4.1 EAST DUFFINS CREEK SUBWATERSHED 4.1.1 INTRODUCTION · The East Duffins Creek subwatershed...

4 . 0 I M P L E M E N T A T I O N - A S U B W A T E R S H E D P E R S P E C T I V E

This section provides the opportunity to focus on the current conditions and issues affecting

each subwatershed. This section also identifies subwatershed restoration and protection needs,

based on the management recommendations outlined in Section 3.0.

Every effort has been taken to ensure consistency with the management direction provided in

this plan and that is outlined in the watershed plan. If through error or omission a discrepancy is

found, please contact TRCA for clarification.

4 . 1 E A S T D U F F I N S C R E E K S U B W A T E R S H E D

4 . 1 . 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N

This subwatershed begins in the northeastern portion of the Duffins Creek watershed and flows

in a southerly direction, collecting water from a number of smaller tributaries until it’s confluence

with the West Duffins Creek north of Highway 2. The subwatershed drains approximately 9,202

hectares of land and contains approximately 124 kilometres of 1st to 4th order watercourses. Three

tributaries contribute to the main branch of the East Duffins Creek, including Mitchell Creek,

Brougham Creek and Spring Creek (Figure 21).

Setting

Land cover in this subwatershed is predominantly rural and natural cover, with approximately

50 per cent in agriculture, 45 per cent natural cover, composed of meadow, wetland or forest,

one per cent golf course and four per cent urbanized (Table 22).

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4C H A P T E R

Table 22. Current land cover in the East Duffins Creek subwatershed

It is estimated that the subwatershed once contained approximately 146 hectares of wetlands,

compared to a current wetland area of approximately 112 hectares.

The East Duffins Creek subwatershed contains 60 kilometres of small riverine cold-water

habitat (50 per cent of stream length), 34 kilometres of small riverine warm-water habitat (28 per

cent of stream length) and 27 kilometres of intermediate riverine cold-water habitat (22 per cent

of stream length).

4 . 1 . 2 A Q U A T I C C O M M U N I T Y

A list of the 40 fish species historically found and the 19 found in 2000 is shown in Table 23.

Table 23. Fish species found historically and in 2000 in the East Duffins Creek subwatershed

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Common Name Historic 2000* Common Name Historic 2000*Common Name Historic 2000* Common Name Historic 2000*Common Name Historic 2000* Common Name Historic 2000*Common Name Historic 2000* Common Name Historic 2000*Common Name Historic 2000* Common Name Historic 2000*Common Name Historic 2000* Common Name Historic 2000*Common Name Historic 2000* Common Name Historic 2000*

American brook lamprey spottail shiner spottail shiner spottail shiner5

northern brook lamprey** spotfin shiner spotfin shiner spotfin shiner

sea lamprey1 bluntnose minnow bluntnose minnow

chinook salmon1 fathead minnow fathead minnow fathead minnow

coho salmon1 blacknose dace blacknose dace blacknose dace

rainbow trout1 longnose dace longnose dace

Atlantic salmon2 creek chub creek chub creek chub

brown trout1 brown bullhead

brook trout stonecat stonecat5

northern pike white perch white perch white perch1

white sucker rock bass rock bass

northern hog sucker pumpkinseed pumpkinseed pumpkinseed

northern redbelly dace4 smallmouth bass smallmouth bass smallmouth bass

redside dace3,6 largemouth bass largemouth bass largemouth bass

common carp1 yellow perch yellow perch yellow perch

brassy minnow44 rainbow darter rainbow darter rainbow darter44

hornyhead chub hornyhead chub fantail darter fantail darter

river chub johnny darter johnny darter johnny darter

emerald shiner5 mottled sculpin mottled sculpin

common shiner slimy sculpin slimy sculpin slimy sculpin

Tributary Total Area (ha) % Agricultural % Natural % UrbanTributary Total Area (ha) % Agricultural % Natural % UrbanTributary Total Area (ha) % Agricultural % Natural % UrbanTributary Total Area (ha) % Agricultural % Natural % UrbanTributary Total Area (ha) % Agricultural % Natural % UrbanTributary Total Area (ha) % Agricultural % Natural % Urban

East Duffins Creek 5439 39 57 4East Duffins Creek 5439 39 57 4East Duffins Creek 5439 39 57 4East Duffins Creek 5439 39 57 4East Duffins Creek 5439 39 57 4East Duffins Creek 5439 39 57 4

Mitchell Creek 2359 64 32 4Mitchell Creek 2359 64 32 4Mitchell Creek 2359 64 32 4Mitchell Creek 2359 64 32 4Mitchell Creek 2359 64 32 4

Brougham Creek 844 74 23 3Brougham Creek 844 74 23 3Brougham Creek 844 74 23 3Brougham Creek 844 74 23 3Brougham Creek 844 74 23 3

