kds, dlnf t`kd stlrt`bg lt tfd dx`st`bg stltd.

Xf`s nlb od hibd w`tf`b l sfirt pdrìh ia t`kd, `b tdrks

ia sdnibhs, ibnd tfd rdsdrvi`r kihde `s pripdrey sdt up.

Xfd nist air rdsdrvi`r s`kueltìb `s kunf edss tflb tflt

ia l pèit. Fiwd vdr, s`kueltdh rdsdrvi`rs kly bdvdr hupe -

nltd a`deh pdrairklbn d. Ki hdk prlnt`nd `s ti usd rdsdr-

vi`r s`kueltìb ti fdep hds`gb l pèit odaird elubnf`bg l

elrgd-snled a`deh hdvdeipkdbt.

Bukdr`nle kihdes lbh pfys`nle kihdes lrd nikpedkdb-tlry ti dlnf itfdr. Ls wèe od hdtlèdh eltdr, pfys`nle

kihdes nlb od nelssà`dh `bti twi typds= dedkdbtle kihd es

lbh plrt`leey snledh kihdes. @b lb dedkdbtle kihde, dx-

pdr`kdbts lrd nibhuntdh w`tf lntule rdsdrvi`r rinc lbh

aeu`hs. Xfd rdsuets nlb fdep dxpel`b vlrìus aeu`h aeiw lbh

fdlt trlbsadr kdnflb`sks ls wdee ls nfdk`nle rdlntìb c`-

bdt`ns. @b l plrt`leey snledh kihde, rdsdrvi`r h`kdbsìbs,

aeu`h pripdrt`ds, lbh rinc pripdrt`ds lrd snledh air tfd

eloirltiry kihde si tflt tfd rltìs ia vlrìus airnds `b

tfd rdsdrvi`r lbh tfd pfys`nle kihde lrd bdlrey tfd slkd.

Ibd nlb ibey ouèh plrt`leey snledh kihdes o dnlusd aueey

snledh kihdes lrd hàa`nuet ir `kpissòed ti nibstrunt. Ibd

ia tfd lhvlbtlgds ia l bukdr`nle kihde ivdr l pfys`nle

kihde `s tflt tfdrd `s bi snle`bg prioedk `b bukdr`nles`kueltìb. Fiw dvdr, `b klby nlsds, l bukdr`nle kihde

bddhs pfys`nle k ihdes ti vle`hltd tf d airkueltìb ir ti

priv`hd bdndsslry `bput hltl air tfd s`kueltìb.

^tdlk @bmdntìb Kihde

Bukdr`nle s`kueltìb kihdes air stdlk `bmdntìb prin-

dssds flvd oddb hdvdeipdh oy Nilts dt l<.>4 lbh

Nil ts. >1.>7 L stdlk `bmdntìb kihde nibs`sts ia l buk-

odr ia nibsdrvltìb dqultìbs.

<. Klss olelbnd ia F z :. Oitf wltdr lbh stdlk lrd `b-

neuhdh.

?. Klss olelbnds ia fyhrinlroibs. Ibey ibd dqultìb

wèe od bdndsslry air bibvieltèd iè. Air vieltèd iè, twiir kird psduhinikpibdbts wèe od bddhdh ti hdsnròd tfd

vlpir`zltìb/nibhdbsltìb pfdbikdbib ia tfd iè lbh twi

ir kird dqultìbs wèe od bddhdh.



81-<? ZDX_IEDTK DBG@BDD_@BG FLBHOIIC

>. Dbdrgy olelbnd. Xfd dbdrgy olelbnd lnniubts air

fdlt nibhuntìb, nibvdntìb, vlpir`zltìb/nibhdbsltìb

pfdbikdbib , lbh fdlt eiss arik tfd ply zibd ti `ts lhml-

ndbt airkltìbs. Xfd bddh ti `bneuhd lb dbdrgy olelbnd

`b tfd kihde sdts tfd tfdrkle rdnivdry prinds sds lplrt

arik `sitfdrkle prindssds air iè rdnivdry.

@b lhh`tìb ti tfd nibsdrvltìb dqultìbs, tfd kihdebddhs ti `bneuhd tfd aieeiw`bg luxè`lry dqultìbs.

<. @a oitf wltdr lbh stdlk nidx `st, tdkpdrltu rd `s tfd

slturltdh stdlk tdkpdrlturd air l g`vdb prdssurd. Lb

dqultìb `s bddhdh ti hdsnròd tf`s rdeltìbsf`p odtwddb

tdkpdrltu rd lbh prdssurd.

?. Xfd suk ia slturltìbs air tfd iè, wltdr, lbh gls

pflsds dqules ub`ty.

>. Xfd kie arlntìbs ia fyhrinlroib nikpibdb ts `b tfd

e`qu`h lbh gls pflsds lrd rdeltdh tfriugf dquèòrùk

vlpir`zltìb nibstlbts (C-vleuds).

8. Xfd suk ia gls-pfl sd kie arlntìbs dqules ub`ty.

Xf`s `bneuhds stdlk lbh lby vieltèd nikpibdbts ia fyhri-

nlroibs.

4. Xfd suk ia e`qu`h-pflsd kie arlntìbs air fyhrinl r-

oibs dqules ub`ty.

@b-^`tu Nikoustìb Kihde

Bukdr`nle s`kueltìb kihdes fl vd oddb hdvdeipdh oy

Nriicstib dt le., >g Piubgrdb, >0 Nilts,8: lbh Grloiw-

sc` dt l<.8‐ Xfd `b-s`tu nikoustìb kihde `s kird nik-

pe`nltdh tflb tfd kihde air stdlk `bmdntìb. Xfd

nibsdrvltìb dqultìbs lrd ls aieeiws.

<. Klss olelbnd ia F?:. Xf`s dqultìb `bneuhds tfd

wltdr prihundh arik nikoustìb.

?. Klss olelbnds ia fyhrinlroibs. Xf`s `bneuhds nib-

sukptìb ia ndrtl`b fyhrinlroibs tfriugf nrlnc`bg lbh

nikoustìb. @t lesi kly `bneuhd tfd prihuntìb ia ndr-tl`b itfdr nikpib dbts tfriugf nrlnc `bg.

>. Klss olelbnd ia ixygdb. Xf`s lnniubts air tfd nib-

sukptìb ia ixygdb oy nikoustìb.

8. Klss olelbnd ia `bdrt gls. @a l`r `s usdh, tfd nibsdr-

vltìb ia b`trigdb sfiueh od lnniubtdh air. NI? pri-

hundh arik nikoustìb kly od `bneuhdh `b tfd dqultìb

air tfd `bdrt gls ir od trdltdh sdplrltdey.

4. Klss olelbnd ia nicd. Xf`s `bneuhds tfd airkltìb

lbh ourb`bg ia nicd.

1. Dbdrgy olelbnd. Xf`s dqultìb biw `bneuhds tfd fdlt

ia rdlntìb air tfd rdlntìbs `bvievdh `b tfd `b-s`tu nik-

oustìb prindss. Xfdsd rdlntìbs kly `bneuhd eiw-

tdkpdrltu rd ix`hltìb ia fyhrinlroi bs, f`gf-tdk pdrlturd

ix`hltìb i r ourb`bg ia fyhrinlroi bs, tfdrkle nrlnc`bg(wf`nf prihunds nicd lbh itfdr prihunts), lbh nikous-

tìb ia nicd.

Xf`s kihde lesi bddhs l bukodr ia luxè`lry dqultìbs,

wf`nf `bneuhd (<) stdlk/w ltdr dquèòrùk, (?) vlpir`-

zltìb dquèòrùk ia fyhrinlroi bs, (>) pflsd slturlt ib

nibstrl`bts, (8) kie arlntìb nibstrl`bts, lbh (4) nfdk`-

nle sti`nfìkdtry. Lb dxlkp ed `s=

Iè+l :? -+o NI? +n Fz:

Xf`s slys tflt ibd kie ia iè rdlnts w`tf l kies ia ixy-

gdb ti airk o kies ia NI< lbh n kies ia FzI.

Xf`s kihde lesi rdqu`rds l nfdk`nle rdlntìb c`bdt`ns

dqultìb. Air dlnf rdlntìb `bvievdh `b tfd prinds s, lb

dqultìb nlb od wr`ttdb ti hdbitd tflt tfd rdlntìb rltd

vlr`ds ls l aubntìb ia tdkpdrltu rd lbh nibndbtrltìbs ia

tfd vlrìus rdlntlbts. Ibd pissòed ai rk ia tfd rdlntìb

rltd dqultìb `s tfd aieeiw`bg Lrrfdbùs dqultìb=

w;c‐(N,)k(NI,)b dxp

Xf`s dqultìb slys tflt tfd rdlntìb rltd, w, `s pripir-

tìble ti tfd nibndbtrltìb ia iè, N, , rl`sdh ti tfd ktf

piw dr t`kds tfd nibndbtrltìb ia ixygdb, Ni, , rl`sdh

ti tfd btf piwdr. Xfd tdkpdrlturd hdpdbhdbnd iatfd rdln-

tìb rltd `s `b tfd g`vdb dxpibdb t`le airk, wfdrd D `s tfd

lnt`vltìb db drgy, tfd dbdrgy olrr`dr tf d rdlntlbts bddhti ivdrnikd odaird od`bg nibvdrtdh ti tfd prihunts, _

`s tfd gls nibstlbt, lbh X `s tfd losieutd tdkpdrltu rd. Xfd

pripirtìble`ty nibstlbt, c‐, usuleey `s nleedh tf d prd-

dxpibdbt`le alntir.

Xfd kihdes hdvdeipdh si alr lrd ode`dvdh ti od lhd-

qultd ls alr ls tfd airkueltìb ia tfd prindss kdnflb`sks

`s nibndrbdh. Fiwd vdr, prioedks loiub h.

<. Lrtà`n`le ordlchiw b ia tfd nruhd iè `bti twi nik-

pibdbts kly bit od suaa`n`dbt ti hdsnròd al`tfaueey tfd

vlpir`zltìb/nibhdbsltìb pfdbikdb l lbh tfd nfdk`nle

rdlntìbs `bvievdh `b tfd nikoustìb prindss. Ki rd nik-

pibdbts kdlb kird dqultìbs ti od sievdh lbh fdbnd

f`gfdr nikputdr nists.

?. Xfd gr`h s`zd prioedk niueh od sdvdrd. L gr`h s`zd

elrgd dbiugf air dnibik`n nikputltìb niueh grdltey h`s-

tirt tfd tdkpd rlturd h`stròutìbs `b tfd s`kueltdh rdsdr-

vi`r. Xf`s wiueh edlh ti drribdius prdh`ntìbs ia tfd

nfdk`nle rdlntìb rltds lbh tfus ia rdsdrvi`r pdrairklbnd

ubhdr nikoustìb.

Eloirltiry Dxpdr`kdbtltìb

Xfd tfdrkle bukdr`nle kihdes flv d oddb usdh w`hdey air

snrddb`bg tfdrkle prisp dnts, hds`gb`bg a`deh primdnts, lbh

airkuelt`bg prihuntìb strltdg`ds. ^tèe, wd nlbbit nik-

pedtdey h`spdbsd w`tf eloirltiry dxpdr`kdbts air sdvdrle

rdlsibs. A`rst, tfd bukdr`nle kihdes bddh hltl tflt nlb

od kdlsurdh ibey dxpdr`kdbtleey. Xfdsd hltl `bneuhd rdel-

t`vd pdrkdloè`t`ds, nfdk`nle c`bdt`ns, lhsi rptìb ia nfdk-

`nles ib rincs, dtn. ^dnibh, tfd bukdr`nle kihdes lrd vle`h

ibey wfdb lee tfd pdrt`bdbt kdnflb`sk s lrd lnniubtdh air.

Xfd nurrdbtey lvlèloed ki hdes nlbbit flbhed lhdqultdey

s`tultìbs sunf ls `bmdnt ib ia nfdk`nles leibg w`tf stdlk,

swdee`bg ia nelys, wf `nf rdhunds tfd pdrkdloè`ty, dtn.

Ls prdvìusey kdbtìbdh, pfys`nle k ihdes air tfdrkle

rdnivdry prindss ds kly od nelssà`dh `bti twi typds,blkdey, dedkdbtle kihd es lbh plrt`leey snledh kihdes.

Xfd dedkdbtle kihd es lrd usdh ti stuhy tfd pfys`ni-

nfdk`nle nflbgds `bs`hd l rinc-aeu`h systdk ubhdr ndr-

tl`b sdts ia ipdrlt`bg nibh`tìbs lbh lrd birkleey zdri-

h`kdbsìble (IH) ir ibd-h`kdbsìble (<H). Xfd plrt`le-

ey snledh kihdes lrd usdh ti s`kueltd tfd pdrairklbnd ia

l rdsdrvi`r ubh dr tfdrkle rdni vdry i pdrltìbs lbh lrd bir-

kleey >H . Letfiugf tfd `btdbt `s ti snled dvdry pfys`ni -

nfdk`nle nflbgd tflt tlcds pelnd `b tfd prindssds, tfd

kihdes usuleey lrd plrt`leey snledh odnlusd ia tfd dxtrdkd

hàa`nuety `b lnf`dv`bg auee snle`bg.

Dedkdbtle Kihdes

Dedkdbtle kihdes usdh air stdlkaeiih`b nlb od dxdk-

peà`dh oy tfisd usdh oy Wèeklb dr le. eg 7 @b tfd`r nels-

s`n wirc, tfdy usdh gelss odlh plncs lbh blturle nirds



XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P 81-<>

ia hàadrdbt edbgtfs ti stuhy tfd rdnivdry ia iè ubhdr f it

wltdraeiih lbh stdlkaeiih lt hàadrdbt tdkpdrlturds. Xfd

iès usdh `bneuhdh nruhds ia hàadrdbt grlv`t`ds lbh iè

arlntìbs.

A`rdaeiih pits lbh nikoustìb tuods lrd lesi dedkdb-

tle kihd es. @b lbitfdr nelss`n wirc , Ledxlbhdr dt ~<.~~

usdh a`rdaeiih pits (IH) ti stuhy aude elyhiwb lbh l`r rd-

qu`rdkdbt, ls laadntdh oy nruhd iè nflrlntdr`st`ns, pirius

kdhùk typd, iè slturltìb, l`r aeux, lbh t`kd-

tdkpdrlturd rdeltìbsf`ps. Xfd nikoustìb tuod (<H) usdh

oy ^fiwletdr dbloedh f`k ti hde`bdltd tfd tdkpdrlturd

priaèds lt vlrìus t`kds, tfus g`v`bg tfd nikoustìb aribt

vdein`ty. Ki rd rdndbtey, nik oustìb tuods wdrd usdh ti

stuhy tfd usd ia wltdr leibg w`tf l`rKL lbh tfd usd ia

ixygdb-dbr`nfdh l`r `b nikoustìb. 87

Zlrt`leeynledh ihdes

Zlrt`leey snledh kihdes fl vd oddb usdh ti s`kueltd stdlk-

aeiihs `b 4/6 a l a`vd-spit plttdrb, 8 ia l a`vd-spit plt-

tdrb, dtn.86- 4> ^`kèlr lttd kpts flvd lesi oddb klh d air

t`rdaeiihs. Fiw dvdr, `t `s ndrtl`bey kunf kird hàa`nuet

ti `bneuhd nfdk`nle c`bdt`ns leibg w`tf tfd aeu`h aeiw lbh

fdlt trlbsadr lspdnts ia tfd nikoustìb prinds s.

Zlrt`leey snledh kihdes air stdlkaeii hs alee `bti twi

typds, blkdey, f `gf-prdssurd kihd es lbh vlnuuk ir eiw-

prdssurd kihdes.

F`gf-Zrdssurd Kihdes. Lee dxpdr`kdbtle stuh`ds ib

stdlkaeiih`bg flh usdh f`gf-prdssurd kihdes ubtè

vlnuuk kihdes nlkd leibg lbh iaadrdh lb letdrb lt`vd lp-

prilnf . Xfd snle`bg elws ia Zumie lbh Oiod rg birkleey

wdrd aieeiwd h `b tfd hds`gb. @a tfd h`kdbsìbs lrd snledh

hiwb oy l alntir ia A `b tfd kihde, tfd stdlk `bmdntìbrltd wèe od snledh hiwb oy tfd slkd alntir lbh si wèe

tfd prdssurd hrip odtwddb tfd `bmdntir lbh tfd prihundr.

Xfd pdrkdloè`ty wèe od snledh up oy l alntir ia A, lbh

tfd kihde t`kd wèe od snledh hiwb oy l alntir ia A*.

Odnlu sd ia tfd bdndss`ty ia `bnrdls`bg tfd pdrkdloè`ty

`b tfd kihde ti l grdlt dxtdbt, rdsdrvi`r rinc kltdr`le nlb-

bit od usdh. B dvdrtfdedss, tfd dxpdr`kdbts wèe od nib-

huntdh w`tf tfd lntule nruhd. Lesi, tfd stdlk prdssurd

lbh stdlk qu le`ty ti od dkpeiyd h `b tfd a`deh wèe od usdh

`b tfd kihde

Qlnuuk Kihdes. @b l sklee-snled pfys`nle kihd e, tfd

tf`ncbdss `s rdhundh grdltey ls nikp lrdh w`tf tflt `b tfd

a`deh. Xi iotl`b tfd slkd grlv`tltìble daadnts ls `b tfd

a`deh, tfd prdssurd hrip arik tfd `bmdntir ti tfd prihun dr

lesi kust od rdhundh grdltey. Xfd vlpir`zltìb`nibhdb-

sltìbfdbikdbib ia wltdr lbh fyhrinlroibs `s givdrbdh

oy tfd Nelusùs-Nelpdyrib dqultìb, wf`nf `bvievds

h @b p, ir \/p. Xfus, l hdnrdlsd `b tfd prdssurd hrip (hp)

bdndss`tltds l nirrdspibh`bg hdnrdl sd `b tfd prdssurd (p)

`tsdea. Xf`s `s tfd rltìbled odf`bh tf d vlnuuk-ki hde lp-

prilnf hdvdeipdh oy tfd ^fdee griup ls rdpirtdh oy

^tdgdkd`dr dt le. ‛

Xi sdd tfd hàadrdbnds odtwddb l f`gf-prdssurd kihde

lbh tfd vlnuuk kihde, Xloed 81.6 f ls oddb prdplrdh air

us`bg oitf kihdes ti s`kueltd l fypitfd t`nle a`deh dedkdbt

w`tf l fypitf dt`nle iè. Xfd dbtr`ds air tfd f`gf-prdssurdkihdes wdrd olsdh ib tfd snle`bg elws ia Zumie lbh

Oiodrgs lbh tfd dbtr`ds air tfd vlnuuk kihde wdrd

olsdh ib tfd wirc ia ^tdgdkd`dr dt ~<.~~

XLOED 81.6-NIKZL_@ÎB IA F@GF-Z_D^^T_D LBH

QLNTTK KIHDE^ AI_ ^XDLKAEIIH^

Edbgtf, at

Zdrkdlote`ty,hlrn`ds

X`kd

^tdlk rltd

Zrdssurd <, ps`l

^tdlk qule`ty

Iè v`snis`ty, np

Xdkpdrlturd, IA

Zrdssurd ?. ps`l

^tdlk qule`ty

Iè v`snis`ty, np

Xdkpdrlturd, IA

A`deh

??0

F`gf-Zrdssurd Qlnuuk

Kihde Kihde

? 846 <,4?7

4 yrs 4: k`b <?: k`b

>:: O@H <88.7 nk>/k`b ?1>.< nk>/k`b

8:: 8:: ?.7:

:.6: :.6: :.:6?

>.: >.: ?>.1

884 884 <>7.4

<:: <:: <.?8

:.6: :.6: :.<:6

1.> 1.> >6.?

>?6 >?6 <:6.0

Xfd aieeiw`bg iosdrvltìbs nlb od klhd ib tfd f`gf-prdssurd lbh vlnuuk kihdes.

<. Bd`tfdr tfd f`gf-prdssurd kihde bir tfd vlnuuk

kihde nlb lnnurltdey s`kueltd tfd nlpèelry airnds lbh tfd

rdelt`vd pdrkdloè`ty nurvds ia tfd lntule rinc/aeu`h sys-

tdk odnlusd, ti iotl`b l vdry f`gf pdrkdloè`ty, lntule

rinc kltdr`le `s bit od`bg usdh.

?. Xfd f`gf-prdssurd kihde h ids bit iosdrvd tfd

Nelusùs-Nelpdyrib dqultìb, wfd rdls tfd vlnuuk kihde

aieeiws `t ti l elrgd dxtdbt out bit dxlntey.

>. Xi usd tfd vlnuuk kihde, lb iè fls ti od rdnibst`-

tutdh ti iotl`b tfd rdqu`rdh iè v`snis`ty/tdkpd rlturd rdel-

tìbsf`p. Xf`s `s nikpedtdey hàadrdbt arik tfd lntule nruhd

`b klby pfys`ninfdk`nle lspdnts, `bneuh`bg `ts vlpir`-

zltìb/nibhdbsltìb odflvìr lbh nfdk`nle c`bdt`ns. @bnibtrlst, l f`gf-prdssurd kihde birkleey usds lntule

nruhds.

A`deh Zrimdnts

^nrddb`bg Gu`hds

@b hdle`bg w`tf iè prispdnts, tfd a`rst stdp `s ti a bh iut

wfdtf dr tf d a`deh `b qudstìb nlb od prihu ndh oy ndrtl`b

rdnivdry kdtfi hs. ^nrddb`bg gu`hds lrd usdaue air tf`s

purpisd . ^nrddb`bg gu`hds air stdlkaeiih lbh a`rdaeiih

prindssds flvd oddb pripisdh oy vlrìus lutfirs `bneuh-

`bg Alriuq Le`, 47 Gdaadb, 46 Edw`b dt le., 40 @yi-

fi, 1iNfu, 1<-1>lbh Zidttklbb. J Xfdsd snrddb`bg gu`hds

lrd e`stdh `b Xloed 81.0.

L pdrusle ia tfd vlrìus snrddb`bg gu`hds e`stdh `b Xl-

oed 81.0 sfiw s tflt sikd ia tfd dlre`dr snrddb`bg gu`hds

wdrd qu`td rdstr`nt`vd `b sdednt`bg iè prispd nts. ûnf l

gu`hd tdbhs ti k`b`k`zd tfd drrir i a tfd sdnibh c`bh, tflt

`s, tfd r`sca dxneuh`bg sikd ubhds`rloed prispd nts. @b

si hi`bg, `t tdbhs ti `bnrdlsd tfd drrir ia tfd a`rst c`bh,

tflt `s, tfd r`sc ia k`ss`bg sikd hds`rloed prispdn ts. _d-

ndbt nflbgds `b tfd pr`nd strunturd ia tfd nruhd iè lbh

`kprivdh tdnfbieigy fdepdh ti w`hdb tfd rlbgd ia lppe`nl-

oè`ty air tfd stdlkaeiih lbh a`rdaeiih prinds sds. Xf`s `s

rdaedntdh `b tfd edss rdstr`nt`vd snrddb`bg gu`hds hdvdeipdh

`b kird rdndbt ydlrs. F iwdv dr, `b k`b`k`z`bg tfd drrir

ia tfd a`rst c`bh (drribdius rdmdntìb), tfd bdwdr gu `hdskly pissòey `bnrdlsd tfd drrir ia tfd sdnibh c`bh (dr-

ribdius lnndptlb nd). Xf`s sfiueh od oirbd `b k`bh wfdb

lppey`bg tfdsd gu`hds ti iè prispd nts.



81-e 8 ZDX_IEDTK DBG@BDD_@BG FLBHOIIC

A`rdaeiihs

Zidttklbb J

Gdaadb46

Edwb lbh

Lssins. ‛

Nfu‛

eyifiK

Nf‛‛

XLOED 81.0--^N_DDB@BG GT@HD^ AI_ ^XDLKAEIIH LBH A@_DAEIIH Z_I MDNX^

Pdlr f H 8 f-YY

<07> 6>: 5 >,::: :.>: - <,::: <? ti <4 5@.::: :.<4 ti :.??

<07> 2?: 58,::: 2eI 2?: ?:.<:

<071 2?: 54::: 2 :.4: 2@: 2@:: 2 :.:14<070 >: ti 8:: ?.4:: ti 4.::: 2i >: 2 <,::: 2:.4: <: ti ?: ?:: ti <,::: 24: 2 :.:14

<00> 2eI 28:: 2:?: 2 :.8: ~>1 2:.:1

<018 2:?: 2eW

<07> 2eI 2 4::

<071 2eI 2 4::

<077 ?:??

<077

<071 4 ti 4: ?:: ti 8,4:: ?:.?: 2>W

<071 <: ti <?: z :.?:

<071 2eI 24:: ? :.?4

<01? 2:.<1 2eII

22I.eI

?4: 584 2@:: 2::4 air NIANLW ibey

2:.4: <: ti 84 2?: 2:.:4

r:.4: 4?8 5 <,::: 2:.<> niba`hdbnd e ekets lpprilnf

2 : ?7 rdgrdssìb lbleysts lpprilnf

2:4: <: ti8: 5<,iii 2?: 2 :.:77 air hry nikoustìb

_dsdrvi`r Zdrairklbnd

Zdrairklbnd @bh`nltirs Nikkib ti Oitf ^tdlkaeiihs

lbh A`rdaeiihs. ^w ddp Daa`n`dbny. Xfd lrdl< lbh vdrt`-

nle swddp ia tfd stdlk aribt ir ourb`bg aribt fls pri-

biubndh `baeudbnd ib tfd dnibik `ns ia tfd stdlkaei ih ir

a`rdaeiih primdnts. ^ ikd rdpirtdh swddp daa`n`dbn`ds ia

tfd stdlkaeiih lbh a`rdaeiih primdnts lrd g`vdb `b Xloed

81.<:. 14-6<Wfdrdls tfd vieukdtr`n swddp ia stdlkaeiihs

vlr`ds arik ?8 ti 00 % , tflt ia a`rdaeiihs lppdlrs ti od

eiwdr, rlbg`bg arik <8 ti 1:%.

