436720.Jelena Mandic Diplomski Rad

7/25/2019 436720.Jelena Mandic Diplomski Rad

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SVEUILITE U SPLITU

KEMIJSKO - TEHNOLOKI FAKULTET

PRIMJENA LETEEG PEPELA U PRIPRAVI GEOPOLIMERA

DIPLOMSKI RAD

JELENA MANDI

Matini bro! "#$%

S&'it( 'i)to&a* $++#, o*,


2/60


3/60

SVEUILITE U SPLITU

KEMIJSKO - TEHNOLOKI FAKULTET

S./0i'i1ni *i&'o2)3i )t0*i 3/2i)3/ t/4no'oi/

PRIMJENA LETEEG PEPELA U PRIPRAVI GEOPOLIMERA

DIPLOMSKI RAD

JELENA MANDI

Matini bro! "#$%

S&'it( 'i)to&a* $++#, o*,


4/60

Ra* / i5ra6/n 0 7a.o*0 5a anoran)30 t/4no'oi0 K/2i)3o-t/4no'o13o 8a30't/ta 0 S&'it0 0

o3.ir0 &ro/3ta Pri2/na '/t/9/ &/&/'a 0 no.i2a anoran)3i2 ./5i.ni2 2at/ria'i2a( &ro/3t

br, +::-:$;$#ana Jo5i9a( *o=, 0 .r/2/n)3o2 &/rio*0 o*

3on=a )r&na *o )r/*in/ 'i)to&a*a $++#, o*,


5/60

Ovom prigodom eljela bih izraziti veliku zahvalnost mommentoru dr. sc. Draanu Joziu, doc. i voditeljici projekta dr.

sc. Jelici Zeli, red.prof. na bezuvjetnoj pomoi. i podrciprilikom osmiljavnja, izvedbe i pisanja ovoga rada.Zahvaljujem se profesorici dr.sc. !anji "artinac red.prof. toje izdvojila vrijeme i trud kako bi pisani dio rada bio tokvalitetniji.!eliku zahvalnost izraavam i djelatnicima #nstitutagra$evinarstva %rvatske, a posebno djelatnicima&aboratorija za ispitivanje materijala to su mi ustupiliprostor i opremu za provedbu mehani'kih ispitivanja.

(ako$er bih se zahvalila tehni'aru )tipi *ubeliu nasavjetima i podrci prilikom izvo$enja eksperimentalnogdijela diplomskoga rada.# na koncu veliko %vala mojoj obitelji na neizmjernoj podrcii ljubavi koju mi svakodnevno ukazuju.


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ZADATAK DIPLOMSKOG RADA

7a*ata3 *i&'o2)3o ra*a / bio i)tra>iti 2o09no)ti &ri2/n/ '/t/9/ &/&/'a i5 t/r2o/'/3tran/

P'o2in $( Raba=( 0 &ri&ra.i n/3on./n=iona'ni4 ./5i.ni4 2at/ria'a( t5., /o&'i2/ra( 0 ob'i30

/o&o'i2/rni4 &a)ta, Ra*i &ro./*b/ na./*/no 5a*at3a *i&'o2)3o ra*a n0>no / bi'o &ro./)ti

)'/*/9/!

- I)&itati 8i5i3a'no 3/2i)3a ).o)t.a '/t/9/ &/&/'a,

- Pri&ra.iti &a)t/ '/t/9/ &/&/'a ?LP@ i a'3a'i)3o a3ti.atora ?AA@ ?NaOH.o*/no)ta3'o@ 0 ra5'iiti2 2a)/ni2 o2/ri2a AA i LP ?AABLP C +(% +(%; i +("+@ i 05 ra5'iit0

3on=/ntra=i0 NaOH ?( :+ i :$ 2o'B*2%@ 5a ).a30 o* &ri&ra.'/ni4 )/ria AA ra*i

0t.r6i.ana o&it2a'n/ 3o'iin/ a3ti.a=i)3o )r/*)t.a i )a*r>aa NaOH,

- G/o&o'i2/ri5a=i)3i &ro=/) &ro./)ti 05 &r/t4o*no n/o.an/ &ri&ra.'/ni4 &a)ta &ri

)obno t/2&/rat0ri 0 traan0 o* $" )ata &ri/ 4i*rot/r2a'n/ a3ti.a=i/, Hi*rot/r2a'n0

a3ti.a=i0 &ro./)ti 0 4/r2/ti3i 5at.or/ni2 &o'i/ti'/n)3i2 ?PE@ &o)0*a2a &ri ; o 0

traan0 o* $" )ata,

- I)&itati ra5.i/n/ t'an/ .r)to9/ na ).i2 )/ria2a /o&o'i2/rni4 &a)ta 0 &/rio*i2ana3on :( < i :" *ana o* 4i*rot/r2a'n/ a3ti.a=i/,

- I)tra>iti &ro*03t/ /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ &ri2/no2 *i8ra3=i/ r/n*/n)3o 5ra/na na

&o'i3ri)ta'ni2 05or=i2a ?RD@( in8ra=r./n/ )&/3tro)3o&i/ ?FTIR@ i

t/r2ora.i2/tri)3i4 2/r/na ?TGBDTG-DTA@,

- O*r/*iti )t0&an &ror/airano)ti a2or8n/ ?r/a3ti.n/@ a'02o)i'i3atn/ 8a5/ na3on : i :"

*ana /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/,


7/60

SAETAK

L/t/9i &/&/o &r/*)ta.'a ot&a*ni 2at/ria' 0 t/r2o/'/3trana2a 'o>/ni2 na 0'/n 3oi )/

i5 ot&a*ni4 &'ino.a na3on i5arana 0'/na 03'ana 0 /'/3tro)tat)3i2 8i'tri2a, L/t/9i &/&/o 3ao

ot&a*ni 2at/ria' )/ 0'a.no2 5brina.a n/o.o2 &ri2/no2 0 =/2/ntno in*0)trii( i'i 3ao

*o*ata3 =/2/nti2a 0 &ri&ra.i 2orto.aBb/tona( a 0 5a*n/ .ri/2/ )/ int/n5i.no i)tra>0/ i

&ri2/na '/t/9/ &/&/'a 0 &ri&ra.i n/3on./n=iona'ni4 ./5i.a t5., /o&o'i2/ra,

U o.o20 ra*0 i)tra>i.ana / 2o09no)t &ri2/n/ '/t/9/ &/&/'a i5 TE P'o2in $ 0

&ri&ra.i /o&o'i2/rni4 &a)ta, U t0 ).r40 '/t/9/2 &/&/'0 *o*ano / a3ti.a=i)3o )r/*)t.o

?)2/)a .o*/no )ta3'a i oto&ina NaOH( 3on=/ntra=i/ o* : 2o'B*2 %@ ta3o *a 030&na oto&ina

AA )a*r>i NaOH 0 3on=/ntra=i)3o2 i5no)0 o* ( :+ i :$ 2o'B*2%*o3 / 2a)/ni o2/r AABLP

5a*r>an na ra5ini +(% +(%; i +("+, Pri&ra.'/n/ )2/)/ )0 4/r2/ti3i 5at.or/n/ 0 PE 3a'0&/ 0

ob'i30 .a'3a i n/o.an/ na 5ra30 $" )ata( a &oto2 / &ro./*/na 4i*rot/r2a'na a3ti.a=ia &ri

;o 0 traan0 o* $" )ata, O.a3o &ri&ra.'/ni 2at/ria'i )0 na3on 4i*rot/r2a'n/ a3ti.a=i/

&ro=/)a /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ n/o.ani &ri )obno t/2&/rat0ri :( < i :" *ana, Na3on &/rio*a

n/o.ana &ro./*/no / i)&iti.an/ 2/4ani3i4 ).o)ta.a ?t'ana .r)to9a@ o.r)'i4

/o&o'i2/rni4 &a)ta( *o3 / na* o)tat=i2a &a)t/ &ro./*/no i)&iti.an/ t/r2i3/ )tabi'no)ti

/o&o'i2/ra ?TGBDTG-DTA@, 7a 0t.r6i.an/ &ro*03ata na)ta'i4 &ro=/)i2a /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/

3ori1t/na / *i8ra3=ia r/n*/n)3o 5ra/na na &o'i3ri)ta'ni2 05or=i2a /o&'i2/ra ?RD@ i

in8ra=r./na )&/3tro8oto2/tria ?FTIR@, Ra5.i/n/ t'an/ .r)to9/ 0 )0)ta.i2a /o&o'i2/rni4

&a)ta )0 ./9/ 5a )0)ta./ 0 3oi2a / o2/r AABLP C +(" i 3on=/ntra=ia NaOH 0 ra)&on0 o*

*o :+ 2o'B*2% 0 o*no)0 na &a)t/ 0 3oi2a / 3on=/ntra=ia NaOH i5no)i'a :$ 2o'B*2 %,

Pro./*/na )tr03t0rna i)&iti.ana ?RD i FTIR@ 03a500 na &o'i3on*/n5a=i)3/ &ro=/)/ 0 3oi2a

*o'a5i *o na)taana anoran)3i4 a'02o)i'i3atni4 &o'i2/ra 0 ob'i30 a2or8n/ 8a5/ b/5 .i*'i.i43ri)ta'ni4 )tr03t0rni4 0r/6/na, Dobi./ni r/50'tati i)tra>i.ana 03a500 *a / 5a &ri&ra.0

/o&o'i2/ra 0&orabo2 '/t/9/ &/&/'a o*o.ara09i4 8i5i3a'no 3/2i)3i4 3ara3t/ri)ti3a i505/tno

bitan &o/tni )a)ta. 030&n/ )2/)/ 3oi )/ o*r/60/ 3o2&oniran/2 &o/*ini4 )iro.ina '/t/9/

&/&/'a( .o*/no )ta3'a( NaOH i .o*/( a o* ).i4 3o2&on/nti &o)/bi=/ )/ i)ti/ .a>no)t *o*at3a

NaOH,

Kljune rijei:'/t/9i &/&/o( /o&o'i2/r( a'3a'i)3a a3ti.a=ia( t'ana .r)to9a( TG( RD( FTIR


8/60

SADRAJ: sr!"!UVOD :#! OP$I DIO $$,:, GEOPOLIMERI! POVIJESNI RA7VOJ I TERMINOLOGIJA $$,$, PRIPRAVA GEOPOLIMERA "$,$,:,I5.orna )iro.ina "

$,$,$, A3ti.a=ia &ro=/)a /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/

$,%, MEHANI7AM GEOPOLIMERI7AIJE $,%,:, U'oa )i'i=ia i a'02inia :$

$,%,$, Ut/=a ra5'iiti4 3ationa na ).o)t.a /o&o'i2/ra :;$,%,$,:, Ut/=a 3a'=i/.i4 iona :;

$,%,$,$, Ut/=a >/'/5o.i4 iona :;

$,", MIKROSTRUKTURA I PORO7NOST KONANIH PRODUKTA :$,;, SVOJSTVA I PRIMJENA GEOPOLIMERNIH MATERIJALA :%! EKSPERIME&TALI DIO :#%,:, PRIPREMA SIROVINE :#

%,$, KARAKTERI7AIJA SIROVINE :#

%,$,:, O*r/6i.an/ ./'iin/ i ra)&o*/'/ ./'iin/ /)ti=a 2/to*o2 )iana i *i8ra3=i/

'a)/r)3o 5ra/na na /)ti=a2a '/t/9/ &/&/'a

:#

%,$,$, O*r/6i.an/ 0)to9/ '/t/9/ &/&/'a :#%,$,%, O*r/6i.an/ 0*/'a a2or8n/ 8a5/ 0 '/t/9/2 &/&/'0 $+%,%, U./ti &ri&ra./ 05ora3a /o&o'i2/ra $+%,%,:, Pri&ra.a oto&in/ a'3a'no a3ti.atora $+%,%,$, Pri&ra.a 05ora3a /o&o'i2/ra $:%,%,%, O*r/6i.an/ )t0&na &ror/airano)ti $;%,%,", 'o3iran/ &ro=/)a /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ $;%,", INSTRUMENTALNE METODE I TEHNIKE KARAKTERI7AIJE U7ORAKAGEOPOLIMERA

$

%,",:,O*r/6i.an/ 2/4ani3i4 ).o)ta.a &ri&ra.'/ni4 /o&o'i2/ra $%,",$, In8ra=r./na )&/3tro8oto2/tria $

%,",%, Di8ra3=ia r/n*/n)3o 5ra/na na &o'i3ri)ta'ni2 05or=i2a &ra4a ?RD@ i ana'i5a