Spring Creek 560 73 27 0Spring Creek 560 73 27 0Spring Creek 560 73 27 0Spring Creek 560 73 27 0Spring Creek 560 73 27 0

East Duffins Creek subwatershed 9202 51 45 4East Duffins Creek subwatershed 9202 51 45 4East Duffins Creek subwatershed 9202 51 45 4East Duffins Creek subwatershed 9202 51 45 4East Duffins Creek subwatershed 9202 51 45 4

* - Though not captured in 2000, American brook lamprey and chinook salmon are known to be present while northern hog sucker, common shiner, bluntnose minnow and fantail darter are expected to be present. The status of coho salmon, northern redbelly dace, redside dace, brassy minnow, river chub, spottail shiner, spotfin shiner, white perch, smallmouth bass and yellow perch are unknown.

** - Likely a misidentif ication since recorded range does not include north shore of Lake Ontario 1

Likely a misidentif ication since recorded range does not include north shore of Lake Ontario1 Likely a misidentif ication since recorded range does not include north shore of Lake Ontario - Introduced species

2 - Extirpated species 3 - COSEWIC - Species of Special Concern 4 - COSEWIC - Group 2, Intermediate Priority 5 - COSEWIC - Group 3, Lower Priority

6 - COSSARO - Threatened

Atlantic salmon, once common in Duffins Creek, are extirpated from the watershed. Historically,

they likely spawned in East Duffins Creek, but it is not known which tributaries they utilized.

Although some historical benthic invertebrate records were found for the East Duffins system,

the study intentions and methodology tended to be vague and study locations were often cryptic

and/or did not correspond well with recent sample station location. The decision, therefore, was

made to focus on the invertebrate data collected in 2000 rather than the historic information.

General results of the invertebrate survey are listed in Table 24.

Table 24. Summary of 2000 benthic invertebrate analysis for the East Duffins Creek subwatershed.

Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity Taxa Index

SP01 19 Amphipoda (scuds) 79 Plecoptera 6 2 5.8/ Fairly Poor 1.38 (stoneflies)

BR02 29 Amphipoda (scuds) 69 Simuliidae 22 7 5.9/ Fairly Poor 1.79 (black flies)

EDU01 30 Amphipoda (scuds) 44 Ephemeroptera 15 9 5.4/ Fair 2.85 (mayflies)

EDU02 31 Amphipoda (scuds) 81 Trichoptera 4 13 5.7/ Fairly Poor 1.52 (caddis flies)

EDU03 8 Amphipoda (scuds) 89 Ephemeroptera 5 3 5.9/ Fairly Poor 1.46 (mayflies)

EDU04 36 Amphipoda (scuds) 45 Coleoptera (beetles) 33 16 5.1/ Fair 2.69

EDU05 31 Ephemeroptera 36 Chironomidae 32 10 5.3/ Fair 3.57 (mayflies) (midges)

EDU06 32 Ephemeroptera 46 Chironomidae 1410 5.2/ Fair 3.47 (mayflies) (midges)

EDU07 33 Coleoptera (beetles) 33 Chironomidae 33 8 5.5 3.65 (midges)

MIT01 19 Pelecypoda (clams) 39 Chironomidae 28 5 5.6 3.3 (midges)

MIT02 34 Chironomidae 42 Ephemeroptera 20 12 5.6 3.92 (midges) (mayflies)

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Aquatic Ecosystem Health

Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) ratings and species richness scores in the East Duffins system do

not coincide with what appears to be for the most part, good quality habitat (Figure 21). Half

of the stations sampled in 2000 received a rating of “good” stream quality, while the other half

received ratings of “fair.” EDU05, located north of Taunton Road, received a rating of “poor.” Most

scores less than “good” were typically due to a lower than expected total fish catch, and poorer

than expected community composition and diversity. Two sites, EDU04 and EDU05, received low

scores due to a high percentage of Rhinichthys species, indicators of disturbed and/or eutrophic

conditions. MIT01, located west of the Village of Claremont, received a score of “fair”, possibly

due to its proximity to the village. The high number of online ponds and instream barriers in

the headwaters are likely also impacting the biological integrity of subwatershed.

Analysis of current benthic invertebrate data suggests that the majority of sample stations

are in relatively good condition with a few sites showing signs of degradation. Some station such as

Spring Creek, Brougham Creek and the headwaters of the East Duffins Creek suggest a community

imbalance, where amphipods dominated the catch. These stations also received low scores for EPT

and for species diversity from both the Hilsenhoff Index and the Shannon-Weaver Index (Table 24).

Hilsenhoff scores suggest that there is likely substantial organic pollution present at these stations.

