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166 ICSSR Journal of Abstracts and R eviews

N.2- VELAYUTHAM SARAVAN AN , Competing Demand for

Water in Tamil Nadu: Urbanisa t ion , Indus t r ia l isa t ion and

Environmenta l Damages in the Bhavan i and Noyyal Basins (1880s-

20001), Journal of Social and Economic Development, July - December

2007, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp . 199-238.

The present paper focuses on the m ajor factors influencing water

dem and in Coimbatore and Tirupu r, two cities in India. Population

growth , growth of indu stries, and other institutional arrangements

have been found to influence water demand resulting in bothecological and environm ental consequences. The author has brough t

out the issue of competing demand for water amongst nations all

over the world and has introduced the concept of sustainability in

the context of growing population and the need for an ingenious

way of harnessing the earths natural resource like water. Rising

dem and for water in these two cities have been linked back to the

rapid popu lation growth as an ou tcome of indu strialization an d in-

migration in these cities. Both cities have experienced launch of

several schemes like Tamil Nadu Water and Drainage (TWAD)

Board in 1976, aiming to d raw 88 lakh gallons of water p er day as to

meet the rising dem and s for wa ter. But in 2001 per capitaconsump tion of water rose to 150 Litres/ day in Coimba tore. The

author h as brought forward the issue of rising deman d for w ater

accompanied by increasing water pollution like the discharge of

treated effluents from the dyeing and bleaching units in Tiruppu r.

Hence in the wake of sustainable development, rising water

pollution, institu tional failures to check pollution, lack of availability

of water for agriculture as it is diverted to other sectors, further

posing p roblems in years of low rainfall and drou ght, are of grave

concern.

Chandrani Dut ta

N.2- JYOTIRMOYEE KAR, An Environmental Study of Land

Tenure, Land Use and Inpu t Intensity: A Case of Orissa,Journal of

Social and Economic Development, July - Decem ber 2007, Vol. 9, No. 2,

pp. 239-259.

This study attempts to determine different factors leading to

land d egradation. The stud y of different tenurial practices has been

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Economics 167

analysed in this article with reference to Orissa, predom inantly an

agricultural state. The review has tried to bring out the impact of

tenu rial practices from tw o d imensions, the classical view given by

Marshall (1890) and the equal efficiency view by Johnson in 1980

along w ith other s. Three ind icators have been selected: effect of land

use intensity, cropping intensity and input intensity on land use

behaviour. Empirical data on socioeconomic background of the

farmers along with other secondary data has been taken to

contextualize the problem. Study has revealed that small and

marginal farm size predom inant in Orissa has been a major cause ofland degradation and low farm productivity. High cropping

intensity, intensive land use p ractices have led to land degrada tion

statistically proved in Orissa. Empirical stud ies have revealed family

size, dependency ratio, as important factors in determining land

use pattern along with the principal occupation of the household.

Lack of off farm employment opportunities force the farmers to

dep end on agriculture, intensifying the land use, thereby leading to

land degradat ion . Compar isons have been drawn with the

agricultura lly developed states like Pun jab where farmers have large

farm sizes. The paper has triggered policy recommendations where

suggestions have been mad e that creation of off farm emp loymentopp ortun ities wou ld d iminish dependence on land . Access to credit

and micro finance wou ld m ake the poor households less depend ent

on land, thereby redu cing chances of land d egradation.

Chandrani Dutt a

N.2- V. KATHURIA and A.K. NISHAR, Vulnerability to Air

Pollution: Is There Any Inequity in Exposure? Economic and Political

Weekly, July 28, 2007, pp. 3158-3165.

This paper investigates households belonging to various socio-

economic traits, that are most affected by the exposure to air

pollu tion. This is carried ou t by first comp ut ing a household specific

air pollution exposure ind ex for 347 houses around seven pollution

monitoring stations in Delhi. This index is then used in a multivariate

regression by analyzing the relationship between this index and th e

socioeconomic characteristics in Delhi.

The study has two objectives; first, to define and construct a

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household specific index of exposure; and to estimate the cross-

sectional relationship between exposure and various socioeconomic

and other characteristics of the population. Log- linear form of mod el

has been used to make the data app roximately normally distributed

because of skewed d istribution at som e variables. Also, the log- liner

formulations take care of the problem of unequal variation and

outliers.