*i8ra3=i)3i4 )'i3a

$/ni2 na

0'/n( 3oi / &o2o90 /'/3tro)tat)3i4 8i'tar)3i4 0r/6aa )/&ariran i5 ot&a*ni4 &'ino.a, L/t/9i

&/&/o 3ao ta3a. &r/*)ta.'a 2at/ria' 3o/ / &otr/bno 5brin0ti i &r/2a n/20 &o)t0&ati 3ao

&r/2a ra6/.in)3o2 ot&a*0( i to )a2o 0 )'0a/.i2a 3a*a i)ti n/ )&a*a 0 3'a)0 o&a)ni4 ot&a*a,

O*no)no( 03o'i3o i)ti n/ )a*r>i &o./9an0 ra*ioa3ti.no)t, 7brina.an/ o.o 2at/ria'a obino

)/ &ro.o*i *o*a.an/2 i)to 0 ra5'iit/ =/2/ntn/ 3o2&o5it/ a'i i 0 )a2o2 &ro=/)0 &roi5.o*n/

=/2/nta, Ta3o *a / 0'a.no2 =/2/ntna in*0)tria ona 3oa o.0 .r)t0 ot&a*no 2at/ria'a i

5brina.a, U'oa '/t/9/ &/&/'a 0 =/2/ntni2 3o2&o5itni2 2at/ria'i2a / *.oa3a i to! a@

3/2i)3a ?)0*/'0/ a3ti.no 0 o*.ian0 &0=o'an)3i4 r/a3=ia@ i b@ 8i5i3a'na ?*/'0/ 3ao

n03'/a=i)3o 2/)to a'i i 3ao &0ni'o@, Nai2/ *o)a*a1n/ )t0*i/ )0 &o3a5a'/ *a / 0t/=a '/t/9/&/&/'a na =/2/ntni 3o2&o5itni 2at/ria' i505/tno *obar i &o>/'an &ooto.o 03o'i3o / ri/ o

=/2/nti2a 3oi i2a0 ).o0 &ri2/n0 0 ar/)i.ni2 2/*ii2a( t, 2/*ii2a 0 3oi2a )0 &ri)0tni

)0'8ati i 3'ori*i, O.o ).o)t.o 2o>/ 5a4.a'iti i)3'0i.o ).oo( ./9 na./*/no( *.o)tr03o 0'o5i,

N/ati.na 3ara3t/ri)ti3a o.a3.i4 =/2/ntni4 3o2&o5itni4 2at/ria'a / ni4o.a ni)3a rana

2/4ani3a .r)to9a( 1to &r/*)ta.'a .r'o bitan &ara2/tar 3oi orania.a 0&orab0 o.a3.i4

=/2/ntni4 3o2&o5ita, U ).i/t0 )/ )t.ara0 i505/tno ./'i3/ 3o'iin/ '/t/9/ &/&/'a ra5'iit/

3.a'it/t/( a )a2o )/ *io 5brina.a 0 =/2/ntno in*0)trii(&a 3o'iina no.ona)ta'i4 r/5/r.i '/t/9/

&/&/'a &r/2a10/ &otr/b/ =/2/ntn/ in*0)tri/ 5a o.o2 .r)to2 2at/ria'a( i)3'0i.o 5bo toa1to o.a .r)ta =/2/nta n/2a 1iro30 &ri2/n0, Ot3ri9/ r/a3=ia /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ 0

a'02o)i'i3atni2 )0)ta.i2a ?3ao 1to )0 ra5'iit/ 'in/ 2/60 3oi2a )/ naroito i)ti/ 2/ta3ao'in@

o /20 )./*o/ broni ra*o.i oba.'/ni na t0 t/20( 0)2/ri'a )0 i)tra>i.ana &ri2/n/ '/t/9/

&/&/'a 3a )int/5i /o&o'i2/ra i o*r/6i.an0 2/4ani5a2a /o&o'i2/ri5a=i)3i4 &ro=/)a( b0*09i

*a '/t/9i &/&/'i ta3o6/r )&a*a0 0 a'02o)i'i3atn/ )0)ta./, 7bo n/0/*na/no)ti 3/2i)3o

8i5i3a'ni4 ).o)ta.a '/t/9/ &/&/'a 3ao i ra5'iiti4 &o)t0&a3a 3oi )/ .r1/ 0 ).r40 a3ti.a=i/

/o&o'i2/rni4 ./5i.a( r/50'tati i)tra>i.ana .arira0 t/ )/ 2/60)obno 0./'i3/ i ra5'i300,

U&ra.o 5bo na./*/no( 0 o.o20 / ra*0 i)&iti.ana 2o09no)t &ri2/n/ '/t/9/ &/&/'a 3'a)/ F(i5 TE P'o2in $ 0 &ri&ra.i /o&o'i2/rni4 3o2&o5ita 0 ob'i30 &a)ta,


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Diplomski rad O+,i -i.

#!OP$I DIO

#!"! GEOPOLIMERI: POVIJES&I RAZVOJ I TERMI&OLOGIJA

G/o&o'i2/ri )0 r/'ati.no no. &oa2 3oi o5naa.a r0&0 anoran)3i4 a'02o)i'i3atni4

2at/ria'a, Sa2 na5i. &r/*'o>io / Jo)/&4 Da.i*o.it)5 :#ni )0 ra*o.i 2noi4 i)tra>i.aa 3oi )0 ti/3o2 $+, )to'/9a &ro0a.a'i a'3a'no

a3ti.irana ?AA@ ./5i.a,

T/0li1/ "!ib'iora8)3i &r/'/* .a>nii4 i)tra>i.ana 0 ra5.o0 AA ./5i.a$,

V/'i3i *o&rino) 0 ra5.o0 a'3a'no a3ti.irani4 ./5i.a *ao / 5nan)t./ni3 P0r*on 3oi / :#"+,

o*in/ a3ti.irao tro)30 .i)o3/ &/9i *o*at3o2 natri/.o 4i*ro3)i*a $, Pri'i3o2 i5.o6/na

/3)&/ri2/nta 0oio / *a )/ &ro=/) o*.ia 0 *.a 3ora3a 0 &r.o2 3ora30 )t.ara0 )/ 4i*ro3)i*i

*o3 )/ 0 *r0o2 )t.ara0 4i*rati 05 i)to*obno obna.'an/ a'3a'n/ oto&in/, Uoio / i *o3a5ao

3ata'iti30 0'o0 4i*ro3)i*a 0 &ro=/)0 a'3a'n/ a3ti.a=i/,

G'034o.)3 $ / &r.i &ro0a.ao *r/.n/ Ei&at)3/ i Ri2)3/ ra6/.in/ i o)i2 8a5a )'ini4

=/2/nt0 &ri2i/tio / i &ri)0)t.o 3ri)ta'ni4 8a5a )'ini4 3a2/n0, Na t/2/'0 o.i4 i)tra>i.ana

G'034o.)3 / 5a&o/o ra5.o no.o ti&a 3o2&o5ita 3o/ / na5.ao soil - cement, Sa2o i2/

$

AUTOR GOD! Z&AAJ ISTRAIVA&JA2ere 1939 Tro)3a 3ao *o*ata3 =/2/nt0Pur-.n 1940 A'3a'no-a3ti.irana tro)3aGlu34.5s36 1959 T/or/t)3/ o)no./ i ra5.o a'3a'no a3ti.irani4

=/2/nataGlu34.5s36 1965 Pr.i &0t 0&otri/b'/n na5i. a'3a'ni =/2/ntQD/5i-.5is 1979 U./*/n &oa2 /o&o'i2/rM/lin.7s3i 1979 Kara3t/ri5a=ia anti3i4 a3.a*03taL/n8.n i R.6 1984 Kara3t/ri5a=ia anti3i4 ra6/.in)3i4 2at/ria'aD/5i-.5is i S/76er 1985 Pat/nt 5a &ra2/nt =/2/ntM/l.le+s6 i Peri 1986 A3ti.a=ia )int/t)3i4 tro)3iD/5i-.5is 1987 U)&or/*ba anti3i4 i 2o*/rni4 b/tonaDej/ i M/l.le+s6 1989 Do3a5a'i ot&orno)t &r/2a 3'ori*i2a9u i sur/-ni1i 1990 A3ti.a=ia 2/ta'0r13o =/2/ntaR.6 i sur/-ni1i 1991 r5o ./5i.an/ a'3a'no a3ti.irani4 =/2/nataGlu34.5s36 1994 Dr/.ni( 2o*/rni i b0*09i b/toniKri5en3. 1994 A'3a'ni =/2/nti9/n8 i S1ri5ener 1995 Tro)3a i a'3a'no a3ti.irana 2i3ro)tr03t0ra


12/60


ni3a* ni/ 5a>i./'o &a Da.i*o.it) :#/ biti bi'o 3oi 2at/ria' )a .i)o3i2 )a*r>a/2)i'i=ia i a'02inia( b/5 ob5ira na n/o.o &o*ri/t'o, To 2o0 biti &riro*n/ )iro.in/ 3ao i

%


13/60


n0)&roi5.o*i ra5'iiti4 in*0)tri)3i4 &o)tro/na, O* &riro*ni4 )iro.ina na/19/ )/ 3ori)t/ ra5n/

'in/ i5 7/2'in/ 3or/, Kao )iro.ina 2o>/ )/ 0&otri/biti i &/&/o 5ao)tao na3on )aori/.ana

ra5ni4 .r)ta 0'/na 0 t/r2o/'/3trana2a( tro)3a .i)o3/ &/9i t/ ra5'iiti in*0)tri)3i ot&at=i ",

U&oraba in*0)tri)3i4 n0)&roi5.o*a &oo*na / i ) /3o'o13o a)&/3ta /r )/ na ta nain

5brina.a 1t/tni ot&a*, U *o)a*a1ni2 i)tra>i.ani2a $ 3ori1t/n/ )0 )'/*/9/ )iro.in/!

a) kaolinske gline,

b) metakaolin,

c) letei pepeo,

d) troska visoke pei,

e) smjesa leteeg pepela i troske,

f) smjesa leteeg pepela i metakaolina,

g) smjesa troske i metakaolina,

h) smjesa troske i crvenog mulja,

i ) smjese leteeg pepela i ne-kalciniranih materijala poput kaolina.

Na.a>nii &ara2/tri o 3oi2a 9/ o.i)iti r/a3ti.no)t )iro.in/ )0! )a*r>a r/a3ti.no

)i'i=ia( 0*io a2or8n/ 8a5/( ./'iina /)ti=a i )a*r>a 3a'=ia ;, To&'in)3o2 obra*o2

a'02o)i'i3atni4 2at/ria'a( a 3oa )/ &ro.o*i &ri/ 4i*rot/r2a'n/ a3ti.a=i/( 2i/na )/ ni4o.a

0n0tarna )tr03t0ra i &o./9a.a )/ 0*io a2or8n/ 8a5/ &a / ti2/ r/a3ti.no)t ta3./ )iro.in/ ./9a,

O)i2 &o./9an/ r/a3ti.no)ti( 2at/ria'i 3oi )0 &r/t4o*no to&'in)3i obra6/ni r/50'tira0

&ro*03ti2a ./9i4 2/4ani3i4 .r)to9a o* &ro*03ata *obi./ni4 a'3a'no2 a3ti.a=io2 &riro*ni4

)iro.ina, 7bo toa )0 &o.o'ni/ )iro.in/ &o&0t '/t/9/ &/&/'a i tro)3/ ?3oi )/ ina/ *obi.a0

&o* ra5'iiti2 0t/=ai2a .i)o3i4 t/2&/rat0ra@ 0 o*no)0 na &riro*n/ 3o/ ni)0 to&'in)3i

obra6/n/,

S./ )iro.in/ 3o/ )/ 2o0 0)&/1no &ri2i/niti 0 &roi5.o*ni /o&o'i2/ra 2o0 )/ &r/2a

3/2i)3o2 )a)ta.0 ).r)tati 0 *.i/ .a>n/ r0&/!

1. sirovine s visokim sadrajem kalcijevog oksida, kao to je troska visoke pei

!. sirovine s niskim sadrajem kalcijevog oksida kao to je letei pepeo klase ".