When comparing subwatersheds in the Duffins system, or between watersheds in the

GTA, the East Duffins Creek subwatershed is presently only mildly degraded. Overall, water

temperature, riparian cover, land use, bank stability, and flow all appear to be in good order,

however, eutrophication and instream barriers appear to be impacting the aquatic ecosystem.

An important characteristic of this subwatershed is the presence of an instream barrier located

on private property north of Highway 7 on the main branch of the East Duffins Creek, referred

to as Newman’s dam. This barrier currently prevents migratory trout and salmon from

accessing resident brook trout habitat upstream. Based on discussions with anglers and agency

staff, it was decided to maintain this barrier as the upstream limit of migratory access.

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4 . 1 . 3 M A N A G E M E N T T A R G E T S

Table 25 summarizes the aquatic management components and targets for the East Duffins

Creek subwatershed.

Table 25. Aquatic management components and targets for the East Duffins Creek subwatershed.

Nearly all sub-catchment areas have a baseflow to annual flow ratio that is suitable for the production of salmon and trout species. Modeling results suggest that if current development projections are met this ratio will not drastically change. As urban expansion occurs, however, this ratio may be reduced.

No active permits found in the East Duffins Creek subwatershed. Unknown and unpermitted water takings may still be present.

Nutrients levels are generally good. Invertebrate data indicates a fairly substantial level of organic pollution with the highest levels of eutrophication noted in Brougham Creek, Spring Creek, and in some headwater reaches of the East Duffins Creek (EDU02, EDU03).

The 2003/04 “Guide to Eating Ontario Sport Fish” shows one location on East Duffins Creek.. Smaller tributaries not listed.

a) 79 per cent naturally vegetated

b) 60 per cent of stream length with woody vegetation

None proposed at this time.

a) Two per cent for Duffins Creek watershed

b) 1.5 per cent for East Duffins Creek subwatershed

“Fair” to “Good” Not sampled “Poor” to “Good”

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Above Newman’s Dam: Atlantic salmon not present; OMNR co-ordinating Atlantic salmon Recovery Program; will need to be stocked. Brook trout currently found.

Below Newman’s dam: Redside dace not found in 2000 survey; may be a function of number of sampling stations

Atlantic salmon not present; OMNR co-ordinating Atlantic salmon Recovery Program; will ultimately need to be stocked. Brook trout currently found.

Redside dace not found in 2000 survey; may be a function of number of sampling stations. Darter species currently found.

Existing Conditions by Habitat Category Existing Conditions by Habitat Category Existing Conditions by Habitat Category Management Management Management Management Component Target Component Target

Protect existing baseflow.

Maintain baseflow to average annual flow ratio of at least 25 per cent.

Allocate so that there are no conflicts with aquatic habitat and species.

PWQO or better.

Remove or mitigate except where integral to fisheries management (e.g. Newman’s dam)

a) 100 per cent stream length naturally vegetated

b) 75 per cent of stream length with woody vegetation.

Natural channel principles used when alterations are necessary or improvements proposed

a) > 10 per cent of watershed

a) > 10 per cent of watershed

a) > 10 per cent of

b) Six per cent (414 ha) of subwatershed

Minimum of “Good”

Small Riverine Coldwater- brook trout and Atlantic salmon

Small Riverine Warmwater - redside dace and darter species

Intermediate Riverine Coldwater - brook trout and Atlantic salmon above Newman’s dam; rainbow trout and redside dace below Newman’s dam

Baseflow

Water Extraction

Water Quality and Nutrients

Instream Barriers and Ponds

Riparian Vegetation

Altered Watercourses

Wetland

IBI

Target Species

Small Riverine Small Riverine Intermediate Riverine Small Riverine Small Riverine Intermediate Riverine Small Riverine Small Riverine Intermediate Riverine Small Riverine Small Riverine Intermediate Riverine Coldwater Warmwater Coldwater Coldwater Warmwater Coldwater Coldwater Warmwater Coldwater Coldwater Warmwater Coldwater

- One in East Duffins Creek (Newman’s dam).

- 23 in East Duffins Creek

- One in Mitchell Creek

- One in Mitchell Creek

- Eight in Brougham Creek

4 . 1 . 4 I M P L E M E N T A T I O N S T R A T E G I E S F O R M A N A G E M E N T A C T I V I T I E S A N D T A R G E T S

In order to attain and/or maintain the management objectives and targets, conservation

and restoration efforts are required. Table 26 lists recommended management activities required

to protect and enhance the aquatic community. Figure 21 shows the location of

recommended activities.

Table 26. Recommended management activities for the East Duffins Creek subwatershed.

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Management Recommended Activity Management Recommended Activity Target

High Priority High Priority

Ensure existing water balance is maintained in areas where development is to occur (e.g. federal airport lands and areas south of Taunton Road).