The study uses primary data, which includes information on

various socioeconomic and demographic variables and data on

air pollutants collected from secondary sources (CPCB for the period1999-00). Econometric analysis shows that other things being

constant, the economically backward commun ities are most affected

by the exposure to air pollution. The effect is quite pronounced when

they are staying in industrial areas. However, the study does not

find any evidence of environmental inequity due to religion and

social backwardness. Education facilitates defense against the

exposure, when it crosses a threshold level. Separate analysis of

residential and ind ustrial areas suggest that exposu re to air pollution

is dependen t, though not systematically, on the location of residence,

besides socioeconomic status.

Arun Kumar

N.2- B. CHINN APA and N. NAGARAJ, An Econom ic Analysis of

Public Interventions for Amelioration of Irrigated Indu ced Soil

Degradat ion: An Ap praisal of Performance,Agricultural Economics

Research Review, Vol.20, No 2, July- Decem ber 2007, pp . 375-384.

The paper studies the problems of soil degradation in the

irrigated tr acts of Karnataka state. The state has mainly five irrigated

areas namely Cauvery, Malaprabha and Ghataprabha, Bhadra,

Tungabhadra and Upper Krishna. It also reports the impact of public

intervention for amelioration of soil degradation throu gh subsu rface

dra inage technology in the Tungabhad ra (TBP) region. The primary

data has been obta ined from 105 farmers of TBP area w hich have

been analyzed using budgeting, discounted cash flow m easures and

ginni ratio.

The study shows that TBP project has the highest area under

soil degrad ation du e to salinity and water logging. It has revealed

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Economics 169

that public intervention has increased the prod uctivity of land an d

has provided a source of regular income to resource poor

households. It has been seen that subsurface technology has resulted

in increase in p roductivity and profitability of degraded soils which

shows the immense potential of Sub su rface drainage technology.

The technology is cost effective, socially desirable and economically

feasible. The study recommends that the government should take

steps to encourage and edu cate the affected farmers so as to make

them aware of the available Subsu rface Drainage technology.

Archana Dang

N.2- KUMAR ANISH SINGH, A.K. CHAUDHARY and D.K.

SINHA, Ground water Marketing in N alanda District of Bihar State:

An Appraisal of Performance,Agricultural Economics Research Review,

Vol.20, No 2, July- Decem ber 2007, pp . 333-344.

This s tudy examines the f inancial viabil i ty and cost of

groundwater through tubewells in the Nalanda district of Bihar

(Ind ia). The stud y is based on the p rimary d ata collected from tworand omly selected villages in Na landa district. Through stratified

random sampling, a sample of 60 farmers comprising 9 from

marg inal, 18 from small, 21 from med ium and 12 from large farmers

are selected. The benefit cost ratio (B: C ratio), net present value

(NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) techniques are used to

examine the financial viability of tube w ells in the area.

Results reveal that small and marginal farms u se their tube w ells

mainly for hiring , where as large and med ium u se them mainly for

their own purp ose during the main crop seasons i.e. kharif and rabi

. Cost of installation of tubewells has been found higher by large

farmers because of deep d rilling. It has been seen th at small farmers

cannot generate enough cash flow so as to meet installation and

operation costs. The financial analysis through B: C ratio and IRR

has shown the economic viability of tubew ell ground water irrigation

except in m arginal farms. The stud y has revealed that own er seller

farms category is predom inant in the water market in the study area.

It has been seen that participation in water market has negative

relation w ith the farm size. With the developm ent of water market

in the area, adoption of new technologies in crop prod uction wou ld

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make the installation of tubewells on marginal and small size of

farms financially viable. By provid ing subsidy on tubew ells

installation will redu ce their dep end ence on large farmers for

irrigation of their crops . Hence stern steps shou ld be taken a t the

policy level for reducing irrigation cost by providing subsidized

electricity , diesel , tubewells installation which would help in

increasing agricultu ral prod uction.

Archana Dang

N.2- C.A. RAMA RAO and Y.V.R. REDDY, Economics of Crop

Production in Different Agro-climatic Zones of Andhra Pradesh,

Agricultural Situation in India, Vol. LXIII, No. 10, January 2007,

pp. 577-583.