O.i)no o )a*r>a0 3a'=ia 2o09a )0 *.a 2o*/'a &o 3oi2a 9/ )/ o*.iati a'3a'na a3ti.a=ia,

Pr.i 2o*/' / a3ti.a=ia tro)3/ i o)ta'i4 )iro.ina ) .i)o3i2 )a*r>a/2 3a'=ia ?Si a )0)ta.@ )

02/r/no a'3a'no2 oto&ino2 */ )/ 3ao 'a.ni &ro*03t *obi.a0 SH 8a5/ ,Pr/2a *r0o2 2o*/'0 3oi )/ *oa6a &ri'i3o2 a'3a'n/ a3ti.a=i/ 2/ta3ao'ina i'i *r0i4

a'02o)i'i3atni4 )0)ta.a( *o'a5i *o )t.arana &o'i2/ra .i)o3i4 2/4ani3i4 .r)to9a,

Va>an &ara2/tar &ri i5bor0 )iro.in/( a 3oi / *ir/3tno ./5an 05 )a*r>a )i'i=ia( / o2/r

SiBA' 0 )iro.ini, Ka3o r/a3=ii /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ n/ &o*'i/>/ =/'o30&ni )i'i=i )a*r>an 0

)iro.ini( 5a &ro=/n0 r/a3ti.no)ti .a>nii / o2/r SiBA' r/a3ti.n/ 8a5/, O)i2 5a &ro=/n0

r/a3ti.no)ti( SiBA' o2/r 0t// i na 3onan0 )tr03t0r0 i ).o)t.a 3onano &ro*03ta, U tab'i=i $

&ri3a5ana / 2o0no)t &ri2/n/ /o&o'i2/ra 0 o.i)no)ti o .ri/*no)ti o2/ra SiBA',

T/0li1/ #!Mo09no)t &ri2/n/ /o&o'i2/ra 0 o.i)no)ti o SiBA' o2/r0 "

"


14/60


Si;Al .a )i'i=ia i a'02inia( .i)o3 0*io r/a3ti.n/ a2or8n/ 8a5/ i o&9/nito ni5a3

)a*r>a 3a'=ia 1to a ini &oo*ni2 5a 0&orab0 0 /o&o'i2/rno t/4no'oii, L/t/9i &/&/o ina/

/ 1t/tni ot&a* 5a i/ )/ 5brina.an/ i5*.aa0 i505/tno ./'i3a )r/*)t.a na )./t)3o ra5ini( &a /

n/o.a 0&otr/ba o)i2 0 =/2/ntno in*0)trii 0 &ri&ra.i /o&o'i2/ra &o.o'na i )a /3o'o13o

a)&/3ta, L/t/9i &/&/o 3oi )/ 2o>/ 0)&/1no &ri2i/niti 5a &ri&ra.0 /o&o'i2/rni4 b/tonatr/bao bi &o3a5i.ati )'/*/9a ).o)t.a #!

;


15/60


:, U*io )i'i=i/.o o3)i*a i a'02ini/.o o3)i*a 5a/*no tr/bao bi i5no)i + 030&n/

2a)/ '/t/9/ &/&/'a( *o3 / &o>/'an o2/r SiBA' C $,

$, U*io >/'/5o.i4 o3)i*a o* :+ *o 2a3)i2a'no $+ 2a), 030&n/ 2a)/

%, U*io 3a'=i/.o o3)i*a n/ .i1i o* ; 2a),

", Sa*r>a 3arbonata o*r/6/ni4 3ao 0bita3 >ar/n/2 n/ bi tr/bao &r/'a5iti $

;, O3o + /)ti=a '/t/9/ &/&/'a tr/ba'o bi biti 2an/ o* ;+ 2,

Dr0a na/19/ 3ori1t/na )iro.ina / tro)3a .i)o3/ &/9i, Tro)3a / ta3o6/r n0)&roi5.o*

2/ta'0r13i4 &ro=/)a i n/no 5brina.an/ 0 )2i)'0 &roi5.o*n/ /o&o'i2/ra *o&rino)i o0.an0

o3o'i1a,

#!#!#!A3i5/1ij/ +r.1es/ 8e.+.lina )iro.in)3a 3o2&on/nta / a3ti.ator &ro=/)a /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/, 0*09i *a

)/ r/a3=ia o*.ia )a2o 0 a3o '0>nato2 2/*i0 0.ri/>/n / na5i. a'3a'ni a3ti.ator, Po)to/

ra5'iit/ 3o2bina=i/ a'3a'ni4 oto&ina 3o/ )/ 2o0 0&orabiti 0 t0 ).r40, G'034o.)3 :+ /

a'3a'n/ a3ti.ator/ &o*i/'io 0 1/)t r0&a!

1. #idroksidi, $%#,

!. &oli slabih kiselina, $!'%(, $!&%(, $(%*,

(. &ilikati+ $!% n&i%(,

*. luminati+ $!% nl!%(,

. lumosilikati+ $!% l!%( /!-0)&i%!,

0. &oli jakih kiselina, $!&%*,

*/ )'o.o M &r/*)ta.'a a'3a'i)3i 3ation,

Unato ./'i3o2 i5bor0 a3ti.atora( 5a &ri&ra.0 /o&o'i2/ra na/19/ )/ 3ori)t/ a3/ '0>in/ &o&0t

NaOH( KOH 0 3o2bina=ii ) Na - .o*/ni2 )ta3'o2 ?Na$SiO%@ i'i K - .o*/ni2 )ta3'o2

?K$SiO%@, 7a )a20 r/a3=i0 /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ .a>n0 0'o0 ira 3on=/ntra=ia 4i*ro3)i*a 0

oto&ini a3ti.atora, I)tra>i.ana 0t/=aa 3on=/ntra=i/ 4i*ro3)i*a :: *o./'a )0 *o .a>ni4

ot3ri9a o 2/4ani520 )a2/ r/a3=i/, A3o )/ ra*i ) .i)o3o 3on=/ntrirani2 oto&ina2a 4i*ro3)i*a?:+ 2o'B*2%i .i1/ @( &H )0)ta.a bit 9/ *o.o'no .i)o3 *a *o6/ *o ota&ana )i'i=ia i5 )iro.in/ t/

*a )/ on/2o09i ota&an/ 3a'=i/.o 4i*ro3)i*a, Pri ta3.i2 0./ti2a 0 )0)ta.0 n/9/ &o)toati

*o.o'no 3a'=ia 5a 8or2iran/ 3a'=i )i'i3at 4i*ratni4 ?SH@ 8a5a( ./9 9/ 3ao 'a.ni &ro*03t

na)taati a'02o)i'i3ati t/2/'/ni na natri0, No.ona)ta'i &ro*03t ./5i.ati 9/ 4i*ro3)i*n/ ion/ 5a

).o0 )tr03t0r0 5bo /a 9/ )/ )2ani.ati ni4o. )a*r>a 0 oto&ini, Ni>i &H o2o09it 9/

ota&an/ 3a'=i/.o 4i*ro3)i*a i *o./)t 9/ *o )t.arana SH /'a 3ao )/30n*arno &ro*03ta

r/a3=i/,

U3o'i3o / &a3 3on=/ntra=ia 4i*ro3)i*a ni>a o* ; 2o'B*2 %( 0 )0)ta.0 / &H *o.o'no ni5a3 *ao2o09i ota&an/ 3a'=i/.o 4i*ro3)i*a( i2/ )/ 0 )0)ta.0 )t.ara *o.o'no 3a'=ia 5a 8or2iran/


16/60


SH /'a, Ni)3i &H on/2o09a.a ota&an/ &ri2arno 2at/ria'a &a 0 )0)ta.0 n/9/ &o)toati

*o.o'no oto&'/no a'02inia 5a )t.aran/ a'3a'ni4 a'02o)i'i3ata( 1to 5nai *a 9/ biti *o.o'no

)i'i=ia *a r/aira ) 3a'=i/2 i )t.ori SH /'( 3ao 'a.ni &ro*03t r/a3=i/,

N/3i i)tra>i.ai $ 5a a'3a'n0 a3ti.a=i0 3ori)ti'i )0 oto&in/ 3o/ ni)0 )a*r>a.a'/

.o*/no )ta3'o, Pr/2a Pint0 :$ a'3a'ni a3ti.ator ira na.a>ni0 0'o0 0 r/a3=ia2a

&o'i2/ri5a=i/ 3o/ )/ 'a31/ i br>/ o*ira.a0 0 &ri)0tno)ti to&'i.o )i'i=ia, O.0 t.r*n0 )0

&ot.r*i'i Pa'o2o i )0ra*ni=i i ria*o i Pa'o2o :% &r/2a 3oi2a 0&otr/ba .o*/no )ta3'a

&o2a>/ r/a3=ia2a &o'i2/ri5a=i/ i .o*i 3a na)tan30 &ro*03ata )a ./9i2 )a*r>a/2 )i'i=ia i

bo'i2 2/4ani3i2 ).o)t.i2a, Mnoi *r0i a0tori (:$(:% 0oi'i )0 &ora)t 2/4ani3i4

.r)to9a 3a* )/ a'3a'na a3ti.a=ia .r1i i )a &ri)0tni2 .o*/ni2 )ta3'o2,

0 i D/./nt/r :" )0 &ot.r*i'i *a 0&oraba .o*/no )ta3'a &obo'1a.a ota&an/ &ri2arno

2at/ria'a, Oni )0 &ro0a.a'i a'3a'n0 a3ti.a=i0 &/tna/)t ra5'iiti4 &riro*ni4 a'02o)i'i3atni4

)iro.ina i 5a3'0i'i *a ./9ina ni4 n/ 2o>/ o)i0rati *o.o'no )i'i=ia 5a &o/ta3

/o&o'i2/ri5a=i/( 5bo /a / &otr/bno *o*ati oto&'/ni )i'i=i,

P0/rta) i )0ra*ni=i :; )0 &ro0a.a'i &a)t/ &ri&ra.'/n/ o* '/t/9/ &/&/'a i tro)3/ i 0t.r*i'i *a

t'an/ .r)to9/ 0./'i3/ o.i)/ o 3on=/ntra=ii 0&orab'/no a3ti.atora, Uoi'i )0 *a &ora)to2

)a*r>aa tro)3/ 0 )iro.ini ra)t0 t'an/ .r)to9/ 1to / oba)nio ./9o2 r/a3ti.no190 tro)3/ 0

o*no)0 na '/t/9i &/&/o,

V/'i3 bro 5nan)t./ni3a :( $( "( ( :$( :% 0oio / )'in/ tr/n*o./! &o./9ani )a*r>a natria

05ro30/ &o./9ano ota&an/ )i'i=ia i a'02inia, Vi*'i.o / *a3'/( *a )/ ra5'iit/ 3on=/ntra=i/

a'3a'no a3ti.atora 0&otr/b'a.a0 5a ra5'iit/ )iro.in)3/ 2at/ria'/ i *a 9/ )/ 5a )iro.in/ b/5

3a'=ia 3ori)tit/ 3on=/ntrirani/ oto&in/,

V/9ina i)tra>i.aa : - : i)&iti.a'a / 0t/=a t/2&/rat0r/ n/o.ana 3ao /*no o* bitnii4

&ara2/tara 0 &ro=/)0 /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/, O&ti2a'ni r/50'tati )0 *obi./ni 0 t/2&/rat0rno2

int/r.a'0 o* + *o #+ , O)i2 t/2&/rat0r/ .a>an &ara2/tar / .r/2/n)3i &/rio* traana

n/o.ana, U5or=i )/ &ri &o.i1/no t/2&/rat0ri 0obia/no 5a*r>a.a0 :$ i'i $" )ata :,

A'3a'no a3ti.iran/ tro)3/ &o3a500 bo'a 2/4ani3a ).o)t.a a3o )0 )/ to&'in)3o2 n/o.an0

i5'aa'/ 3ra9/ .ri/2/( *o3 3o* &ro*0>/no n/o.ana &ri &o.i1/no t/2&/rat0ri *o'a5i *o &a*a.r)to9a, To )/ oba1na.a &r/t&o)ta.3o2 *a )/ ti/3o2 n/o.ana )t.ara0 4i*rata=i)3i

&ro*03ti o3o n/i5r/airani4 5rna tro)3/ i na ta nain )&r/a.a0 *a'n0 r/a3=i0, N/3i a0tori

t.r*/ *a &ora)t t/2&/rat0r/ n/o.ana .o*i 3a &ora)t0 0*/'a n/i5r/airan/ )iro.in/ :na *a bi 0o&9/ *o1'o

*o r/a3=i/, S2/)/ ) '/t/9i2 &/&/'o2 ?3ao )iro.ino2@ i2a0 .i)o30 /n/ri0 a3ti.a=i/( )toa

*a bi r/a3=ia 0o&9/ 5a&o/'a t0 /n/ri0 / &otr/bno *o./)ti )0)ta.0 0 ob'i30 to&'in/, 0*09i *a