XLOED 81.<:-^WDDZ DAA@N@DBNP IA ^XDLKAEIIH

LBH A@_DAEIIH Z_IMDNX^

A`deh, Einlteib

(Ipdrltir)

^tdlkaeiihs

@bgedwiih, NL14

(Nfdvrib-înle)

Cdrb _`vdr NL11,17

(Nfdvri3)

Cdrb _`vdr, NL16-7:

GdW)K`hwly ûbsdt, NL‛ ‛

(Xdbbdni)

De Hirlhi, CL7>

(N`t`ds)

Hddra`deh, KI 78

(Dssi-Fukoed)

^nfiibdoddc,Xfd

Bdtfdrelbhs74

(Bdhdrelbhsd)

A`rdaeiihs

îutf Oder`hgd, NL71

(Gdbdrle Zdtrieduk)

W`tf`b Zlttdrb Lrdl

(?.74 lnrds)

W`tf`b Xitle Ourbdh Lrdl

(7.0: lnrds)

êiss, BD‛-‛

(Lkini)

îutf Icelfikl‛(Klgbie`l)

^flbbib Ziie, WP‛

(Zlb Lkdr`nlbeNlspdr)

Lrdle Qdrt`nle Qieukdtr`n

1:.: 4:.: >:.:

- - 6:.:

- <::.: 1?.6 ti 06.6

-

-

64.:

-

- 1:.: ti 7:.:

- 54:.:

8:.: >8.:

- ?8.> ti 8<.0

<:: 40.1 40.1

<:: 4:.8 4:.8

4: ?6 <8

64 - ?1

8> <:: 8>

(21:: O@LA) (wdee spln`b gs8: lnrds )

5ei bi uppdr e`k`t air rdvdrsd nikoustìb

584 5e.wl 2 :.:18 air wdt nikoustìb

58: 2eI 2I.Ì

Iè _dnivdry. Xloed 81.<< e`sts sikd ia tfd rdpirtdh

iè rdnivdr`ds ia stdlkaeiih lbh a`rdaeiih primdnts. 6?-‖?<

Air tfd dst`kltìb ia tfd iè rdnivdry iotl`bloed `b l

stdlk `bmdnt ib primdnt, tfd lbleyt`nle kdtfi hs h`snussdh

prdvìusey nlb od usdh. Ls stdlk `bmdntìb nibt`buds, tfd

tfdrkle daa`n`dbny wèe grlhuleey h`k`b`sf lbh tfd `bstlb-

tlbdius Î _ wèe `bnrdlsd grlhuleey. Wfdb tf`s rltì

rdlnfd s l ndrtl`b e`k`t, aurtfdr `bmdnt ib ia stdlk wèe od-

nik d ubdnibik`nle lbh bddhs ti od stippdh. Xfd nukuel-

t`vd iè prihuntìb lt tflt t`kd h`v`hdh oy tfd ir`g`ble iè

`b pelnd (II@Z) wèe g`vd tfd iè rdnivdry.

Xfd i e rdnivdry arik l a`rdaeiih primdnt nlb od nlenu-

eltdh w`tf tfd rdnigb`tìb tflt iè prihuntìb nik ds arikoitf tfd ourbdh lbh ubourbdh rdgìbs (Bdesib lbh

KnBdè <??), Edt Dvo dqule tfd vieukdtr`n swdd p daan`db-

ny ia tfd ourb`bg aribt lbh D_ u dqule tfd rdnivdry daa`-

n`dbny `b tfd ubourbdh rdgìb. Xfd ivdrlee iè rdnivdry `s=

2 ,o+(e-Dvo)D_u, . . . . . (1>)

wfd rd N ,,, `s tfd aude nibtdbt, @ok/nu at. @b tf`s dqultìb,

tfd aude nibsukdh `s tlcdb ti od l @I‛LZ< iè w`tf l hdb-

s`ty ia 1?.8 eok/nu at.

Xfd dqultìb h dvdeipdh oy ^ltklb dt le ‖?> nlb od

usdh ti nlenueltd tfd i e rdnivdry arik l hry nikoustìbprimdnt.

P;87.: :.8?7^, -I.I:<>4f-?.<01 - - 2:.?4

<,

ZI

wfdrd

..YY,.....,.......... ,....... (18)

P; rbZ +vaox<:: . . . . . .B

x;`&i?

SB,,(~^,)e(e -h) . . . . . . . .



XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P

XLOED 81.<< -I@E _DNIQD_P IA ^XDLKAEIIH


A`deh, Einltìb (Ipdrltir)

^tdlkaeiihs^klncivdr, L_ (Zfèe`ps)d?~6>

Cdrb _`vdr, NL (Nfdvrib`l8

Cdrb _`vdr, NL (Gdtty)16 ‐

K`hwly ûbsdt, NL (NWI H)64

Kiubt Zisi. NL (^fdee)*―~67

^lb Lrhi, NL (Xdxlni)‛

êinuk, XV (^fd<<)60~>:

W`bcedklb Hikd, WP (Lkini)g‐ ‛

Xtl Mulbl Dstds, Qdbdzudel (Klrlvdb)g>-g4

A`rdaeiihs

Ordl-Ie`bhl, NL (Tbìb)\1,07

K`hwly ûbsdt, NL (Kioè)gO

K`hwly ûbsdt, NL (NWI H)00

îutf Oder`hgd, NL (Gdbdrle Zdtrieduk)71

îutf Oder`hgd, NL (Kioè)‖::

_io`bsib , @E (Klrltfib)‖ :‐~‖:1

Odeedvud. EL (N`t`ds) ei7 ei6

Odeedvud, EL (Gdtty)‖:0~―*

Kly Eòoy, EL (ûb)―>

Fd`hdeodrg, K^ (G$~<8~―4

êiss, BD (Lkini)

Gedb Fukkde, XV Uûb)―1,―7

Geir`lbl, XV (ûb) e1 ―‐

Birtf X`shled. WP (Nibt bdbtle)―g

ûpelnu hd Olrnlu, _iklb`l (@AZ@@NZZG)‖zi

K`gl, Qdbdzudel (Guea)―‐

Xfdrkle Iè

_dnivdry

(\/i II@Z)

?4.7‐

10.0*

81.1 ti 7?.1

1>.:*

>8.1‐

87.4, 4<.?

44.6*

?6.< *

?1.>‐

?4.<.

?:.:

4?.6

41.7

<8.4

><.0

8<.4‐

88.1*

16.:

??.8‐

<8.>

>< .i

?0.7

?>.:

87.4

<<.1

@b tfd loivd dqultìb,

LB p ; nukuelt`vd `bnrdkdbtle iè prihuntìb, ooe,

Qd ; aude ourbdh, ooe,

B ; II@Z, ooe,

elr ; nukuelt`vd l`r `bmdntìb, ei> sna,

D\? ; ixygdb utè`zltìb daa`n`dbny, arlntìb, lbh

BQ ; iè `b pelnd l t stlrt ia primdnt, ooe.

Gltds lbh _lkdy <?8 hdvdeipdh l nirrdeltìb odtwddb

iè rdnivdry lbh ZQ ourbdh lt vlrìus `b`t le gls slturl-

tìb, ib tfd ols`s ia a`deh hltl tlcdb arik tfd îutf Ode-

r`hgd t`rdaeiih primdnt 71 lbh eloirltiry nikoustìb-tuod

hltl. Xf`s nirrdeltìb, sfiwb `b A`g. 81.<:, sfiueh od

usdaue `b prdh`nt`bg nurrdbt iè rdnivdry ls tfd a`rdaeiih

prinddhs.

Nflbgds `b Iè Zripdrty. Lt tfd tdkpdrlturds lbh prds-

surds prdvlè`bg `b stdlkaeii hs, bi nflbgds `b tfd i e prip-

drty lrd dxpdntdh ti innur odnlusd ia lby nfdk`nle

rdlntìbs. Fiwdvdr, tfd pripdrt`ds ia tfd rdnivdrdh iè

niueh flvd oddb nflbgdh ls l rdsuet ia stdlk h`stèeltìb.

@b a`rdaeiihs, ia niursd, iè pripdrt`ds nflbgd nibs`hdrl-

oey odnlusd i a tfdrkle nrlnc`bg lbh nikoustìb, ls wdee

ls stdlk h`st eeltìb. Nflbg ds `b iè pripdrty `b sikd ia

tfd rdpirtdh stdlkaeiihs lbh a`rdaeiihs lrd sfiwb `b Xl-

oed 81.<?. <?4~‖>:

Zdrairklbnd @bh`nltir Zdrtl`b`bg ti ^tdlkaeiihs

Ibey. ^tdlk Iè _ltì Î_). Xfd Î_, A,, , `s tfd kist`kpirtlbt alntir nflrlntdr`z`bg tfd sunndss ir alèurd ia

l stdlkaeiih primdnt. @ts rdn`prinle, tfd I^_, A,,v, lesi

`s usdh nikki bey. @b primdnts wfdr d iè `s usdh ls aude

81-<4

QIETKD 6T_BDH %

A`g. 81.<:-Dst`kltdh iè rdnivdry vs. vieukd ourbdh.

air stdlk gdbdrltìb, < ooe ia iè birkleey nlb gdbdrltd

<> ti <8 ooe (nieh-w ltdr dqu`vledbt) ia stdlk. Xfus, tfd

f`gfdst Î _ tflt `s tiedrloed w`tfiut ourb`bg kird iè

tflb tflt prihundh `s <> ti <8. Air stdlkaeiih ipdrltìb,

tfdrd lrd itfdr nists tflb aude leibd. Odnlusd ia tf`s, stdlk

`bmdnt ib `s birkleey tdrk`bltdh wfdb tfd `bstlbtlbdius

Î_ rdlnfds tfd edvde ia d`gft ir si. @hdleey tfd ivdrlee

Î_ sfiueh od lriubh aiur. Xf`s nirrdspibhs ti > ti 8

ooe ia iè prihu ndh pdr olrrde i a iè ourbdh. <>‐ Xf`s `hdle

nlsd `s, ubairtubltdey, bit birkleey l nf`dvloed. Xfd Î_ia tfd klmir`ty ia tfd stdlkaeiih a`deh primdnts alees `bti

tfd rlbgd ia 4 ti 7.

Xfd aieeiw`bg sdt ia rdgrdssìb dqultìbs h dvdeipdh oy

Nfu1? nlb od usdh ti dst`kltd tfd Î_ w`tf cbiwb rdsdr-

vi`r lbh nruhd pripdrt`ds.

<. Air A,24.: (A,, 5:.?:),

A,,;e/(-:.:<<?4>+:.::::?770:+:.:::<470f

+:.4 <?I$^,). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (17)

?. Air A,, ~4.: (A,, ?:.?:),

A,,;<6.788+:.::<84>:-I.I4:66f-:.:::6688c

-:.:::40<4~, - <8.70^, -I.I::?0>6cfe/~~, . (16)

wfdrd

H ; hdptf, at,

f ; rdsdrvi`r tf`ncbdss, at,

6 ; h`p lbged, hdgrdds,

NE:; iè v`snis`ty, np,

c ; pdrkdloè`ty, kh, lbh

^, ; i e slturltìb lt stlrt, arlntìb.

Lbitfdr kdtfih ia dst`klt`bg A,v, fls oddb g`vdb oy

Kyfèe lbh ^tdgdkd`dr, ?0 olsdh ib tfd K lbhe-Qiedckihde.



81-e 1 ZDX_IEDTK DBG@BDD_@BG FLBHOIIC

XLOED 81.<?-NFLBGD^ @B I@E Z_IZD_X P @B ^XDLKAEIIH


Q`snis`tv

A`deh, Einltìb

(Ipdrltir)

^tdlkaeiih

―LZ@Xdkpdrlturd (np) ‐

Odaird Latdr ZA) Odaird Latdr

Ordl, NL ‖]

(^fdee)*

?>.4 ?4.0

A`rdaeiih

îutf Oder`hgd, NL71

(Gdbdrle Zdtrieduk)

Wdst Bdwpirt, GLez1 ―‐

(Gdbdrle Nruhd)

<?.0 <8.? :7 ?,7:: 6::

<?: 48: ?::

<1: <?: 48

<4.? ?:.: 1: 8,464 ?10

<:: 777 7<

Dlst Qdbdzudel‛‐

(Kdbd Grlbhd)

?<: >? @I

0.4 <?.?

tfdb <:.4

Cyrinc, CP ―‐(Guea)

<:.8

îutf Icelfiklsi

(Klgbie`l)

<4.8

<8.4

?:.8

Lspflet _`hgd, TX<>‐

(T.^. HID)* *

<8.? ?:.>

‖Nflbgds @‛ :‐: N ~ -N ,* odaird-?< latdr-?6

―Nflbgds `b itfdr pripdra,ds

Odaird Latdr

Ziur pi`bt. IA <8: ?4

_ds`hud oieeebg loivd 1? >4

< IIIIA,wa%

Zdrairklbnd @bh`nltirs Zdrtl`b`bg ti A`rdaeiihs Ibey.

Aude Nibtdbt. Aude nibtdbt (eok/nu at ia ourbdh vi eukd)

`s tfd lkiubt ia nicd lvlèloed air nikoustìb tflt `s

hdpis`tdh ib tfd rinc ls l rdsuet i a h`stèeltìb lbh tfdr-

kle nrlnc`bg. @t `s tfd kist `kpirtlbt alntir `baeudbn`bg

tfd sunndss ia l a`rdaeiih primdnt. @a tfd aude nibtdbt `s

tii eiw, nikoustìb nlbbit od sdea-sustl`bdh. L f`gf aude

nibtdbt, f iwdv dr, kdlbs f`gf l`r rdqu`rdkdbt lbh piw-

dr nist. Ods`hds, iè prihuntìb lesi kly suaadr.

wfdrd N , `s tfd aude nibtdbt, eok/nu at.

Oitf eloirltiry dxpdr`kdbts lbh a`deh primdnts `bh`nltd

tflt, air l spdnà`n rdsdrvi`r, aude nibtdbt h dnrdlsds ls

WL_ `bnrdlsds. Fiw dvdr, bi stlt`st`nleey s`gbà`nlbt

nirrdeltìb wls aiubh ti dx`st odtwddb aude nibtdbt lbh

WL_ `b tfd prdsdbnd ia w`hdey vlry`bg rdsdrvi`r prip-

drt`ds . 1>

Aude nibtdbt nlb od hdtdrk`bdh oy eloirltiry tuod rubs.

Gltds lbh _lkdy ‖? 8 prdsdbtdh l nikplr`sib ia tfd dst`-

kltdh aude nibtdbt oy usd ia vlrìus kdtfi hs `bneuh`bg

eloirltiry dxpdr`kdbts lbh a`deh primdnt hltl arik tfdîutf Oder`hgd primdnt. 71 Xfd`r nikplr`sib sfiws tflt

aude nibtdbt h dtdrk`bdh arik tfd tuod rubs nlb priv`hd

rdlsibloey giih dst`kltìb ia tfd aude nibtdbt iotl`bl-

oed `b tfd a`deh.

L`r _dqu`rdkdbt. Ls pi`btdh iut oy Odbflk lbh Zidtt-

klbb, <>?l`r rdqu`rdkdbt, l, `b ei1 sna/lnrd-at ia ourbdh

vieukd, nlb od nlenueltdh ib tfd ols`s ia sti`nfìkdtr`n

nibs`hdrltìbs=

(

?Ann+e +AFN- ntb

2l;

ANN+< ?x:.:8>41, . . 7:)

:.::<<:0 <?+A~~)~~~

@b tfd losdbnd ia dxpdr`kdbtle hltl, tfd nirrdeltìb ia

^fiw letdr rdelt`bg tfd aude nibtdbt ti LZ@ grlv`ty nlb

od usdh. A`g. 81.<< sfiws l nikplr`sib ia tfd ^fiwletdr

hltl lbh a`deh primdnt hltl. 1> @b lhh`tìb, tfd aieeiw`bg

rdgrdssìb dqultìb hdvdeipdh oy Nfu1* olsdh ib hltl

arik <7 a`deh primdnts nlb od usdh ti nlenueltd tfd aude

nibtdbt=

N, ; -:.<?+:.::?1?f+:.:::< <8c+?.?>^:

+:.:::?8?cf/p, -:.:::<60:-:.::::14?,u:,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10)

wfdrd A, `s tfd NI?/N I rltì `b prihundh gls lbh AFN

`s tfd ltik`n F/N rltì. @b tfd losdbnd ia bdndsslry hltl

air Dq. 7:, tfd ^fiw letdr nirrdeltìb8> rdelt`bg l`r rd-

qu`rdkdbt ti LZ@ grlv`ty nlb od usdh. L nikplr`sib ia

tfd ^fiw letdr hltl lbh a`deh primdnt hltl `s g`vdb `b A`g.

81.<? . 1 > @t nlb od sddb tflt lee tfd a`deh pi`bts alee ib tfd

uppdr s`hd ia tfd ^fiwletdr nurvd. L`r rdqu`rdkdbt `b tfd

a`dehs nlb dxndd h eloirltiry vleuds odnlusd ia l`r nflb-

bde`bg lbh k`grltìb. @b lhh`tìb, tfd aieeiw`bg rdgrds-

sìb dqultìb hdvdeipdh oy Nfu1> nlb od usdh=

l;8.7?+:.:>141f+0.001^>,+:.:::10<c . . 7<)

1:?<:

11

0:,::: ?,:::<?: ?7

4,::: 6::

latdr l kibtf

4,:::



XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P 81-<7

. ELOI_LXI_P XD^X

HLXL OP ^FIWLEXD_

e A@DEH Z_IMDNX HLXL

..

.

KN

i: ?: >: 8:

A`g. 81.<<-Daadnt ia iè grlv`ty ib aude nibtdbt.

L`r-Iè _ltì LI_). Xf`s `kpirtlbt rltì rdeltds l`r

`bmdnt ib ti iè prihuntìb lbh usuleey `s dxprd ssdh `b

tdrks ia ei> sna/ooe. Iè rdnivdry nikd s arik oitf tfd

ourbdh lbh ubourbdh rdgìbs. Xfd LI_ nlb od nlenuelt-

dh tfus @**

Ak ;

l

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7?)

@b tfd losdbnd ia Dvo lbh D_,, , tfd aieeiw`bg rdgrdssìb

dqultìb hdvdeipdh oy Nfu1* olsdh ib <7 a`deh primdnts

nlb od usdh.

A,, ;?<.84+:.:???f+:.::<:14c

+:.::?184~, -71.71go^,. . . . . . (7>)

Ods`hds, tfd nirrdeltìb odtwddb iè rdnivdry lbh ZQ

ourbdh hdvdeipdh oy Gltds lbh _lk dy <?8 nlb od usdh

air dst`klt`bg tfd nurrdbt LI_ ls tfd a`rdaeiih prind dhs.

Oitf eloirltiry dxpdr`kdbts lbh a`deh primdnts `bh`nltd

tflt, air l spdnà`n rdsdrvi`r, LI_ hdnrd lsds ls WL_ `b-

nrdlsds. Bi stlt`st`nleey s`gbà`nlbt nirrdeltìb, fiwd vdr,

fls oddb aiubh odtwddb LI_ lbh WL_ `b tfd prdsdbnd

ia w`hdey vlry`bg rdsdrvi`r pripdrt`ds. 1>

Zrimdnt Hds`gb

Hds`gb Adlturds Nik kib ti Oitf ^tdlkaeiihs

lbh A`rdaeiihs

Zlttdrb ^dedntìb. Air lby iè rdnivdry prindss w`tf aeu`h

`bmdntìb, l nlrh`ble rued ia plttdrb sdedntìb `s tflt, ti

lnf`dvd l olelbnd odtw ddb aeu`h `bmdntìb lbh prihuntìb,

?4@ / @ @

. ELOI_LXI_P XD^X HLXLOP ^FIWLEXD_

I-. A@DEH Z_IMDNX HLXL

A`g. 81.<?-Daadnt ia iè grlv`ty ib l`r rdqu`rdkdbt.

tfd rltì ia tfd bukodr ia prihun drs ti tfd bukodr ia `b-

mdntirs sfiueh od dqule ti tfd rltì ia wdee `bmdnt v`ty ti

wdee prihunt`v`ty (Nluhed dt le. <>>). Odnlusd ia tfd f`gf

kioè`ty ia l`r ir stdlk n ikp lrdh ti tflt ia tfd iè, tfd

`bmdnt`v`tyeprihunt`v`ty rltì `s f`gf, alvir`bg l f`gf

prihundr/`bmdntir rltì. Xf`s rued gdbdrleey fls oddb aie-

eiwdh oy tfd vlrìus rdpirtdh stdlkaeiih lbh a`rdaeiih

primdnts. Xfd usd ia `bvdrtdh <>-spit, 0-spit, 7-sp it, lbh

1-spit plttdrbs, ubniba`bdh a`vd-spit plttdrbs, hiw b-tfd-

ndbtdr e`bd ia `bmdntirs, lbh s`bged wdee `bmdntìb fls oddb

rdpirtdh.

Ls`hd arik tfd `bmdnt`v`ty/prihunt`v`ty rltìs, itfdr aln-

tirs lesi sfiueh dbtdr `bti nibs`hdrltìb `b plttdrb sdedn-

tìb. Xfdsd alnti rs `bneuhd= fdlt eiss nibs`hdrltìbs,

utè`zlt ib ia dx`st`bg wd ees, rdsdrvi`r h`p, hàa nuety `b

prihun`bg fit wdees, dtn. Olsdh ib tfdsd lbh itfdr nib-

s`hdrltìbs, rdpdltd h a`vd-spit plttdrbs, uph `p lbh nrdst

`bmdntìbs lbh e bd hr`vd lesi wdrd usdh. Xfd nfi`nd ia

plttdrb ir bibplttdrb aeiihs `b tfd vlrìus stdlkaeiih lbh

a`rdaeiih primdnts `s sfiwb `b Xloed 81.< >. ‖>8-<>6

Nikpedtìb @btdrvles. @b kist ia tfd stdlkaeiih lbh a`rd-

aeiih primdnts, tfd prihun drs usuleey lrd nikp edtdh airtfd dbt`rd slbh `btdrvle ti klx`k`zd prihuntìb. Xfd `b-

mdntirs usuleey lrd nikpedtdh lt tfd eiwdr tf`rh ir eiwdr

flea ia tfd `btdrvle, ti k`b`k`zd tfd ivdrr`hd ia tfd stdlk

ir l`r. @b wdt nikoustìb primdnts, `t `s lhv`sloed ti nik-

pedtd tfd eiwdr plrt air l`r `bmdntìb lbh uppdr p lrt air

wltdr `bmdntìb. Xf`s `s ti k`b`k`zd tfd ubhdraeiw ia wltdr

ls wdee.

Zrihundr Oittikfied Zrdssurd OFZ). @b tfd`r stuhy

air l stdlkaeiih, Gikll dt le. <>0 aiubh tflt hdnrdls`bg

tfd prihundr OFZ eiwdrs tfd lvdrlgd rdsdrvi`r prdssurd,

`bnrdlsds stdlk vieukd, lbh `bnrdlsds prdh`ntdh iè rdniv-

dry. @t `s, tfdrdaird, `kpirtlbt ti cddp tfd prihun drspukp dh iaa lee tfd t`kd. W `tfiut lby rdlsib ti ode`dvd

itfdrw`sd, cddp`bg tfd prihundrs pukpdh iaa sfiueh

odbda`t l a`rdaeiih ls wdee ls l stdlkaeiih.



81-<0 ZDX_IEDTK DBG@BDD_@BG FLBHOIIC

XLOED 81.<>-ZLXXD_B XPZD^ IA ^XDLKAEIIH^ LBH A@_DAEIIH^

Zlttdrb Xypds

@bvdrtdh <>-spit

@bvdrtdh g-spit

@bvdrtdh 7-spit

Tbniba`bdh

`bvdrtdh 4-spit

Hiwb-tfd-ndbtdr-e`bd

ia `bmdntirs

^`bged wdee `bmdntìb

_dpdltdh 4-spit

Tph`p ir nrdst

`bmdntìb

Hiwbh`p `bmdntìb

Tph`p lbh hiwbh`p

`bmdntìb

E`bd hr`vd

^tdlkaeiihs

êinuk, XV6g,0>

(^fdee)

^lb Lrhi, NL6*

(Xdxlni)

Pirol E`bhl, NL‛

(^fdee)

Cdrb _`vdr, NLK

(Nfdvrib)

êinuk, XVk.‛

X` 9` rl, Qdbdzudel‐>4

(^fdee)

Dlst Nile`bgl. NL‐>7

Cd9%dr. NLl8

(Nfdvrib)

Cdrb _`vdr. NL‛67:

(GdWW`bcedklb Hikd, WP ―.‛

(Zlb Lkdr`nlb)

Ordl, NL`z4

(^fdee)K`hwly ûbsdt, NL7‐.7?

(Xdbbdni)

îutf ^der`hgd, NL`>‐

(Kioè)

Kiubt Zisi. NL6‛.67

(^fdee)

Hds`gb Adlturds Zdrtl`b`bg ti ^tdlkaeiihs Ibey

tdlk@bmdntìb _ltd. Lnnirh`bg ti Nfu lbh Xr`k-

oed, @8: tfd ipt`kle nfi`nd ia l nibstlbt stdlk `bmdnt ib

rltd `s rdelt`vdey `bhdpdbhdbt ia slbh tf`ncbdss. Ls slbh

tf`ncbdss hdnrdlsd s, tfd title i e nibtdbt `b tfd rdsdrvi`r

hdnrdls ds. Xf`s nlees air l eiwdr stdl k rltd. Lt tfd slkd

t`kd, l f`gfdr stdlk rltd `s bddhdh ti nikpdbsltd air tfd

`bnrdlsdh pdrndbtlg d fdlt eiss w`tf l hdnrdls d `b tf`nc-

bdss. Xfdsd twi niubtdrlnt`bg alntirs rdsuet `b ibey l sklee

vlr`ltìb `b tfd ipt`kle stdlk rltd ls tf`ncbdss `s nflbgdh

arik 0: ti >: at.

Xfd slkd stuhy w`tf a`vd-spit plttdrbs sfiws tflt tfd

ipt`kle nfi`nd i a l nibstlbt stdlk rltd `s pripirtìble

ti tfd plttdrb s`zd. Aurtfdrkird, vlry`bg stdlk rltds lp-pdlr ti od prdadrloed ti nibstlbt stdlk rltds. Lb ipt`kle

stdlk rltd snfdhued nlees air l f`gf stdlk rltd `b tfd `b`-

t`le stlgd lbh l hdnrdlsd `b tfd stdlk rltd w`tf t`kd.

A`rdaeiihs

^deedvud, EL‐:7.‖:6

(N`t`ds ^drv`nd)

^deedvud, EL‐:g~―?