Protect areas of recharge and discharge. Implement TRCA’s Terrestrial Natural Heritage System Strategy. Assess extent of unpermitted water takings. Precise volume limits and timing of water extraction need to be determined to

ensure sufficient baseflow requirements for aquatic community.

Expand assessment of federal airport lands to determine presence of redside dace, and salmonid spawning areas.

Add sample stations in Brougham, Mitchell and Spring Creeks. Add sample stations to include small riverine warm-water habitat.

Baitfish collection to be restricted at known redside dace locations.

Upper reaches of Brougham Creek will be affected by the development of the federal airport lands. Development should be conducted on an environment first basis and should include a setback from top of bank of at least 30 metres.

Additional aquatic surveys including electrofishing and spawning surveys should be conducted on the federal airport lands.

Explore establishing an angling club in the Greenwood Conservation Area. Conservation lands should provide specific areas/nodes for angling access. Conservation lands should promote catch and release angling, and the use

of barbless hooks within identified reaches of their land. Implement TRCA’s approved Conservation Land Management Plan.

Maintain and protect existing riparian vegetation, including a minimum setback of 30 metres.

Woody riparian vegetation should be established along: East Duffins Creek between Taunton and Rossland roads. the headwaters of Mitchell, Spring and Brougham creeks, and along a small

easterly tributary that originates just north of 9th Concession Road and joins the main branch of the East Duffins north of 8th Concession Road.

Restoration plantings at Paulynn Park should be continued. Future construction of Highway 407 should minimize impacts to

the riparian corridor. Golf course and agricultural operations are encouraged to allow woody

vegetation to grow adjacent to watercourses.

Water Balance

Monitoring

Baitfish Harvest

Public Land

Riparian Vegetation

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Medium Priority

Management Recommended Activity Management Recommended Activity Management Recommended Activity Management Recommended Activity Management Recommended Activity Component Component Component Component

Barriers in headwater areas should be removed and or mitigated. Where removal is not an option, outlets should be converted to bottom draw structures.

The barrier north of Highway 7 on East Duffins Creek (Newman’s Dam) must remain in place for fisheries management purposes. Structural inspection is recommended

Existing wetlands must receive full protection. Opportunities to create additional wetlands should be explored.

Where possible, historic wetlands should be recreated.

Investigate potential locations where cattle have unrestricted access to watercourses.

Fence off cattle on Brougham Creek at 7th Concession west of Brock Road.

Conduct creel surveys to determine angling pressure. Short term - artificial bait and single barbless hooks on TRCA properties

upstream of Highway 7 only; trout and salmon catch and possession limit on all TRCA proper ties only to be changed to five in one day, but not more than one from among brook and brown trout for a sportfishing licence and two in one day, but not more than one from among brook and brown trout for a conservation licence.

Long term - artificial bait and single barbless hooks only upstream of Highway 7, catch-and-possession limits for trout and salmon be reduced to two with a sportfishing licence and one with a conservation licence.

Stocking of non-native species for put-and-take fishery is not recommended. OMNR to conduct genetic analysis to assess the presence and extent of the

historic brook trout population. OMNR to investigate the habitat suitability for redside dace and Atlantic salmon in

the appropriate management zones and if appropriate, consider stocking.

Assessments required to evaluate the need for instream habitat works.

None recommended at this time.

Natural channel principles to be used when alterations or improvements proposed.


Wetland Creation & Restoration

Water Quality

Angling Regulations

Stocking

Instream Habitat

Stormwater Retrofits


Figure 21. Recommended Implementation Strategies in the East Duffins Creek Subwatershed.

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4 . 2 W E S T D U F F I N S C R E E K S U B W A T E R S H E D

4 . 2 . 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N

The West Duffins Creek subwatershed is located in the northwestern portion of the watershed and

flows southeasterly, collecting water from seven smaller tributaries until its confluence with the

East Duffins Creek north of Highway 2. The subwatershed drains approximately 13,537 hectares

of land and contains approximately 173 kilometres of 1st to 5th order watercourses. The sub-basins

in the West Duffins Creek subwatershed are West Duffins Creek, Stouffville Creek, Reesor Creek,

Wixon Creek, Unnamed Creek, Major Creek and Whitevale Creek (Figure 22).

Setting

Approximately 63 per cent of the subwatershed is agricultural, three per cent is urbanized, two per

cent is golf course and 32 per cent is natural cover in the form of either forest, meadow or wetland

(Table 27).

Table 27. Current land cover in the West Duffins Creek subwatershed.

The West Duffins Creek subwatershed contains approximately 340 hectares of wetlands

while it is estimated that historically, it once contained approximately 444 hectares of

wetlands, representing a 23 per cent loss.