/ /n/ria a3ti.a=i/ '/t/9/ &/&/'a .i1a o* /n/ri/ a3ti.a=i/ tro)3/ to 9/ &o./9an/

t/2&/rat0r/ n/o.ana .i1/ 0t/=ati na )2/)/ ) '/t/9i2 &/&/'o2 :,


17/60


Sa2a r/a3=ia /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ / /5ot/r2na 5bo /a )/ &ri'i3o2 n/o.ana o)'oba6a

to&'ina 1to 2o>/ 05ro3o.ati i)&ara.an/ .o*/ i5 )0)ta.a, G0bita3 .o*/ ti/3o2 rani4 8a5a

r/a3=i/ r/50'tirat 9/ 'o1i2 2/4ani3i2 ).o)t.i2a( &a )/ i5 to ra5'oa 05or=i 2ora0 0.ati 0

4/r2/ti3i 5at.or/ni2 &o)0*a2aB3a'0&i2a,

ro04 i At3in)on :# )0 &ro0a.a'i )0)ta. tro)3/ .i)o3/ &/9i a3ti.iran/ ) .o*/ni2

)ta3'o2, Uoi'i )0 *a / 05or=i2a n/o.ani2 :$ )ati &ri t/2&/rat0ri o*


18/60


SiO# @ ?#O @ O? B CSiOO?% F ?$@

SiO#@ #O? B CSiO# O?#F# ?%@

U a3o a'3a'no2 2/*i0 ota&an/ )i'i=i/.o *io3)i*a o*.iat 9/ )/ &r/2a r/a3=ii ?%@,

Pr/2a na./*/ni2 r/a3=ia2a .i*'i.o / *a na br5in0 ota&ana )iro.in)3o 2at/ria'a 5naano

0t// 3on=/ntra=ia 4i*ro3)i*ni4 iona 0 )0)ta.0, r5ina ota&ana ta3o6/r o.i)i i o t/2&/rat0ri

ota&ana 3ao i o 3/2i)3o r/a3ti.no)ti )iro.in/ $%, Na3on ota&ana i 4i*ro'i5/ *o'a5i *o

r/a3=ia &o'i3on*/n5a=i/, Kon*/n5a=ia )/ 2o>/ o*.iati i52/60 )i'i3atn/ i a'02inatn/ .r)t/ a'i

i i52/60 )i'i3atni4 .r)ta 2/60)obno( 1to o.i)i o 3on=/ntra=ii )i'i3atni4 .r)ta t/ o '0>nato)ti

)0)ta.a, Kon*/n5a=ia a'02inatni4 i )i'i3atni4 .r)ta i5 natri/.o )i'i3ata ni/ /*na3a

3on*/na5a=ii a'02inatn/ )a )i'i3atno2 .r)to2 i5 )iro.in/, Ra5'i3a / 0 to2/ 1to )0 )i'i3atn/

r0&/ )a*r>an/ 0 natri/.o2 )i'i3at0 &r/t/>no o'io2/rno 3ara3t/ra( *o3 )0 )i'i3atn/ r0&/

na)ta'/ ota&an/2 )i'i=ia i5 2/ta3ao'ina 0'a.no2 2ono2/ri, Mono2/rn/ )i'i3atn/ .r)t/ 0

.i)o3o '0>nato2 2/*i0 &o3a500 t/n*/n=i0 *a 3on*/n5a=io2 )t.or/ o'io2/rn/ .r)t/ 3o/ 9/

*a'/ )t.arati =i3'i30 )tr03t0r0 5a4.a'009i 0t/=a0 ni5a &ara2/tara! ra)&o*/'i &ar=ia'no

naboa( bro0 4i*ro3)i*ni4 r0&a t/ /'/3tro)tat)3o2 i )t/ri3o2 /8/3t0, U3o'i3o )/ 0 o.a3a.

a'3a'no)i'i3atni )0)ta. *o*a0 *o*atn/ 3o'iin/ a'02inatni4 A'?OH@"W aniona oni 9/ */'o.ati

3ao &ro2otori r/a3=ia 3on*/n5a=i/ 5bo toa 1to a'02ini/.i ioni 0 A'?OH@ "W ob'i30 i2a0

./9i &ar=ia'ni nabo( ./9i ato2)3i ra*i0) t/ ./9i bro 4i*ro3)i*ni4 iona( 1to i4 ini

r/a3ti.nii2a 0 o*no)0 na o*o.ara09/ )i'i3atn/ .r)t/,

Pro*03t 3on*/n5a=i/ a'02inatni4 i )i'i3atni4 .r)ta 0'a.no2 / =i3'i3/ )tr03t0r/ 1to / 0

)3'a*0 )a )t.aran/2 =i3'i3i4 )i'i3atni4 .r)ta, S03'a*no to2/( .r)ti /o&o'i2/r &oin/ )/

)t.arati 5a4.a'009i 3on*/n5a=ii a'02inatni4 A'?OH@"W aniona ) &r/t/>no o'io2/rni2

)i'i3atni2 .r)ta2a, Pro*03ti r/a3=i/ )0 bron/ o'io2/rn/ a'02o)i'i3atn/ .r)t/ io2 *a'no2

3on*/n5a=io2 na)ta/ 3ara3t/ri)tina 02r/>/na /o&o'i2/rna )tr03t0ra,

O./ 3on*/n5a=i)3/ r/a3=i/ .r'o )0 .a>n/ 5a )int/50 t5., &o'i?)i'oXo@ i &o'i?)ia'at-*i)i'oXo@

/o&o'i2/ra 5bo toa 1to )0 )i'i3atn/ .r)t/ )a*r>an/ 0 )iro.ini &r/t/>no )'abo to&'i./ 0&o/t30 &a 9/ )tr03t0ra natri/.o )i'i3ata 5naano 0t/=ati na 3on*/n5a=i0 i )t.aran/

/o&o'i2/rn/ )tr03t0r/,

Van D/./nt/r i )0ra*ni=i $" 0oi'i )0 o.i)no)t 3onan/ /o&o'i2/rn/ )tr03t0r/ o )a)ta.0 i

)tr03t0ri 3ori1t/n/ oto&in/ a'3a'no a3ti.atora, Pro2/na )a)ta.a i )tr03t0r/ 3ori1t/n/ oto&in/

i5ra.no 0t// na )tr03t0r0 i ).o)t.a 3onano /o&o'i2/ra, R/a3=ia &o'i2/ri5a=i/

?&o'i3on*/n5a=i/@ 0 /o&o'i2/rno2 )0)ta.0 2o>/ )/ &ri3a5ati )'/*/9i2 i5ra5o2!

7&/#OHAl#O%6?#O @ Al#O%SiO# B 7&/#OAl#O%#@HSiO#?#O ?"@

#


19/60


*/ )0!,2,3 4 parametri ovisni o sastavu i strukturi alkalnog aktivatora

z4 stupanj hidratacije

Ka3o bi )/ &rona1ao obra5a= o*.iana r/a3=ia /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ Da.i*o.it=4 : / &r/*'o>io

)'/*/9i r/*o)'i/* o*.iana r/a3=ia 3oi 03'00/ &o'i3on*/n5a=i0 4i&ot/t)3o orto)i'i3atno

iona!

?;@

?@

Pr/*'o>/ni obra5a= o*.iana r/a3=ia 0 o.a3.i2 )0)ta.i2a ni/ *o 3raa &ot.r6/n a'i &r0>a

&rib'i>no toan 0.i* 0 o*.ian/ r/a3=ia 0 /o&o'i2/rni2 )0)ta.i2a, G/o&o'i2/rna )tr03t0ra0obia/no )/ i5ra>a.a /2&iri)3o2 8or20'o2!

nM#OAl#O%HSiO#6?#O ?/ )/ 5a3'0iti *a .o*a ni/ r/a3tant

t/ 3ao ta3.a ni/ n0>na 5a r/a3=i0 /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/, O)i2 3on*/n5a=io2( *o o)'oba6ana

.o*/ *o'a5i i 0 3a)nii2 8a5a2a n/o.ana i )tar/na 2at/ria'a ",

U30&na r/a3=ia /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ b/5 ob5ira na 0&otri/b'/n0 )iro.in0 na/19/ )/ &r/*oa.a

)'/*/9i2 3/2i)3i2 r/a3=ia2a!

?@

/o&o'i2/rni &r/30r)or

?#@

:+


20/60


/o&o'i2/rni 'ana=

I5 &ri3a5ani4 r/a3=ia / .i*'i.o *a .o*a n/ )0*/'0/ 0 /o&o'i2/rno )tr03t0ri t/ *a t/ori)3i

.o*a ni/ &otr/bna 5a o*.ian/ r/a3=ia /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/, Vo*a 0 )0)ta.0 &obo'1a.a

obra*'i.o)t i r/o'o13a ).o)t.a )2/)/( a'i 5a ra5'i30 o* =/2/ntni4 3o2&o5ita ni/ &otr/bna 5a

)t.aran/ 4i*rata=i)3i4 &ro*03ata, U3o'i3o 0 )iro.ini &o)toi 5natan )a*r>a 3a'=i/.o o3)i*a

ta*a 9/ )/ .o*a &ona1ati 3ao r/a3tant i )t.arati 9/ SH 8a5/ 1to 9/ &o.o'no 0t/=ati na 3a)n/

.r)to9/, Vo*a( 3oa )/ o)'obo*i i5 2atri3)a( o)ta.'a 5a )obo2 *i)3ontin0iran/ nano &or/ 3o/

5bo ).o/ ./'iin/ n/9/ 0t/=ati na 2/4ani3a ).o)t.a &ro*03ta ./9 9/ o2o09iti n/o.0

&ot/n=ia'n0 &ri2/n0 0 ).r40 &roi19a.ana i i2obi'i5a=i/ ot&a*ni4 i 1t/tni4 .r)ta 0 o3o'i10

",

N/3i a0tori "( ; 0&o5ora.a0 na &rob'/2/ *o 3oi4 2o>/ *o9i 03o'i3o )/ ra*i )a

&o./9ani2 )a*r>a/2 .o*/, U ta3.i2 )0)ta.i2a( oto&'/n/ /)ti=/ n/9/ 2o9i r/airati

2/60)obno 5bo &r/./'i3/ 0*a'/no)ti 2/60 ni2a t/ 2o>/ *o9i *o 5a0)ta.'ana r/a3=ia,

Ta3o6/r( 0)'i/* i)&ara.ana .o*/ )2an0/ )/ )a*r>a a'3a'n/ oto&in/ 3oi / na ra)&o'aan0 5a

r/a3=i0( oto&ina &o)ta/ &r/5a)i9/na )a a'3a'i)3i2 )o'i2a t/ )/ on/ &oin0 ta'o>iti, Ta'o>/n/2

)o'i )2an0/ )/ 3o'iina a'3a'i)3i4 3ationa 0 oto&ini t/ ni4o. )a*r>a n/9/ biti *o.o'an *a

0ra.not/>/ n/ati.ni nabo 3oi / &o)'/*i=a n/&ra.i'no 3oor*inirano a'02inia, A'3a'i)3i

3ationi n/9/ )0*/'o.ati 0 /o&o'i2/rno2 2atri3)0 &a 9/ 3onani &ro*03t( 5bo n/)tabi'n/

)tr03t0r/( i2ati 'o1a 0&orabna ).o)t.a, Vo*a 9/ 0 /o&o'i2/rno2 )0)ta.0 na.i1/ 0t/=ati na

r/o'o13a ).o)t.a )./>/ /o&o'i2/rn/ )2/)/, Ka* )/ '/t/9/2 &/&/'0 *o*a oto&ina a'3a'no

a3ti.atora *o'a5i *o 0019a.ana )0)ta.a, S./>a /o&o'i2/rna )2/)a / .i)3o5na &a / &ri/no)

/)ti=a 3ro5 ta3.0 oto&in0 ot/>an, U)'i/* toa( /)ti=/ '/t/9/ &/&/'a n/ 2o0 o)t.ariti 3onta3t

) /)ti=a2a a3ti.atora 3oi / n0>an *a bi *o1'o *o r/a3=ia /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/, Do*at3o2 .o*/

2i/na0 )/ r/o'o13a ).o)t.a )0)ta.a( on &o)ta/ t/'i.ii i 2an/ .i)3o5an, U)'i/* 2an/

.i)3o5no)ti 2i/1an/ &o)ta/ 'a31/( /)ti=/ 'a31/ *o'a5/ 0 2/60)obni 3onta3t t/ 0)'i/* toa