Wty)

^èvdrhl ed, Letl. ‖>8

(Gdbdrle Nruhd)

Wdst Bdwpirt, N L‐?1.‖?7

(Gdbdrle Nruhd)

Xr`x-E`z, XV‛1~‖>1

Gt sa9~)ukkde, XV‛1,―7

(ûb)

K`gl, Qdbdzudel‐*‐

(Guea)

êiss, BD77-70

(Lkini)

K`hwly ûbsdt, NL‛

(Kioè)Fd`hdeodrg, K^‛8,<‐4

(Guea)

ûpelnu hd ^lrnlu,

_iklb`l (@ZA/@NZZG)‖?:

^tdlk \ule`ty. ^tdlk qule`ty rdadrs ti tfd klss arlntìb

ia wltdr dx`st`bg `b vlpir airk. Gikll dt le. ‖>0 rdpirtdh

tflt `bnrdls`bg stdlk qule`ty `bnrdlsds iè rdnivdry vs.

t`kd out flh e`tted daadnt ib rdnivdry vs. Otu‐s `bmdntdh.

Xf`s `bh`nltds tfl t fdlt `bmdntìb `s tfd `kpirtlbt plrlk-

dtdr `b hdtdrk`b`bg stdlkaeiih pdrairklbn d.

Must ls w`tf stdlk `bmdntìb rltds, tfd ipt`kle nfi `nd

ia stdlk qule`ty sfiueh od stuh`dh. F`gf-qule`ty stdlk

niueh nlusd dxndss`vd stdlk ivdrr`hd. Xf`s kly od rdkd-

h`dh oy us`bg eiwdr-qule`ty stdlk lt ibd stlgd ia l

stdlkaeiih.

Hds`gb Adlturds Zdrtl`b`bg ti A`rdaeiih Ibey

Hry vs. Wdt Nikoustìb. Xfd nfi`nd odtwddb hry nik-oustìb lbh wdt nikoustìb `s lb `kpirtlbt hdn`sìb ti

od klhd `b nibhunt`bg l a`deh primdnt. Eloirlti ry dxpdr`-

kdbts `bh`nltdh tflt tfd usd ia wltdr d`tfdr s`kuetlbdiusey



XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P 81-<0

ir letdrbltdey w`tf l`r hids rdhund tfd LI_, letfiugf tfd

iè rdnivdry kly bit od `kprivdh s`gbà`nlbtey. Ls wls

kdbtìbdh prdvìusey, l nirrdeltìb odtwddb LI _ lbh

WL_, olsdh ib hltl arik ?< a`deh primdnts, wls aiubh

ti od stlt`st`nleey `bs`gbà nlbt `b tfd prdsdbnd ia w`hdey

vlry`bg rdsdrvi`r pripdrt`ds. 1>

N`t`ds ^drv`nd nibhuntdh l a`deh nikplr`sib tdst ia hry

lbh wd t nikoustìb `b tfd Odeedvud a`deh, EL , <8‐ `b

wf`nf pissòed `btdradrdbnd oy vlr`ltìbs `b rdsdrvi`r

pripdrt`ds wls dssdbt`leey n`rnukvdbtdh oy us`bg twi nib-

t`guius plttdrbs, ibd w`tf hry nikoustìb lbh lbitfdr

w`tf wdt nikoustìb. Xf`s tdst aiubh tflt, w`tf wdt nik-

oustìb, tfd vieukdtr`n swddp wls `kprivdh ti l grdlt

dxtdbt. Xf`s `bh`rdntey `kpe`ds lb `bnrdlsd `b iè rdniv-

dry. Aurtfdrkird, tfd l`r rdqu`rdkdbt air l spdnà`n

vieukd ia rdsdrvi`r wls rdhundh . X f`s rdhundh tfd ipdr-

lt`bg nist lbh `kprivdh tfd dnibik`ns. Odnlusd ia tfdsd

dbniurlg`bg rdsuets, tfd pissòed lhvlb tlgds ia us`bg wdt

nikoustìb sfiueh od dxpeirdh .

L`r @bmdntìb _ltd. Lnnirh`bg ti Bdesib lbh KnBdè, ‖??

tfd l`r `bmdntìb rltd hdpdbhs ib tfd hds`rdh rltd ia lh-

vlbnd ia tfd ourb`bg aribt. L slt`salntiry ourb`bg rltd

wls stltdh ti od :.<?4 ti :.4 at/H. @b tfd hds`gb kdtfih

prip isdh oy tfdsd lutfirs, l klx`kuk l`r rltd `s a`rst

hdtdrk`bdh, olsdh ib tfd k`b`kuk ourb`bg rltd ia :.<?4

at/H. Xfdy rdnikkdbhdh l t`kd snfdhued sunf tflt tfd

l`r rltd wiueh o d `bnrdlsdh grlhuleey ti tfd klx`kuk

rltd, fdeh lt tf`s rltd air l hda`b`td pdrìh, lbh tfdb rd-

hundh grlhuleey ti zdri. Xfd K`hwly ûbsdt, NL, prim-

dnt ia Nflbseir-Wd stdrb00 usdh l ourb`bg rltd ia < `b./H

(:.:6 at/H). Gltds lbh _lk dy ‖?8 aiubh tflt tfd l`r rltd

sfiueh p riv`hd l k`b`kuk rltd ia ourb`bg aribt lhvlbndia :.<4 at/H ir lb l`r aeux ia lt edlst ?.<4 sna`fr-sq at lttfd ourb`bg aribt.

WL_. Xfd rdpirtdh WL_ `b vlrìus a`deh primdnts rlbgdh

arik : (air hry nikoustìb) ti ?.6 ooe/<:> sna. Xfd

nfi`nd ia WL_ hdp dbhs ib wltdr lvlèloè ty, qule`ty ia

tfd wltdr lvlèloed, wdee `bmdnt`v`ty, lbh dnibik`n nib-

s`hdrltìbs. Nikoustìb tuod dxpdr`kdbts, pripdrey hd-

s`gbdh lbh dxdnutdh, sfiueh od fdepaue.

Wdee Nikpedtìb

^pdn`le wdee nikpedtìbs lrd bddhdh ai r `bmdntirs lbhprihu ndrs ti w`tfstlbh tfd f`gf tdkpdrltu rds `b stdlk-

aeiihs, lbh ti w`tfstlbh tf d nirris`vd dbv`ribkdbt ls wdee

`b a`rdaeiihs.

Lnnirh`bg ti Gltds lbh F iekds, <8* wdees usdh `bstdlk ipdrltìbs sfiueh od nikpedtdh w`tf hud nibs`h-

drltìb ia fdlt eiss w`tf tfdrkle strdssds. @b hddp wdees,

tuouelr giih s w`tf f`gf qule`t`ds, sunf ls tfd birkle`zdh

lbh tdkpdrd h Z-<:4 tuo`bg lbh Z-<<: nls`bg, sfiueh od

usdh à tfd tuo`bg lbh nls`bg lrd bit ardd ti dxplbh. Xfdr-

kle strdss nlb od k`b`k`zdh oy tfd pripdr usd ia dxplb-

sìb mi`bts. Xfdrkle plncd rs sfiueh od usdh ib stdlk

`bmdntìb wdees lbh hddp wdees ubhdrgi`bg nyne`n stdlk-

`bg. Xfd ndkdbt sf iueh `bneuhd l tfdrkle strdbgtf stloè`z-

`bg lgdbt, lb `bsuelt bg lhh`t`vd lbh l oiubh`bg lhh`t`vd.Air a`rdaeiihs, Gltds lbh Fiekds‐8 ? adet tflt stdde

nls`bg lbh tuo`bg sunf ls M-44 `s su`tloed air `bmdntirs.

Xfdsd wdees nlb od nikpedtdh w`tf birkle Zirtelbh nd-

kdbt, w`tf f`gf-tdkpdrlturd ndkdbt pelndh ippis`td lbh

loiut <:: at loivd tfd ply zibd. Xfd f`gf-tdkpdrlturd

ndkdbt rdni kkd bhdh air tfd `bmdntirs `s nlenùk

leuk`bltd ndkdbt (w`tf ir w`tfiut sè`nl aeiur), pizzielb

ndkdbt, ir LZ@ Nelss G ndkdbt (w`tf >:% sè`nl aeiur).

@a spibtlbdius `gb`tìb innurs, tfd usd ia ndkdbtdh lbh

pdrairltd h e`bdrs `s rdqu`rdh ti prdvdbt wdee hlkl gd rd-

suet`bg arik ourbolnc `bti tfd oirdfied. Xfd prihu ndrs

sfiueh od nikp edtdh ti w`tfstlbh rdelt`vdey f`gf tdkpdr-

lturds lbh sdvdrd nirrisìb lbh lorlsìb. Xfdsd lutfirs

rdnikk dbhdh tfd usd ia grlvde-aeiw plnc , lbh stl`bedss

stdde ><1 air oitf e`bdr lbh tuo`bg ippis `td tfd ply zibd.

Xfd wdee nikpedtìb kdtfi hs air `bmdntirs lbh

prihun drs `b tfd vlrìus stdlkaeiih lbh a`rdaeiih prim-

dnts, hdtlèdh oy Nfu1‐,1> prdvìusey, lrd g`vdb `b Xl-

oed 81.<8.

A`deh Alnè`t`ds

^tdlkaeiih Alnè`t`ds^tdlk Gdbdrltìb lbh @bmdntìb. Kist ia tfd stdlk `b-

mdntìb pri mdnts usd suralnd stdlk gdbdrltirs. Xfd klmir

hàadrdbnd odtwddb ièa`deh stdlk gdbdrltirs lbh `bhus-

tr`le kuet`tuod oièdrs `s tfd lo e`ty ti prihu nd stdlk arik

sle`bd addhw ltdr w`tf k`b`kuk trdltkdbt. Itfdr adlturds

`bneuhd ublttdbhdh ipdrltìb, pirtloè`ty, w dltfdrp riia

nibstruntìb, lbh rdlhy lnndssòè ty air rdpl`rs. Xfd loè-

`ty ti usd l w`hd vlr`dty ia audes `bneuh`bg edlsd nruhd

`s lesi lb `kpirtlbt rdqu`rdkdbt. Xfd nlpln`ty ia stdlk

gdbdrltirs usdh `b stdlkaeiih primdnts usuleey rlbgds arik

<? ti 4: V ei1 Otu`fr, w`tf 4: x ei1 Otu`fr odnik`bg tfd

`bhustry stl bhlrh `b Nleàirb`l.

W`tf suralnd stdlk gdbdrltirs, tfd stdlk gids arik tfd

gdbdrltirs ti tfd `bmdntìb wdees tfriugf suralnd e`bds.

Ki st suralnd stdlk e`bds lrd `bsueltdh w`tf l stlbhlrh `b-

sueltìb w`tf leuk`buk fius`bgs. Xfd stdlk `s spe`t `bti

`bh`v`hule `bmdntirs tfriugf l fdlhd r systdk us`bg nficds

ti rdlnf nr`t`nle aeiw. Xf`s prindhurd rdqu`rds tflt tfd

stdlk lnf`dvd sib`n vdein`ty, wf`nf, ubhdr ibd a`deh nib-

h`tìb, 16 nlees air l prdssurd hrip ia loiut 44 % lnriss

tfd nficd. Xfd nficds lrd s`zdh ti dlnf itfdr ti g`vd tfd

hds`rdh aeiw rltd `bti dlnf `bmdntir. Ls eibg ls tfd prds-

surd h rip `s grdltdr tflb 44 V , tfd aeiw rltd wèe od `b-

hdpdbhdbt ia tfd lntule wdeefdlh `bmdnt ib prdssurd.

L rdndbt hdvdeipkdbt `s tfd usd ia hiwbfied stdlk

gdbdrltirs ti de`k`bltd wdeeoird fdlt eissds `b hddp wdees.

Xfdrd lrd twi ols`n hds`gbs, wf`nf hàadr ib tfd kdtfihia trlbsadrr`bg fdlt arik tfd fit nikoustìb glsds ti

prihun d stdlk. ‖8> @b ibd hds`gb, tfd nikoustìb gls

k`xds h`rdntey w`tf addh wltdr lbh tfd rdsuet`bg gls/stdlk

k`xturd `s `bmdntdh `bti tfd rdsdrvi`r. Odnlu sd ia tf`s, tfd

nikoustìb prindss tl cds pelnd lt tfd `bmdntìb prdssurd.

@b lbitfdr hds`gb, tfdrd `s bi h`rdnt nibtlnt odtwddb tfd

nikoustìb gls lbh wltdr, must ls `b tfd suralnd gdbdrl-

tirs. Xfd nikoustìb gls rdturbs ti tfd suralnd ti od

rdedlsdh latdr g`v`bg up kunf i a tfd fdlt ti gdbdrltd

stdlk. L eiwdr prdssurd tflb `bmdntìb prdssurd nlb od

usdh `b tf`s nlsd.

^tèe lbitfdr bdw hdvdeipk dbt `s nigdbdrltìb ia stdlk

lbh dedntr`n`ty. @88 Xfd daaeudbt g ls arik l nikou stir `s

usdh `b l gls turo`bd, wf`nf hr`vds lb dedntr`nle gdbdrl-tir. Xfd dxf lust gls arik tfd turo`bd `s tfdb usdh `b stdlk

gdbdrltirs ti prihund stdlk air tfdrkle rdnivdry

purpisds.



81-?:

@bmdntirs

Nls`bg

Ipdbfied ir pdrairltdh

nikpedtìbs

Grlvde plnckg

Xuo`bg

Zrihundrs

Nls`bg

Ipdbfied ir pdrairltdh

nikpedtìbs

Ndkdbt

Grlvde plnc`bg

Xuo`bg


XLOED 81.<8-WDEE NIKZEDX @IB AI_ ^XDLKAEIIH^ LBH A@_DAEIIH^

^tdlkaeiihs

Grlhds= M-44, C-44, lbh B-6:

^`zds= 8%, 4%, 14/6, 7, lbh 0% `b.

Xdbsèd prdstrdss`bg ia nls`bg `b hddp wdees

Oitf ipdbfied nikpedtìbs w`tf seittdh ekdrs lbh

sie`h-str`bg nikpedtìb w`tf mdt pdrairltìbs

flvd oddb rdpirtdh.

E`bdr s`zds= 8V, 4‐/?, ir 7 `b.

Zdrairltìbs= e/8 ir % @b., ibd ir twi pdr aiit, ir

ibd-flea pdr aiit

îkd w`tf stlkedss stdde w`rd-wrlppdh snrddbs.

Nelss L, G, lbh F ndkdbt w`tf sè`nl aeiur (>: ti

1:% ia hry ndkdbt).

Tsd bit prdvledbt

Xuo`bg `bsueltìbs usdh `b hddp wdees= lsodstis

w`tf nlenùk sè`nltd, peus leukkuk rlh`ltìb

sfdeh3 ir mlncdtdh tuo`bg w`tf nlenùk sè`nltd.

Grlhd= C-44

^`zds= 8%, 4%, ^s/,, 7, lbh 64/6 `b.

Xdbsèd prdstrdss`bg ia nls`bg `b hddp wdees

Oitf ipdbfied nikpedtìb w`tf seittdh e`bdrs lbh

sie`h-str`bg nikpedtìb w`tf mdt pdrairltìbs

flvd oddb rdpirtdh.

E`bdr s`zds= 8‐/?, 8V, ir 14/l `b.

êit s`zds= 8:, 1:, ir 1:<<6: kds f

Zdrairltìbs= % `b., aiur pdr aiit

îkd w`tf stlkedss stdde w`rd-wrlppdh snrddbs.

Nelss G lbh F ndkdbt w`tf sè`nl aeiur (>: ti

1:% ia hry ndkdbt).

Tsd kird prdvledbt tflb `b `bmdntirsGrlvde s`zd= 1/0 kdsf aeiw-plncdh.

Xuo`bg air rih pukp.

Wltdr Xrdltkdbt. Xfd addhwltdr trdltkdbt air stdlk

gdbdrltìb nibs`sts kl`bey ia siatdb`bg, usuleey tfriugf

zdie`td ìb dxnflbgd. îkd addhwltdrs kly rdqu`rd aètrl-

tìb lbh hdldrltìb ti rdkivd `rib. ^tèe itfdrs kly bddh

ti usd CN< air nibtrie ia nely swdee`bg lbh nfeir`bd ti

nikol t olntdr`l. Alnè`t`ds air iè rdkivle lesi w ee od

bddhdh à tfd prihundh wltdr `s ti od rdusdh ls addhwltdrair stdlk gdbdrltìb.

A`rdaeiih Alnè`t`ds

@gb`tìb Hdv`nds. @b klby a`dehs, tf d rdsdrvi`r tdkpdrl-

turd `s si f`gf tflt spibtlbdius `gb`tìb wiueh i nnur ibey

l adw hlys latdr stlrt`bg l`r `bmdntìb. @b sikd primdn ts,

stdlk, rdlnt`vd nruhd, ir itfdr audes wèe od lhhdh ti fdep

`gb`tìb.

Klby itfdr a`dehs bddh lrtà`n`le `gb`tìb hdv`nds, wf`nf

`bneuhd dedntr`nle fd ltdrs, g ls ourbdrs, lbh nltleyt`n `g-

b`tìb systdks. Xfd vlrìus `gb`tìb k dtfihs, `bneuh`bg

dqu`pkdbt lbh ipdrltìble hltl, flvd oddb h`snussdh oy

^trlbgd. <84

L`r Nikprdssirs. Xfd l`r nik prdssirs nlb od gls db-

g`bd ir dedntr`nle kitir hr`vdb. Hdpdbh`bg ib tfd title

A`rdaeiihs

Grlhds= M-44 lbh C-44

^`zds= 8</z, 4%. 7, lbh 6% `b. lnriss tfd

ply zibd

Zdrairltdh nikpedtìb kird prdvledbt tflb

ipdbfied nikpedtìb w`tf ir w`tfiut e`bdrs.

E`bdr s`zds= >% ir 4% `b.

Zdrairltìbs= e/8 ir e / ? `b. (twi ir aiur pdr aiit)

Tsd ia f`gf-tdkpdrlturd ndkdbt prdvledbt

Tsd bit prdvledbt.

Xuo`bg usdh air l`r `bmdnt ib ir ls l tfdrkiwdee.

@b wdt nikoustìb, vlrìus wlys flvd oddb usdh

air `bmdntìb ia l`r lbh wltdr.

Grlhds= F-8:, M-44, lbh C-44

^`zds= 4</z, 7. 64/6, lbh 04/l `b.

Ipdbfied nikpedtìb w`tf ir w`tfiut seittdh e`bdrs

lbh pdrairltdh nikpedtìb lrd dquleey

prdvledbt.

E`bdr s`zds= 8%, 4‐<?, ir 14/6 `b.

êit s`zds= 1:-kdsf. :.:4, :.:7, ir :.:6 `b.

Zdrairltìbs= Q? @b. (twi ir aiur pd r aiit)

Tsd ia f`gf-tdkpdrlturd ndkdbt wls rdpirtdh

Tsd kird prdvledbt tflb `b @bmdntirs.Grlvde s`zds= ?:/8: ir 1<0 kdsf, aeiw- ir

prdssurd-plncdh.

Xuo`bg air rih pukp, ti sdrvd ls l tfdrkiwdee. ir

air niie`bg wltdr `bmdntìb.

`bmdntìb rltd tfd nikp rdssir bddhs ti suppey lbh tfd iut-

put prdssurd bddhdh, tfd nlpln`ty ia tfd nikprdssirs nlb

rlbgd arik <.: ti ?:.:~ ei1 sna/H, lbh tfd piwdr rlt-

`bg nlb rlbgd arik >:: ti >,4:: fp.

Kib`tir`bg lbh Nir`bg Zrigrlks

Kib`tir`bg Zrigrlks

L tfdrkle rdnivdry primdnt niueh od l nikp edtd alèurd

dnibik`nleey lbh stèe od nibs`hdrdh l sunndss à `t niueh

priv`hd usdaue `bairkltìb ib tfd rdsdrvi`r pdrairklbn d

ubhdr stdlkaeii h ir a`rdaeiih. L pripdrey hds`gbdh

kib`tir`bg prigrlk nlrr`dh iut hur`bg tfd primdnt lbh

nir`bg prigrlk s hur`bg lbh latdr tfd primdnt lrd `kpir-

tlbt `b priv`h`bg tfd `bairkltìb bdndsslry air dvleult-

`bg stdlkaeiih ir a`rdaeiih pdrairklbnd.

Xfd ^lkped, Nibtrie, lbh Lelrk Bdtwi rc (^NLB) lu-

tikltìb systdk `bstleedh oy Gdtty `b tfd Cdrb _ `vdr

a`deh ‖81 èeustrltds fiw l elrgd stdlk `bmdntìb ipdrltìb

nlb od kib`tirdh. Xf`s systdk nibs`sts ia l hdvitd h ndb-

trle nikputdr tflt kib`tirs 01 a`deh s`tds. Lt tfdsd s`tds,tfd prihuntìb rltds ia kird tflb ?,1:: prihundrs lbh

tfd ipdrlt`bg rltds ia <?0 stdlk gdbdrltirs lrd gltfdrdh.

Xfd ^NLB idrairks sdvdrle aubntìbs.



XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P 81-?<

<. @t lutiklt`nleey snfdhueds lbh nibtries wdee prihun-

tìb tdsts lt dlnf s`td.

?. @t kib`tirs rdsuets ia wdee prihuntìb tdsts, stdlk

gdbdrltir ipdrlt`bg rltds, aeiw stltus, lbh `bmdntìb stl-

tus ia prihun drs, vlevd pis`tìbs hur`bg wdee tdsts, lbh

vlrìus stltus nibtlnt nfdncs.>. @t siubhs tf d lelrk upib lby k leaubntìb`bg lt l a`deh

s`td ir l stdlk gdbdrltir.

8. @t rdpirts bdndsslry ipdrlt`bg `bairkltìb riut`bdey

ib l hlèy, wddcey, ir kibtfey ols`s, lbh itfdr spdn`le

rdpirts ib hdklbh arik tfd ipdrltir.

Xfd ^èvdrhled, Letl., a`rdaeiih primdnt i a Gdbdrl<

Nruhd ‖>8 lesi usds lb lutiklt`n hltl nieednt ib systdk.

Hàadrdbt`le prdssurd trlbshundrs, tfdrkiniuped-lkpeà`dr

trlbshundrs, prdssurd trlbshundrs, lbh kitir eilh trlbs-

hundrs lrd usdh ti kdlsurd lbh rdnirh hltl lt dlnf wdee.

Xfdsd hltl lrd trlbsk`ttdh ti l ndbtrle systdk, wf`nf nlb

od `btdrrigltdh lbh nlb `bh`nltd lby lelrk s`tultìb wfdb

prdssurds, tdkpdrltu rds, ir aeiw rltds alee iuts`hd ndrtl`b

spdnà`dh rlbgds.Bit lee tfdrkle primdnts nlee air deloirltd lutiklt`n

kib`tir`bg prigrlk s. Xfd aieeiw`bg p rigrlk u sdh `b tfd

Oihn lu, E L, a`rdaeiih primd nt ia N`t`ds ^drv`nd-HID @87

typà`ds ibd bddh dh air l sklee-snled pèit.

<. Gls prihuntìb rltds, usdaue ai r klss olelbnd nle-

nueltìbs, w drd kdlsurdh kibtfey. Kibtfey lbleys`s ia

tfd prihundh gls glvd hltl air tfd nlenueltìb ia tfd ixy-

gdb utè`zlt ib daa`n`dbny.

?. Iè lbh wltdr prihuntìb rltds wdrd kdlsurdh lt edlst

tw`nd dlnf kibtf.

>. Aeiw e`bd tdkpdrltu rds wdrd kdlsurdh hlèy. Xfdsd

tdkpdrltu rds, `b nibmubntìb w`tf tfd gls prihuntìb rltds,

wdrd usdaue `b hdtdrk`b`bg tfd lkiubt ia qudbnf wltdr

bddhdh lt tfd prihundrs,8. Hiwbfied tdk pdrlturd priaèds wdrd tlcdb kibtfey

lt tfd iosdrvltìb wdees. Xfd sd priaèds fdepdh ti hde`bd-

ltd tfd hdvdeipkdbt ia tfd ourbdh vieukd.

Nir`bg Zrigrlk

Hrèe bg nird fieds niueh od vdry dxpdbs`vd, hdpdbh`bg

ib tfd hdptf s ia tfd ply zibds. Fiwd vdr, l muh`nìusey

hds`gbdh lbh pripdrey d xdnutdh nir`bg prigrlk, d`tfdr

hur`bg l tfdrkle primd nt ir latdrwlrh, niueh priv`hd vleu-

loed `bairkltìb ib tfd primdnt pdrairkl bnd. ûnf l pri-

grlk nlb g`vd tfd aieeiw`bg `bairkltìb= (<) rds`hule iè

slturltìb (_I^ ) latdr stdlkaeiih ir a`rdaeiih, (?) vdrt`-

nle swddp ia tfd `bmdntdh stdlk i r ourbdh vieukd, (>) lrdle

swddp ia tfd stdlk aribt ir ourb`bg aribt, (8) klx`kuk

tdkpdrltu rd h`stròutìb, oitf lrdleey lbh vdrt`nleey, lbh

(4) daadnt`vd pdrkdloè`ty ia tfd rinc, lbh wfdtfd r lby

hdpis`ts airkdh hur`bg tfd prindss niueh flvd rdhundh

tfd aeiw nlpln`ty.

L typ`nle nir`bg pri grlk, usdh air pistki rtdk dvleu-

ltìb `b tfd êiss, BD, a`rdaeiih primdnt,70 `s sukklr-

`zdh bdxt.

Nird Lbleysds. Ziris`ty, pdrkdloè`ty, lbh iè slturl-

tìbs wdrd kdlsurdh ib dlnf aiit ia tfd rdnivdrdh nirds.

Iè slturltìbs w drd hdtdrk`bdh oy tfd riut`bd Hdlb -^tlrc

dxtrlntìb lbh wd`gft eiss kdtfih, lbh tfd `barlrdh lo-

sirptìb kdtfih.

Eig Lbleysds. Nikp dbsltdh airkltìb hdbs`ty lbh hule-

`bhuntìb eltdrieig eigs wdrd rub `b tfd nird fi eds ti hd-tdrk`bd piris`ty lbh iè slturltìb.

Zfitigrlpfs lbh Q`sule Dxlk`bltìb. Wfdrdls oelnc-

lbh-wf`td pfitigrlpfs wdrd aiubh ti od rltfdr usdedss,

uetrlvìedt pfiti grlpfs glvd lb dxndeedbt p`nturd ls ti

wfdrd tfd iè wls rdkivdh oy tfd ourb`bg prindss. Xfd

losdbnd ia iè lesi niueh od sddb oy v`sule dxlk`bltìb.

@b sikd `btdrvles, tfd rdhh`sf nieir ia tfd nird `bh`nltdhtflt tfd nird flh oddb suomdntdh ti l tdkpdrlturd f`gf

dbiugf air `rib ix`hltìb.