The West Duffins Creek subwatershed contains small riverine cold-water habitat (66 kilometres or

38 per cent by length), small riverine warm-water habitat (58 kilometres or 34 per cent by length)

and intermediate riverine cold-water habitat (49 kilometres or 28 per cent by length).

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Tributary Total Area (ha) % Agricultural % Natural % Urban

Reesor Creek 2580 67 30 2

Stouffville Creek 1367 61 19 20

Major Creek 527 79 21 0

Whitevale Creek 556 79 21 <1

Unnamed Creek 1298 84 16 0

Wixon creek 1082 66 34 0

West Duffins Creek 6127 57 32 2

West Duffins Creek subwatershed 13537 64 32 4


Atlantic salmon, once common in Duffins Creek, are extirpated from the watershed. It is likely

that they historically spawned in the West Duffins system, but it is not known which tributaries

they utilized. A list of the 34 fish species found historically and the 21 found is shown in

Table 28.

Table 28. Fish species found historically and in 2000 in the West Duffins Creek subwatershed.

* - Other species such as northern hog sucker, central mud minnow, rock bass, smallmouth bass, fantail darter and slimy sculpin are expected to be present. The status of redside dace, brassy minnow, golden shiner, yellow bullhead and yellow perch is unknown

1 - Introduced species2 - Extirpated species3 - COSEWIC - Species of Special Concern 4 - COSEWIC - Group 2, Intermediate Priority5

- COSEWIC - Group 2, Intermediate Priority5

- COSEWIC - Group 2, Intermediate Priority- COSEWIC - Group 3, Lower Priority

6 - COSSARO - Threatened6 - COSSARO - Threatened6

Although some historical benthic invertebrate records were found for the West Duffins

system, they tended to have vague study intentions and methodology, and study locations

were often cryptic and/or did not correspond well with recent sampling station locations.

The decision was made, therefore, to focus solely on data collected in the summer of 2000.

The general results of the invertebrate survey are listed in Table 29.

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Common Name Historic 2000* Common Name Historic 2000*

American brook lamprey longnose dace

sea lamprey1 creek chub

rainbow trout1 yellow bullhead

Atlantic salmon2 brown bullhead

brown trout1 stonecat5

brook trout brook stickleback

white sucker rock bass

northern hog sucker pumpkinseed

central mud minnow largemouth bass

northern redbelly dace4 smallmouth bass

redside dace3,5 yellow perch

brassy minnow4 rainbow darter4

golden shiner Iowa darter

common shiner fantail darter

bluntnose minnow johnny darter

fathead minnow mottled sculpin

blacknose dace slimy sculpin

Table 29. Summary of 2000 benthic invertebrate analysis for the West Duffins Creek subwatershed.

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MAJ01 26 Chironomidae 72 Amphipoda 16 2 6.55/ Fairly 3.1 (midges) (scuds)

RS01 55 Chironomidae 36 Ephemeroptera 19 12 5.3/ Fair 4.3 (midges) (mayflies)

RS02 53 Ephemeroptera 35 Chironomidae 30 14 5.3/ Fair 4.3 (mayflies) (midges)

ST01 26 Ephemeroptera 48 Isopoda 24 7 5.9/ Fairly Poor 2.3 (mayflies) (aquatic sow bugs)

ST02 35 Ephemeroptera 52 Simuliidae 10 9 5.5/ Fair 2.7 (mayflies) (black flies)

UNN01 45 Chironomidae and 36 Coleoptera 9 12 5.6/ Fair 3.6 (midges) (beetles) Ephemeroptera (mayflies)

WDU01 18 Chironomidae 63 Amphipoda 18 2 6.3/ Fairly Poor 3.3 (midges) (scuds)

WDU02 35 Amphipoda 46 Chironomidae 11 9 5.4/ Fair 2.9 (scuds) (midges)

WDU03 19 Amphipoda 64 Chironomidae 17 2 5.9/ Fairly Poor 2 (scuds) (midges)

WDU06 36 Chironomidae 35 Ephemeroptera 30 12 5.5/ Fair 3.8 (midges) (mayflies)

WDU08 48 Ephemeroptera 47 Coleoptera 20 14 4.9/ Good 4.1 (mayflies) (beetles)

WDU09 36 Ephemeroptera 46 Chironomidae 27 10 5.3/ Fair 3.5 (mayflies) (midges)

WDU10 41 Ephemeroptera 62 Trichoptera 16 11 4.9/ Good 3.6 (mayflies) (caddisflies)

WDU12 23 Ephemeroptera 47 Chironomidae 32 6 5.6/ Fairly Poor 4.3 (mayflies) (midges)

WIX01 35 Trichoptera 28 Ephemeroptera 24 12 5.0/ Fair 3.9 (caddisflies) (mayflies)

WTV01 17 Ephemeroptera 60 Chironomidae 15 2 5.2/ Fair 2.9 (mayflies) (midges)

Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index


Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) ratings calculated from the 2000 data for the West Duffins Creek

subwatershed ranged between “poor” and “good” (Figure 22), with slightly under half of the sample

sites having “good” stream quality while just over half of the sites had “fair” or “poor” stream

quality. Low ratings in the headwaters resulted primarily from poor trophic composition and a lack

of indicator species such as brook trout. Low ratings found in the lower sections of the system were

symptomatic of a very high percentage of Rhinichthys species and a lack of specialized feeders. Of

note is the decrease of the IBI score in Reesor Creek at its second sampling site located downstream

of its confluence with Stouffville Creek. This lower score may reflect decreased water quality due to

the sewage treatment plant located on Stouffville Creek.

The difference between expected and actual species richness varies throughout the subwatershed,

with the largest discrepancies found in the lower third of the subwatershed. Species richness was lower

in areas that lacked riparian vegetation or adjacent to urbanized areas, or both. This is seen in

Stouffville and Major creeks, and to a larger extent, in the lower sections of West Duffins Creek.

Analysis of current benthic invertebrate data suggests that the majority of sample stations are in

relatively good condition, with a few sites showing signs of degradation (Table 29). Some stations

in Major Creek, Stouffville Creek and the headwaters of the West Duffins Creek reflect a community

imbalance, with tolerant taxa such as Chironomids dominating the sample. These stations also

received poor scores for EPT and for Hilsenhoff ’s Family Biotic Index. BI scores indicate that there

is likely very substantial organic pollution present. Shannon-Weaver Index scores were also relatively

low compared to other sites. Stations MAJ01, WDU01 and WDU03 stand out as having the

highest level of degradation. However, these sites received “fair” to “good” IBI ratings for fish

community health, suggesting that the disturbance could be a relatively recent occurrence that

the fish community hasn’t yet responded to. Conversely, sites located in the lower sections of the

subwatershed received relatively good benthic scores, while fish community metrics indicate poor

condition. The data suggests that disturbances, perhaps related to flow or water quality, or both,

are occurring periodically, giving the benthic community time to recover but only tolerant fish

communities can adapt. Benthic invertebrate data collected from the lower end of the subwatershed

suggests eutrophic conditions and high sediment deposition.

When comparing subwatersheds in the Duffins Creek system, or between watersheds in the

GTA, the West Duffins Creek subwatershed is only moderately degraded, although more so than

the East Duffins Creek. Unstable water temperatures, compromised water quality and patchy

riparian vegetation in areas are all impacting ecosystem health.

An important feature in this subwatershed is the presence of an instream barrier located on TRCA

property, south of Highway 7, on the main branch of West Duffins Creek, referred to as the

Whitevale Dam. This barrier currently prevents migratory trout and salmon from gaining access to

resident brook trout habitat upstream. Based on discussions with anglers and agency staff, it was

decided to maintain this barrier as the upstream limit of migratory species access.

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4 . 2 . 3 M A N A G E M E N T O B J E C T I V E S A N D T A R G E T S

Table 30. Aquatic management components and targets for the West Duffins Creek subwatershed.

85

Existing Conditions by Habitat Category Management Management Component Target Small Riverine Small Riverine Intermediate Riverine

Coldwater Warmwater Coldwater

Redside dace not found in 2000; may be a function of number of sampling stations. Darter species currently found.

Also Atlantic salmon currently not present; OMNR co-ordinating Atlantic salmon Recovery Program; will need to be stocked. Brook trout currently found, although to a limited extend in the headwaters of West Duffins Creek.

Above Whitevale Dam: Atlantic salmon not present; OMNR coordinating Atlantic salmon recovery program; will need to be stocked. Brook trout currently found. Redside dace not found in 2000, may be a function of number of sampling stations.

Nearly all sub-catchment areas have a baseflow ratio that is suitable for the production of salmon and trout species. Modeling results suggest that if current development projections are met this ratio will not drastically change. Further urban expansion may reduce this ratio.

Active water takings in Reesor Creek could remove up to 30 per cent of the total baseflow volume on a seasonal basis.

Water quality, in terms of nutrients, is generally good with the exception of Stouffville Creek and sections of the lower West Duffins Creek.

The 2003/04 “Guide to Eating Ontario Sport Fish” shows one location in West Duffins Creek. Smaller tributaries arenot listed.

a) 74 per cent naturally vegetated.


a) Two per cent for Duffins Creek watershed.

b) 2.5 per cent for West Duffins Creek subwatershed.

“Good” Not sampled “Poor” to “Good”


Maintain baseflow to average annual flow ratio of at least 25 per cent.

Allocate so that there are no conflicts with aquatic habitat and species.

PWQO or better.