'a31/( br>/ i &ot&0ni/ r/aira0, Do*at3o2 .o*/ )0)ta. &o)ti>/ bo'0 3on5i)t/n=i0( obra*'i.ii/ i 'a31i 5a r03o.an/, Na3na*no *o*ana 3o'iina .o*/ tr/ba biti 0&ra.o to'i3a *a 5a*o.o'i

nor2a'n0 3on5i)t/n=i0 /r 0 &roti.no2( ) &r/./'i3i2 *o*at3o2 .o*/( )0)ta. bi bio &r/.i1/

ra5ri/6/n,N/o. &H n/9/ biti *o.o'no .i)o3 *a )/ o2o09i ota&an/ )iro.in)3o 2at/ria'a

1to / &r.i 3ora3a 0 r/a3=ia2a /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/, I5 )./a o.o / .i*'i.o *a tr/ba biti a3o

o&r/5an &ri'i3o2 *o*a.ana .o*/ 3a3o bi &o)ti'i *obr0 obra*'i.o)t )0)ta.a b/5 5naani/

0t/=aa na &H )0)ta.a ",

#!%!"! Ul.8/ sili1ij/ i /lu


21/60


Ob'i3 i )tr03t0ra 3onano &roi5.o*a o.i)it 9/ o o2/r0 SiBA' 0 )2/)i, Potr/bno /

na'a)iti *a / o.a o2/r ra5'iiti o* &ri2arno SiBA' o2/ra 0 )iro.ini, Nai2/( ti/3o2

2i/1ana )iro.in/ i a'3a'noa a3ti.atora 2i/na )/ &o/tni o2/r 3oi / bio 0 )iro.ini /r )/

oto&ino2 a'3a'no a3ti.atora 0no)/ *o*atn/ 3o'iin/ o*r/6/ni4 .r)ta 0 )0)ta., Vo*/no )ta3'o(

3ao na/19/ 0&otr/b'a.ana .r)ta 0 &ri&ra.i /o&o'i2/ra( &o./9at 9/ )a*r>a )i'i=ia 0 )2/)i t/

9/ *ir/3tno &o./9ati i o2/r SiBA', 7ato / &otr/bno 5a ).a30 &ri&ra.'/n0 )2/)0 o*r/*iti

3onan/ o2/r/ &o/*ini4 .r)ta 3o/ 0t/0 na 2/4ani5a2 i br5in0 o*.iana r/a3=ia,

Pr/2a Da.i*o.it)0 : 2o09a )0 tri ra5'iita )tr03t0rna ob'i3a /o&o'i2/ra o.i)no o SiBA'

o2/r0!

oli/sialati)+ ? Si O A' O @ Si;Al "

oli/sialat 5 silo2o)+ ? Si O A' O Si O @ Si;Al #

oli/sialat 5 disilo2o)+ ? Si O A' O Si O Si O @ Si;Al %

S4/2at)3i &ri3a5 )tr03t0r/ /o&o'i2/ra 0 o.i)no)ti o SiBA' o2/r0 3ao i ra5'iit/ &ro)torn/

)tr03t0r/ &ri3a5an/ )0 na )'i3a2a : i $,

Sli3/ "! S4/2at)3i &ri3a5 )tr03t0r/

/o&o'i2/ra 0 o.i)no)ti o SiBA'

o2/r0:

:$


22/60


Sli3/ #!Ra5'iit/ &ro)torn/ )tr03t0r/ 0 o.i)no)ti o SiBA' o2/r0 :

U )2/)a2a ) ni)3i2 o2/ro2 SiBA' ?:@( 3on*/n5a=ia )/ 0'a.no2 o*.ia i52/60

a'02inatn/ i )i'i3atn/ .r)t/, Ka3o ra)t/ o2/r SiBA'( )i'i3atn/ .r)t/ na)ta'/ 4i*ro'i5o2 SiO$t/>/

2/60)obno 3on*/n5a=ii )t.ara09i o'io2/rn/ )i'i3atn/ .r)t/, Si'i3atni o'io2/ri r/aira0

*a'/ )a A'?OH@"W )t.ara09i )tro0 %D 2r/>0 &o'i2/rno 3ara3t/ra! &o'i)ia'at - )i'oXo(

&o'i)ia'at - *i)i'oXo,

S2atra )/ *a )/ 3on*/n5a=ia )i'i3atni4 .r)ta o*.ia )&ori/ n/o 3on*/n5a=ia i52/60

a'02inatni4 i )i'i3atni4 .r)ta, O)i2 na ti& &ro*03ta 3oi 9/ na)tati( SiBA' o2/r 0t/=at 9/ i na

2/4ani3a ).o)t.a, Nabo'a 2/4ani3a ).o)t.a &ri2i/9/na )0 0 )2/)a2a ) o2/ro2 SiO $

BA'$O% C %(+ - %(, Pr/2a o&a>ani2a 5nan)t./ni3a $$ )a*r>a a'02inia i2a 5natan 0t/=a na

br5in0 ./5i.ana( *o3 / )i'i=i nabitnii 5a ra5.o 3a)ni4 .r)to9a,

U ).r40 1to bo'/ ra502i/.ana )a2i4 r/a3=ia 3o/ )/ o*.ia0 ti/3o2

/o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ i &roi5.o*n/ /o&o'i2/ra ) =i'ani2 ).o)t.i2a( Pro.i) i D/./nt/r $ )0

i5ra*i'i 2o*/' o*.iana /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ 3oi / *o)a* &o3a5ao *obro &o*0*aran/ )

/3)&/ri2/nta'ni2 &o*at=i2a ?)'i3a %@,

Sli3/ %!S4/2at)3i &ri3a5 r/*o)'i/*a o*.iana r/a3=ia 0 /o&o'i2/rno2 )0)ta.0 $,

:%

Si'i3atni2ono2/r

A'02inatni2ono2/r

Po'i2/ri5iran/)i'i3atn/ .r)t/

A'02o)i'i3atni o'io2/r

A'02o)i'i3atni&o'i2/r! amorfni

A'02o)i'i3atnin03'/0)i! kristalni

A'02o)i'i3atni /'?a2or8na )tr03t0ra@

7/o'itn/ 8a5/?3ri)ta'na)tr03t0ra@

M/ta3ao'in i'i'/t/9i &/&/o


23/60


I5 2o*/'a / .i*'i. r/*o)'i/* o*.iana &o/*ini4 r/a3=ia 3ao i ra.not/>a 2/60

&o/*ini2 .r)ta2a 0 )0)ta.0, Vi*'i.a )0 i *.a )2/ra 3oi2a r/a3=ia 2o>/ t/9i! /*an o* ni4

.o*i 8or2iran0 n )tr03t0rno 0r/6/no &ro*03ta ?3ri)ta'n/ )tr03t0r/@ *o3 *r0i .o*i 8or2iran0

)tr03t0rno n/0r/6/no ?a2or8no@ /o&o'i2/rno &ro*03ta, I)&r/3i*ano2 )tri/'i=o2 /

&ri3a5an 2o09i &ri/'a5 a2or8n/ 0 3ri)ta'n0 )tr03t0r0 i obratno, Ta &ri/'a5 ni/ *o3a5an a'i )/

&r/t&o)ta.'a *a )/ on n/ o*.ia 0 rani2 &/rio*i2a r/a3=i/ ./9 *o n/a *o'a5i na3na*no(

ti/3o2 &ri2/n/ &ro*03ta, RD ana'i5o2 0o/n/ )0 3ri)ta'n/ 5/o'itn/ 8a5/ 0 &ro*03t0 1to /

&ot.r*i'o *a r/a3=i/ t/30 0 *.a )2/ra t/ *a 9/ &ro*03t 0.i/3 )a*r>a.ati o*r/6/n0 3o'iin0

5/o'itni4 8a5a 3ao &o)'/*i=0 ra.not/>/ 3oa )/ 0)&o)ta.'a 0 )0)ta.0 $,

7a &ot&0n0 &ri2/n0 2o*/'a( &otr/bno )0 *a'na i)tra>i.ana, 0*09i2 ra5.o/2 2o*/'a tr/bao

bi )/ *ati 0.i* 0 8/no2/n/ 3oi )/ o*.ia0 0 )0)ta.0 ia3o / 5a o/3i.ati *a 9/ &ri/no) t.ari(

n03'/a=ia i ra)t 3ri)ta'a biti a3o ot/>ani 3a* 0 )0)ta.0 *o6/ *o /'irana, Pot&0ni o&i) 3in/ti3/

/o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ tr/bao bi oba)niti o./ &oa./ na 80n*a2/nta'no ra5ini( a'i *o)a*a1ni )t0&an

ra502i/.ana /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ to n/ o2o09a.a, Da bi &r/*'o>/ni 2o*/' bio &ot&0no

&ri2/ni. &otr/bno / 03'0iti 0t/=a ra5'iiti4 &ri2/)a 0 )0)ta.0( ra5'i30 0 ./'iini /)ti=a(

ra5'iit0 )tr03t0rn0 0r/6/no)t i *r0/ /8/3t/ 3oi )/ a.'a0 &ri'i3o2 0&orab/ ra5'iiti4 )iro.ina,

Vi*'i.o / *a )/ 2o*/' n/ 2o>/ &ri2i/niti na )0)ta./ 3oi 3ori)t/ tro)30 3ao )iro.in)3i

2at/ria'( a ra5'o to2/ 0&ra.o / ra5'i3a 0 3/2i)3o2 )a)ta.0, L/t/9i &/&/o i 2/ta3ao'in

)a*r>/ 0'a.no2 a'02o)i'i3at/ *o3 )0 3o* tro)3/ &ri)0tn/ ./'i3/ 3o'iin/ *r0i4 &ri2/)a

?&o&0t 3a'=ia@( 3o/ 2o0 5naano &ro2i/niti ti/3 /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/, 7bo toa / &otr/ban

*o*atni ra* 3a3o bi )/ &rona1ao 2o*/' 3oi 9/ 03'0i.ati 0t/=a/ ).i4 na./*/ni4 &ara2/tara( t/

ta3o o2o09it &ri2/n0 2o*/'a i na o)ta'/ )iro.in/ 3o/ )/ 3ori)t/ 0 &ri&ra.i /o&o'i2/ra,

#!%!#! Uje1/j r/liii4 3/i.n/ n/ s5.js5/ 8e.+.li/na 4i*ro3)i*a

)2ani.at 9/ )/ 3on=/ntra=ia 4i*ro3)i*ni4 iona 0 )0)ta.0 1to 9/ *a'/ 0t/=ati na br5in0 r/a3=ia

ota&anaBta'o>/na,

A3o / 0 )iro.ini )a*r>a 3a'=i/.o - o3)i*a ./9i o* % 2a)/na 0*/'a ta*a 9/ 3a'=i 0t/=ati i na

3ri)ta'i5a=i0 ti/3o2 /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/, For2iran/2 3a'=i/.i4 ta'oa 0 &o/tno 8a5i/o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ na)tati 9/ ./'i3 bro =/ntara 3ri)ta'i5a=i/ 5a 0 to2 )0)ta.0, Pro=/)o2

:"


24/60


n03'/a=i/ na bi'o 3o/2 2/)t0 0 )0)ta.0( na)tati 9/ ./9i bro n03'/0)a n/o 1to bi na)tao 0

o*)0)t.0 3a'=i/.i4 )&o/.a, Po./9ani bro n03'/0)a i ra)t no.ona)ta'i4 3ri)ta'a 0t/=at 9/ na

ti/3 /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ )t.ara09i &ro*03t/ )r/6/ni/ )tr03t0r/ )'ini/ 5/o'iti2a, Ra502i/.an/

&ona1ana 3a'=ia 0 /o&o'i2/rni2 )0)ta.i2a 3'0no / 5a 3o2/r=ia'n0 &ri2/n0 /o&o'i2/ra

t/ / &otr/bno oba.iti *o*atna i)tra>i.ana 3a3o bi )/ *obio 0.i* 0 )./ /8/3t/ &ro05ro/n/

3a'=i/.i2 3ationi2a $",

#!%!#!#!Uje1/j elje.5i4 3/i.n/

L/t/9i &/&/o( *obi./n i5 ra5ni4 &o)tro/na oto.o 0.i/3 )a*r>i i 5naaan 0*io

>/'/5ni4 3o2&on/nti 0 ra5'iiti2 8or2a2a i'i 3ao 2r/>ot.ora= i'i 2o*i8i3ator 2r/>/ 0

)ta3'a)to 8a5i '/t/9/ &/&/'a( i'i 3ao *i)3r/tn/ o3)i*n/ 8a5/ &o&0t 2an/tita, Y/'/5o &ri)0tno 0

)ta3'a)to 8or2i 0 '/t/9/2 &/&/'0 ti/3o2 /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ br5o )/ oto&i na3on /a o&/t br5o