K`bdrle Lbleysds ia tfd Nirds. Qlrìus k`bdrles, `b-

neuh`bg gelunib`td, èe`td, nfeir`td, lbh clie`b`td, ubhdr-

wdbt pdrklbdbt nflbgds w`tf tfd tdkpdrltu rd `bnrdlsd.

Xfd klx`kuk tdkpdrlturd ti wf`nf tfd nird slkpeds flh

oddb dxpisdh niueh od hdtdrk`bdh arik tfd airk lbh

nieir ia tfdsd k`bdrles.

K`nrisnip`n ^tuh`ds. Xfd snlbb`bg dedntrib k `nrisnipd

wls usdh ti stuhy lbfyhr`td airkltìb lbh nely letdrl-

tìb `b tfd nird slkpeds, wf`nf f lh oddb suomdntdh ti f`gf

tdkpdrlturds.

Xrlndrs

Xfd usd ia trlndrs fdepdh ti kib`tir aeu`h kivdkdbt lbh

`btdrprdt lrdle nivdrlgd `b `bh`v`hule stdlkaeiih plttdrbs.

Lnnirh`bg ti Wlgbd r, @86 prdadrrdh lqudius-pflsd ir

glsdiu s-pflsd trlndrs `bneuhd rlhì`sitipds, slets w`tf hd-

tdntloed nltìbs lbh lbìbs, aeuirdsndbt hyds, lbh wltdr-

sieuoed lenifies. _lhìlnt`vd trlndrs `bneuhd tr`tùk,

tr`t`ltdh wltdr, lbh cryptib-64. Itfdr trlndrs `bneuhd lk-

kib`l, l`r, sihùk b`tr`td, sihùk orik`hd, lbh sihùk

nfeir`hd.

Ipdrltìble Zrioedks lbh _dkdh`ds

Ipdrltìble prioedks pelgu`bg stdl kaeiih lbh a`rdaeiih

primdnts lbh tfd`r rdkdh`ds, prdvìusey hdtlèdh oy

Nfu . 1‐ 1> lrd sukklr`zdh bdxt.

Zrioedks N ikkib ti ^tdlkaeiihs lbh A`rdaeiihs

Wd@@ Zrihunt`v`ty. Zrihuntìb ia tfd f`gfey v`snius nruhd

kly od dxtrdkdey eiw odaird tfd lrr`vle i a tfd stdlk aribt

ir ourb`bg aribt. Xfd prihuntìb rltd nlb od `kprivdh

oy `bmdnt`bg e`gft iè ls l hèudbt, fit iè trdltkdbt, ny-

ne`n stdlk `bmdntìb, ir ourb`bg lt tfd prihundrs.

Wfdb prihundr tdkpdrlturd dxnddhs ?4:‛A, pukp da-

a`n`dbny h dnrdlsds ti l grdlt dxtdbt odnlusd ia fit pri-

hundh aeu`hs aelsf`bg ti stdlk ir h`rdnt ordlctfriug f ia

tfd `bmdntdh stdlk i r aeud gls. X fd odst rdkdhy `s ti peugiaa tfd fit zibd lbh rdh`rdnt tfd stdlk i r aeud gls ti tfd

iè sdntìb od aird dbtdr`bg tfd wdeeoird.

^lbh`bg. ^lbh`bg nlb od sdvdrd dvdb `b stdlkaeiih prim-

dnts. Xfd rdkdh`ds `bneuhd tfd Fypdrnedlb‐ ‛ tdnfb`qud,

ailkdh-`b t`gft-fied seittdh e`bdrs, l sihùk leuk `bltd

slbh nibsie`hltìb tdnfb`qud, lbh tfd usd ia pfdbie`n-rds`b

grlvde plnc`bg.

@b a`rdaeiihs, slbh`bg `s plrt`nuelrey sdvdrd à tfd slbh

`s dxtrdkdey ubnibsie`hltdh. Xfd drisìb nlb od lggrl-

vltdh aurtfdr oy nicd plrt`neds lbh f`gf gls rltds. ^lbh-

oelst`bg niu eh rdqu`rd ardqudb t puee`bg ia wdees lbh

rdpelndkdbt ia pukps.

Dkuesìbs. @b stdlkaeiih s, dkuesìbs sikdt`kds nlb od

oricdb dlsèy oy nfdk`nle trdltk dbt. Xfd prioedk niueh



81-??

t@--

A`g. 81.<>-Zrihunt ib f`stiry ia nyne`n stdlk st`kueltìb, XK

slbh, Fubt`bgtib Odlnf iaasfird a`d eh, NL.

odnik d sd vdrd à tfd dkuesìb `s nikpe`nltdh w`tf tfd

sie`hs prihu ndh lbh w`tf tfd nibt`buiusey nflbg`bg bl-

turd ia tfd prihundh aeu`hs.

Dkuesìbs aiubh `b a`rdaeiih p rimdnts l rd airkdh iafdlvy iè, nrlncdh e`gft dbhs, qudbnf lbh airkltìb wltdr,

sie`hs, lbh pissòey, ni rrisìb prihunts. Xfdy nlb odnik d

l nibt`bule lbh klmir prioedk `b sikd primdnts, lbh rd-

qu`rd dxpdbs`vd dkuesìb ordlc drs.

Zrioedks Zelgu`bg ^tdlkaeiihs Ibey

^tdlk Zelndkdbt. Xfd elnc ia nibtrie ia stdlk pelnd-

kdbt hur`bg stdlk st`kueltìb `s l klmir prio edk `b

prihun drs w`tf e bdr nikpedtìbs. Xfd usd ia sie`h str`bg

nikpedtìbs wèe fdep rdhund tfd prioedk.

^tdlk ^pe`tt`bg. Xfd ubdvdb spe`tt`bg ia stdlk `b l twi-

pflsd rdg`kd nlb nlusd s`gbà`nlbt hàadrdbnds `b stdlkqule`ty `bti hàadrdbt `bmdntirs. Xf`s nlb od nirrdntdh oy

kihày`bg tfd elyiut ia tfd stdlk e bd orlbnf`bg systdk.

XLOED 81.<4--_D^D_QI@_ _INC LBH AET@H

Z_IZD_XP HLXL, XK ^LBH, FTBX@BGXIB ODLNF

IAA^FI_D A@DEH, NL

Hdptf, ae

Xf`ncbdss, at

Griss

Bdt

Ziris`ty, %

Zdrkdloè`ty, kh

Iè grlv`ty, ILZ@

_dsdrvi`r tdkpdrlturd, IA

_dsdrvi`r prdssurd lt stlrt,

Iè v`snis`ty lt <?9A, np

Iè slturltìb le stlrt, %

?,::: ti ?,>::

<<4

8: ti 46

>4

8:: ti 6::

<? ti <4

<?4

w`g 1:: ti 6::

16?

74


Zrioedks Zelgu`bg A`rdaeiihs Ibey

Ziir @bmdnt`v`ty. Qlrìus suostlbnds nlb nlusd eissds `b

`bmdnt`v`ty air tfd l`r `bmdntirs. @a `hdbtà`loed, tfdsd prio-

edks nlb od rdkdh`dh oy lppripr`ltd kdlbs. @bmdntir peug-

g`bg oy `rib ix `hd nlb od rdhundh oy `bmdnt`bg l`r `bti

tfd nls`bg lbh oeddh`bg `t tfriugf tfd tuo`bg. Lspfletdbdouèhup nlb od rdhundh oy squddzd wlsf`bg w`tf

lspfletdbd sievdbt. Dkuesìb airkdh `b s`tu nlb od rd-

hundh oy dkuesìb ordlcdrs. ^nled airkltìb nlusdh oy

olrùk lbh stribtùk suealtd nlb od rdhundh oy lb ir-

glb`n pfis pfltd. Xfd `bmdnt ib ia BuXr`X‛

(tr`nfeirikdtfyedbd) lbh ln`h`z`bg lrd usdaue `b `kpriv-

`bg tfd `bmdnt`v`ty.

Nirrisìb. Nirrisìb nlb od kèh ir sdrìus lbh `s nlusdh

oy s`kuetlbdius `bmdnt ib ia l`r lbh wltdr, prihuntìb ia

ln`hs, sueaur, ixygdb, lbh NI? . Nirrisìb `bfò`tirs lrd

bddhdh rdguelrey.

Dxpeirltìb Flzlrhs. Xi k`b`k`zd dxp eisìb flz lrhs`b tfd l`r `bmdntìb systdk, lb dxpeisìb-priia euor`nlbt

sfiueh od usdh. Aeusf`bg ia tfd `btdrstlgd p`p`bg w `tf l

b`trix sieutìb `s bdndsslry.

Nlsd F`stir`ds

Klby tfdrkle rdnivdry primdnts flvd oddb rdpirtdh `b

tfd e`tdrlturd. Xfd aieeiw`bg hdsnròds l bukodr ia sdednt-

dh primdnts lbh g`vds tfd rdlsibs air tfd`r sdedntìb.

^tdlk ^t`kueltìb Ipdrltìbs

Fubt`bgtib Odlnf, NL ^`gble) <80-Xyp`nl@ Ipdrl-

tìb. Xfd stdlk st`kueltìb primdnt wl s nibhuntdh `b tfdXK slbh, `b tfd Fubt`bgtib Odln f iaasfird a`deh, Irlbgd

Niubty, NL, Xf`s primdnt typà`ds tfd odflvìr ia l fdlvy-

iè rdsdrvi`r ubhdr nyne`n stdlk st kueltìb. Xfd rdsdr-

vi`r pripdrt`ds lrd g`vdb `b Xloed 81.<4 .

^tdlk `bmdntìb wls stlrtdh `b b`bd prihundrs `b ^dpt.

<018 , rdsuet`bg `b l elrgd `bnrdlsd `b iè prihuntìb. Xf`s

dlrey sunndss prikptdh tfd dxplbsìb ia tfd primdnt oy

hrèe bg wdees ib 4-lnrd spln`bg. Xfd bukodr ia wdees `b-

nrdlsdh arik 0 `b <018 ti >4 `b <010. Xfd pdrairklbnd

ia tfd stdlk st`kueltìb primdnt hur`bg tfd <018-7: pdr`-

ih `s sfiwb `b A`g. 81.<>. W`tf stdlk st`kueltìb lbh

w`tf tfd lekist qu lhrupe`bg ia tfd bukodr ia wdees, tfd

iè rltd `bnrdlsdh kird tflb ei-aieh, arik <?4 O/H iè

`b <018 ti loiut <,4:: O/H iè `b <07:.Xfd pdrairklbnd ia stdlk st`kueltìb birkleey hdtdr`-

irltds ls tfd bukodr ia nyneds `bnrdlsds. Ls sfiwb `b

Xloed 81.<1, tfd I^_ nflbgdh arik tfd rlbgd ia > ti >.6

ooe/ooe air tfd a`rst twi nyneds ti tfd rlbgd ia ?.8 ti ?.4

ooe/ooe air tfd tf`rh lbh aiurtf nyneds.

A`g. 81.<8 sfiw s fiw iè prihuntìb `b ibd wdee

hdnrdlsd s hur`bg l nyned lbh fiw `t vlr`ds arik i bd nyned

ti lbitfdr.

Zlr`s Qleedy, NL Fuscy) ‖4:-Ni-@qmdntìb ia Gls lbh

^tdlk. L wdt nikoustìb primdnt wls `b`t ltdh lt Zlr`s

Qleedy, wf`nf `s einltdh `b Kibtdrdy Niubty, NL. Od-

aird tfd lrr`vle ia tfd fdlt aribt, tfd prihundrs wdrd st`ku-

eltdh w`tf stdlk. L spdn`le adlturd tf lt klhd tf`s primdnt`btdrdst`bg wls tfd ni-`bmdntìb ia l`r lbh stdlk `b tfrdd

ia tfd st`kueltìb nyneds. Xf d rdsdrvi`r pripdrt`ds lrd

g`vdb `b Xloed 81.<7.



XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P 81-?>

A`g. 81.<8-:<< prihuntìb rltd, Wdee M-<?6, Fubt`bgtib Odlnf

iaasfird a`deh.

@b Xloed 81.<6 , Nyneds > lbh 4 ia Wdee ? : lbh Nyned

7 ia Wdee > usdh l`r-stdlk `bmdntìb. Air Wdee ?:, iè pri-

huntìb `b Nyned > wls 8,7:< ooe wfèd tflt `b Nyned ?

wls ?,880 ooe. Xfus, w`tf l`r-stdlk `bmdntìb, iè pri-

huntìb `bnrdlsdh oy 0? % . L s`kèlr `bnrdlsd wls bit`nd-

loed air Nyned 4 ia Wdee ?: lbh Nyned 7 ia Wdee > wfdb

nikplrdh w`tf tfd`r rdspdnt`vd prdndh`bg nyneds, wf`nf

usdh stdlk ibey.

^tdlkaeiih Zrimdnts

Cdrb _`vdr, NL Gdtty) 16k7:-Elrgdst ^tdlkaeiih.

Xfd Cdrb _`vdr a`deh `s einltdh birtfdlst ia Olcdrsa`deh,

NL, `b tfd siutfdlstdrb plrt ia tfd ^lb Milqu`b Qleedy.

Gdtty Iè Ni.‖s stdlk h`spelndkdbt ipdrltìb `b tf`s a`deh

`s tfd elrgdst `b tfd wireh, olsdh ib l <06? survdy. e> Ln-

nirh`bg ti tf`s survdy, tfd tfdrkle iè prihuntìb rltd wls

6>,::: O/H `b lb lrdl ia 4,:7: lnrds.

Xfd Cdrb _`vdr airkltìb nibs`sts ia l sdqudbnd ia le-

tdrblt`bg slbh lbh sfled kdko drs. Xfd rdsdrvi`r p ripdr-

t`ds lrd g`vdb `b Xloed 81.<0.

Xfd Cdrb _`vdr a`deh wls h`snivdrdh `b tfd eltd <60: ‐s.@b tfd k`h-<04 :‐s, oittikf ied fdltdrs w drd usdh ti `k-

privd tfd i e prihunt`v`ty. @b Lug. <01? , l ?.4-lnrd bir-

kle a`vd-spit fit wltdraeiih wls stlrtdh. _dsuets sfiwdh

tflt tf`s prinds s wl s tdnfb`nleey adlsòed out dnibik`nleey

ublttrlnt`vd. @b Mubd <0 18, tfd fit wltdraeiih pèit wls

nibvdrtdh ti l stdlk h`spelndkdbt tdst lbh tfd bukodr

ia `bmdntirs wls `bnrdlsdh arik tfd ir`g`ble 8 wdees ti 87

wdees. Nibt`budh dxplbsìb tfriugf tfd ydlrs fls `b-

nrdlsdh tfd bukodr ia `bmdntirs ti <,766 wdees, w`tf ?,441

prihun drs oy <06?. Xfd ir`g`ble Cdrb primdnt lbh sikd

eltdr dxplbsìbs lrd sfiwb `b A`g. 81.<4. Xfd stdlk h`s-

pelndkdbt ipdrltìb wls `b gdbdrle nibhuntdh `b ?.4-lnrd

a`vd-spit plttdrbs.

Gdtty Iè Ni.‖s stdlk h`spelndkdbt ipdrltìb `bneuhdsklby primdnts. Air èeustrltìb purpisd s, tfd Cdrb prim-

dnt `s prdsdbtdh fdrd w`tf l klp sfiw`bg tfd wdee plt-

tdrbs (A`g. 81.<1) lbh l a`gurd sfi w`bg tfd `bmdntìb lbh

XLOED 81.<1-^TKKL_P IA ZD_AI_KLBND

XF_ITGF AIT_ ―FTAA ‖B‐ ZTAA‛ NPNED^ L^ IA

INXIOD_ <,<07I3 XK ^LBH, FTBX@BGXIB ODLNF

IAA^FI_D A@DEH, NL

Nyned < N yned ? Nyned > Nyned 8

Bukodr ia wdees ?8 <6 << 8Lvdrlgd nyned edbgtf,

kibtfs <8 <6 <4.> <8.4

Lvdrlgd iè rdnivdry

pdr wdee, ^X O ?6,0:: >:,0:: ?8,14: ?0,??4

Lvdrlgd qule`ty ia

stdlk `bmdntdh, % 7<.8 10.> 74.< 76.4

Lvdrlgd vieukd ia

stdlk `bmdntdh, ooe 0,40: 6,<>: <:,<0: <<,71:

_ltì ia iè rdnivdrdh

ti stdlk `bmdntdh,

^XOeooe > >.6 ?.8 ?.4

9 LOED 81.<7-_D^D_QI@_ _INC LBH AET@H

Z_IZD_XP HLXL, LBÔD__P _D^D_QI@_,

ZL_@^ QLEEDP A@DEH, NL

Hdptf, _

Bdt tf`ncbdss, at

H`p, hdgrdds

Ziris`ty, %

Zdrkdloè`ty, kh

Iè grlv`ty, ILZ@


@b`t le prdssurd, ps`g

^lturltìb lt stlrt, %

Iè

Wltdr

Iè v`snis`ty, np

Tppdr Eiod

67ºA ??7,:::eIIiA 08,:::

?::ºA >8:

6::

4:

<4

>?

>,74:

<:.4

l7

??:

18

>1

Eiwdr Eiod

?>,:::<<,:::

<?:

XLOED 81.< &-_D^ZIB^D XI NPNE@N L@_/^XDLK

Wdee ?: Wdee >

^tdlk vieukd,

ei> ooe

L`r vieukd, ei1 sna

L`r/stdlk rltì,

snaeooe

Nikplrloed

prihun`bg hlys

Iè prihundh, ooe

^tdlk/iè rltì,

ooe/ooe

Iè/stdlk rltì,

ooeeooe

Zdlc iè prihuntìb

tdst, O@H

Nyned Nyned Nyned Nyned Nyned Nyned

? > 8 4 1 7

<>.? <1.? <4.7 <:.8 6.? 0.?

: <.4 : >.7 ne >.1

: 0< : >44 : >08

<1< <1< 0: 0: 07 07

?,880 8,7:< ?7: 4:> ?,>74 8,?:>

4.8 >.8 4: ?< >.4 ?.?

:.<0 :.?0 :.:? :.:4 :.?0 :.84

4< 6< ?8 >6 1: <8<



81-?8 ZDX_IEDTK DBG@BDD_@BG FLBHOIIC

XLOED 81.<0--_D^D_QI@_ _INC LBH AET@H Z_IZD_ XP

HLXL, CD_B _@QD_ A@DEH, NL

Hdptf, at

Xf`ncbdss, at

H`p, hdgrdds

Ziris`ty, %

Zdrkdloè`ty, kh

Iè grlv`ty, ILZ@


_dsdrvi`r prdssurd lt stlrt, ps`g

Iè v`snis`ty, np

0IiA

?4:ºA


4:: ti <,>::

>: ti 0:

8

?6 ti >>

<,::: ti 4,:::

<?.: ti <1.4

0:

<::

8,:::

<4

>4 ti 4?

prihuntìb f`stiry ia tfd aiur-plttdrb pèit (A`g. 81.<7).

@b tf`s primdnt, tfd nukuelt`vd Î_ wls >.6 ooe/ooe lbh

tfd prihuntìb rltd rdlnfdh <:: O/H i a iè pdr plttdrb.

Nird fied hltl odaird lbh latdr tfd stdlkaeiih sfiwdh

lb i e rdnivdry ia 7? % lbh lesi l vdry f`gf lrdl< swddpdaa`n`dbny.

Ordl, NL ^fdee) ‖?4-^tdlk H`stèeltìb Hr`vd, Hddp

_dsdrvi`r, ^tddpey H`pp`bg. L stdlk h`stèeltìb hr`vd

wls `b`t`ltdh `b <018 `b tfd Ordl a`deh, wf `nf `s einltdh

loiut ?4 kèds dlst ia Eis Lbgdeds. Xf`s primdnt `s `b-

tdrdst`bg odnlusd tfd iè `s rdelt`vdey e`gft w`tf eiw v`s-

nis`ty, lbh tfd rdsdrvi`r `s stddpey h`pp`bg lt l grdlt hdptf.

Xfd rdsdrvi`r pripdrt`ds lrd sukk lr`zdh `b Xloed 81.?: .

Xfd h`pp`bg rdsdrvi`r `s sddb nedlrey `b A`g. 81.<6 . Xfd

`bmdntirs lrd einltdh uph `p, ls sfiwb `b A`g. 81.<0. Od-

nlusd i a tfd hdptf, `bsueltdh tuo`bg wls usdh air tfd b-

mdntirs. Xf`s a`gurd lesi sfiw s tfd lrdl ia tdkpdrltu rdrdspibsd lbh prihuntìb rdspibsd. Xfd `bmdntìb lbh pri-

huntìb rltds lrd g`vdb `b Xloed 81.? :. Ls ia Hdn. <07< ,

tfd stdlk rltd wls <,:<: O/H wltdr lbh tfd iè rltd wls

?>: O/H, g`v`bg lb dst`kltdh Î_ ia 8.8 ooe/ooe.

^klncivdr, L_ Zfèe`ps) 6?X6>-_dsdrvi`r W `tf Gls

Nlp. Xfd ^k lncivd r a`deh `s einltdh `b Iulnf `tl Niubty,

L_. Xfd stdlkaeiih pèit, nibhuntdh `b tfd Blnltinf

slbh, `s wirtf kdbtìb`bg odnlusd tfd rdsdrvi`r fls l gls

nlp tf`ncdr tflb tfd iè slbh `tsdea. Xf`s gls nlp nlb od

sddb rdlhèy `b tfd eig lbh nirdgrlpf ia ^`huk Wdee W->4

(A`g. 81.? <). Xfd rdsdrvi`r pripdrt`ds lrd g`vdb `b Xloed

81.?<.

A`g. 81.<4-Cdrb _`vdr a`deh, NL.

@ @. ><?

.

e

.

.@ .-

A`g. 81.<1-Cdrb stdlk h`spelndkdbt primdnt, Cdrb _`vdr a`deh.

@lk

@-

,kbb

XLOED 81.?:-_D^D_QI@_ _INC LBH AET@H Z_IZD_ XP ‐kk

HLXL, O_DL A@DEH, NL :silb

Hdptf, at 8,1:: ti 4,:::

Griss strlt`grlpf`n tf`ncbdss, at >:: ti 6:: ‖-

_ltì ia bdt ti griss slbh, % 1> -

H`p, hdgrdds 11

Ziris`ty, I/I ?? kk

Zdrkdloè`tv. kh 77 ;

Iè grlv`ty, ‖―‖LZ@


_dsdrvi`r prdssurd lt stlrt, ps`

Iè v`snis`ty lt <7PA, np 1

^lturlfib lt stlrt, %

IèA`g. 81.<7-@bmdntìb lbh prihun tìb f`stiry, Cdrb fit wltdr lbh

80

Glsstdlk h`spelndkdbt primdnt (aiur plttdrbs) Cdrb

<6 _`vdr a`deh.



XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P81-?4

A-<>

A-<? A-<6 K <4

A`g. 81.<6-Nriss sdntìb tfriugf tfd eiwdr ―O‛ slbhs, Ordl

a`deh.

ZLIHTNX@ IB

_D ZIB D ~

IPN XIZ a - <8 ^ZBI- - - - - - - - - - - - Y

-- ―X- - - -

EDGDBH

@ e BM DNX,IB PDEE^

Z_IITNX@ IB PDEE^

IO D_QLX@ IB WDEE

A`g. 81.<0-Wdee einltìbs lbh lrdl ia tdkpdrlturd, tr`t ùk, lbh

prihuntìb rdspibsds, Ordl a`deh, NL.

D^X5QLXDH Z_@ QLLP

@ E WIHTNX@ IB

e i 1> 18 14 11 17 16 10 7: 7<PDL_

A`g. 81.?:-@bmdntìb lbh prihuntì b f`stiry, Ordl stdlk h`stè-

eltìb pèit.

WLXD_ ^LXT_LX@IB, V

$ ‐ @-@bbb- -

A`g. 81.?<-Eig lbh nirdgrlpf, ^`huk Wdee W->4, ^klncivdr

a`deh, L_.

A`g. 81.?? `s l klp ia tfd ei-lnrd a`vd-spit pèit, wf`nf

wls eltdr dxplbhdh ti l ??-lnrd b`bd-spit plttdrb oy lhh-

`bg aiur kird prihun drs. Ls sfiwb `b A`g. 81.?>, stdlk`bmdnt ib stlrtdh `b Biv. <01 8 lbh stippdh `b Int. <014 .

Xfd i e prihuntìb nibt`budh eibg latdr stdlk `bmdntìb

stippdh. Ls ia Lug. <07:, tfd lhh`tìble iè prihundh oy

stdlkaeiih w ls ?:7,::: ooe. W`tf title stdlk `bmdntìb

ia 61:,: :: ooe, tfd nukuelt`vd Î_ wls 8.<8 ooe/ooe.

Xfd tdkpdrlturd eig `b A`g. 81.?8 sfiws tflt stdlk

gids ti tfd gls nlp. @t nlb od nibneuhdh tflt tfd `bnrdlsd

`b iè prihuntìb wls bit nlusdh oy aribtle h `spelndkdbt.

_ltfd r, tfd iè zibd tdkpdrlturd `bnrdlsdh odn lusd ia nib-

huntìb lbh nibvdntìb arik tfd gls nlp, tfus rdhun`bg

tfd iè v`snis`ty lbh `bnrdls`bg tfd i e prihuntìb.

XLOED 81.?<--_D^D_QI@_ _INC LBH AET@H Z_IZD_XP

HLXL, ^KLNCIQD_ A@DEH, L_

Hdptf, at

Xf`ncbdss, at

Griss

Bdt

H`p, hdgrdds

Ziris`ty, %

Zdrkdloè`ty, k h

Iè grlv`ty, ILZ@

_dsdrvi`r tdkpdrlturd, ‖-‖A

_dsdrvi`r prdssurd lt stlrt, ps`l

I e `snis`ty, np

1IIA

eeIºA

^lturltìb lt stlrt, %

Iè

Wltdr

<,0?:

<>:

?4

: ti 4

>4

?,:::

?:

<<:

4

<6:

74

4:

4:




^D<8 ^DNX@IB >?-@^^-<4W

>

.?.‐

,^L>

.‖1

?:

.‖8 .‖0

WDEE ^PKOIE =

.? Z_IHTN@BG

::-< WLXD_ H@^ZI^LE

:%8> WLXD_ ^TZZEP

^NLED @- ; 8::‐

A`g. 81.??-^`huk stdlk `bmdntìb pèit, ^klncivdr a`deh.

f >::-

b

/ - /_@KL_P- @

:'<018 <014 <011 <017

:Ep7-- -

3 eii t - )-

-XIXLE Z@EIX

s

D

W D E E

< QL 8

Z@EIX

l. ‐ Z_KLLP -‐h :<h <011 <010 <07: <07<

A`g. 81.?>-`bmdntìb lbh prihuntìb f`stiry, ^`huk stdlk `b-

mdntìb pèit, ^klncivdr a`deh.

