45:211: Environmental Geography Module 9 Energy and Environment.
45:211: Environmental Geography ENVIRONMENTAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS Module 1.
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Transcript of 45:211: Environmental Geography ENVIRONMENTAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS Module 1.
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45:211: Environmental Geography
ENVIRONMENTALINTERRELATIONSHIPS
Module 1
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Outline
• Nature of Environmental Geography– Interrelatedness
• Humans and The Environment
• Environmental systems - Ecosystem Approach
– Environmental Commons• Who “owns” Earth?
– Regional Concerns• Political versus Natural Boundaries
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Environmental Geography
• The role of Environmental Geography is to:– understand the natural
interactions within our environment, and
– integrate this understanding with the uses that humans make of the natural world and their impacts.
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45:211: Environmental Geography
The Environment
• Elements of the physical environment– Water– Air– Soil and Land
• Physical connections– Hydrologic Cycle– Atmospheric Circulation– Food Chains and Webs
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Human Activities
• Human settlement and Land use
• Resource extraction– Agriculture– Forestry– Energy and Mining
• Consumption and Waste– Consumption is waste
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45:211: Environmental Geography
An Environmental Lesson
• What can we learn from Walkerton?– Things are connected– Bad things happen from neglecting the
environment – Tackle the cause not the symptom
• Humans are a part of nature– Not apart from nature
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45:211: Environmental Geography
First Law of Ecology
• You can never do only one thing (Garrett Hardin)
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Connectedness
• “When you tug at a single thing in nature, you find it is attached to the rest of the world”
John Muir (1876)
Founder of the Sierra Club of North America
• The environment is interconnected, and we are connected to the environment
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Interrelatedness
• The “environment” is everything that affects an organism during its lifetime.– biotic - living component– abiotic - non-living component
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Ecosystem Approach
• Ecosystem: A region in which organisms and the physical environment form an interacting unit.
• An ecosystem approach requires looking at the way the natural world is organized and how different components act and interact.
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Natural versus Political Boundaries
• Most social and political decisions are made with respect to political boundaries and jurisdictions. – But environmental systems and environmental
problems rarely coincide with these boundaries.
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Rivers and Watersheds
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Trans-Boundary Water
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Other Transboundary Issues
• Quantity of water
• Quality of water
• Air pollution– local, regional , global– smog, acid rain, ozone depletion
• Habitat loss for migratory species
• Global climate change
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Global Commons
• Those natural systems and cycles that underpin the functioning of ecosystems everywhere.– Atmosphere – Oceans– Hydrologic Cycle– Biogeochemical (nutrient) Cycles
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Global Commons (2)
• These provide us with – air– water– soil– nutrients– climate stability– natural resources
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Atmospheric Circulation
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Ocean Circulation
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Hydrologic Cycle
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Rivers and Oceans
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45:211: Environmental Geography
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Tragedy of the Commons• Ecologist Garrett Hardin reiterated Aristotle's
wisdom that "... what is common to the greatest number of
people gets the least amount of care ..."
• The "tragedy of the commons" emerges whenever the benefits to an individual of (over-)exploiting an open-access (common) resource exceed that individual's share of the resulting damage costs.
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Regional Environmental Concerns
• Out of necessity (political and realistic) most countries, and regions within countries, focus on specific, local issues that apply directly to them.– If you live in the middle of Toronto, how “real”
is the problem of biodiversity loss in Brazil ??
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Regional Environmental Issues
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Geography Matters
• The physical environment is variable in geographic space
• Human society and culture are variable over geographic space
• Environmental interactions are thus rooted in their geographical location– So that geography matters!
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Great Lakes• The Great Lakes Region is dominated by large
metropolitan areas. Many of these large industrial centers have declined, leaving behind abandoned sites, and environmental pollution.
• One of the greatest problems associated with the industrial uses of this area is water contamination from toxic chemicals.– Bioaccumulation - Fish Advisories
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Environmental Indicator
• A selected key statistic that represents or summarizes a significant aspect of the state of the environment, natural resource sustainability or related human activity.
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Environmental Indicator
• Environmental indicators focus on – trends in environmental changes, – the stresses that are causing them, – how ecosystems and their components are
responding to these changes, and – societal responses to prevent, reduce or
ameliorate these stresses.
• Example: Stratospheric ozone and CFC's
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45:211: Environmental Geography
A qualitative indicator
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Atmospheric CO2
• Trend is a measure of the rate of change with time
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Trend and Variation
• Variation is the oscillation around the trend (or mean)
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45:211: Environmental Geography
Summary
• Humans are a part of nature– Not apart from nature
• Environmental interactions are rooted in their geographical location
• Most ecosystems do not coincide with political boundaries– This raises issues for the life-support systems of
the planet (global commons)