&r/=i&itira 0 ob'i30 4i*ro3)i*a i'i o3)i4i*ro3)i*a, I5*.aan/2 o.i4 8a5a *o'a5i *o /8/3ta )'ino

ono2 3oi na)ta/ ta'o>/n/2 3a'=i/.o 4i*ro3)i*a! )2an/n/ 4i*ro3)i*ni4 iona 0 oto&ini

&otr/bni4 5a *a'n/ ota&an/ /)ti=a '/t/9/ &/&/'a i )t.aran/ 3ri)ta'i5a=i)3i4 =/ntara 3oi on*a

.o*/ r/a3=i0 0 )2/r0 na)tan3a &ro*03ata )'ini4 5/o'iti2a, O)i2 na./*/no )a*r>a >/'/5a

0t// i na 2o09no)t i2obi'i5a=i/ t/13i4 2/ta'a 0 /o&o'i2/ri2a 1to )/ 0 5a*n/ .ri/2/

int/n5i.no &ro0a.a $",

#!'! MIKROSTRUKTURA I POROZ&OST KO&A&I? GEOPOLIMER&I?PRODUKATA

Mi3ro)tr03t0ra /o&o'i2/ra &ri&ra.'/ni4 na ba5i '/t/9/ &/&/'a 0'a.no2 /4/t/ro/na ) &ri)0tni2 ra5'iiti2 2or8o'o13i2 ob'i=i2a 3ao i ) .r'o 2a'o )itni4 i'ia)ti4

3ri)ta'a,

Ka* )/ )iro.in)3o2 2at/ria'0 *o*a oto&ina a3ti.atora *o'a5i *o ota&ana &ri2arni4 /)ti=a 0

)iro.ini, A'02ini i5 )ta3'a)t/ 8a5/ 0'a5i 0 )tr03t0r0 SiO"$W, Oto&'/n/ /)ti=/ o'io2/ri5ira0(

&o'i2/ri5ira0 i )t.ara0 r/a3=i)3/ &ro*03t/, Hi*ro3)i*ni ioni i5 oto&in/ &ro*ir0 0 /)ti=/

)iro.in/ o2o09a.a09i r/a3=i0 0n0tar 5rna i na )iro.in)3o2 5rn0, Pro*03ti r/a3=i/ )t.ara0 )/

na 5rn0 i 0n0tar 5rna 3o/ o1 ni/ *o 3raa r/aira'o( 3a3o / &ri3a5ano na )'i=i " i ; $#(%+,

Sli3/ '! Mi3ro)tr03t0ra a'3a'no a3ti.irano '/t/9/ &/&/'a! a@ oriina'na 5rna '/t/9/ &/&/'ab@ ot.or/na 5rna na3on a3ti.a=i/ )a NaOH %+,

:;


25/60


O)i2 naina &ri&r/2/( 5naan0 0'o0 0 ra5.o0 3onan/ )tr03t0r/ i2a0 3a'=i/.i

ato2i, Un0tar /o&o'i2/rn/ )tr03t0r/ )ain/n/ o* &o'i)ia'atni4 'ana=a &o)toi .i1a3 n/ati.no

naboa 0)'i/* n/&ra.i'no 3oor*inirano a'02inia 3oi / 0obia/no 0ra.not/>/n 3ationi2a

a'3a'i)3i4 2/ta'a, Ka'=i/.i 3ationi 5bo .i1/)tr03o naboa 2o0 &o./5ati 2/60)obno

)0)/*n/ &o'i)a'atn/ 'an=/ 1to r/50'tira .r19o2 i )tabi'nio2 3onano2 )tr03t0ro2, Konani

&ro*03t )a*r>a.at 9/ a2or8na /o&o'i2/rna 5rna ) 2/)ti2ini2 03'o&=i2a )itni4 i'ia)ti4

3ri)ta'a t/ n/&ror/airana 5rna i5.orno 2at/ria'a $#,

Konani /o&o'i2/r 0)t.ari / a'3a'i)3i i'i 5/2noa'3a'i)3i a'02o)i'i3atni 2at/ria' 3/2i)3i i

)tr03t0rno )'ian 5/o'it0 ) ./9i2 )t0&n/2 a2or8no)ti, Na )'i=i ; / &ri3a5an )4/2at)3i &ri3a5

a'3a'i)3/ a3ti.a=i/ '/t/9/ &/&/'a,

Sli3/ (!S4/2at)3i &ri3a5 a'3a'n/ a3ti.a=i/ '/t/9/ &/&/'a! a@ ini=ia'n/ /)ti=/ '/t/9/ &/&/'a

&ri/ r/a3=i/( b@ &o/ta3 r/a3=i/ na &o.r1ini /)ti=/ =@ )t.aran/ &ro*03ata r/a3=i/ na

&o.r1ini i 0 0n0tra1no)ti &ri2arn/ /)ti=/ *@ na&r/*o.an/ r/a3=i/ %+,

G/o&o'i2/ri )0 &oro5no 3ara3t/ra ?)'i3/ i a/2 3a'=ia *o9i 9/ *o )t.arana SH 8a5a 3o/ 9/ )/

:


26/60


i)&r/&'/)ti )a /o&o'i2/rni2 8a5a2a i na ta nain )&ri/iti &a* 2/4ani3i4 ).o)ta.a 5bo

&oro5no)ti #,

Sli3/ *! A'3a'no a3ti.irani '/t/9i &/&/o$#, Sli3/!A'3a'no a3ti.irana )2/)a tro)3/ i '/t/9/ &/&/'a$#,

Vi*'i.o / *a 9/ na &oro5no)t( a ti2/ i na 2i3ro)tr03t0r0( 5naano 0t/=ati o2/r .o*aB'/t/9i

&/&/o, Ta o2/r tr/ba biti 1to 2ani 3a3o bi )/ &roi5./o /o&o'i2/r )a >/'/ni2 ).o)t.i2a,

#!(! SVOJSTVA I PRIMJE&A GEOPOLIMER&I? MATERIJALA

G/o&o'i2/rni 2at/ria'i 5a4.a'009i 3ara3t/ri)tini2 ).o)t.i2a 2o0 )/ &ri2i/niti 0

ra5'iit/ ).r4/, S.o)t.a( 3ao 1to )0 .i)o3a .r)to9a( ot&orno)t &r/2a 3/2i3a'ia2a(

n/5a&a'i.o)t i .atro)ta'no)t( o2o0900 &ri2/n0 0 ra6/.no( 5ra3o&'o.no( a)trono2)3o(

a0to2obi')3o i 2/ta'o&r/ra6i.a3o in*0)trii,

G/o&o'i2/rni 2at/ria'i )0 *o *ana) na.i1/ i)tra>i.ani 0 ).r40 &ri2/n/ 0 ra*it/')t.0 t/ 0

).r40 o0.ana o3o'i1a, Mo09no)t i2obi'i5a=i/ 1t/tni4 t.ari i5 oto&ina i &riro*ni4 .o*a

&roi5'a5i i5 3ara3t/ri)tin/ /o&o'i2/rn/ )tr03t0r/, G/o&o'i2/r / &oro5an 2at/ria' )'ian

5/o'it0 )a2o a2or8an, 7/o'iti( bi'o &riro*ni i'i )int/t)3i ./9 )/ *0o 3ori)t/ 5a &roi19a.an/

ot&a*ni4 .o*a, L/t/9i &/&/o i 5/o'iti &oo*ni )0 5a 03'anan/ i i2obi'i5a=i0 2noi4n/&o>/'ni4 t.ari 0 .o*a2a, A3ti.a=io2 '/t/9/ &/&/'a )a a'3a'no2 oto&ino2 na)ta0 &oro5ni

a'02o)i'i3ati( t, /o&o'i2/ri ) &o./9ano2 )&/=i8ino2 &o.r1ino2( ./9i2 .o'02/no2 &ora i

2o09no190 a*)or&=i/ oni4 .r)ta 3o/ / n/2o09/ 03'oniti 5/o'iti2a %:, E8/3t 03'anana

o.i)it 9/ o &o/tno 3o'iini 2/ta'ni4 iona 0 oto&ini t/ o 3o'iini a*)orb/n)a, U./ti n/o.ana

&ri&ra.'/no /o&o'i2/ra 5naano 0t/0 na 2o09no)t &ri2/n/ /o&o'i2/ra 0 ).r40

i2obi'i5a=i/ t/13i4 2/ta'a i o)ta'i 1/tni4 t.ari %$,

G/o&o'i2/ri i2a0 ).o)t.o *a 0 ).oo )tr03t0ri 5naano 5a*r>a.a0 0( Pb( 7n i i( *o3

&o3a500 )'abo 3/2i)3o 5a*r>a.an/ o3)ianion)3i4 2/ta'oi*a &o&0t A)( ( r( Mo( Sb( S/( V i ia / 2obi'no)t 0 .i)o3o a'3a'ni2 oto&ina2a ./'i3a, A) i V 2o0 )/ 03'o&iti 0 )a20

:


27/60


/o&o'i2/rn0 )tr03t0r0, E8/3t 8i5i3o 5a*r>a.ana on/i19i.aa 5naano o.i)i o &oro5no)ti

/o&o'i2/ra 3oa / o*r/6/na 0./ti2a n/o.ana %$,

7a &oo*n0 &ri2/n0 /o&o'i2/ra 3ao ra6/.in)3o 2at/ria'a( na.a>nia 2/4ani3a ).o)t.a

)0 ra5.o .r)to9a( t.r*o9a( &05an/ i &ona1an/ &ri to&'in)3o obra*i, .r)to9a( bi'o )a.ona i'i

t'ana( o.i)i o 3on=/ntra=ii &o/*ini4 .r)ta 0 )2/)i t/ o n/o.an0, I)&iti.an/2 .r)to9a na

oto.i2 /o&o'i2/rni2 05or=i2a r/50'tira'a )0 )'/*/9i2 )a5nani2a "!

- 1to / 3on=/ntra=ia NaOH ./9a( t'an/ .r)to9/ )0 ./9/,

- 1to / o2/r .o*/no )ta3'oBNaOH ./9i( ./9/ )0 i t'an/ .r)to9/

- &ora)to2 o2/ra H$OB Na$O t'an/ .r)to9/ /o&o'i2/ra o&a*a0,

I5 *o)a* oba.'/ni4 ra*o.a # 2o0 )/ i5.09i *.a 5a3'03a 3oa )0 i5ni2no .a>na 5a

&ri2/n0 /o&o'i2/ra 0 ra6/.ini!

U /o&o'i2/rni2 b/toni2a n/ *o'a5i ni *o 3a3.o )30&'ana 5bo 4i*rata=i/ 3ao

1to / to )'0a 0 b/toni2a na ba5i =/2/nta,

O*no) i52/60 t'an/ .r)to9/ i )a.on/ .r)to9/ 5a /o&o'i2/rn/ b/ton/ i5no)i

:+(+ ! ;(;, Ko* =/2/ntni4 b/tona ta o2/r )/ 3r/9/ o3o :+(+ ! :(; 1to 5nai *a

/o&o'i2/rni b/toni i2a0 ./9i i5no) )a.on/ .r)to9/ &a 9/ biti &otr/bna 2ana

3o'iina &oaana ?ar2at0r/@ 0 )tr03t0rni2 /'/2/nti2a,

:


28/60

Diplomski rad E3s+eri


29/60



30/60

Diplomski rad E3s+eri/na / 3a3o bi )/

2o'a i5ra0nati n/na 2a)a t/ o*r/*iti 3ara3t/ri)tini o2/ri )0)ta.a, Kon=/ntra=ia

&ri&ra.'/n/ oto&in/ 5ati2 / &ro./r/na titra=io2 ) +(; 2o'B*2%oto&ino2 H' 05 8/no'8ta'/in

3ao in*i3ator,

2?H$O@*o*ana C V?H$O@ \ [?H$O@ C ?