Remove or mitigate barriers except where integral to fisheries management (e.g. Whitevale dam).

a) 100 per cent stream length naturally vegetated.b) 75 per cent of stream

length with woody vegetation.

Natural channel principles used when alterations are necessary or improvements proposed.

a) > 10 per cent of watershed.b) > Six per cent (474 ha) of

subwatershed.


Small Riverine Coldwater- brook trout and Atlantic salmon.

Small Riverine Warm water - redside dace and darter species.

Intermediate Riverine Coldwater - brook trout & Atlantic salmon north of Whitevale dam; rainbow trout & redside dace south of Whitevale dam.

Baseflow

Water Extraction



Riparian Vegetation


Wetland

IBI

Target Species

- Four in West Duffins Creek.

- Four in Reesor Creek.

- Three in Wixon Creek.

- Four in Stouffville Creek.

- One in West Duffins Creek.

- Seven in West Duffins Creek.

- One in Stouffville Creek.- One in Wixon Creek.

- Stouffville Creek is channelized and lined with gabion baskets in the Town of Stouffville.


In order to achieve and/or maintain the management objectives and targets, conservation

and restoration efforts are required. Table 31 lists recommended management activities required

to protect and enhance the aquatic community while Figure 22 shows the location of


Table 31. Recommended management activities for the West DuffinsCreek subwatershed.

86

Water Balance

Monitoring

Baitfish Harvest


Public Land

Riparian Vegetation

Ensure existing water balance is maintained in areas where development is to occur (e.g. federal airport and Seaton Lands).

Implement TRCA’s Terrestrial Natural Heritage System Strategy. Protect areas of recharge and discharge. Assess the impacts of existing water takings in Reesor Creek. Precise volume limits and timing of water extraction need to be determined

to ensure sufficient baseflow requirements for the aquatic community.

Investigate the federal airport lands to determine presence of redside dace and salmonid spawning areas.

Add sample stations in Whitevale, Wixon and Unnamed creeks and small riverine warm-water habitat.


Rehabilitate Stouffville Creek in the Town of Stouffville as part of a Community Action Site.


Development should be conducted on an environment first basis and should include a setback of at least 30 metres from top of bank.

Additional aquatic surveys including electrofishing and spawning surveys should be conducted on the Federal Airport Lands.

Explore the concept of establishing a fishing club at TRCA’s Secord Property. Conservation lands should provide specific areas/nodes for angler access and

should promote catch and release angling and the use of barbless hooks. Implement TRCA’s approved Conservation Land Management Plans.

Maintain and protect existing riparian vegetation. Woody riparian vegetation should be established in the following areas: Stouffville Creek in the Town of Stouffville; and south of 19th Sideroad to the

confluence with Reesor Creek; Reesor Creek along the York/Durham Townline between Bethesda Sideroad

and north of the Uxbridge/Pickering Townline, and between the 8th and 9th Concession Road;

Management Recommended Activity Component


87

Riparian Vegetation


Wetland Creation and Restoration

Water Quality

Angling Regulations

Stocking

Instream Habitat


Woody riparian vegetation should be established in the following areas (cont’d): West Duffins Creek between 7th Concession Road north to Webb Road; West Duffins Creek between 7th Concession Road north to Webb Road;

Secord Property; and one kilometre north and south of Highway 7; Wixon Creek north and south of Webb Road and along two warm-water Wixon Creek north and south of Webb Road and along two warm-water

tributaries north of the 9th Concession Road; Major Creek requires plantings almost everywhere except for an area

straddling 16th Avenue; Whitevale Creek on both branches, south of Highway 7;

Unnamed Creek south of 7th and 9th Concession roads, and areas between 7th and 8th Concession roads.

A minimum setback of 30 metres should be maintained as a riparian zone, including future development of federal airport lands.

Golf course and agricultural operations are encouraged to allow woody vegetation to grow adjacent to watercourses and to stop mowing right to top of bank.

Barriers and on-line ponds in the headwaters of West Duffins Creek, Reesor Creek and Stouffville Creek should be removed and/or mitigated. Where barrier removal is not an option, outlets should be converted to bottom draw structures.

Whitevale dam must remain in place for fisheries management purposes. Potential barriers caused by water crossings or perched culverts and known

barriers should be assessed for fish passage.

Existing wetlands must receive full protection. Opportunities to create additional wetlands in headwater and mid reach areas

should be explored. Where possible, historic wetlands should be recreated.

Decommission the Stouffville STP. Investigate potential locations in Major Creek, Unnamed Creek and smaller

tributaries of West Duffins Creek where cattle have access to the watercourse.

Conduct creel surveys to determine angling pressure. Short term - artificial bait and single barbless hooks on TRCA properties

upstream of Highway 7 only; trout and salmon catch-and-possession limit on all TRCA properties only to be changed to five in one day, but not more than one from among brook and brown trout for a sportfishing licence and two in one day, but not more than one from among brook and brown trout for a conservation licence.