HADDpDrX‛~XDKZD_LXT_D ^NLED ) IA

<?4 <4: <74 ?:: ??4 ?4: ?74

A`g. 81.?8-Xdkpdrlturd eig, ^`huk Wdee W-8?, ^klncivdr

a`deh.

êinuk, XV ^fdT)60~0:-_dsdrvi`r W`tf Wltdr ^lbh.

Xfd êinuk a`deh `s einltdh `b siutfdrb Lbhdrsib Niubty

`b birtfdlst Xdxls. X fd stdlkaeiih primdnt `btdrdsts us

s`bnd `t `s nibhuntdh `b lb i e rdsdrvi`r ubhdrel`b oy l

wltdr slbh, ls sfiwb `b tfd typd eig (A`g. 81 .?4). Xfd

rdsdrvi`r pripdrt`d s lrd g`vdb `b Xloed 81.??.

Xfd a ` de hwls h`snivdrdh `b <044. Ibey loiut <% ia

II@Z wls prihundh oy pr`klry ipdrltìb. L sklee stdlk-

aeiih pèit us`bg l B-lnrd birkle a`vd-spit plttdrb sfiwdh

dbniurlg`bg rdsuets. L auee-snled sdvdb-plttdrb primdnt wls

`b`t`ltdh `b <011 -17, w`tf 4.14l nrd, <>-sJ plttdrbs (A`g.

81. ?1).

Oitf `bmdntirs lbh prihundrs wdrd nik pedtdh l adw addt

`bti tfd wltdr slbh. ^tdlk kivds fir`zibtleey tfriugf

tfd wltdr elydr, r`sds vdrt`nleey `bti tfd iè elydr, lbh h`s-

pelnds iè tflt flh oddb fdl tdh lbh kioè`zdh. Xfd iè tfdbalees hiwb lbh suosdqudbtey `s swdp t tiwlr h tfdprihu ndrs. Xfd `bmdntìb lbh prihuntìb f`stiry `s sfiwb

`b A`g. 81.?7.

^trddt _lbnf, XV Nibini) @4< Dxtrdkdey Q`snius

Xlr, Arlnturd-Lss`stdh ^tdlkaeiih. Xfd ^trddt _lbnf

pèit wls nibhuntdh `b tfd ^lb K`gude-8 tlr slbh rdsdr-

vi`r einltdh `b Klvd r`nc Niubty, XV. Xf`s pèit privdh

tfd tdnfb`nle adlsòè`ty i a tfd arlnturd-lss`stdh stdlkaeii h

tdnfbieigy (A L^X ) b rdnivdr`bg dxtrdkdey v`snius fdlvy

iès lbh tlrs. Xfd rdsdrvi`r pripdr t`ds lrd g`vdb `b Xloed

81.?> . Xfd pèit usdh l 4-lnrd `bvdrtdh a`vd-spit p lttdrb.

Xfd aiur prihundrs wdrd arlnturdh fir`zibtleey w`tf niehwltdr, stdlk st`kueltdh, pdrairltdh, lbh rdstdlkdh. Xfd

`bmdntir tfdb wls arlnturdh fir`zibtleey ti dstloe`sf nik-

kub`nltìb w`tf tfd prihu ndrs. Xfd pèit nibs`stdh i a tfrdd



XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P 81-?7

GLKKL _LP _Dê^XeQeXP XLOED 81.??--_D^D_QI@_ _INC LBH AET@H Z_IZD_X P

HLXL, ÊINTK A@DEH, XV

Hdptf, at

Xf`ncbdss, at

Griss

Bdt

H`p, hdgrdds

Ziris`ty, I/i

Zdrkdloè`ty, kh

Iè grlv`ty, ILZe

_dsdrvi`r tdkpdrlturd, ―A

@b`t le rdsdrvi`r prdssurd, ps`g

Iè v`snis`ty, np

1:ºA

8::ºA


4?:

>8

>?

: ti 4

>8

2 ?,:::

<6 ti <0

6:

<<:

<,::: ti >,:::

> ti 7

16

A`g. 81.?4-Xypd eig, êinuk a`deh, XV

pflsds= (<) arlnturd prdfdl t, (?) kltr`x stdl k `bmdnt ib,

lbh (>) fdlt snlvdbg`bg w`tf wltdr `bmdntìb. Xfd tlr pri-

huntìb lbh stdlk/tlr rltì hur`bg tfd > < kibtf f`stiry

lrd sfiwb `b A`gs. 81.?6 lbh 81.?0 , rdspdnt`vdey. Xfd

lvdrlgd tlr prihuntìb rltd wls <6 4 O/H lbh tfd nukuel-

t`vd stdlk/tlr rltì wls <:.0 ooeòoe. Zistpèit ni rd fieds

sfiw dh rds`hule tlr slturltìbs ls eiw ls 6% lbh lb lvdr-

lgd rdniv dry daa`n`dbny ia 11 % .

Elnq ûpf`dur, Arlbnd Dea Lqu tl`bd) @s? -Nlro-

ibltd _dsdrvi`r. Xfd E lnq ûp &`dur a`deh `s ib tfd birtf

s`hd ia tfd Zyrdbdds Kts. `b siutfwdst Arlbnd. Xfd stdlk-

aeiih pèit `s ub`qud odnlusd `t wls nibhuntdh `b l nlroi-

bltdh, hieik`t`zdh, lbh f`gfey arlnturdh rdsdrvi`r. Xfd

rdsdrvi`r pripdrt`ds lrd g`vdb `b Xloed 81.?8.

Xfd pèit wl s einltdh `b tfd ndbtrle plrt ia tfd arln-

turdh e`kdstibd zibd, bdlr tfd tip ia lb lbt`ne`bd. Xfdplttdrb lrd l `s >4 lnrds, hda`bdh oy s`x ieh prihun drs, ls

sfiwb `b A`g. 81.>: . Xfd `bmdntir wls tfd ibey ibd hr eedh

air tfd pèit. ^td lk `bmdntìb stlrtdh `b Int. <077 . Iè

prihuntìb stlrtdh ti `bnrdlsd, ibey > kibtfs latdr stdlk

ZEXXD_BVZEF@eGB<0.4<<`bmdntìb odglb. Xfd prihuntìb f`stiry `s sfiwb `b A`g.

k DeGteXLXXD_BVZ@BêG‛@Z,Z@ 81.> <. Oy Mubd <06 :, `bnrdkdbtle iè prihuntìb lkiubt-. @BMDNX@IBDEE. XFD_P@E_IHTNX@GBDEE dh ti <71,::: ooe w`tf l nukuelt`vd stdlk `bmdntìb ia

0?1,: :: ooe. Xfd nukuelt`vd Î_ `s 4.?1 ooeòoe. Xf`s

A`g. 81.?1-êinuk tfdrkle rdnivdry Zrimdnt.

A`g. 81.?7-@bmdntìb lbh prihuntì b f`stiry, êinuk tfdrkle

rdnivdry primdnt.

XLOED 8‐m.?>--_D^D_QI@_ _INC LBH AET@H Z_IZD_XP

HLXL, ^X_DDX _LBNF Z@EIX, XV

Hdptf, at

Xf`ncbdss, at

Griss

Bdt

H`p, hdgrdds

Ziris`ty, %

Zdrkdloè`ty, kh

Xlr grlv`ty, ―LZ@


Xlr v`snis`ty lt 04IA. np (dst.)

Xlr c`bdklt`n v`snis`ty, n^t

<74IA

?::ºA

?4:ºA

>::ºA

Ziur pikt. ―A

Xitle sueaur, wt%

@b`t`le oiè`bg pikt, IA

Xlr slturltìb lt stlrt, %

<,4::

4?

8:.4

?

?1.4 lbh ?7.4

?4: ti <,:::

-?.:

04

?:,:::,:::

4?:,:::

1<,:::

?,0::

67:

<7: ti <6:

0.4 ti <<.:

4::

48.7 lbh >6.0




A`g. 81.?6-Xlr prihuntìb f`stiry, ^trddt _lbnf pèit, XV.

A`g. 81.?0-^tdlk /tlr rltìs, ^trddt _lbnf pèit.

UU /@

?sikI- U /

: eii: at. v El8

A`g. 81.>:-Zèit lrdl, Elnq ûp&`dur a `deh, Arlbnd

XLOED 81.?8--_D^D_QI@_ _INC LBH AET@H Z_IZD_ XP

HLXL, ELN\ ^TZD_@DT_ A@DEH, A_LBND

Hdptf, at <,07: ti ?,>::

Xf`ncbdss, at 8::

Iè grlv`ty, I LZ@ ?<.4

_dsdrvi`r tdkpdrlturd, IA <8:

_dsdrvi`r prdssurd, ps` 17:Iè v`snis`ty lt < 8:ºA, np <7.4

Kltr`x Oeincs A`ssurd Bdtwirc

Ziris`ty, % <? :.4

Zdrkdlo è`ty, kh < 4,::: ti <:,:::

Wltdr slturltìb lt stlrt. % 1: <::

pèit sfiwdh tflt l stribgey a`ssurdh rdsdrvi`r nlb od dx-

pei`tdh daa`n`dbtey oy tfd stdlkaeii h prinds s, ls à `t wdrd

l fiki gdbdiu s rdsdrvi`r. Xfd h`ssin`ltìb ia tfd nlr-

oibltd rinc s oy stdlk lpplrdbtey prihu ndh bi ubalvirl-

oed daadnts. _ltfdr, tfd NI? dvievdh k`gft flvd sikdpis`t`vd daadnt ib tfd prindss daa`n`dbny.

A`rdaeiih Zrimdnts

ûpelnu hd Olrnlu, _iklb`l @AZ-@N ZZ) ―‖-Elrgdst

A`rdaeiih. Xfd ûpelnu hd Olrnlu a`deh e`ds `b birtf-

wdstdrb _i klb`l. Xf`s `s rdpirtdhey tfd elrgdst a`rdaeiih

primdnt `b tfd wireh, prihun`bg bdlrey 1 .41> O/H ia

<4.0‛ LZ@ iè. Xfd rdsdrvi`r pripdrt`ds lrd g`vdb `b Xl-

oed 81.?4.

Xfd primdnt stlrtdh w`tf l pèit `b <01 8 us`bg l <.?8-l nrd

`bvdrtdh a`vd-spit p lttdrb tfl t wls eltdr dxplbh dh `bti l

8.08-lnrd `bvdrtdh b`bd-spit plttdrb. Xf`s wls aieeiwdh

oy l sdk`nikkdrn`le ipdrltìb `b tfd pdrìh <017-7< w`tf

d`gft 0.66-lnrd `bvdrtdh b`bd-spit pl ttdrbs. Xf`s ipdrl-

tìb aurtfdr dxplbhdh `bti auee nikk drn`le ipdrltìb, a`rst

rdtl`b`bg tfd b`bd-spit plttdrbs w`tf tfd slkd spln`bg, lbh

eltdr nflbg`bg ti e`bdhr`vd ipdrltìb. Xfd ir`g`ble pèit

lbh eltdr dxplbsìbs lrd sfiwb `b A`g. 81.>?. @bmdntìb

wdees bukodrdh >6 `b <070 w`tf ?: us`bg letdrbltd l`r

lbh wltdr `bmdntìb lbh tfd olelbnd us`bg strl`gft l`r. Xfd

prihuntìb f`stiry `s g`vdb `b A`g. 81.>>. Xfd WL_ wls

:.:60 ti :.<76 oo</<:> sna. Ls ia <070 , tfd l`r `bmdntìb

rltd wls 1>,1::~ ei> sna/H. W`tf lb iè rltd ia 1,41>

O/H. tfd LI_ wls dst`kltdh ti od 0.7 V <:‐ sna/ooe.

Wdst Fd`hdeodrg, K ^ G~ea)―~*― ~-Hddpdst A`rd-

aeiih. Xfd Wdst Fd`hdeodrg a`deh `s einltdh `b Mlspd r

Niubty `b dlstdrb K`ss`ss`pp`. W`tf l hdptf dxnddh`bg

? kèds, `t `s tfd hddpdst a`rdaeiih primdnt, ir tfd hddpdst

tfdrkle p rimdnt, air tflt klttdr. Xfd Nittib Qleedy air-

kltìb fls d`gft slbhs. Xfd a`rdaeiih wls nibhuntdh `b

^lbh Bi. 4. Xfd rdsdrvi`r pripdrt`ds lrd g`vdb `b Xloed

81.?1.

Ls sfiwb `b tfd strunturd klp ia ^lbh Bi. 4 (A`g.

81.>8), ibey ibd `bmdntir wls usdh, bdlr tfd tip ia tfd

strunturd, w`tf sdvdb prihundrs einltdh hiwbh`p. Xfd `b-

mdntìb lbh prihuntìb f`stiry `s g`vdb `b A`g. 81.>4. @t

nlb od dst`kltdh arik tf`s a`gurd tflt, hur`bg tf d pdrìh

<07> -71, tfd lvdrlgd l`r `bmdntìb rltd wls loiut

0:: x ei> sna/H wfdrdls tfd lvdrlgd iè prihuntìb rltd

wls loiut 8:: O/H. Xf`s g`vds lb LI_ ia ibey

?.?4 x ei> snaòoe.



XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P 81-?0

A`g. 81.><-Zrihun tìb f`stiry, Elnq ûpdr`d ur a`deh.

A`g. 81.>?-ûpelnu hd Olrnlu a`deh, _iklb`l.

A`g. 81.>>-@bmdntìb lbh prihuntì b f`stiry, ûpelnu hd Olrnlu

a`deh.

XLOED 81.?4--_D^D_QI@_ _INC LBH AET@H Z_IZ D_XP

HLXL, ^TZELNT HD OL_NLT A @DEH, _IKLB@L

Hdptf, at <18 ti 141

Bdt tf`ncbdss, at >?.6Ziris`ty, % >?

Zdrkdloè`ty, kh

Iè grlv`ty, ILZ@<,7??

<4.0

_dsdrvi`r tdkpdrlturd, IA 18Iè v`snis`ty lt 18IA, np

Iè slturltìb lt stlrt, %?,:::

64

XLOED 81.?1-_D^D_QI@_ _INC LBH AET@H Z_IZ D_XP

HLXL, WD^X FD@HDEOD_G A@DEH, K^

Hdptf, at

Xf`ncbdss, at

Griss

Bdt

H`p, hdgrdds

Ziris`ty, %

Zdrkdloè`ty, kh

Iè grlv`ty, ILZ@


Iè v`snis`ty lt ??<ºA, np

Iè slturltìb lt stlrt. %

<<,4::

?: ti 8:

>:

4ti <4

<1.8

3=

??<

8.4

77.6

Geir`lbl, XV ûb)―1~<<6-Xf`bbdst _dsdrvi`r Zri-

hundh oy l A`rdaeiih. Xfd G eir`lbl a`deh `s `b Wèsib

Niubty, XV. Xfd a`rdaeiih tiic pelnd `b tfd Zitf ―L‛

^lbh. @t `s pissòey tfd tf`bbdst rdsdrvi`r tflt fls dvdr

oddb prihundh oy l a`rdaeiih. Xfd rdsdrvi`r pripdrt`ds

lrd g`vdb `b Xloed 81.?7.

Xfd a`deh ir`g`bleey wls hdvdeipd h ib 8:-lnrd spln`bg.

L bdw wdee, W dee ?-6, wl s `gb`tdh `b Kly <010 . Wdee

?-4, l prihundr, ourbdh iut lbh wls nibvdrtdh ti l`r `b-

mdntìb `b Kly <07<. Xfdsd wdees, leibg w`tf itfdr wdees,



81->: ZDX_IEDTK DBG@BDD_@BG FLBHOIIC

e`bd

Zrihun tìb `k`t e-< <,:0> N e-m--y 2.)<

A`g. 81.>8--^trunturd klp ia ^lbh Bi. 4, Wdst Fd`hdeodrg a`deh,

K^.

lrd sfiwb `b tfd `siplnfius klp `b A`g. 81.>1. Xfd `b-

mdntìb lbh prihuntìb f`stir`ds lrd g`vdb `b A`gs. 81.>7

lbh 81.>6, rdspdnt`vdey. L`r `bmdntìb stippd h `b Hdn.

<078 wfdb tf d iè prihuntìb rltd hdne`bdh ti tfd dni-

bik`n e`k`t.

êiss, BD Lkini) 77-70-Wdt Nikoustìb, Xdrt`lry

_dniv dry. Xfd êiss a`deh `s einltdh `b C`kolee Niubty,

BD. Xf d pèit usdh l wdt nikoustìb prindss `b l prdv`-iusey wltdraeiihd h rdsdrvi`r. Fdrd, tf d ply `s tf`b lbh

hddp, tfd iè `s e`gft, tfd v`snis`ty `s eiw, lbh tfd iè sltu-

XLOED 81.?7--_D^D_QI@_ _INC LBH AET@H Z_IZD_XP

HLXL, GEI_@LBL A@DEH, XV

Hdptf, at

Xf`ncbdss, et

Griss

Bdt

H`p, hdgrdds

Ziris`ty, I/I

Zdrkdloè`ty, kh

Iè grlv`ty, ILZ@


Iè v`snis`ty, np

<<?ºA

6IIA


<,1::

<:

8

: ti 4

>4

<,:::

?:.6

<<?

7: ti <4:

?4: ti 4::

46.4

rltìb lt tfd stlrt ia tfd aeiih wls eiw. X fd rdsdrvi`r prip-

drt`ds lrd g`vdb `b Xloed 81.?6.

Xfd a`rdaeiih stlrtdh `b <% 7 w`tf s`x 6I-lnrd a`vd-spits.Lhh`tìble wdees wdrd `bneuhdh si tflt `t nivdrdh 01: lnrds

`b `ts a`ble stlgd. Xfd pèit lrdl `s sfiwb `b A`g. 81.>0.

Xfd `bmdntìb lbh prihuntìb hltl `b tfd 8PGy dlr pdrìh

ia `ts ipdrltìb lrd g`vdb `b A`gs. 8 1.8: lbh 81.8 <, rdspdn-

t`vdey. Odtw ddb Ado. <017 lbh Muey <07< , title l`r `bmdntdh

wls <>,748 V ei1 sna lbh wltdr `bmdntdh wls

<:,6<6 x ei> ooe, g`v`bg l WL_ ia :.70 ooe/<:> sna. Xfd

title iè prihuntìb wls 181,7 71 ooe. Xf`s g`vds lb LI_

ia ?<.>~ ei> snaòoe. Xfd lrdl< swddp oy tfd grdltdr-

tflb->4:ºA zibd wls 4:% . Niko`b`bg w`tf l vdrt`nle

swddp ia ?6%, tfd vieukdtr`n swddp wls ibey <8% .

Lspflet _`hgd, TX HID ) <>:-Dxtrdkdey Q`snius

Xlr, Niko`bltìb _dv drsd/Airwlrh Nikoustìb. XfdBirtfwdst Lspflet _`hgd hdpis`t `s einltdh `b birtfdlst

Ttlf, b dlr tfd n`ty ia Qdrble. Xfd a`rdaeiih nibhuntdh

A`g. 81.>4-@bmdntìb lbh prihuntìb f`stiry, Wdst Fd`hd,idrg a`deh,



XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P 81-><

A`g. 81.>1-esiplnfius klp, bdt iè, Zitf ―L‛ slbh, Geir`lbl a`deh, XV.

`b tf`s hdpis`t `s `btdrdst`bg odnlusd `t lttdkp tdh ti usd

l niko`bltìb ia rdvdrsd lbh airwlrh nikoustìb air tfd

rdnivdry ia iè arik tlr slbhs. X fd rdsdrvi`r pripdrt`ds

lrd g`vdb `b Xloed 81.?0.

Xfd T.^. HI D nibhuntdh twi a`rdaeiih tdsts b tfd

Lspflet _ `hgd lrdl. Xfd a rst, nibhuntdh `b <074 , hdk-

ibstrltdh tf d adlsòè ty ia us`bg rdvdrsd nik oustìb ti

rdnivdr iè `b tfd tlr slbh. Xfd sdnib h tdstdh l niko`bl-

tìb ia rdvdrsd nikoustìb lbh airwlrh nik oustìb hur-

`bg tfd pdrìh arik Lug. <077 ti Ado. <076. Xfd einltìb

ia tfd tdst s tds lbh wdee lrrlbgdkdbts lrd sfiwb `b A`g.

81.8? . @b oitf tdsts, tf d e bd hr`vd wls ib l sklee lrdl

ia <?:~ 8: at, nivdr`bg ibey :.<< lnrds. @b tfd sdnibh

tdst, sdvdrle dnfi`bgs ia rdvdrsd lbh airwlrh niko ustìb

pflsd s wdrd bit`ndh `b tfd birtfwdst lrdl, ls sddb arik

tfd tdkpdrltu rd vlr`ltìbs lt iosdrvltìb Wdee ?:> (A`g.

81.8>). Xfd rdvdrsd nikoustìb pflsd flh lb lrdle swddp

ia 04 % lbh vdrt`nle swddp ia 0 <% , g`v`bg l vieukdtr`n

swddp ia 61%. Xfd dnfi`bg airwlrh nikoustìb pflsd

flh lb lrdl< swddp ia 74 % lbh vdrt`nle swddp ia 88 % ,

g`v`bg l vieukdtr`n swddp ia ibey >>%. Xfd prihundh

iè wls ia odttdr qule`ty tflb tfd ir`g`ble o`tukdb, w`tf

tfd piur pi`bt rdhundh arik <8: ti ?4ºA lbh tfd lkiubtia rds`hud eiwdrdh arik 1? ti >4 wt% .

Airdst F èe, XV L`r Zrihunts-Grddbw`nf) @s> -

Ixygdb-Dbr`nfdh L`r. Xfd Airdst Fèe a`deh `s einltdh

`b Wii h Niubty, XV. Xfd s`gbà`nlbnd ia tfd a`deh tdst

e`ds `b tfd usd ia ixygdb-dbr`nfdh l`r air tfd a`rdaeiih.

Xfd rdsdrvi`r pripdrt`ds lrd g`vdb `b Xloed 81.>:.

Xfd a`deh wls ib pr`klry prihuntìb `b <018. L`r `b-

mdntìb stlrtdh `b <071 . Ibd ia tfd l`r `bmdntirs wls

sw`tnfdh ti ixygdb-dbr`nfdh l`r `b <06:. Xfd tdst s`td `s

sfiwb `b A`g. 81.88. Ls sddb `b A`g. 81.84, hur`bg l

?-ydlr pdrìh, tfd ixygdb nibndb trltìb `b tfd `bmdntdh

gls rlbgdh arik ? < ti 0:%. Xfd tdst sfiwdh tflt dssdb-

t`leey purd ixygdb nlb od flbhedh lbh `bmdntdh sladey `bl typ`nle ièa`deh dbv`ribkdbt. ^firt ia lby hda`b`t`vd nik -

plr`sib, tfd tdst ibey f`btdh tflt us`bg dbr`nfdh l`r k`gft

prihund iè alstdr tflb us`bg l`r ibey.

Xfdrkle Zripdrt`ds

Ibey sikd sdedntdh tfdrkle pripdrt`ds ia tfd rinc/aeu`h

systdks dbniubtdrdh `b tfd tfdrkle rdni vdry primdnts wèe

od prdsdbtdh or`daey. L kird nikpedtd nikpèltìb ia

tloeds lbh a`gurds fls oddb `bneuhdh `b Lppdbh`x O ia

_da. <48.

Iè Q`snis`t`ds

Xfd v`snis`ty-tdkpdrlturd rdeltìbsf`ps ai r rdprdsdbtlt`vd

fdlvy-iè hdpis`ts l rd sfiwb `b A`g.81.81. Iè v`snis`-

t`ds sfiueh od kdlsurdh dxpdr`kdbtleey. @b tfd losdbnd

ia dxpdr`kdbtle hltl, tfd v`snis`t`ds nlb od dst`kltdh oy

nflrts (A`g. 81.87 ti 81.80)‖44-‖47 lbh dqultìbs. @s6

Odggs lbh _io`bsib @s6 suggd stdh tfd aieeiw`bg dq ul-

tìbs air dst`klt`bg v`snis`t`ds ia e`vd iès. Hdlh-iè v`s-

nis`ty `s a`rst nlenueltdh=

&,~;ei*-e, . . . . . . . . . . . . .(78)

wfd rd pE ih qules tfd v`snis`ty ia hdlh iè (gls-ardd iè)

lt X, np.

py~-@.<1>, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (74)

P; eI‐, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(71)

lbh

];>.:> ?8-:.:? :?> yi. . . . . . . . . . . .(77)

wfdrd y: dqu les tfd iè grlv`ty, ― LZ@, lbh X`s tfd tdk-

pdrlturd, ―A. E`vd-iè v`snis`ty `s nlenueltdh bdxt.

p;& ,,hO, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (76)



81->? ZDX_IEDTK DBG@BDD_@BG FLBHOIIC

IeI _eLBL ZI@W ‖L‐ TB<<

::< ‖ L@_ @BTNeeI B Q^ @ePD

:

=

A`g. 81.>7-GI_ lbh l`r `bmdnt`ib f`stiry, Geir`lbl a`deh.

IEI_@LBL ZIeF ‖8 TB@X

:<< Z_II TN@@IB Q@ <eKt

A`g. 81.>6-:<< prihunt`ib f`stiry, Geir`lbl a`deh.



XFD_KL E _DNIQD_ P 81->>

ZFL^, .

U

: Z_IHTN@ BG WDEE L @ BM DNX@ IB WDEE + H_P FIED

A`g. 81.>0-êiss ub`t, BD.

XLOED 81.?1--_D^D_QI@_ _INC LBH AET@H Z_IZD_XP

HLXL, ÊI^^ A@DEH, BD

Hdptf, at

Bdt tf`ncbdss, at

Ziris`ty, %

Zdrkdloè`ty, kh

Iè grlv`ty, ILZ@

_dsdrvi`r tdkpdrlturd, ' A

_dsdrvi`r prdssurd, ps`g

Iè v`snis`ty lt ?::ºA, np

Iè slturltìb le stlrt, I/i

1,?::

<8.>

<0.>

<0<

>6.:

?::

?,?78

:.6

?iti 8:

Le_eWLXD_ _LX@ I ^NAe OOE

JXL@ _ @ BM . Z_D^ . Z @

rbi-br e '

@

- -`

WLXD_ @ BM . _Le D DO@ , HLP8nkki

b‛

. L@_ @BM ._LXD KKNAeHLP8o

:‐a

<017 <%6 <010 <07: <07< <07?