31/60

Diplomski rad E3s+eri #(# ::( :"# ( :"(# :

>N%( :;(" #( :+

"> ::(; :%(; :+"#


32/60



33/60



34/60



35/60

Diplomski rad E3s+eri/ i)&ara.an/

a=/tona, Na3on i)&irana 0 a=/ton0 05or=i )0 )/ )01i'i 0 )01ioni30 *.a )ata &ri t/2&/rat0ri ";

, O)01/ni 05or=i &ro)iani )0 5ati2 na )it0 "#++ oi=aB=2 $i o&r/5no &r/n/)/ni 0 3i./t/ na

0.an/ *o *a'ni4 ana'i5a na RD( FTIR i TGBDTG-DTA in)tr02/nti2a,

%!'! I&STRUME&TAL&E METODE I TE?&IKE KARAKTERIZA)IJE UZORAKA

GEOPOLIMERA

%!'!"! O-rei5/nje


36/60



37/60

Diplomski rad Reul/i i r/s+r/5/

'! REZULTATI I RASPRAVA

'!"! 2IZIKAL&OKEMIJSKA SVOJSTVA LETE$EG PEPELA

R/50'tati 3/2i)3/ ana'i5/ '/t/9/ &/&/'a ?LP@ i5 TE P'o2in $ &ri3a5ani )0 0 tab'i=i ,

I5 tab'i=/ / .i*'i.o *a /'/3tro8i'tar)3i &/&/o )a*r>i

$


38/60


Diara2 ran0'o2/tri)3o )a)ta.a obino )/ &ri3a50/ 3020'ati.ni2 3ri.0'a2a,

Vri/*no)ti na or*inati 2o0 )/ &ri3a5ati na *.a naina! 3ao o)tata3 na )it0 i'i 3ao &ro'a5 3ro5

)ito ?1to /( 0)t.ari( :++ - o)tata3 na )it0@, Na )'i=i :: a(b &ri3a5an/ )0 3ri.0'/ 3020'ati.n/

ra)&o*/'/ ./'iin/ /)ti=a LP ?::a@ i 0)to9a ra)&o*/'/ ./'iin/ /)ti=a LP ?::b@ o*r/6/n/

2/to*o2 'a)/r)3/ *i8ra3=i/ %, U)&or/*bo2 *obi./ni4 r/50'tata ?tab'i=a < i )'i3a ::@ .i*'i.o

/ &o*0*aran/ r/50'tata 0 &o*r00 3r0&ni4 /)ti=a( *o3 )/ 0o/no o*)t0&an/ 0 &o*r00

)itnii4 /)ti=a( i)&o* %Z2( 2o>/ &ri&i)ati ra5'i3a2a 0 2/to*a2a, M/to*a 'a)/r)3/ *i8ra3=i/(

0 ).o2 )tan*ar*no2 nain0 ra*0( 3ori)ti 0'tra5.0no ra5bian/ a'o2/rata, U'tra5.0no

ra5bian/ a'o2/rata &o./9a.a 0*io )itnii4 /)ti=a ra5'iiti4 ./'iina, Pri2/na na&r/*ni4

8oto2/tri)3i4 )/n5ora .i)o3/ o)/t'i.o)ti i ra0na'ni4 &rora2a 5a &rora0n *i8ra3=i/

'a)/r)3o 5ra/na )a &o.r1in/ ).a3/ &o/*in/ /)ti=/ o2o09a.a toni/ o*r/6i.an/ ./'iin/

/)ti=a i ni4o.i4 0*/'a 0 05or30 0 o*no)0 na )tan*ar*n0 2/to*0 )iana 1to / 'a.ni ra5'o

o*)t0&ana o.i4 *.i0 2/to*a 0 &o*r00 )itnii4 /)ti=a ?e%Z2@, Kri.0'a 0)to9/ ra)&o*/'/

/)ti=a LP ?)'i3a ::b@ 03a50/ na bi2o*a'n0 ra)&o*/'0 ./'iin/ /)ti=a LP( */ )/ 0oa.a &r.i

2a3)i202 5a /)ti=/ ./'iin/ $+ 2 t/ *r0i( 2an/ i5ra>/n( 5a /)ti=/ i5na* ;+ 2 %,

S03'a*no 5a4t/.i2a 4r.at)3/ nor2/ HRN EN ";+!:##" i HRN EN ";:-$( 05ora3 '/t/9/

&/&/'a / &ro)ian 3ro5 )ito ./'iin/ "; Z2( a *obi./na .ri/*no)t o)tata3a na )it0 o* :(#

5a*o.o'a.a n/o.0 &ri2/n0 3ao *o*at3a =/2/nti2a, R/50'tati *obi./ni &r/tra>no2

/'/3tron)3o2 2i3ro)3o&io2 ?SEM@( &ri3a5ani na )'i=i :$( ta3o6/r )0 &ot.r*i'i *a / '/t/9i

&/&/o .r'o 4/t/ro/n 2at/ria' 3oi )a*r>i /)ti=/ ra5'iiti4 ./'iina 0'a.no2 )8/rino ob'i3a

%,

$#


39/60


a@

b@

Sli3/ ""!a@ Kri.0'a 3020'ati.n/ ra)&o*/'/ ./'iin/ /)ti=a &ri)0tni4 0 05or30 '/t/9/ &/&/'a

b@ 0)to9a ra)&o*/'/ ./'iin/ /)ti=a %,

Sli3/ "#!Mor8o'oia '/t/9/ &/&/'a )ni2'/na 0&orabo2 &r/tra>n/ /'/3tron)3/ 2i3ro)3o&i/?SEM@ %,

%+


40/60


R/a3ti.ni 0*/' a2or8n/ 8a5/ 0 '/t/9/2 &/&/'0( o*r/6/n 2/to*o2 )/'/3ti.no ota&ana

0 : HF( i5no)i +(:$ 2a), 1to 03a50/ na &oo*no)t &ri2/n/ i)&iti.ano '/t/9/ &/&/'a 0

&ri&ra.i /o&o'i2/ra, Di8ra3=i)3/ )'i3/ &o'i3ri)ta'ni4 05or3a &ra4a '/t/9/ &/&/'a( )ni2'/n/ 0

1iro3o2 30tno2 &o*r00 o* " - +o$T4/ta ?)'i3a :%@( 03a500 *a '/t/9i &/&/o &or/* 3ri)ta'n/

)a*r>i i o*r/6/ni 0*io a2or8n/ 8a5/, G'a.n/ 3ri)ta'n/ 8a5/( 0t.r6/n/ ana'i5o2 *i8ra3=i)3i4 )'i3a

05or3a '/t/9/ &/&/'a( )0! 20'it( 4/2atit i 3.ar= ?tab'i=a @, Pro1ir/ni ?*i805ni@ *i8ra3=i)3i

2a3)i202 0 30tno2 &o*r00 :;o e $T4/ta e %+o03a50/ na &ri)0tno)t a2or8n/ ?)tr03t0rno

n/0r/6/n/@ a'02o)i'i3atn/ 8a5/%,

Na )'i=i :", / &ri3a5ana 0)&or/*b/na *i8ra3=i)3a )'i3a 05ora3a '/t/9/ &/&/'a(

)ni2'/no na 2/ta'no2 no)a0 ?=r./na 3ri.0'a@ i no)a0 o* )ta3'a ?=rna 3ri.0'a@, I5 ra5'i3/ 0

*i8ra3=i)3i2 )'i3a2a / .i*'i.o *a &o)to/ *.a *i8ra3=i)3a 2a3)i202a &ri $T4/ta C ""(# o i

%(% oo5na/na )a S ?/n, sample holder- no)a 05or3a@, Oni n/ &ri&a*a0 05or30 '/t/9/

&/&/'a ./9 &ot/0 o* no)aa 05ora3a, Na )'i=i :;, )0 &ri3a5an/ 0)&or/*b/n/ *i8ra3=i)3/ )'i3/

n/)/&arirano i )/&arirano 05or3a '/t/9/ &/&/'a %( "%, I5 *i8ra3=i)3i4 )'i3a / .i*'i.o *a

)0 on/ oto.o i*/ntin/, Ra5'i3a / .i*'i.a )a2o 0 0*/'0 a2or8n/ 8a5/, Pr/2a int/n5it/t0

*i805no 2a3)i202a 0 &o*r00 o* :;o e $T4/ta e %+ o2o>/ )/ 5a3'0iti *a / 0*io a2or8n/

8a5/ &ri)0tnii 0 )itnio 8ra3=ii 2at/ria'a, Pr/2a 'it/rat0rni2 &o*at=i2a %i r/a3ti.n/ a'02o)i'i3at/ 1to '/t/9i &/&/o ini .r'o .ri/*ni2

&0=o'an)3i2 2at/ria'o2 0 3/2ii =/2/nta( *o3 )0 3ri)ta'inin/ 3o2&on/nt/ )'abo r/a3ti.n/

3o* nor2a'ni4 t/2&/rat0ra,

Sli3/ "%!Di8ra3=i)3a )'i3a &o'i3ri)ta'no 05or3a '/t/9/ &/&/'a i5 TE P'o2in $,

%:


41/60


T/0li1/ ! Po5i=ia *i8ra3=i)3i 2a3)i202a( o*o.ara09/ .ri/*no)ti 0*a'/no)ti 2/60

ra.nina2a *( r/8/r/ntna o5na3a 2a3)i202a 0 *i8ra3=i)3o )'i=i ?i5 ba5/ &o*ata3a JPDS@ 5a

n/)/&arirani 05ora3 '/t/9/ &/&/'a %,

P.i1ij/ CW#T4!F-5rije-n.s

CXF

PD23.-:,%< ;,":;+; :;-+


42/60"+++(+ %+++ $+++ :;++ :+++ ";+(+

-:(#

+

$

"

H

E

:+

:$

:"

:H

:E

$+

$$

$"

$;(a n/i5or/no 0'i3a 0 i)&iti.ano2 05or30 '/t/9/

&/&/'a o*r/6/n / to&'in)3o2 ana'i5o2 ?TGBDTG-DTA@ 0 )tr0i ra5'iiti4 &'ino.a ?5ra3( *01i3@,

Ko2bina=io2 riana 0 )tr0i 5ra3a i )tr0i i)to *01i3a ?)'i3a :


45/60


Sli3/ ",U5or=i &ri&r/2'/ni4 05ora3a &a)ta na3on i)&iti.ana t'ani4 .r)to9a,

T/0li1/ ">! Ra5.i/n/ t'an/ .r)to9/ 0 )0)ta.i2a /o&o'i2/ra,

A!A;L!P Y+ ";MP/

Y+

;MP/

Y+ "';MP/

>N%>:"("" (N%( %$(


46/60


Sli3/ #>! O.i)no)t t'an/ .r)to9/ o 3on=/ntra=ii NaOH 0 &ri&ra.'/ni2 &a)ta2a &ri ra5'iiti2o2/ri2a AABLP ?+(% +(%; i +("@ na3on < *ana /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/,

Sli3/ #"! O.i)no)t t'an/ .r)to9/ o 3on=/ntra=ii NaOH 0 &ri&ra.'/ni2 &a)ta2a &ri ra5'iiti2

o2/ri2a AABLP ?+(% +(%; i +("@ na3on :" *ana /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/,

I5 r/50'tata 2/r/na o.i)no)ti t'an/ .r)to9/ o 3on=/ntra=ii NaOH 0 oto&ini

a3ti.atora ?)'i3a :#@ .i*'i.o / *a i)&iti.ani 05or=i /o&o'i2/rni4 &a)ta a3ti.irani oto&ino2

a3ti.atora 3on=/ntra=i/ i :+ 2o'B*2%NaOH( ./9 na3on : *ana ra5.ia0 .ri/*no)ti t'an/

.r)to9/ *o $+ MPa ?)/ria I@ o*no)no *o % MPa?)/ria II@ i *o ;$(: MPa ?)/ria III@,

U 0)&or/*bi ) &ort'an* =/2/ntni2 ./5i.i2a( *obi./ni r/50'tati o*o.ara0 ra5.i/no .r)to9i

?.i1/ o* :+ MPa@ na3on $ *ana 4i*rata=i/ 5a &ort'an* =/2/nt 3'a)/ ";( o*no)no $ - *n/.no

ra5.i/no .r)to9i ?"$(; - $(; MPa@ 3a3o &ro&i)0/ /0ro&)3a nor2na )&/=i8i3a=ia

HRN EN :#


47/60


a@ b@

=@

Sli3/ ##! O.i)no)t t'an/ .r)to9/ o .r/2/n0 /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ 0 05or=i2a /o&o'i2/rni4

&a)ta( &ri ra5'iiti2 o2/ri2a AABLP ?+(% +(%; i +("@ i 05 /*na30 3on=/ntra=i0

NaOH,

M/60ti2( 03o'i3o )/ 0)&or/*/ *obi./n/ .ri/*no)ti ra5.i/ni4 t'ani4 .r)to9a 0

)0)ta.i2a 3o* 3oi4 / 3on=/ntra=ia NaOH )ta'na ?)'i3a $$@ 5a ra5'iita .r/2/na

/o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ 3ao i ra5'iit/ o2/r/ AABLP .i*'i.o / *a )0 .ri/*no)ti ra5.i/n/ t'an/