The state of Andhra Pradesh has rich endowments of various

resources. This has enabled the farmers to adopt various yield

increasing technologies for the farm operations. Consequently, a

further progress has been witnesses in the productivity and

diversification of agriculture h ere. However, the extent of such r iseboth in productivity as well as diversification has been greatly

influenced by the agro-climatic features of the state. This study

examines the p rodu ctivity levels and profitability of different crops

grown in d ifferent ag ro-climat ic zones of the state. The study uses

primary survey based on a sam ple of 15 farmers from each of the 7

agro-climatic zones in w hich the state has been d ivided. It also uses

panel d ata for 4 agr icultural years between 2000-01 to 2002-04. Data

pertaining to household and farm end owm ents, land u se pattern,

cropping p attern, inpu t use and prod uctivity levels is collected an d

put forward at 2003-04 prices to calculate the economics of crop

prod uction in each agro-climate zone in the state. On the basis of

the survey and analysis the stud y shows that retu rns to land from

irrigated farming were high in all the zones. Consequently,

cultivation of rainfed crops is less profitable. Apart from crop

farming, alternative sources of income generation have been

explored and developed in areas where crop produ ction is not a

viable livelihood source.

Smriti Walia

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Economics 171

N.2- D.C. GUPTA, SURESH, A.J.S. MANN and V.K. SINGH, Major

Livestock Crop Production Systems and Socio-Economic Cond itions

of the Farmers in Different Agro-climatic Regions of Rajasthan,

Agricultural Situation in India, Vol. LXIII, No. 10, January 2007,

pp. 585-591.

Agriculture in Rajasthan is highly prone to droughts due to

occasional failure of monsoons. Bad or no m onsoon combined with

market imperfections make the situation even worse. Such a bad

situation for farmers having a highly skewed asset distribution totheir name gives rise to the vicious circle of poverty. In such a

scenario, livestock sector behaves as a life-saver and th us is perceived

as a safety net for those associated with agricultural cultivation.

Keeping th e strong relationship w hich comes out of this discussion

into consideration, the stud y aims to elucidate the socio-econom ic

status of the farmers living in various agro-climatic regions of

Rajasthan. The study intends to identify various livestock-crop

prod uction systems in d ifferent agro-climat ic regions of Rajasthan.

This study is a part of National Agricultural Technology Project

(NATP). The state of Rajasthan is divid ed in to 9 agro-climatic zones

where multistage random sampling technique is utilized to pickthe requisite data set for the study. Apart from this data has also

been collected through a complete enumeration of households in

the year 2001-02 using structured interview schedules. Analyses

shows th at most of the livestock breeders belong to the category of

small and semi-medium farmers, however, with fairly large

operational holdings. Also, the land is not utilized upto its full

potential because of lack/ poor availability of water in various parts

of the states.

Smriti Walia

N.2- N. D EKA, Impact of Weather Param eters on the Produ ction of

Selected H orticulture Crops in Assam,Agricultural Situation in India,

Vol. LXIV, No. 2, May 2007, pp. 51-54.

Horticulture is one of the major branches of agriculture that

includes culture of garden crops i .e . f ruits and vegetables .

Horticulture in Assam is characterized by low prod uction and has

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not attained its expected level because of inadequate indu strial base

and marketing support. Cultivation of these crops in Assam is

dep endent totally on natu re, the pat tern of wh ich is quite fluctuating.

With this consideration, the present p aper is an attem pt to correlate

climatic factors with horticulture crop production in Assam to

measure the relationship betw een the tw o. To achieve the objective,

single as well as multiple correlation coefficients have been

computed from state-level secondary data on 6 horticulture crops

and three weather p arameters viz. rainfall, temp erature and relative

hum idity. The stud y shows that the imp act of weather param eterson all selected crops w as insignificant. H owever, their relationship

cannot be ignored in face of existence of multicolinearity in the d ata

set.

Smriti Walia

N.2- B. DAYAKAR RAO, C.V. RATNAVATHI, CH.

SHASHIDHAR REDDY, S.S. RAO and N. SEETHARAMA ,

Potential Alternative Feedstock for Bioethanol in India: Sweet

Sorghu m, a Bioenergy Crop,Agricultural Situation in India, Vol. LXIV,No. 6, Septem ber 2007, pp . 243-249.

Sweet Sorghum has a u nique tra it of high carbon assimilation

capability coup led w ith accumu lation of high levels of extractable

sugars in its stalks, wh ich can be exploited for its extensive use as a

raw m aterial for manu facturing ethan ol, jaggery, syrup and pap er.