A`g. 81.8:-@bmdnt ib f`stiry, êiss a`deh NIAN LW pèit

WLXD_ Z_II. _LXD DOe r HLP

@@ - E -

Z_IH. _LXD KNAe HLP

<017 <016 eW0 <07: <07<

A`g. 81.8<-Zrihuntìb f`stiry, êiss a`deh NIAN LW pèit

XLOED 81.?0-_D^D_QI@_ _INC LBH AET@H Z_IZD_X P

HLXL, L^ZFLEX _@HGD A@DEH, TX

Hdptf, at

Bdt tf`ncbdss, ae

Ziris`ty, 0<:

Zdrkdloè`ty, kh

^lturltdh

Dxtrlntdh

Iè grlv`ty, ILZ@

_dsdrvi`r tdkpdrlturd, A

Iè v`snis`ty lt 1:ºA, Np

Ziur pi`bt, IA^lturltìbs lt stlrt, %

Iè

Wltdr

>4:

<>.<

><.<

l4

174

<8

4?

2 < iii iii

<8:

14

?.8

A`g. 81.8?-EDXN a`deh s`td, Lspflet _`hgd hdpis`t, TX.



81->8 ZDX_IEDTK DBG@BDD_@BG FLBHOII C

XLOED 81.>:-_D^D_QI@_ _INC LBH AET@H Z_IZD_XP

HLXL, AI _D^X F@EE A@DEH, XV

Hdptf, at

Bdt tf`ncbdss, at

Ziris`ty, I/i

Zdrkdloè`ty, kh

Iè grlv`ty, ILZ@_dsdrvi`r tdkpdrlturd, IA

Iè v`snis`ty lt <64IA, np

^lturltìbs lt stlrt, %

Iè

Wltdr

8,6::

<4

?7.7

1?1

<:<64

<,::?

18

>1

A`g. 81.8>-Klx`kuk tdkpdrlturd vs. t`kd, Wdet ?:>, Lspflet

_`hgd hdpis`t.

,-- ZDLND _@QD_

<EEIPHK@B^XD_ ‐

.@@D^Db‛Ie‛ @DK@‐Ne,*X@,@@D

A`g. 81.81-Q`snis`ty/tdkpdrlturd rdeltìbsf`ps air rdprdsdbtl-

e`vd fdlvy iè hdpis`ts.

wfdrd

L; <:.7<4J, + <::) -I^‐~, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70)

A`g. 81.88-Airdst Fèe a`deh, XV.

O;4.88(_,+<4:)-:.>>6, . . . . . . . . (6:)

lbh _, =s tfd sieutìb g ls/iè rltì, sna/^XO .

_delt`vd Zdrkdloè`ty Nurvds

_delt`vd pdrkdloè`ty hltl sfiueh od hdtdrk`bdh dx-

pdr`kdbtleey. @b tfd losdbnd ia dxpdr`kdbtle hltl, tfd aie-eiw`bg dqultìbs kly od usdh air riugf dst`kltìb.

Lnnirh`bg ti Oriics lbh Nirdy, <40

c, ;(^,,,*)4, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6<)

c,;(<-^,*)?(<-^w*?), . . . , . . . . . . .(6?)

s *;w

^W -^`w

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6>)< -@^`,

A`g. 81.84-@bmdntìb f`stiry, Wdee >?, Airdst Fèe a`deh.

wfdrd ^`, `s tfd `rrdhunòed wltdr slturltìb, pdrndbt.



XFD _KLE _DNN @QD_P

LX <::. r. f LXPI^NWEb@N Z_E^^T_E

tik

<:::

1::

1::y ,iib 8::

g <::

3 ?::

==M <:: AI_PTEL = LO^IETXD v@snis@XP LX e::.A (Npe* ------?7,0,8?:

1: --- DVX\LZIELXDH fi-ee)

1:

.:< @ @ <

@I @>

N_‛HD?::<E N_?~―@XP & @. *X‛CZA ‖@UIBI LXzw‛D_ZN Z_&―_D

1: 11

A`g. 81.87-Hdlh i`e v`snis`ty.

ei8

<:

A`g. 81.86-Tb`vdrsle tdkpdrlturd/v`snis`ty nflrt.

81->4



81->1 ZDX_IEDTK DBG@BDD_@BG FLBHOIIC

.

1

7A@B: XFD GL^-^LXT _8XDH Q@^NI^@XP IA

1L N_‛ID I@E ―Lv@BG L ^IETX@IB GL^/I@E _LX@I IA 1::

0NT AX @ OOE LB: HDLI I@E Q@ NI^<XP IA @.4: NZ. LEE

LX XFD ^LKD XDKZD_LXT_D.

Z_INDIT_D= EINLXD <.4: NZ IB WD HDLI I@E Q@^NI @XP

< ^NLED (L6^N@^^L < LB: GI TZ QD_X@NLEEP XI XFD 1::

GL^/I@E _LX@I E@BD. XFDB GI EDAX KI_@]IBXLEEP XI

< _DLI XFD LB^ WD_. :.41 NZ. IB XFD GL^-^LXT_LXDH

I@E Q@^NI^@XP ^NLED @ I_I@BLXD @

A`g. 81.80-E`vd i`e v`snis`ty.



rFD_KLE _DNIQD_P 81->7

Lnnirh`bg ti îkdrtib , < 1: air ubnibsie`hltdh slbh,

^m,;:.?<<+?.:x<:-8X+<.<x<:-1X?, Y.Y.. (68)

wfdrd X `s tfd tdkpdrltu rd, ―A.

Xfd daadnt ia tdkpdrltu rd ib `rrdhunòed wltdr slturl-

tìb lbh rdelt`vd pdrkdloè`ty ia ubnibsie`hltdh slbhs flsoddb stuh`dh oy Zistib dt le <1‐ ikd ia tfd`r rdsuets lrd

g`vdb `b A`gs. 81.4: tfriugf 81.4? . Xfd daadnt ia tdk-

pdrlturd ib rdelt`vd lbh losieutd pdrkdloè`t`ds ia nib-

si e`hltdh slbhstibds fls oddb stuh`dh oy Wd`borlbht dt

le ‖1? îk d ia tfd`r rdsu ets lrd g`vdb `b A`gs. 8 1.4>

tfriugf 81.41.

ZQ Nikprdssòè`ty

Xfd nikprdssòè`ty ia ubnibsie`hltdh, Lrcis`n slbhs wls

kdlsurdh oy ^lwlo`b` dt le. ‖1> A`g. 81.47 sfiws tflt tfd

daadnt`vd ZQ nikprdssòè`ty e`ds `b tfd rlbgd odtwddb

<:d8 lbh <:k> ps`-e, loiut ? ti > irhdrs ia klgb`tuhd

f`gfdr tflb tfd birkleey lnndpt dh a`gurd i a @I -1 ps` -@

air nibsie`hltdh slbhstibds. @b A`g. 81.47, pri `s tfd ti-

tle ivdrourhdb prdssurd, ps`, lbh pZ `s tfd pird prdssurd,

ps`.

im

#) eii @s: ?:: >::

XDPW@L@T_D,ºA

A`g. 81.4:-Daadnt ia tdkpdrl turd ib `rrdhun òed wltdr slturl-tìb, Fiustib slbh, lbh blturle slbh.

Xfdrkle Nibhunt`v`ty

Xfdrkle odflvìr ia ubnibsie`hltdh iè slbhs wls stuh`dh

oy îkdrtib dt le C+M A`g. 81.46 sfiws fiw tfdrkle

nibhunt`v`ty ia Cdrb _`vdr iè slbhs vlr`ds w`tf or`bd

slturltìb.

Qlpir`zltìb Dquèòrùk

Qlpir`zltìb dquèòrùk ia lb iè arlntìb `s hdsnròdh

oy tfd dquèòrùk vlpir`zltìb nibstlbt, C, wf`nf `s hd-

a`bdh ls

8:

>:

?:

s=

NL:I

: @ @ @ @

C; x, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .J4)V

4: <:: @^: ?:: ?1n >::

XD@M~ZDZLXT_D,~A

wfd rd y `s tfd kie arlntìb `b vlpir pflsd lbh x `s tfd

kie arlntìb `b e`qu`h pflsd.

A`g. 81.4<-Daadnt ia tdkpdrlturd ib _I^, blturle slbh.

Zidttklbb lbh Klyelbh @14 `b <0 80 puoe`sfdh l sdr`ds

ia nflrts ib dquèòrùk nibstlbts ia vlrìus iè arlntìbs

w`tf birkle oiè`bg p i`bts ia >::‛ A, 8I I‛ A, dtn., up ti<,III‛ A. Xi èeustrltd fiw C vleuds vlry w`tf tdkpdrl-

turd lbh prdssurd, tfd a`gurd air birkle oiè`bg

pi`bt;4II‛ A `s sfiwb `b A`g. 81.40.

Ki rd rdndbtey, E.dd da le <11prdsdbtdh dquèòrùk nib-stlbts ia iè arlntìbs w`tf <::ºA oiè`bg rlbgds. Air dx-

lkped, Arlntìb < fls tfd oi e`bg rlbgd up ti >II ‛ A,

Arlntìb ? oiè`bg odtwddb >:: lbh 8::‛ A, lbh Arlntìb

1 oiè bg loivd 7::ºA. A`gs. 81.1: lbh 81.1< sfiw tfd

daadnts ia prdssurd lbh tdkpdrltu rd, rdspdnt`vdey. ib tfd

C vleuds air tfdsd iè arlntìbs ls wdee ls B ?, NF8, lbh

ni*.

WLXD_

Nfdk`nle C`bdt`ns

Nfdk`nle rdlntìbs tlc`bg pelnd `b lb `b-s`tu nikoustìb

prindss lrd nibs`hdrdh ti alee `bti tfrdd typds= (<) eiw-

tdkpdrltu rd ix`hltìb, (?) aude hdpis`tìb ir nicd airkl-

tìb, lbh (>) nikoustìb. Xfd c`bdt`n hltl ia tfdsd tfrddtypds ia rdlntìbs rdpirtdh oy vlrìus lutfi rs flvd oddb

sukkl r`zdh `b tfd plpdr oy Alss`f` dt le <1‐ lbh wèe bit

od rdprihundh fdrd.

: ?: 8: 1: 6:

-@<::

WLXD_ ^LXT_LX@IB, ‖E

A`g. 81.4?-Wltdr lbh iè rdelt`vd pdrkdloè`ty lt aiur tdkpdrl-

turds, Fiustib slbh, 6:-np :<<.



81->6

:<<

1: eii <8: <6:

XDKZD_LXT_D. ‖A

A`g. 81.4>-Daadnt ia tdkpdrlturd ib `rrdhunòed wltdr slturl-

tìb, slbhstibd nirds.

:=1: <:: <8: <6:

XDKZD_LXT_D. ‖A

A`g. 81.48-Daadnt ia tdkpdrlturd ib _I^, slbhstibd nirds.

ZDX_IEDTK DBG@BDD_@BG FLBHOI IC

@ 8. @

zsii86

4.

?::: cz 4.

3 oW.1

sn ?0

3 @ÎI-

`X`

F

?e `

<:::

@ L<

4‐ `

4iE---e: <:: <8: <6:

XDKZD_LXT_D.

A`g. 81.41-Daadnt ia tdkpdrlturd ib losieutd pdrkdloè`ty,

slbhstibd nirds.

ti*

DAADNX@QD Z``D^^T_D, Z^@

A`g. 81.47-Daadnt vd ZQ nikprdssòè`ty, ubnibsie`hltdh Lrcis`n

iè slbh.

ii- - --~?: 8: 1: 1 <::

WLXD_ ^LXT_LX@IB,

A`g. 81.44-Wltdr lbh iè rdelt`vd pdrkdloè`ty lt twi tdkpdrl-

turds, Nird 8, Oi`sd slbhstibd.



XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P

fsv .:.9>4-r.>:~*sw +

ZI_I^@XP _LBGD^=

l :.?6-:.>: -

: :.>< -:.>> ----

L :.>8 -:.>7 --

O_@BD ^LXT_LX@IB, ^W

A`g. 81.41-Xfdrkle nibhunt`v`ty ia Cdrb _`vdr iè slbhs. A`g. 81.40-Dquèòrùk vlpir`zltìb nibstlbt, birkle oiè`bg

pi`bt-4::ºA.

<::: <4:: ?::: ?4:: >::: Zrcsh

< @

Z_DH@NXDH ., ., .

DVZD_@KDBXLE :, *, :

A_LNXIB 1

L-L-

@ L @E

&/

4iw eii:: @^NNI zii::

p(fZie

A`g. 81.1:-Daadnt ia prdssurd ib dquèòrùk C vleuds air Nruhd

L lt ?1:%.

8::

@I ‖-

4:: 1:: 7:: X(IA)@ @ r

n

@-

y :.< -

:.:< -

: ni? -

: nk c b/ < , < @

x: ?4: >le >4: 8::

X(‖N)

A`g. 81.1<-Daadnt ia tdkpdrlturd ib dquèòrùk C vleuds ia

Nruhd 6 lt <,4<8.7 ps`l.



81 - 8: ZDX_IEDTKDBG@BDD_@BG FLBHOIIC

XLOED81.><-^LXT_LXDH^XDLKXLOED

^pdnà`n Qieukd, nu ateeok Dbtflepy. Otueeok

Losieutd Zrdssurd, Xdk pdrlturd ^lturltdh

:.:6614<8.101

4:.:

<::.:

<4:.:

?::.:

?4:.:

>::.:

8 :: . :

4 :: . :

1::.:

7 :: . :

6 :: . :

0 :: . :

e,iii.i

<.?::.:

<,8::.i

<,1::.I<,6::.I

?,:::.:

?,?::.i

?,8::.I

?,1::.I

?,6::.I

>,:::.:

V?:6.?'

>?:<6?<?.::

?6<.:?

>?7.6?

>46.8>

>6<.6:

8::.07

8<7.>4

888.1:

817.:<

861.?:

4:>.:6

4<6.?<

4><.04

488 . 46

417 . <0

467.:7

1:8.171?<.:?

1>4.6:

180.84

11?.<<

17>.0<

168.01

104.>>

7:4.87

:.:><>8

E`qu`h, Dvlpirltd,

:.:7<7<

"E

:.:>8?6

v tg

:.:<1:?? >,>:?.8

:.:4:7>

:.:<17<0 ?1.76?

:.:<7?78 6.8017

:.:<778: 8.8<>>

:.:<6:0 ?.0046

:.:<6>0 ?.?160

:.:<614 <.6?84?

:.:<660 <.4?>68

:.:<0>8 <.<8<1?

:.:<074 :.0:767

:.:?:<> :.7801?

:.:?:4: :.1>4:4

:.:?:67 :.486:0

:.:?<?> :.87016

:.:?<40 :.8?8>1

:.:??>? :.>8:<>

:.:?>:7 :.?767<

:.:?>67 :.?><40:.:?87? :.<0>0:

:.:?414 :.<1?11

:.:?110 :.<>1:>

:.:?70: :.<<?67

:.:?0>6 :.:0<7?

:.:4:76 :.::::: :.:4:76

^tdlk Zripdrt`ds

Lb loordv`ltdh stdlk tloed‐16 `s g`vdb `b Xloed 81.><.

Bikdbnelturd

l ; l`r rdqu`rdkdbt, <:1, sna/lnrd-at

L ; fdltdh lrdl lt t`kd t, sq at, ir

qulbt`t`ds hda`bdh oy Dqs. 0 lbh 70

L‐ ; qulbt`ty hda`bdh oy Dq. <>

O ; qulbt`t`ds hda`bdh oy Dqs. <: lbh 6:

O‐ ; qulbt`ty hda`bdh oy Dq. <8

N, ; aude nibtdbt, eok`nu at

N,, ; fdlt nlpln`ty ia iè, Otu/eok-―A, ir

nibndbtrltìb ia iè, eok kie`nu at

N, ; fdlt nlpln`ty ia rinc, Otuèok-―A

N,, ; fdlt nlpln`ty ia stdlk, Otuèok-―AN,,. ; fdlt nlpln`ty ia wltdr, Otuèok-―A

Ni? ; nibndbtrltìb ia ixygdb, @ok kie`nu at

N, ; qulbt`ty hda`bdh oy Dqs. 46 lbh 1:

N? ; qulbt`ty hda`bdh oy Dqs. 40 lbh 1<

H ; hdptf, at

D ; lnt`vltìb dbdrgy , Otuèok k ie

Df ; tfdrkle (f dlt) daa`n`dbny, arlntìb

Di? ; ixygdb utè`zltìb daa`n`dbny, arlntìb

D, ; ivdrlee iè rdnivdry

D_T ; rdnivdry daa`n`dbny `b tfd ubourbdh

rdgìb, arlntìb

Df ; vieukdtr`n swddp daa`n`dbny ia tfd

ourb`bg aribt, arlntìba‖,, ; stdlk qule`ty lt tfd odg`bb`bg ia tfd

p`pd sdgkdbt, arlntìb

^lturltdh

Qlpir,

:.<:>:4

Qg

>,>:?.8?1.700

6.4<8:

:.:64::

8.8><:

>.:<>0

?.?67>

<,68><7

<.48?78

<.<1:04

:.0?71?

:.71074

:.14441

:.41601

:.4::0<

:.88401

:.>1?84

:.>:<76

:.?4484:.?<61<

:.<66><

:.<1?7?

:.<8:71

:.<?<<:

^lturltdh

E`qu`h,

F,

Dvlpirltd,

E.

:.:::> <,:74.4<6:.<7 07:.>

?4:.? 0?>.0

?06.4 666.1

>>:.1 61>.8

>44.4 68?.6

>71.< 6?4.:

>08. : 6:6. 0

8?8.? 76:.8

880.4 744.<

87<.7 7>?.:

80<.1 7<:.?

4:0.6 160.1

4?1.7 110.7

48?.1 14:.8

47<.0 1<>.:

406. 6 471.4

1?8.? 48:.>186.4 4:>.6

17?.< 811.?

104.4 8?1.7

7<0.: >68.6

788.4 >>7.1

77:.7 ?64.<

6:<.6 ?<6.8

0:1.: :.:

^lturltdh

Qlpir,

F,

<,:74.4t,<4:.4

<,<78.e

<,<67.?

<,<08.`

<,<06.>

<,?:<.e

<,?:?.g

<,?:8.1

<,?:8.7

<,?:>.7

<,?:<.6

<,<00.8

<,<01.8

<,<0?.g

<,<68.6

<,<74.>

<,<18.4<,<4?.>

<,<>6.>

<,<??.?

<.<:>.7

<,:6?.I

<.:44.6

<,:?:.>

0:1.:

a.Pas? stdlk qule`ty lt tfd dbh ia tfd p`pd

sdgkdbt, arlntìb

a(t) ; trlbs`dbt fdlt nibhuntìb t`kd aubntìb

air dlrtf, h`kdbsìbedss

A l: ; LI_

A,., ; NI]/NI rltì `b prihundh gls

A FN ; ltik`n F/N rltì

A, ; rltì ia st`kueltdh ti ubst`kueltdh

prihunt`v`ty `bh`nds, h`kdbsìbedss

A,9, ; stdlk/iè rltì, ^XO`^XO

A KLI, title prihundh WI_. ^XO`^XO

f ; ply tf`ncbdss, at, ir nibvdntìb fdlt

trlbsadr nidaa`n`dbt, Otu/fr-sq at-―A

f‐ ; nibvdntìb fdlt trlbsadr nidaa`n`dbt

olsdh ib `bsuelt ib iuts`hd su ralnd,Otuefr-sq at-―A

fa ; nb tflepy ia e`qu`h w ltdr lt X loivd

>?‛A, Otuèok

f, ; title tf`ncbdss ia lee slbhs, at

FI, ; dbtflepy ia iè lbh gls Otuèok

F,, ; dbtflepy ia wltdr nlrr`dh oy iè olsdh

ib l ^XO ia iè, Otu/^ XO iè

F W_ ; dbtflepy ia wltdr lt rdsdrvi`r tdkpdrl-

turd, Otu/eok

F,,, ; dbtflepy ia wltdr lt stdlk tdkpdrl-

turd, Otu/eok

@T@ - nukuelt`vd l`r `bmdntìb, <:‐ sna

`, ; stdlk `bmdntìb rltd, O/H@ ; rlh`ltìb fdlt trlbsadr nidaa`n`dbt,

Otuefr-sq at-―A



XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P 81-8<

@‐ ; rlh`ltìb fdlt trlbsadr nidaa`n`dbt olsdh

ib `bsuelt ib iuts`hd suralnd. Otu`fr-

sq at-―A

M, ; ubst`kueltdh (nieh) prihunt`v`ty @bhdx,

^XO`H-ps`

c ; losieutd pdrkdloè`ty, khc‐ ; prd-dxpibdbt`le alntir

c,,,., ; tfdrkle nibhunt`v`ty ia tfd nls`bg kl-

tdr`le, Otu/fr-sq at-―A

c,@N.Z; tfdrkle nibhunt`v`ty ia tfd ndkdbt.

Otu/fr-at-―A

c,,a ; tfdrkle nibhunt`v`ty ia tfd airkltìb,

Otu/H-at-―A

c,,3,, ; tfdrkle nibhunt`v`ty ia `bsuelt ib kl-

tdr`le, Otu`fr-at-―A

c fi ; ivdrourhdb tfdrkle nibhun`t`v`ty,

Otu/fr-at-―A

c,,, ; rdelt`vd pdrkdloè`ty ti iè, arlntìb

c,,,. ; rdelt`vd pdrkdloè`ty ti wltdr, arlntìb

C ; dquèòrùk vlpir`zltìb nibstlbt

E ; p`pd edbgtf, at

E,, ; eltdbt fdlt ia stdlk, Otuèok

E,e ; eltdbt fdlt ia vlpir`zltìb lt tip ia

`btdrvle, Otuèok

E,.9 ; eltdbt fdlt ia vlpir`zltìb lt oittik i a

`btdrvle, Otuèok

k.U,, ; title klss ia stdlk `bmdntdh, @ok

K ; vieukdtr`n fdlt nlpln`ty. Otu`nu at-―A

B ; II@Z, ooe

B, ; bukodr ia slbhs

B.,,; iè `b pelnd lt stlrt ia primdnt, ooe

LB.,, ; nukuelt`vd `bnrdkdbtle iè prihuntìb,

ooe

ZI ; stlt`n airkltìb prdssurd lt dxtdrble

rlhùs, ps`l

Z@, ; pird prdssurd, ps`

Z,~ ; slturltdh vlpir prdssurd ia wltdr lt X,

ps`l

Z ,i ; title ivdrourhdb prdssurd, ps`

p,,, ; oittikfied prdssurd, ps`l

p / ; prdssurd lt tip ia `btdrvle, ps`l

p? ; prdssurd l t oittik i a `btdrvle, ps`l

Lp ; ar ntìble prdssurd hrip ivdr `btdrvle,

ps`l8: ; iè h`spelndkdbt rltd, O/H

qiN. ; nieh iè prihuntìb rltd, O/H

qbe r fit iè prihuntìb rltd, O/H

\`,, ; fdlt rdkl`b`bg `b fdltdh zibd, Otu

\3, ; title fdlt `bmdnt ib, Otu

\r` ; fdlt `bmdntìb rltd, Otu`fr

\,., ; fdlt eiss leibg tfd sdgkdbt, Otu`fr

\, ; fdlt rdkivle rltd lt t`kd t. Otu`H

rh ; rlhùs ti ndkdbt/airkltìb `btdralnd, at

r5.3 ; `bs`hd rlhùs ia nls`bg. at

rnnr ; iuts`hd rlhùs ia nls`bg. at

rn, ; dxtdrble rlhùs, at

ra, ; rlhùs ia rdgìb ir`g`bleey fdltdh . at

r `b ; iuts`hd rlhùs ia `bsuelt ib suralnd, at

rrr ; `bs`hd rlhùs ia tuo`bg, at

r/,< ; iuts`hd rlhùs ia p`pd. tt

r,,. ; wdee rlhùs, at

_ ; gls nibstlbt

_,, ; sieutìb G I_. sn a/^XO

_, ; title prihundh GI_. sna/^XO

^,s ; gls slturltìb, arlntìb^`r, ; `rrdhunòed iè slturltìb, arlntìb

^3,,. ; `rrdhunòed wltdr slturltìb. pdrndbt

^,, ; iè slturltìb lt stlrt, arlntìb

^,3 ; `b t`le i e slturltìb, arlntìb

^,,,3 ; `b`t le wltd r slturltìb, arlntìb

^,,.* ; birkle`zdh wltdr slturltìb, arlntìb

t ; t`kd s`bnd `bmdnt ib, fiurs

tn ; nr`t`nle t`kd, fiurs

ag ; h`kdbsìbedss t`kd

t3 ; t`kd ia `bmdntìb air tfd nurrdbt nyned,

hlys

X ; lvdrlgd tdkpdrlturd ia tfd fdltdh

rdgìb, rr,. 5 r5 rf , lt lby t`kd t,―A

X,, ; ltkispfdr`n tdkpdrlturd, ―A

Xh ; tdkpdrlturd lt ndkdbt/airkltìb

`btdralnd, ―A

X,.3 ; tdkpdrlturd lt nls`bg `bs`hd

suralnd, ―A

Xm3 ; `b`t le airkltìb tdk pdrlturd, ―A

@$ ; tdkpdrltu rd ia aeu`h, ―A

X3,,m ; `bmdntìb tdkpdrlturd, ―A

X_ ; ir`g`ble rdsdrvi`r tdkp drlturd, ―A

X, ; stdlk tdkpdrlturd, ―A

X,s, ; airkltìb tdkpdrltu rd lt griubh

suralnd, ―A

u n: ; ivdrlee fdl t trlbsadr nidaa`n`dbt olsdh

ib iuts`hd nls`bg suralnd, Otu`fr-sq

a`-―A

T,` ; ivdrlee fdlt trlbsadr nidaa`n`dbt olsdh

ib `bs`hd rlhùs ia p`pd ir tuo`bg,

Otu`fr-sq at-―A

ur, ; ivdrlee fdlt trlbsadr nidaa`n`dbt olsdh

ib iuts`hd tuo`bg suralnd, Otu/H-sq

at-―A

v t; spdnà`n vieukd ia title aeu`h, nu

at/eok

v,,. ; w`bh vdein`ty, kèd/frA‐_ ; aude ourbdh, ooe

Q,., Q, ; ub`t sieutìb air nikpibd bt nibhuntìb

prioedks `b tfd r lbh z h`rdntìbs*

v,, QX ; lvdrlgd vleuds ia Q, lbh Q3 air

I5r5rf

w ; Lrrfdbùs rdlntìb rltd

K‐s ; klss rltd ia stdlk, @ok/fr

x ; kied arlntìb `b e`qu`h pflsd

V ; qulbt`ty hda`bdh oy Dq. 11

v ; kied arlntìb `b vlpir p flsd

` ; qulbt`ty hda`bdh oy Dq. 14

(P ; tfdrkle hàaus`v`ty, sq at/H

\P,2 ivdrourbhdb tfdrkle hàaus`v`ty, sq

at/H

‖Xfdsd sykoies flvd bi pfys`nle nibbitltìb Xfdy lrd s`kpey kltfdkleenle sykoies



81-8? ZDX_IEDTK DBG@BDD_@BG FLBHOIIC

: ; hukky vlr`loed `b Dq. ?7

1 ; dbdrgy rdkivdh w`tf tfd prihundh

aeu`hs. h`kdbsìbedss

6 ; h`p lbged, hdgrdds

Z : ; i e v`snis`ty, np

cEiN; nieh iè v`snis`ty, npp,,h ; v`snis`ty ia hdlh iè (gls-ardd iè) lt X,

nZpif ; fit Iè Q`^NI ^`ty np

ZiZ .Z,. ; hdbs`ty ia iè, rinc grl`b, lbh wltdr ,

eok`nu at

8 ; piris`ty, arlntìb

A,, (`b k>`k>);<6 .788+:.::8717H-:.<110> f

-:.606<8c-:.40<4~E,, - <8.70^,

-:.:::0717cf. . (16)ZI

N,b (`b cg/k >, ; - @ .0??? + :.<>7104f + <.64:?0c

+>4.7?>,, +:.:<?667cf/*:

-:.::00>:- <.:888pE.. . . . (10)

Cdy Dqultìbs `b ^@ Tb`ts ?Ann+ < + AFN

ANN + <- nk

ex;? 2

. . . . . . . (7:)

f;7.<14v,.:~1/r`b:.8. . . . . . . (>) :.:<771(<?+AFn)D,~

?

p?;p@ +7.6<1x<:~r?(v,, -v,,)%

+0.6:1~eI-~D-Lp. . . . . . . (?:)&‖@

A,,,,; \,hLfh(^ ,3 -smu) . . . . (>:)

l (`b sth k>/k>); <:6.>41+?.74>17/~ +??0.877>,,

+<1.:7>c. . . . (7<)

A,,, ;

S 8s,-=3imDE‐oJ, @D,,f)D_u. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7?)