.r)to9/ 0 )/ria2a II i III( 0 3oi2a / 3on=/ntra=ia NaOH i5no)i'a i :+ 2o'B*2 %( ./9/ 0

o*no)0 na )/ri0 I 0 =i/'o2 .r/2/n)3o2 int/r.a'0 2/r/na na3on :( < i :" *ana

/o&o'i2/ri5a=i/, V/'i3o o*)t0&an/ / 0o/no 0 )0)ta.i2a 0 3oi2a / 3on=/ntra=ia NaOH 0

i5no)0 o* :$ 2o'B*2%( */ )0 ra5.i/n/ t'an/ .r)to9/ i *o :+ &0ta ni>/ 0 o*no)0 na )0)ta./ )a

3on=/ntra=io2 NaOH 0 i5no)i2a o* i :+ 2o'B*2 %, Ra5'o o.o2 0o/no2 )2an/n0

ra5.i/ni4 t'ani4 .r)to9a '/>i 0 in/ni=i *a )0 )./ oto&in/ a3ti.atora &ri&ra.'/n/ 2i/1an/2

oto&in/ NaOH 3on=/ntra=i/ : 2o'B*2% i .o*/no )ta3'a ta3o *a 3onana 3on=/ntra=ia 0

oto&ini a3ti.atora b0*/ ( :+ i :$ 2o'B*2%, Ka3o bi )/ &o)ti'a 5a*ana 3on=/ntra=ia 0 oto&ini

a3ti.atora .o'02/n .o*/no )ta3'a / o&a*ao ) &ora)to2 030&n/ 3on=/ntra=i/ a3ti.atora 1to /

i5ra.no 0t/=a'o na )2an/n/ o2/ra .o'02/na .o*/no )ta3'a i oto&in/ NaOH ?V.,),BVNaOH@,S2ani.an/ o2/ra i)&o* :( ?5a oto&in/ AA 0 3oi2a / 3on=/ntra=ia NaOH 2o'B*2 %@ ni/

0t/=a'o na ra5.o .r)to9a, M/60ti2( 3o* .ri/*no)ti o2/ra o* +("" ?5a oto&in/ AA 0 3oi2a

/ 3on=/ntra=ia NaOH :$ 2o'B*2%@ .ri/*no)t .r)to9/ / 5natno )2an/na 0 ).i2 )/ria2a i

.r/2/ni2a 0 3oi2a / i5.r1/no 2/r/n/ ?)'i3a :#-$: i $$=@, V/roatno / to2/ 05ro3

n/*o.o'na 3o'iina oto&'/no )i'i=ia 0 r/a3=i)3o )2/)i, Si'i=i 3oi &ot// o* *o*at3a

.o*/no )ta3'a i2a .a>n0 0'o0 /r &o3r/9/ r/a3=i/ /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ ta3o 1to o2o09a.a

br>/ i &ot&0ni/ ota&an/ )i'i=ia i5 )iro.in/ :$(:%, U)'i/* toa( r/a3=i/ 0 )0)ta.0 )0 )&ori/( a

0 3onano2 &ro*03t0 5ao)ta/ .i1/ n/i5r/airan/ )iro.in/ 1to / 05ro3 'o1ii4 2/4ani3i4).o)ta.a, O.0 t.r*n0 *o*atno &ot.r60/ &o*ata3 *a 0 ta3.i2 )0)ta.i2a ?)a ni)3i2 )a*r>a/2

%


48/60


to&'i.o )i'i=ia@ )tar/n/2 *o'a5i *o 5natni/ ra)ta .r)to9a n/o 1to / to tr/n* 0 )2/)a2a )a

.i)o3i2 )a*r>a/2 to&'i.o )i'i=ia, Oto&in/ a'3a'no a3ti.atora )a o2/ro2 V.,),BVNaOH C +(-

:( 05ro300 br5o i &ot&0no ota&an/ )i'i=ia i5 )iro.in/ i 5a)'0>n/ )0 5a .i)o3/ /*no*n/.n/

.r)to9/ 3o/ na3on toa b'ao ra)t0 )tar/n/2 05ora3a, Ka* / ta o2/r ni5a3 ?+(""@ r/a3=i/

)0 )&or/ &a 9/ ta3a. )0)ta. tr/bati .i1/ .r/2/na 5a 030&n0 r/a3=i0 1to r/50'tira )&orii2

ra5.o/2 .r)to9a, U5 ni5a3 o2/r V.,),BVNaOH( oto&in/ a3ti.atora )a 3on=/ntra=io2 NaOH 0

i5no)0 o* :$ 2o'B*2%0n0tar ).a3/ )/ri/ i2a'/ )0 i nani>i SiO$BA'$O% o2/r 3oi / ta3o6/r

5a)'0>an 5a 2/4ani3a ).o)t.a oto.i4 &ro*03ata, O.a &rob'/2 )/ 2o>/ ri/1iti na nain *a )/

02/)to : 2o'B*2%oto&in/ NaOH &ri&ra.i 3on=/ntrirania oto&ina NaOH, O.o bi o)i0ra'o

*o.o'n0 3o'iin0 to&'i.o )i'i=ia 0 ).i2 )0)ta.i2a i2/ bi )/ *o1'o *o tonii4 i &ot&0nii4

)a5nana o 0t/=a0 3on=/ntra=i/ na .r)to90, O*)t0&ana 0 &rira)t0 t'ani4 .r)to9a( &o)/bno 0

)/rii I $"4 a2a

0&orab'/no '/t/9/ &/&/'a i nain0 5biana )2/)/ 0 PE &o)0*i=a2a, U&ra.o o.o / ra5'o

5bo 3o/ bi bi'o &o>/'no &o)t0&a3 &ri&ra./ 0)a.r1iti *o ra5in/ *a )/ )tan*ar*o2 &ro&i1/

nain &ri&ra./ 05ora3a /o&o'i2/ra 3ao i o&r/2/ 3oa bi )/ &ri to20 tr/ba'a 3ori)ti'a,

'!#!#! Reul/i eri i 0bita3

%#

Temp Cel1000900800700600500400300200100

DTAuV

-10.00

-20.00

-30.00

-40.00

-50.00

-60.00

-70.00

-80.00

-90.00

TG%

101.0

100.0

99.0

98.0

97.0

96.0

95.0

94.0

93.0

92.0

91.0

90.0

DTGug/min

350.0

300.0

250.0

200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0

CI I I 122414!

CI I I 102414!

CII I 8 24 14!

362Cel

94.4%

5.6%

672Cel

92.8%

1.6%

6.8%

1.7%

30Cel

99.9%

6.5%

1.6%

136Cel

531Cel


49/60


)'obo*n/ a*)orbiran/ .'a/( a i)ti )/ 5bi.a 0 t/2&/rat0rno2 &o*r00 o* %+ - :+; o, M/60ti2(

b0*09i *a rani=a i52/60 o.a *.a )03=/)i.na t/r2i3a ra)&a*a( 5bo 3on.o'0=i/( ni/ a)no

i5ra>/na( to ni/ 2o09/ tono o*r/*iti )a*r>a .'a/, Vr1na t/2&/rat0ra o.o 3on.o'0irano

ra)&a*a / :% o, Dr0i t/r2i3i ra)&a* )/ a.'a 0 t/2&/rat0rno2 &o*r00 o* %$ - / ) r/50'tati2a *obi./ni2 ana'i5o2

in8ra=r./ni4 )&/3tara( 3oi 03a500 na na)taan/ /o&o'i2/ra( r/50'tati ana'i5/ *i8ra3=i)3i4

)'i3a &ri&ra.'/ni4 05ora3a *o*atno &ot.r600 *a ni/ ri/ )a2o o )tr03t0rno tran)8or2a=ii

&o)to/9/ a2or8n/ 8a5/( n/o na)taan0 no./ a'02o)i'i3atn/ a2or8n/ 8a5/ ?/o&o'i2/ra@ 3ao

3onano &ro*03ta, Ra5'i3a i52/60 &ri&ra.'/ni4 /o&o'i2/ra i '/t/9/ &/&/'a oit0/ )/ 0&oa.'i.an0 *i8ra3=i)3i4 2a3)i202a 0 *i8ra3=i)3o )'i=i /o&'i2/ra &ri *i8ra3=i)3i2

"+


50/60


30to.i2a $T4/ta $!St0&an &ror/airano)ti( `( 0 &ri&ra.'/ni2 /o&o'i2/ri2a,

AA;LP 1&/O?AA


51/60


Sli3/ #(!R/n*/nora2i &o'i3ri)ta'ni4 05ora3a /o&o'i2/ra )/ri/ III ?AABLPC+("@ na3on :"

*ana /o&'i2/ri5a=i/,

"$


52/60


Sli3/ #*!R/n*/nora2i &o'i3ri)ta'ni4 05ora3a ra5'iiti4 a'02o)i'i3ata i to 05or3a /o&o'i2/ra

?AABLP C +("@ na3on :" *ana /o&o'i2/ri5a=i/ ?III $"4 :"*@( 05or3a )i'i=a 802/

?SF@ i '/t/9/ &/&/'a ?LP@, 7./5*i=o2 ?f@ / o5na/na 3ri)ta'na 8a5a 4/2atita,

'!#!'! Reul/i 2TIR /n/lie u.r/3/ 8e.+.li


53/60


U)&or/*bo2 )'i3a in8ra=r./no )&/3tra i5.orno '/t/9/ &/&/'a ?)'i3a :( tab'i=a #@ i

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)&/3tra'n/ .r&=/ na o3o "/ int/n5it/ta &ri .a'ni2 bro/.i2a


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I :$ $"4 :*,)& I :+ $"4 :*,)& I $"4 :*,)&

"+++(+ %++ %$++ $++ $"++ $+++ :++ :++ :"++ :$++ :+++ ++ ++ %;+(+

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796,95

775,29

731,98

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558,71

454,35

399,22

a@

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T

1027,15

455,34

378,98

366,26

798,92775,29

737,88

694,57613,84

560,68 397,25

1434,901647,55

3471,40

1005,66

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"+++(+ %H++ %$++ $E++ $"++ $+++ :E++ :H++ :"++ :$++ :+++ E++ H++ %;+(+

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3479,28

1653,46 1450,65

1165,15

1076,55

1015,51

924,94

798,92777,26

733,94694,57

607,93

558,71

456,32

397,25

371,65

=@

Sli3/ #!U)&or/*b/ in8ra=r./ni4 )&/3tara ?FTIR@ 5a 05or3/ i)t/ )/ri/ ) /*na3i2 o2/ro2

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?( :+ i :$ 2o'B*2%NaOH@,

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Diplomski rad Z/3lju1i

(!ZAKLJU)I!

Pro./*/no i)tra>i.an/ 03a50/ *a '/t/9i &/&/o i5 t/r2o/'/3tran/ P'o2in $ &r/2a ).oi2

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o*no)0 na )0)ta./ 0 3oi2a / 3on=/ntra=ia NaOH ni>a, O.a &a* .r)to9a 2o>/ )/

&ri&i)ati )2an/n0 *o*at3a .o*/no )ta3'a 3oi 0 )/bi )a*r>i oto&'/ni )i'i3at( Na-

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3/2i)3a ).o)t.a 3onano &ro*03ta, O.o )0 ta3o6/r &ot.r*i'i r/50'tati o*r/6i.ana

)t0&na &ror/airan/ r/a3ti.n/ 8a5/! 0 o*no)0 na *.a &r/t4o*na )0)ta.a( 5a o.a )0)ta.

)t0&an &ror/airano)ti / ni>i( a ti2/ / 5a o/3i.ati i ni>i )a*r>a na)ta'o /o&o'i2/ra

3oi i5ra.no 0t// na 2/4ani3a ).o)t.a /o&o'i2/rni4 3o2&o5ita,

- Ana'i5a t/r2ora.i2/tri)3i4 &o*ata3a 03a50/ na .r'o 2a'/ 0bit3/ 2a)/ 0 )0)ta.i2a

/o&o'i2/ra o*


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Diplomski rad Lier/ur/

*!LITERATURA!

:, J,Da.i*o.it) G/o&o'2/r( r//n =4/2i)tr an* )0)tainab'/ */./'o&2/nt! T4/

&o'?)ia'at/@ t/r2ino'o! a ./r 0)/80'' an* )i2&'/ 2o*/' 8or t4/ &ro2otion an*

0n*/r)tan*in o8 r//n =4/2i)tr roceedings of the orld congress Jeopol3mer

!:: E*,!J,Da.i*o.it)( P0b'i)4/* b In)tit0t G/o&o'2/r($++; &,#-:

436720.Jelena Mandic Diplomski Rad

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Transcript of 436720.Jelena Mandic Diplomski Rad