However, this crop has not been fully exploited. This paper thus

attemp ts to captu re the strengths of and opp ortun ities for the sweet

sorghum prod uction and its utilization as an industrial raw material.

It also aims to analyse various weaknesses for the large scale

production and utilization and the possible threats that could

potentially affect its prosperity. The study is based on a SWOT

analysis based on prosperity and threats for usage of sweet sorghum

as an indu strial material. Apart from prod uction and utilization, it

also sheds light on the marketing, technical and institutional aspects

of sweet sorghum to assist researchers, planners, policy makers,

industries etc. to draw appropriate strategies for achieving the

respect ive goals . The s tudy shows that the s t rength and

opportun ities of producing sweet sorghum outweigh its weakness

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Economics 173

and threats in India. It is a remunerative crop for dry land poor

farmers and a source of supplementary raw material to ethanol

indus t ry . However , i t faces cer ta in problems which make

coordinated efforts of private and public R&D in the area

indispensable. Sweet sorghu m can thus be of hu ge benefit for the

farmers in dry lands of India, along with having immense potential

for boosting the ethan ol indu stry. Consequently, approp riate

developm ental, trade and p olicy initiatives are needed in this area.

Smriti Walia

N.2- DALBIR SINGH, Who Gains Who Loses in the Game of

Ground water Markets in Water- Scarce Regions: An Ap pra isal of

Performance,Agricultural Economics Research Review, Vol.20, No 2,

July- Decem ber 2007, pp . 345-360.

The main aim of the study is to understand the operations of

groun dw ater markets in fragile cond itions and to identify the gainers

and losers in the game of water markets in the long run. The data

estimated by the d epartment of ground water of state governmentis used in this stud y. The stud y shows that sellers of water belonged

to medium and large farms and the buyers to marginal and small

farms. Certain w ell owners having large size of holdings remained

out from water business. Water markets have helped in reducing

inequalities in the accessibility of groundwater resources, but in

water scarce regions, principles of profit maximization is being

followed by th e sellers. It has been seen that different strategies are

being adop ted in d ifferent regions. The stud y advocates that w ater

rights should be red efined and nationalization of ground water

resource is the only possible solution for its sustainable development.

Hence, effective prov isions are required so that water is jud iciously

used; information system should be mad e more transparent. A

commu nity based action is requ ired for the efficient an d effective

use of groundwater resources.

Archana Dang

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N.2- R.S. SHEKHAWAT, Economic Analysis of Sub- Surface

Drainage und er Indira Gandhi Nah ar Priyojna Comm and Area- A

Case Study: An Appraisal of Performance, Agricultural Economics

Research Review, Vol.20, No 2, July- Decem ber 2007, pp . 361-374.

The main purpose of the paper is to study the effect of water

logging on farm income an d to ascertain th e installation cost of sub

surface drainage (SSD) in the pilot area, and to check the financial

viability of SSD installed in the pilot areas. In order to study the

effect of water logging on farm incomes, two major crops i.e. cottonin the kharif and wheat in rabi season is selected to carry out the

analysis .The data r egard ing cost on installation of SSD is collected

from th e official record and to assess the financial viability Benefit

cost ratio (B: C ratio), Net p resent value (NPV) and Internal rate of

return (IRR) are used. The stud y has shown that w ater logging has

adversely affected crop yield s. The total cost on installation of SSD

is Rs 17, 82,564 for w hole p ilot area of 75 hec. The B: C ra tio (2.44),

NPV (Rs 34275/ hec) and IRR (25.88 per cent). These ind icators have

found to quite high an d have well established th e financial feasibility

of the pilot area.

Archana Dang

N.2- JYOTIRMAYEE KAR, An environmental stud y of land tenu re,

land use and inpu t intensity: A case of Orissa,Journal of Social and

Economic Development, Vol. 9 No. 2. 2007. pp. 239-259.

To understand declining agricultural productivity a primary

survey w as condu cted on a sample of 300 households of 30 selected

blocks. In each block irrigated and un irrigated v illages were selected

since cropping p attern and input use largely d epends on irrigation.