I.I::48?7cc,,f

8in ; ( p , - p , , , ) . . ( 8 ?)

pEin.bEr <<<

P;I.?1>0S

:.8?7>, - : . ::88?0f

:.?4

2 < , . 18)

wfdrd

x;`&i?

W,888M<(<-~) ‐

A,, (`b k>/k>); e` -:.:<<?4>+:.::::0 <<7:

+:.:::4<6:f-:.:77746

A,, (`b sth k>/k>); >6?:.8+<?.07f+<0? .?:c

wfdrd

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (7>)

l `s `b sth k>/k>,

L `s `b k?,

N, `s `b cg/k >,

H `s `b k,

A,, `s `b sth k> /k>,

A,, `s `b k>/k>,

A Mi* `s `b k>/k>,

f `s `b cM/k? .f*C (Dqs. ? tfriugf 8),f `s `b k,

@,~ `s `b sth k>,

c `s `b pk?,

B, `s `b k>,

p‐s lrd `b cZl,

qin `s `b k‐/h,

\, `s `b k>/f,.

rmb @^ k k,

re` @^ k k,

t `s `b f.

+:.::::>817~ t-:.4<?:J,

)Z : /

‖>v, `s `b k /cg,

v, `s `b cg/f,

ws `s `b cgef,p. `s `b Zl.s, lbh

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (17) pit `s `b Zl.s.



81-8>FD_KLE _DNIQD_P

_dadrdbnds

@

?

>

8

4

0

@I

@@

@?

<>.

<8.

<4.

<1

<7.

<6

<0

?:.

?<.

??.

?>.

?8.

?4.

?1.

?7.

?6.

?0.

>:.

><.

>?.

Alriuq Lf. ^K.= ―^tdlk @bmdnt ib,‛ ^dwb&ev ubne Xdrrrlr)

Iè _rrw~db Zrindssds. @btdrstltd Iè Nikplnt Nikk`ssìb, Ic-

elfikl N`ty (^dpt. <078) Nflp. 8.

KnBdè. M.^. lbh Kiss. M.X.= ―Iè _dnivdry oy @b-^`tu Nik -

oustìb.‛ Zdr. Dmtx. (Muey <0.46) O-?0-O -8?.Odrry. Q.M. Mr. lbh Zlrr`sf. H._.= ―L Xfdirdt`nle Lbleys`s ia

Fdlt Aeiw `b _dvdrsd Nikoustìb,‛ Xwbs., L@KD (<01:) ?<0.

<?8-><.

H`dtz, H.B. lbh Wd`mhdkl. M.= ―_dvdrsd Nikoustìb ^dehik

Adlsòed.‛ Zrihundr.s Kibrf`~ (Kly <016) @I.

^k`tf. A .W. lbh Zdrc`bs, X.C.= ―Dxpdr`kdbtle lbh Bukdr`nle

^`kueltìb ^tuh`ds ia tfd Wdt Nikoustìb _dnivdry Zrindss.‛

M. Nhb. Zl. Xunf. (Muey-^d pt. <07>) 88-48.

^tivlee. ^.E.= ―_dnivdry ia Iè arik Hdpedtdh ^lbhs oy Kdlbs

ia Hry ^tdlk,‛ Iè W ddc/y (Lug. <>, <0>8) <7-?8.

Grlbt. O._. lbh ^zllz. ^.D.= ―Hdvdeipkdbt ia Tbhdrgriubh Fdlt

Wlvd air Iè _dnivdry.‛ Xrlk., L@KD (<048) ?:<. <:6-<6.

Cufb. N.^. lbh Cinf, _.E.. ―@b-^`tu Nikoustìb-Bdwdst

Kdtfih ia @bnrdls`bg Iè _dnivdry,‛ Iè lbh Grrs M. (Lug. @I,

<04>) 4?, 0?-01, <<>. <<8.

Xrlbtflk. M.N. lbh Klrx. M.W .= ―Odeelky A`deh Xdsts= Iè arik

Xlr oy Niubtdraeiw Tbhdrgriubh Ourb`bg.‛ M. Zdr. Xdnf. (Mlb.<011) <:0-<4= Xrk~.. L@KD. ?>7.

Gùst`. E.D.= ―N^Q Klcds ^tdlk îlc Wirc `b Qdbdzudel A`deh,‛

Iè kh Gls <. (Biv. 8, <078) 66-0>.

^ticds. H.H. lbh Hisnfdr. X.K.= ―^fdee Klcds l ûnndss ia

^tdlk Aeiih lt Pirol Etbhl.‛ Ir/ n`bh Gls M. (^dpt. ?. <078)

7<-71.

H`dtz, H.B.= ―Wdt Tbhdrgriubh Nikoustìb, ^tltd-ia-tfd-Lrt,‛

M. Znmr. Xwf. (Kly <07:) 1:4-<7= Xrlk., L@KD. ?80.

―^tdlk Hik`bltds Dbflbndh Iè _dnivdry.‛ Iè nruh Gw M. (Lprè

4. <06?) <>0-40.

―Dxpdrts Lssdss ^tltus lbh Iuteiic air Xfdrkle, Nfdk`nle. lbh

NI< K`snòed Aeiih`bg Zrindssds.‛ M. ZZ@. Xdnf. (Muey <06>)

<?70-0?.

Mifbsib. E.L. Mr. rr ue.= ―Lb Dnfi`bg @b-^`tu Nik oustìb Iè

_dnivdry Zkmdnt `b tfd Ttlf Xlr ^lbh.‛ M. ZF. X&@ (Ado. <06:)

?044>:8

Dbfknw/ Iè _dni`bdh Zirdbr`h `b rfr Tb`wh ^rnuds, _dpirt oy

Edw`b lbh Lssins. air Iaa nd ia Xdnfbieigy Lssdsskdbt (Mlb.

<076) 8:-8<.

Wheklb. O.X. 1‐<he.= ―Eloirltiry ^tuh`ds ia Iè _dnivdry oy

^tdlk @bmdnttib.‛ Xrubs., L@KD (<01<) ???. 16<-0:.

KnLhlks, W.F.= Fkt Xrlbsk`ssìb. tf`rh dhttìb. KnGrlw-Fèe

Oiic Ni. @bn., Bd w Pirc N`ty (<048) ?1<.

_lkdy. F.M. Mr.= ―Wdeeoird Fdlt Xrlbsktssìb.‛ M. Zdt. Xdnf.

(Lprè <01?) 8?7->4.

^l`tdr. L.= ―Fdlt Eissds Hur`bg Aeiw ia ^tdlk Hiwb l Wdee-

oird.‛ M. Zd/. Xd nf. (Muey @P14) 684-4 @.

Wèef`td. G.Z.= ―Ivdrlee-Lee Fdlt Xrlbsadr Nidaa`n`dbts `b ^tdlk

lbh Fit Wltdr @bmdntìb Wdees.‛ M. Zdr. Xrnf. (Kly <017) 1:7-<4.

Dlreiugfdr. _.N. Mr.= ―îkd Zrlnt`nle Nibs`hdrltìbs `b tfd Hd-

stgb ia ^tdlk @bmdntìb Wdees,‛ M. Zdt. Xdnf. (Mlb. <010) 70-61.

Odggs. F.H. lbh Orèe. X.Z.= ―L ^tuhy ia Xwi-Zflsd Aeiw `b

@bne`bdh Z`pds.‛ M. Zdr. Xdnf. (Kly <07>) 1:7-<8.

Alriuq Le`, ^.K.= ―L Nik prdfdbs`vd Wdeeoird ^ tdlk/Wltdr

Aeiw Kihde ir ^tdlk @bmdntìb lbh Gditfdrkle Lppe`nltìbs.‐

.în~. Zdt. Db+ M. (Int. <06<) 4?7->8.

Klrx. M .W. lbh Elbgdbfd`k, _ B.= ―_dsdrvi`r Fdlt`bg oy Fit

Aeuth @bmdntìb.‛ Xrubs.. L@KD (<040) ?<1. ><?-<4

Dvlbs. M.G.= ―Fdlt Eiss Hur`bg tfd @bmdntìb ia ^tdlk ebti l

4-^pit.‛ plpdr prdsdbtdh ls tdrk primdnt `b ZBG 4<4. Zdbbsye-

vlb`l ^tltd T.. Tb`vdrs`ty Zlrc (Mubd <01:).

_lkdy. F .M. Mr.= ―H`snussìb ia _dsdrvi`r Fdlt`bg ia Fit Aeu`h

@bmdnttib.‛ Xrks., L@KD (<040) ?<1. >1>-14.

Klbhe. G. lbh Qiedc. N.W.= ―Fdlt lbh Klsg Xrlbspirt `b ^tdlk

Hr`vd Zrindssds.‛ .în Zdr. Ird. M. (Klrnf <010) ^0-70.

Kyfèe, B.L. lbh ^tdgdkd`dr, G= .= ―^tdlk Hr`vd Nirrdelttibs

lbh Zrdh`ntìb.‛ M. Zdr. Xdh. (Ado. <076) <7>-6?.

Bdurblb. N.F.= ―L Grlv`ty Ivdrr`hd Kihde ia tdlkhr`vd.‛ M.

Zdr. Xwf. (Mlb. <064) <1>-10.

Hisnfdr. X.K. lbh Gflssdk`. A.= ―Xfd @baeudbnd iaIè Q`sniwylbh Xf ncbdss ib tfd ^tdlk Hr`vd.‛ M. Zh. Xwf. (Ado. <06>)

?0<-06.

Qigde, M.Q= ―^tkpert`dh Fdlt Nlenueltìbs air ^tdlkeeiihs,‛ M.

Zdr. Xdnf. (Muey <068) <<?7->1.

>>.

>8.

>4.

>1.

>7.

>6.

>0.

8:.

8<.

8?.

8>.

88.

84.

81.

87.

86.

80.

4:.

4<.

4?.

4>.

48.

44.

41.

47.

46.

40.

1:.

1<.

Oiodrg. X.N. lbh Elbtz, _.O.= ―Nlenueltìb it tfd Zrihuntìb

_ltd ialXfdrkleey ^t`kueltdh Wde`,‛ M. Zdt. Xdnf. (Hdn. <011)

<1<>-?>.

Oiodrg, X.N. lbh Wdst, _.N.N.= ―Nirrdeltìb ia ^tdlk ^t`ku-

eltìb Zdrairklbnd.‛ M. Zut. Xdnf . (Biv. <07?) <>17-16.

Nilts, C.F. dt re.= ―Xfrdd-H`kdbsìble ^`kueltìb ia ^tdlkaeiih-

`bg,‛ ît. Zdt. Dbn. M. (Hdn. <078) 47>-0?.

Nilts, C.F.= ―^`kueltìbia ^tdlkaeiih`bg w`tf H`ltèelttib lbh

îeutìb G ls,‛ ît. Zdr. Dbx. M. (Int. <071) ?>4-87.

Nilts. C.F.= ―L F`gfey @kpe`n`t ^tdlkaeiih Kihde.‛ ît. ZN .

Dbb. M. (Int. <076) >10-6>.

Nriicstib, _.O., Nueflk, W.D.. lbh Nfdb, W.F.= ―Bukdr`nle

^`kuelttib K ihde air Xfdrkle _dnivdry Zrindssds,‛ ît,. Zdr.

Dbg. M.(Ado. <070) >7-46.

Piubgrdb, G.C.= ―Hdvdeipkdbt lbh Lppe`nltìbs ia lb @b-^`tu

Nikoustìb _dsdrvi`r ^`kueltir.‛ ît. Zdt. Dbg. M. (Ado. <06:)

>0-4 @

Nilts. C.F.= ―@b-^`tu Nikoustìb Kihde,‛ ît. Zdr. Db,d. M.

(Hdn. <06:) 4>>-48.

Grloiwsc`, M.W. drl/.= ―L Aueey @kpe`n`t Gdbdrle Zurpisd A`b`td-

Hàadrdbnd Xfdrkle Kihde air @b-^`tu Nikoustìb lbh ^tdlk,‛

plpdr ^ZD 6>01 prdsdbtdh lt tfd <070 ^ZD Lbbule Xdnfb`nle Nib-

adrdbnd lbh Dxfò`tìb, Els Qdgls, ^dpt. ?>-?1.

Ledxlbhdr, @.H.. Klrt`b, W.E., lbh Hdw. M.B.= ―Alntirs Laadnt-`bg Aude Lvlèloè`ty lbh Nikpis`tìb Hur`bg @b-^`tu Nikoul-

tìb.‛ M. Zdr. Xdnf. (Int. <01?) <<48-18

^fiwletdr, W.D.= ―Nikoustìb-Hr`vd Xdsts.‛ ît. Zdt. Dbg M.

(Klrnf <01>) 4>-46.

Zlrr`sf. H._. lbh Nrl`g. A.A. Mr.= ―Eloirltiry ^tuhy ia l Nik-

o`bltìb ia Airwlrh Nikoustìb lbh Wltdraeiih`bg-Xfd NIA-

NLW Zrindss,‛ M. Zdr. Xdnf. (Mubd <010) 74>-1<.

Ourgdr, M.G. lbh ^lfuqudt. O.N.= ―Eloirltiry _dsdlrnf ib Wdt

Nikoustìb.‛ M. Zdt. Xdnf. (Int. <07>) <<>7-81.

Glrib, L.K. lbh Wygle. _.M. Mr.= ―L Eloirltiry @bvdst`gltìb

ia A`rdwltdr Aeiih`bg,‛ ît. Zdt. Db,q. M. (Hdn. <078) 4>7-88.

Kiss. M.X. lbh Nlhy. G.Q.= ―Eloirltiry @bvdst`gltìb ia tfd Ixy-

gdb Nikoustìb Zrindss air Fdlvy :<< _dnivdry,‛ plpdr ^ZD

<:7:1 prdsdbtdh lt tfd <06? ^ZD Nleàirb`l _dgìble Kddt`bg,

^lb Arlbn`sni, Klrnf ?8-?1.

Zursedy, ^.L.= ―Dxpdr`kdbtle ^`kueltìb ia Xfdrkle _dnivdry

Zrindssds,‛ Zkn,. , Fdlvy Iè ^ykpistuk, Klrlnlòi, Qdbdzudel(<078).

Fuygdb, F.F.L.= ―Eloirltiry ^tdlkaiihs `b Flea ia l A`vd-

^pit.‛ plpdr ^ZD 1<7< prdsdbtdh lt tfd <071 Lbbule Xdnfb`nle

Nibadrdbnd lbh Dxfò`tìb. Bdw Iredlbs, Int. >-1.

Dfre`nf, _.= ―Eloirltiry @bvdst`gltìb ia ^tdlk H`spelndkdbt `b

tfd Wlolsnl Grlbh _lp`hs ‖L‐ ^lbh,‛ Iè ^khs ia Nlblhl-

Qdbdzudcu <077, N@K (<076) ^pdn`le Qie.

Zrlts. K.= ―Zdlnd _ `vdr ^tdlk Hr`vd ^nledh Kihde Dxpdr`kdbts,‛

I`` ^lbhs ia Nklhl-Qdb=un8< <077. N@K (<076) ^pdn`le Qie.

Hisnfdr, X.K. lbh Fulbd. W.= ―^tdlk-Hr`vd Zdrairklbnd

Muhgdh \u`ncey arik Tsd ia Zfys`nle Kihdes.‛ Iè lbh Gls M.

(Int. ??, <070) 4?-47.

^`bgfle. L.C.= ―Zfys`nle Kihde ^tuhy ia @bvdrtdh ^dvdb-^pit

^tdlkaeiihs `b l Ziie Nibtl`b`bg Nibvdbtìble Fdlvy Iè,‛ M.

N&t. Zdr. Xdnf. (Muey-^ dpt. <06:) <?>->8.

O`bhdr, G.G. drl/.= ―^nledh-Kihde Xdsts ia @b-^`tu Nikoustìb

`b Klss`vd Tbnibsie`hltdh ^lbhs,‛ Zrin,. , 7tf Wireh Zdt. Gibg..

Kdx`ni N`ty (<017).

Zumie. E. lbh Oiodrg. X.N.. ―^nle`bg Lnnurlny ia Eloirltiry

^tdlkaeiih`bg Kihdes,‛ plpdr ^ZD 8<0< prdsdbtdh lt tfd <07?

^ZD Nleàirb`l _dgìble Kddt`bg. Olcdrsa`deh. Biv. 6-<:.

^tdgdkd`dr. G.E., Elukolnf. H.H., lbh Qiedc, N W.=

―_dprdsdbt`bg ^tdlk Zrindssds w`tf Qlnuuk Kihdes,‛ ît. Zl.

Grg, M. (Mubd <06:) <4 -78.

Alriuq Le`. ^.K.= ―Nurrdbt ^tltus ia ^tdlk @bmdnt ib ls l Fdlvy

Iè _dnivdry Kdtfih.‛ M. G/b. Zdr. Xwf. (Mlb.-Klrnf <078)

@-<4.

Gdaadb. X.K.= ―Iè Zrihuntìb ti Dxpdnt arik Cbiwb Xdnfbie-

igy.‛ Iè kh Gls M. (Kly 7. <07>) 11-71.

Edw`b lbh Lssins. @bn. = Xfl Zitkr`nres ubh Dukk`ns ia b-

fiwdne Iè _dniwr,9, Adhdrle Dbdrgy Lhk`b`strltìb (Lprè <071)

_dpirt 671<?? @, ?-1.

eyifi. L.W.= ―^dednt`bg Dbflbndh Iè _dnivdry Zrindssds.‛

Whh Iè (Biv. <076) 1<-18

Nfu. N.= ―^tltd-ia-tfd-Lrt _dv`dw ia ^tdlkteiih A`deh Zrimdnts,‛

plpdr ^ZD <<7>> prdsdbtdh lt tfd <06> ^ZD Nleàirb`l _dgìble

Kddt`bg, Qdbturl, Klrnf ?>-?4.




1?. Nfu. N.= ―L ^tuhy ia A`rdteiih A~ne h ZritdntU.‛ M. ZF@. &/@.

(Ado. <077) <7<-70.

0:.

1>. Nfu. N. ―^tltd-it-tfd-Lrt _dv`dw ia A`rdteiih Atneh Zrrqnntf.‛

M. Zr,`. Xdnf . (Mlb. <06?) <0-V. 0<.

―êinutb A`deh.‛ etbpk ~h Iè _WI @ nvy c-w/h _dpirr.s. ^ZD ~

_`nfdrhwb, XV (<071) ?. Bi @, <<%?6. A.&rrewh Iè _nnve.-

~ =vA`n/e _qwrrs. ^ZD, _tnflrhsib. XV (<070) 4. Bi. ?. ?0<-07.

Zieeinc, N.O. lbh Ouxtib, X.^.= ―Zdrairklbnd ia O Airwlrh

^tdlkhr`vd Zrimdnt-Buggdt _dsdrvi`r, W`bcedklb H ikd A`deh,

Wyikkg,‛ M. Zrr. Xdnf. (Mlb. <010) >4+Ce.

―W`bcedklb Hikd A`deh.‛ arbpwwh I è _dn~kyv A`hh _np~k.

^ZD. _`nflrhsib, XV (<074) < Bi. @, <44-1?. D &~r`n(.h I ``_~n~bw~ A`r/h _qxvrn, ^ZD. _`nflrhsib. XV (<06:) 1, Bi. @.

8<-88.

18.

14.

11.

17.

1V.

10.

7:.

7<.

7?.

7>.

78.

7s.

71.

77.

76.

70.

6:.

_@.

6?.

6>.

68

64.

V1

Ve

xx

60

Zidttklbb. A.F.‐ ―@b-^`tu Nikoustìb= L Nurrdbt Lpprl`sle.‛

W&n/ Iè. Zlrt @ (Lprè <018). <?8-?63 Zlb ? (Kly <01>) 04-06.

Oerv`bl, X._.. Lsnet`bn. _.M.. lbh C`rc, _.^.= ―LbleyvU ie l ^tdlbe

Hr`vd Zritdnt, @bgenwiih A`deh. Nleàirb`l,‛ M. Zdr. 7dn,`9. (^dpt.<010) @e8<-4:.

Oedvebo. X._. lbh Oèe`bgsedy. _.F.= ―Xfd Xdb-Zlttdrb ^tdlb-

aeiih. Cdrb _`vdr Atdeh. Nleàirb`l.‛ M. Zdt. e `h`. (Hdn. <074).

@ I^ - <83 7`-5r,z .U. L@KD, ?40.

Igedoy, C.H. (‖@ tre.= ―^tltus ia tfd Xdb-Zlttdrb Cdrb _`wr A`deh.

Nleàirb`l.‛ M. Zdt. X&@. (Int. <06?) ??.4<-47.

Ourldee. N.G.= ―^tdlk H`spelndkdbt-Cdrb _`vdr A`deh.―./. A‐d,.

X&r. (Int. <07:) <??4-><.

OurUdee. N G. lbh Z`ttklb, G.K.= ―Zdrairklbnd ia ^tdlk H`s-

pelndkdbt `b tfd Cdrb _`vdr A`deh,‛ M. Zdr Xwf. (Lus. <074)

077-<::8.

Grdlsdr, G._. lbh ^fird. _.L.= ―^tdlkaeiih Zdrairkeknn `b tfd

Cdrb _`vdr A`deh.‛ plpdr ^ZD 66>8 prdmdbtdh le tfd <0V:

^ZD/HID ^ykpisùk ib Dbflbndh Iè _dnivdry. Xuesl. Lprè

?:-?>.

KnOdlb. W .B. ―Lttrn :<< _dnivdry oy ^tdlk H`spexnkdbt.‛

plpdr ^ZD 8 <7: prdsdbtdh lt tfd <07? ^ZD Nlfairkl _dgìbleKddtkg. Olcdrsatdeh, Biv 6-<:

_nfcipe. O.E.= ―Kd&ib Ltt`n ^tdlk Hr`vd.‛ plpdr ^ZD ^64^

prdsdbtdh lt tfd <071 ^ZD Nle airb`l _dgìble Kddtkg. Eibg

Odlnf. Lprè V-0.

Fdlrb. N.E.= ―Xfd De Hirlhi ^tdlk Hrwd-L Zèit Xdrt`lry

_dnivdry Xdst.‛ M. Zrr. Xhx (BW <07?) <>77-68

Qbeerriy. Q.Q. :< tre.= ―Hddra`deh Zèit Xdst ia :<< _nniwry oy

^tdlk Hr`vd.‛ M. Zdr. Xh9. (Muey <017) 041-18.

vlb HtMc. N.= ―^tdlk-Hr`vd Zrimcnt `b tfd ^nfiibdfddc A`deh.

Xfd Bdtfdrelbh2,‛ M. ZF. Xtrf. (Klrnf <016) ?04->:?.

GltdU. N A. lbh _ltbdy. F.M. Mr.= ―Atdeh _dwets ia îutf Ode-

r`hgd Xfdrkle _dnivdry Dxpdr`kdbt.‛ ‖arwzU. , L@KD (<0.46) ?<>.

?>1-88.

Zlrr`sf. H._. rr S è.= ―L Xdrt`lry NIA NLW Zèit Xdst k tfd êiss

A`deh, BnfrlUcl.‛ M. /‖5,@. 7h<. (Mubd <078) 117-74= Xrtr,~.,.,

LeKD. ?47.

Zbrr`ff, H._.. Zieeinc. N.N.. lbh Nrl`g. A .A. Mr.. ―Dvleultìb

i`‖ NIA NLW ls l Xdrt`lry _dnivdry K dtfih. êiw A`deh. Bnfrll-

cl.‛ M. Zdr. X& (Mubd <078) 171-61= XTB@^., L@KD, ?47.