In sample stud y it is foun d m ajority of households have a marginal

holding w hile almost all share tenants cultivate small and m arginal

holdings. The literacy level of share tenants was low. Their family

size is large along with high dependency level. Majority of

households use family members for agriculture operations. The

stud y assum ed that chemical inpu ts in agricultu re are significantly

influenced by various factors along w ith tenu rial practices. Cobb-

Dauglas production function w as used to m easure the prod uction

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Economics 175

relation. The constant ratio, gross revenue per acres, non-farm

income, size of land holdings, ratio of household labour to total

labour, age of household, highest education in household,

depend ant-earner ratio, two regional dum mies, irrigation d um my

and land tenure pattern demmies were the independent variable

used in study. Regression results revealed that independent

variables explain nearly 90 per cent of variation in the depend ant

variable, chemical inpu t. It is also found that large size holding u se

intense inpu t since farmers prefer cash crops. Besides as land holding

size increases family input also increases. Auth or recomm ends anincrease in access to credit and micro-finance to marginal land

holders so that d epend ency on land is reduced. It is also necessary

to create awareness among small farmers and propagate share

cropping to red uce intensity of inp ut and cultivation.

S. Sreekesh

N .2- VELAYUTHAM SARAVAN AN , Competing Demand for

Water in Tamil Nad u: Urbanizat ion , Indu s t r ia liza t ion an d

Environmenta l Damages in th e Bhavan i and Noyyal Basins (1880s 2000s), Journal of Social and Economic Development, Vol. 9, No. 2,

2007, pp . 199-237.

This article analyses comp eting dem and for water arising out of

urbanization, industrialization an d environmental dam ages in the

Bhavani and Noyyal basins of Tamil Nadu from 1880-2000. The

discussion starts with a macro view of comp eting deman d for water.

Subsequently the author discusses the factors such as population

growth, growth of industries and other estatblishments that have

influenced water d emand in Coimbatore and Tirup ur districts that

are within the basin. The author h as analyzed how th ese demand

factors have led to increased water demand, increase in effluents

and water pollution. The industrial growth of Coimbatore and

Tirupur districts resulted in growth of population as result of

migration of people from neighbour ing districts. Consequently, there

was rise in demand for water in the domestic, industrial and

agricultural sectors. These conditions are comp ared with the slow

growth in local wa ter sup ply for these tw o industrial cities. It is also

observed that, there is tremend ous growth of pollutants in both river

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basins. It was found that th e available water is not only d eclining

but also worsening in qu ality d ue to the ineffective pollution control

measu res. Further d iversion of water to meet domestic and ind ustrial

use has d ecreased the availability of water of agricultu re. The au thor

suggests public and private partnership for the development of

infrastructure for water resource use and development at the

confluence of these rivers and also pru dent use of water by ad opting

various methods of conservation, recycling and reuse along with

the pr icing of water according to its true value.

S. Sreekesh

N.2- ABDUL SHABAN and R. N. SHARMA, Water Consumption

Patterns in Domestic Households in Major Cities, Economic and

Political Weekly, Vol. 42, No.23, June 9, 2007, pp . 2190-2198.

This paper explores the nature of water scarcity for domestic

household pu rposes in the seven m ajor Indian cities: Delhi, Kanpur,

Kolkata, Ahmed abad, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Madu rai. The stud y

is based on hou sehold sample surveys in these cities.The average water consum ption in all seven cities was found to

be lower than the norms provided by the Bureau of Ind ian Standards

and tenth five year plan. Lower consumption is mainly due to sup ply

constraints in these cities. All categories of households were found

facing such acute deficiencies in water, though the low income

households and areas suffered the most. Interestingly in spite of

such shortages most of the households expressed satisfaction.

Certain domestic activities required more water like bathing,

washing , cleaning as comp ared to cooking and dr inking. Use of tap

water is higher almost in all cities, but it is not th e single source of

consump tion. As the tap water supp ly is not reliable the households

have to d epend on grou nd water, as it is reliable. The share of such

households is increasing over time. The duration of water supply

from the taps was found to be highly erratic. During the summer

months the households had to suffer the worst and many had to

depend on tankers to meet their minimal water needs. Perception

about th e quality of water supp ly also varied from city to city; e.g.

in Mum bai 65 percent believed that w ater was safe, while only 11

percent in Kanpur said so. Most of the people living in the slum

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Economics 177

areas in all these cities d id not u se any filter or any other p ur ification

methods before consuming w ater. The pap er has emp hasized on

the rain water harvesting mechanism as the serious alternative for

restoring the ground water resources for further exploitations.

Almost all the current issues related to water consumption in

metrop olitan cities in India has been ad dressed in th is paper.

Dhiraj Barman

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