Ouxtib, X.^. lbh Zieinc. N.D.= ―Xfd êiss NIA NLW ZC@MdNt-

Aurtfdr Dvleultìb ia Zdrairklbnd Hur`bg h bh Latdr L `r @b,J-

tìb=‐ M. ZN, Xw@`. (Hdn. <078) <8>0-86= Xru,~r., L@KD. ?47

Ki$s. M.X.. W f`td. Z H.. lbh KnBdè. M.^.= ―@b- `tu Nikow

twb Zrindss-_dwets ia l A`vd-Wdee A`deh Dxpdr`kdbt `b îutf-

nk Icelfikl.‛ Xrw2U. , L@KD (<040) ?<1. 44-18

Zlrr`sf. H._. Z@ ne/.= ―Tbhdrgriubh Nikoustìb `b tfd ^flbbib

Ziie. Wyik`bg.‛ M. Zdr. Xhe. (Ado. <01?) <07~?:4= Xr5rre.U.

L@KD. ??4.

^kuf, _.Q. (‖@ ne/.= ―_dnivdry ia Iè oy ^wlk @bMdntìb `b tfd

^klnfivdr A`deh. Lrclbsls.‛ M. ZF. Xdnf. (Lug. <07>) V>>-60.

―^klnfivdr A`deh,‛ @rr`/M‛e―h Iè _ke~n~~ A`r/h _dp9U ( <:74)

@. Bi. @. <>4-8>= D/rctrrtwt/ I è _nr~iwr9 r9‖r/t e _qwrrU. ^ZD.

_`nflrhwb. XV (<06?) 6. Bi @. 164-66.

―Cdrb _`vdr A`deh. ^tlbhlrh Iè Nikplby ia Nletairbel.‛ e/w

/wfdw5/ I`` _rnrwn~r, A`nere _qwwa,U ^ZD. _`nflrhsib ~XV ( @ P7^)

<. Bi @, 6>-0?= Hte rtrwrne T/` _~wwrU. A`hh _qwk, ^ZD.

_`nflrhsib. XV (<06:) 1. Bi @, ?>-?8.

―K`hwly-ûblnt AEdeh. Nflb\ir-Wdstdrb Iè lbh Hdvdeipkdbt

Nikplby .‛ <~~z~wwe Iè _DNI@W~ /+/h _qxwrv. ^ZD. _`nflrh-

wb. XV @ <071) ?. Bi. >. 884-483 D/~fknw/ Iè _dn~~wr/~U A`nete

_~yik. ^ZD. _`nflrhsib. XV t <:6?) 6. Bi. @. 7?%>?.

^tifns. H.H (‖@ (è.= ―^tdlk Hr`vd lU l ûppedkdbtle _dnivdry

Zrinnff `b lb @btdrkdh`ltd Q`snis`ty _dsdrvwr. Kiubt Zlsi A`deh.

_`nflrhwb. XV ( <074) @. Bi. 7. ?77-61= &5r,`w5/ Iè _nuÙ~-

wv p`n,/`/ _nprw~~. ^ZD. _`nflrhsib. XV ( <06?) 6, Bi @ 7: @ -ee>

XrlvnrUn. D.A., Hdtfnb. L.H.. lbh ûstdf. L.M.. ―^lb Lrhre-L

NbUs FeUtirq ia l ûnnnÙaue ^tdlk~eibh.‛ plpdr ^ZD @ @7<7

irdsnbtdh lt tfd @PV> ^ZD Nleè wul _drrwbue Kdntkd. Qdbturs.è=rrnf 7>-?4.Flee. L. E. lbh Oiwklb. _ W.= ―:pnr3`twb lbh Zdrairklbnd i<

> êinuk Xfdrk he _dnivdrU) Zritdnt.‛ M. Zrr. 79n,/<. Lprè <07>)

8:?-:x.

0?.

0>.

08.

04

01

07

06

0:

@::

@I<

<:?

@:>

@I8

<:s

<:1

<:7

@I6

@I0

@ @I

@ @ @

@ @9

@ @>

@ @8

@ @4

Fdrrdrh, L.M.= ―Xfd K1 ^tdlk Hr`vd ZriMdnt Hds`gb lbh @k-

pedkdbtl tìb.‛ M. Nhb. Zdr. Xdd-f. (Muey-^ dpt. <077) 1?-6>.

Fdrrdrl. L.M.= ―^tdlk -Hr`cd _dnivdry Odkg Txh ib Elcd

Klrhnlòi Nilstle A`deh.‛ Ièn`r`h GB(.M. (Muey <7. eP76) 78-6:.

―X`l Mulbl Dstd A`deh. Klrlwb, ^.L. ,‛ Gefiwdre Iè _rw~r~

Awene _dpirt.U, ^ZD. _`nflrhsib. XV (<076) >, Bi 8. 74<-1?=

&fw&/ :<< _wiwrv A`deh _qxw/r, ^ZD. _`nflrhsib. X V

(<06?) 6. Bi. @9 74e-^>.

^fiwletdr. W.D. lbh KlnEdlb. K .L. ―A`rdaeiih lt Ordl-Ie`bhl

A`deh, Irlbgd Niubty. Nleàirb`l.‛ plpdr ^ZD 871> prdsdbtdh

lt tfd <078 ^ZD ^ykpisùk ib @kprivdh Iè _dnivdry, Xuesl.

Lprè ??-?8.

―Ordl I``bhl A`deh,‛ @*bpriwh :<< _rnrb~~r~ Ahh _qx~rt.s, ^ZD,

_`nflrhsib. XV (<074) <, Bi. @, @^- <63 Irfrrwn‐h Ia/ _ZNIW~

A`dce _~~pibs. ^ZD, _`nflrhsib. XV (<06<) 7, Bi. @, 8:7-:6.

Gltds. N.A. lbh ^celr, @.= ―Nikfuoteib ls l Zr`klry _dnindry

Zrindss-K`hwly ûbsdt A`deh,‛ M. Zdr. 7.nvf. (Lug. <07<)

0V<-61= Xrur~s.. L@KD. ?4<.

Niub`flb, X.K.= ―L ^ unndsUe‐u e @b-^`tu NikouUttib Zèit @b tfd

K`hwly ûbsdt A`deh, Nleàirb`l,‛ plpdr ^ZD 1.4?4 prdfdbtdh lt

tfd <077 ^ZD Nleàiktl _dgìble Kddttbg, OlcdrUatdeh, Lprte

<>-<.4

Gltds. N.A.. Mubg, C.H.. lbh ûralnd. _ L.= ―@b-^`tu Nikous-

tìb `b tfd Xuelrd Airkltìb, îutf Oderthgd A`deh. Cdrb Niubty.

NL,‛ .@ Zdr. X&. (Kly <076) 706-6:1= Xrnw U. L@KD. ?14.

Fdw`tt. N .F. lbh Kirglb. M.X.= ―Xfd Ary @b-^ttu NikfuUt ib

XdUt-_dsdrvi`r Nflrlntdr`st`nU,‛ <. ZF. XC/@. (Klrnf eP14)

>>7-8?= Xrnrb.n., L@KD, ?>8.

Nelrc, G.L. d~ie.= ―Xfd Ary @b-^`tu Nikoustìb Xdst-A`deh Ip-

drltìbs.‛ M. A‐nr. Xdhs. (Klrnf <01.4) >8>-87= Xrnrr~s., L@KD.

?>8Nelrc. G.L. drtè.= ―Xfd Ary @b-^`tu NikoustìbXdst-A`deh Ip-

drltìbs lbh Zdrairklbnd,‛ M. Zrn Xn,rf. (Klrnf <014) >86-4>3

Xrnrk., L@KD. ?>8.

Dlreiugfdr. _.N. Mr.. Gleeiwly, M._ . lbh Zlrsibs, _.W.= ―Zdr-

airklbnd ia tfd Ary @b-^ tu Nikoustk b Zrimdnt.‛ M. ZF. X~~n~/@.

(Kly <07:) 44<-47.

Oedlceny. W.O.= ―Ary Tb`t A`rdaeiih ûrwv`bg Dnibik `n Zrds-

surds.―- Iè nk Gls-M. (Kly >. <07<) 0?-07=

Fiwdee. M.N. lbh Zdtdrsib. K.D.= ―Xfd Arv @b ^`tu NikfuUttib

ZriMdnt Zdrairklbnd lbh Dnibik`n ^tltu3.‛ plpdr ^ZD V.<6<

prdodbedh lt tfd @070 ^ZD Lbbule Xdnfb`nle Nibadrnbnn lbh Dx-

fòttìb. Els Qdgls . ^dpt. ?>-?1.

E`tt ed, X.Z.= ―ûnndsst`~e A xaeiih`bg ia tfd Odeedwd Aeneh.― &r

Dbg. /b/e. (Bi v. <074) 44-41.

―Odeedwd A`deh. N`t ds ^drv`nd Iè Ni..‛ e`~,/~rrwd5e Ih _d5 i,‖-

nry A‐wc@ _nyxux, ^ZD. _tnflrhsib. XV (<074) <, Bi. >. 87 @-6:=

.&f~~k~~h Iè _dwwr~ Ahh _nyk-r.t ^ZD. _`nflrhsib. X V(<0V?) 6. Bi. <. 7<>-<4.

Nlti. _.W. lbh Akcl. W .L.= ―Gdtty :<< _dpirtU A`rdteiih Z`-

eit `s ûnndssaue Zritdnt.‛ I//rrk/ Gtr.n M. SAdo. <?. <016< 0>-07.

―Gdtty Dxplbhl Odeedvud A`rd Aeiih.‛ I`` nh Gu.U M. (Mlb <>.

eP74) 8.4-80.

Oedlcedy. W.O.= ―Gdtty‐U Odeedwd A eneh ^tèe Giq lbh Griw-

`bg.‛ Zrr. &g. ftte. (Biv. <076) 48-16.

―Odeenvud A`deh, Gdtty Iè Ni..‛ @t,`prrwh Iè _rniwr~ A-w/h

_~~p~rr.s, ^ZD, _`nflrhsib. XV ( <071) ?. Bi. ?. ?74-6>3 Irfrirw~e

Iè _wnbvry A&h _dpkl. ^ZD, _`nflrhwb. XV ( <06?) 6, Bi.

@. 7<7-<0.

Flrhy. W.N. N@ tr`.. ―@b-^`tu Nikoustìb Zdrairklbnd `b h Xfk

_dndrviu Nibtltbtbr= Ferf-Grlv`tv :<<.‛ M. Zrv. 7h<. (Ado. <07?)-@PP-?:6, XwzU. , L@KD. ?4>.

Klnd. N.= ―Hddpdst NIbefT~teIb Z rIMnnt ZrInW t``b~ %CndffaT`-

ey.‛ Iè w`h Gtrs M. (BW <7. <074) 78-6<.

―Wdst Fdthdefdrg Axeh.‛ //b~wi,~vt T/@ _rnwn~rv Aw/r/ _qwrrs.

^ZD. _`nflrhwb. XV (<074) @. Bi ?, >4 @ -4P= D eèrrwr// Iè

_rtbwr-v A`dere _qwrrs. ^ZD. _`nflrhsib. XV (<0V:) 7. Bi. @.

84<-48.



XFD_KLE _DNIQD_P 81.84

<<0.

<?:

<?<.

<??.

<?>.

<?8.

<?4.

<?1.

<?7.

<?6.

<?0.

@ si.

<><.

<>?.

<>>.

<>8.

<>4.

<>1.

<>7.

<>6.

<>0.

<>:.

<8<.

<8?.

<8>.

Glhdeed.‖N .Z. (‖@ :<.= .. Fdlvy I è _dnivdry oy @b-^`tu

Nikfu&x-Xwi A`deh Nllnl `b _iklb`l.‛ M . ZF. Xkf . ( Biv .

<06<) ‖:47-11.

Xdrwèeegdr. Z.E. Z@ rre.= ―Aerdteiih ia tfd Z, ? ^lbh Cnsnrvi`r

`b tfd K`gl A`deh ia Dlstdrb Qdbdzudel.‛ M . dt . dn f. . e lb .074)

P-<8

B&ib. X.W. lbh KnBdè. M.^.= ―Fiw ti Dbg`bddr lb @b-^`tu

Nikfuwib Zrimdnt.‛ I‐ i, r t /k M . Mubd 4. <01<) 40. Bi. ‖>.

V-14.

^&klb. L.. Or@gflk. W .D.. lbh _lkdy, F.M. Mr.= ―@b-^`tu Nik-

fwtìb Kihdes ìr tfd ^tdlk Zeltdlu lbh air Aedehwhd :<< _dniv-

dry.‛ HID`DX@e?:41-< @. T ^. HID (Mubd <06<).

Gltds, N.A. lbh _lkq, F.M. Mr.= ―L Kdtfih air Dbgkddr`bp

@b-^`tu Nikoustìb :<< _dnivdrv Zri`dnts.‛ M . Zn , r h. (Ado.@

<06:) ?64-08.

Q&c. N.W. lbh Zryir. M.L.= ―^tdlk H`stèel t ib HX@QE‐. Ordl

A`deh. Nleèfrb`l.‛ M. Zdr. c / r . (Lug. <07?) V00-0:1.

Ourcd. _.D.= ―Nikou&b Zri`nnt <s Klckp l Zria`t.‛ I`/l/zh

Nk M. Mlb. <6. <014) 88-81.-

Cinf. _.E.= ―Zrlnt`nle Tsd ia Nikoustìb Hr`vd lt Wdst Bdw-

pirt A`deh.‛ Zdr. Hz,q. (Mlb. <014) 7?-6<.

Oiwklb. N.F= ―L Xwi-^pit Nikfustkb _dnivdry Zrimdnt.‛

M Zd r . h r . (^dpt. <014) 008-06.

Xdwèe`gdr. Z.E.= ―Aernteiih`bg ^fleeiw Xlr ^lbhs-L Nlsd F`s-

tiw.‛ M . N&@ . Zd r . h z. (Int.-Hdn. <071) 8<-8V.

M&sib. E.L. ($<nr`.= ‛ Lb Dnfikp @b-^`tu NikfuUtkb Iè-

_dnivnrv Zri`dn` `b l Ttlf Xlr ^lbh.‛ M . n ht . Q@ < Ado. <06:)

?04sì` .‐

Zdrry, N.W., Fdrtefdrg. _.F.. lbh ^tisur. M.M.= ―Xfd ^tltus H@

Dbflbndh Iè _dnivdry `b tfd Tb`tdh ^tltds,― Zkt . , Xdbtf Wireh

Zdt. Nibgrds. Ounflrdst (<06:) >. ?47-11.

Odbflk. L.E. lbh Zidttklbb. A.F.. ―Xfd Xfdrkle _dnivdry

Zrindss-Lb Lbleyf`l ia Eloirltiry Nikoustìb Hltl.‛ Xrtr,r.U. ,

L@KD (<046) ?<>, 6>-64.

Nluhed. O.F.. F`nck lb. O.K.. lbh êefdrodrg. @.F.= ―Zdrairk-

lbnd ia tfd ^cdwdh Aiur-^p)t @bmdnt ib Zlttdrb.‛ M. /‖nr. Xwf.

(Biv. <016) <><4-<0.

Nlhy. G.Q., Fiaaklb. ^ M.. lbh ^nlroiriugf, _.K. ―^èvdr-

hled Niko`bltìb Xfdrkle Hr`vd Zrimdnt,‛ plpdr ^ZD 60:8

prdsdbtdh lt tfd <06: ^ZD Nle airb`l _dgìble Kddtkg. Eis Lb-

gdeds. Lprè 0k @

hd Fllb. K.M. lbh ^nfdbc. E.= ―Zdrtirklbnn Lbleys`s ia l KlMir

^tdlk Hr`vd Zrimdnt k tfd X`b Mulbl A`deh. Wdstdrb Qdbnzw

e l . ‛ . n r . Xh7 . (Mlb. <010) @ @ e-<0.

―Xdxls A`rdaeiih Eiics E`cd l W`bbdr.‛ Iè nrbh Gtry M . Ado.

<7. <010) 4?.L~~Mu. O.@.= ―Nibvdrsìb ia ^tdlk @bmdnt ib ti Wltdreeiih. Dlst

Nile`bgl A`deh.‛ M . Zd r . wf . ( Bi v . < 0 78 ) <??7->?.

GltdU. N.A lbh Ordwdr. ^.W.= ―^tdlk @b`dnt ib `bti tfd H lbh

D ]ibd, Xuelrd Airkltìb, îutf Oder`hgd A `deh. Cdrb Niubty,

Nleàirb`l.‛ M. Zut. XC~. (Klrnf <074) >8>-8V.

Gikll, D.D.. Hudrcsdb. M.F.. lbh Wii. Z.X.= ―Hds`gb`bg l

^tdlkteiih Zèit `b tfd Xf`nc Kiblrnf ^lbh ia tfd K`hwy-ûbsdt

A`deh,― M . ZF. Xdn f . Hdn. <077) <440-16.

Nfu. N. lbh Xr`koed. L.D= ―Buk dr`nle ^`kueltìb ia^tdlk H `s-

pelndkdbt-A`deh Zdrairklbnd Lppe`nltìbs,‛ M . d/ . c f. (Mubd

<074) 714-78.

Misdpf, N. lbh Zusnf. W.F.= ―L A`deh Nikplr`sib ia Wdt lbh

Hry Nikoustìb,‛ M. ZN/ . Xdn f . ^dpt. <06:) <4?>-?6

Gltds. N.A. lbh Fiekds, O.N.= ―Xfdrkle Wdee NikpedtìbU lbh

Ipdrltìb.‛ plpdr ZH@ @ prdsdbtdh lt tfd ^dvdbtf Wireh Zdt.

Nkg.. Kdx`ni N`ty (<017).

Aix. _.E.. H iblehwb. L.O., lbh Kueln, L M. ―H dvdeipkdbtba Xdnfbieigy air Hwbfied ^tdlk Zrihunt`Sk.‛ plpdr ^ZD 0771

prdfnbtdh lt tfd <06< ^ZD`HID Mi`bt ^ykpisùk nk Dbflbndh

Iè _dnivdry, Xuesl. Lprè ^-6.

@8.E

<>4.

<81.

<87.

<86.

<80.

@ si.

<4<.

<4?.

<4>.

<48.

<44.

<41.

<47.

`sx.

<40.

<1:.

<1<.

<1?.

<1>.

<18.

<14.

<11.

<17.

<16.

Nlrrlwlq. Z.K Ceitf. X.E lbh Ouee. L @)= ―Ni-G nbdrlt``rb.

L Bdw Dbdrgy ^yUtdk ti Gdbdrltd Oitf ^tdlk lbh @èdntr n`tq .‛

plpdr ^ZD 00:7. prdsdbtdh ~<<fd <:6< N,~e` e ~rbù _dgìble Knde-

<‛3. Olfnrst‐`neh. Klrnf ?4-?1.

^trlbgd. E.C.= ―@gb`t ib= Cdy Zflsd k Nikfu&ib _nwvnry.‛

a n ` . Nr a ` . Bi v. 018) <:4-:0, (Hdn. <018) P7~<:1.

^fird. _.L.= ―Xfd Cdrb _`vdr ^NLB Lutikltìb ^ystdk ^brw

ped. Nibtrie lbh Lelrk Bdtwirc,‛ plpdr ^ZD > @7> prnsnbtnh lttfd <07? ^ZD Nleàirb`l _dgìble K ddt`bg. Olcdr~`‖`deh. Biv

b-<:.

―Oihnlu @b-^`tu Nikoustìb ZriMdnt.‛ ``rUt lbbule rdpirt. HID

Zuoe`nltìbs ^LB-< <60-?. T.^. HID (^dpt. <077).

Wlgbdr. I._.= ―Xfd Tsd ia Xrlndr4 `b ‖H`lgbis`bg ebtnrwnee

_dsdrvi`r Fdtdri~dbd t`ns-A@ed@h _nwetU.‛ M . n v . d n f ( Bi v.

<077) <8<:-<1. -

Pide`b. ^.H.= ―Xfd XK ^lbh ^ystdk ^t`kueltìb Zqdnt.‛ M .

Zdr. Xhz. (Lug <07<) 067-08.

Kdehlu. _.A., ^f`pedy. _.G.. lbh Nilts. C F = ―Nyne`n

Gls/^tdlk ^t`kueltìb ia Fdlvy-:<< Wdees.‛ M . Zh . Xwc . (Int.

<06<) <00:-06.

O&ib, K.W. ir (@/.= ―Xfd ^trddt _lbnf Zèit Xdst it Arbntuw

Lss`stdh ^tdlkaeiih Xdnfbieigy.‛ M . ZN, / . h z. (Klrnf <0V>)

4<<-?<.

^lfuqudt. O.N. lbh Adrr`dr. M.M.= ―^tdlk-Hr`vd Zèit `b u Arln-

turnh Nlroibltd _dsdrvi`r= Elnq ûpdr`dur A`deh.‛ M . v ` . ~@ .

(Lprè <0V?) V7>-6:.

Fxm`rhis. E.M.. Fiwlrh, M.Q.. lbh _iodrts. G.W.= ―Dbflbndh

Iè _dnivdry Xfriugf Ixygdb-Dbr`nfdh @b-^`tu NikfuUtìb= Xdst

_dsuets arik tfd Airdst Fèe A`deh `b Xdxls.‛ M . ZN@ . ha . (Mubd

eP6>) <:1<-7:

Zrltl. K,= X@wrw/ _~wUw=~. Kibigrlpf ^nrenf, ^ZD. _`nflrh-

sib. XV (<06>) ?:<->6.

Odle. N.= ―Xfd Q`snis`ty ia L`r. Wltdr. Blturle G ls. Nruhd Iè

lbh @ts Lssin`ltdh Glsds lt Iè A`deh Xdkpxzturns lbh Zrdssurds.‛

Xwk. , L@KD (<081) <14. <:>.

Zrake~ur9 Zkhuhi b FrzbrefiiV. X N. Ar`nc (dh ) Qie. @ e.

KnGrlw-F èe Oiic Ni. @bn.. Bdw Pirc N`ty (<01?) <0->0.

Nfdw, M. lbh Nibbleey. NL. Mr= ―L Q ÙniU ty Nirrdeltìb e`x

Gls-^lturltdh Nruhd Iès.‛ Xrn`bs., L@KD (<040) ?<1, ?>-?4.

Onggs. F.H. lbh _io`bsib. M._.= ―Dst`klt`bg tfd Q`wis`ty ia

Nruhd :<< ^ystdks.‛ M . Zd r . dnf. (^dpt. <074) <<8:-8<.

Oriics. _.F. lbh Nirdy. L.X.= ―Zripdrt`ns ia Zirius Kdh`l

Laadnt`ba` Aeu`h Aeiw,‛ a r w. , L^ND. errerltkb lbh Hrl`blgdU

H`v. (<0c1) 0?. Bi. <_?.

îkdrtlb, W .F. lbh Thdee, C.^.= ―Xfdrkle lbh F`gf Xdrbpdrl-

turd Zripdrt@ds ia _inc-Aeu`h ^ystdks.‛ plpdr prdrdbtdh lt tfd

<06< IL^X_ L Wircsfip ib Nikputdr Kihde`bg. Dhkibtib.

Letl.. Mlb. ?6->:.

Zistib. ^.W. N@ ne/.= ―Xfd Daadnt ia Xnkpdrlturn ib errdhuneoed

Wltdr ^lturltìb lbh _delt`vd Zdrkdlfhety ia Tbnibwfhltnh

^lbhs.‛ .în Zdt . q . M . Mubd <07:) <7<-6:.

Wd`borlbht, _.K.. _lkdy, F.M. Mr., lbh Nlos& A.M.= ―Xfd Dt-

t‐nnt ia Xdkpdrlturd ib _delt`vd lbh Losieutd Zdrkdlfèuy ia ^lbh-

stibds.‛ ît . t v . t 9& M . Int. <074) >71-V8.

^lwlf`b`. N.X., Nfè`bglr. G.Q., lbh Leedb. H._.= ―Nikprnl-

sefè`ty ia Tbnibsie`hltdh. Lrcis`n Iè ^lbhU.‛ ît. Zne. D @,~.

M . Lprè <078) <>?->6.

îkdrtib, W.F., Cddsd, M.L., lbh Nfu. ^.E.= ―Xfdrkle Odflvìria Tbnibsie`hltdh Iè ^lbhs.‛ ît . ‖ 5, @ .@ , ~ . . Int. <078)

4<>-?<.

Zidttklbb. A.F. lbh Klyelbh. O.M.= ―Dquèòrùk Nibstlbts e`)r

F`gf Oiè`bg Fyhrinlroib Arlntìbs it Qlrykg Nflrlntdr`7hteib

Alntirs.‛ Zrr. _da`bdr (Muey <080) <:<-<?.

Edd. ^.X. dt (è.= ―Dxpdr`k2btle lbh Xfdirdt`nle ^tuh`ds ib tfd

Aeu`h Zripdrt`ds _dqu`rdh air ^`kueltìb ia Xfdrkle Zrindwx‛

î t . Zd r = Ir g . M . odt. <06<) 4>4-4:.

Alss`fe. K._., Or`gflk. W.D , lbh _lkny. F.M. Mr.= ―Xfd _dln-

tìb C`bdt`ns ia @b-^`tu Nikoustìb.‛ ît,. Zd r . 9 @ ~ .. (Lug.

<068) 8:6- <1.

―<017 L ^XK ^tdlk Xloeds.‛ L^KD, Bdw Pirc N`ty (<017).

Gdbdrle _dadrdbnds

―Oeoekgrlpfy ia Xfdrkle Kdtfihs ia Iè _nnivdrg,‛ M . N&@ . Zd r .

X&. (Lprè-Mubd <074) 44-14.




Nrlwairh. Z.O.= ―@b-^`tu Nikoustìb.‛ ^d~iketrr~ trh rdrtèrr~

I`` _5~iw~ ~ Zb~w.~.w.~. @btdrstltd Iè Nikplnt Nukkeslìb.

Icelfikl N`ty (<078) Nflp 4.

Alriuq Lf. ^K.= ―^tdlk tbmdnrìb.‛ ^dt~ireeerr~~ eeeh Xdrker~ :<<

_dnivdry Zrindssds, @btdrstltd Iè Nikplnt Nikk`ssìb, Ic@h-

fikl N`ty (<078) Nflp. 1.

Zuts. K.= 77wbh _rw~~r~, Kibigrlpf ^drw ^ZD. _`nflrhsib.

XV (<06?) 7.

7fdrkue _dniwr~ Zri nds.ws, _dpr`bt ^dr~ns, ^ZD, _`nflrhsib, XV(<014. <064) 7.

7fdr~w~e _duwn~~ Xdnfb`quds, _dpr`bt ^dr`ds, ^ZD. _`nflrhsib.

XV (<07?) <:.

46 - Thermal Recovery

Documents

Transcript of 46 - Thermal Recovery