Long term - artificial bait and single barbless hooks only upstream of Highway 7, catch-and-possession limits for trout and salmon be reduced to two with a sportfishing licence and one with a conservation licence.

No stocking of non-native species for put-and-take fishery in riverine systems. OMNR to conduct genetic analysis to assess the presence and extent of the

historic brook trout population. OMNR to investigate the habitat suitability for redside dace and Atlantic salmon

in the appropriate management zones and if appropriate, consider stocking.

Assessments required to evaluate the need for instream habitat works.

Complete the development of a stormwater retrofit strategy.



Medium Priority Medium Priority

Figure 22. Recommended Implementation Strategies in the West Duffins Creek Subwatershed.

88

4 . 3 G A N A T S E K I A G O N C R E E K S U B W A T E R S H E D

4 . 3 . 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N

Ganatsekiagon Creek originates in the lower half of the Duffins Creek watershed southeast

of the Village of Green River and joins the East Duffins Creek south of Rossland Road and

west of Riverside Drive in the Village of Pickering. This subwatershed covers approximately

13.1 km2 and contains approximately 22.1 kilometres of 1st to 3rd order watercourses (Figure 23).

Setting

Land cover in the watershed is comprised of 58 per cent agricultural lands, two per cent urban land

use and 40 per cent is natural cover, including forest, meadow and/or wetland.

Underlying this subwatershed is the Halton Till to the north and the Lake Iroquois shoreline

to the south. Approximately 50 - 60 per cent of the surface water in the creek originates from

within this subwatershed, making the development of the Seaton and Transport Canada lands the

biggest issue facing this subwatershed. It is anticipated that the future development of this land

will increase the extent of urban area in the subwatershed from approximately 2.5 per cent to

43.2 per cent. Modeling suggests that the increase in urbanization will result in a reduction of

the ratio of baseflow to average annual flow by up to approximately 28 per cent in the lower

portion of the subwatershed and up to approximately 15 per cent in the upper portion of the

subwatershed (TRCA, 2003). This change in flow regime may impact instream habitat and

streambanks, and ultimately, the health of the cold-water aquatic community.

The Ganatsekiagon Creek subwatershed contains 10 kilometres of small riverine cold-water habitat

(45 per cent of length) and 12 kilometres of small riverine warm-water habitat (55 per cent of

length).


A total of 17 species have been documented over the last 50 years, of which six were found in

2000 (Table 32). Only one introduced fish species, rainbow trout, has historically been found,

however, it is believed that chinook salmon also use this creek during their fall spawning

runs. A visual survey in 2002 found numerous rainbow trout parr in the lower portion of

the subwatershed, indicating successful spawning of this species. It has been estimated that

Ganatsekiagon Creek contains more rainbow trout than the West Duffins Creek ( Jones and

Guy, 1997), which indicates it’s importance as a rainbow trout production area.

89

Table 32. Fish species found historically and in 2000 in the Ganatsekiagon Creek subwatershed.

* - Other species, such as white sucker, northern redbelly dace, bluntnose minnow, fathead minnow, brook stickleback, rainbow darter and johnny darter are expected to be present. The status of brook trout, redside dace, brassy minnow and largemouth bass is unknown

1 - Introduced species2 - Extirpated species3 - COSEWIC - Species of Special Concern 4 - COSEWIC - Group 2, Intermediate Priority5 - COSEWIC - Group 3, Lower Priority 6

- COSEWIC - Group 3, Lower Priority 6

- COSEWIC - Group 3, Lower Priority - COSSARO - Threatened6 - COSSARO - Threatened6

The benthic invertebrate data for the station sampled in 2000 was not found so no analysis of

the current invertebrate community is possible.


It is possible that due to the limited number of stations and timing of the 2000 assessments that

the true number of species currently inhabiting the subwatershed is higher than that shown in

Table 32. The historical dataset was, therefore, expanded to include data from 1995 to the present.

This adds seven species, including brook trout, white sucker, northern redbelly dace, redside dace,

brassy minnow, fathead minnow and largemouth bass to the number of species found between

1995 - 2000. It is interesting to note that the account of redside dace on the Provincial Seaton

Lands is the only one for the Duffins Creek watershed over the past five years.

The IBI score for the one station sampled in 2000 resulted in a score of 19 or “poor” stream

quality. The site received a low score due to a combination of a low catch per unit effort, no brook

trout, no piscivores and a high percentage of Rhinichthys species. Species richness was six and

not far from the expected value of eight.

Analysis of benthic data from a previous OMNR study conducted in 1996 suggests that the

aquatic community is degraded in an area south of 5th Concession Road and an area south of

Taunton Road. These areas scored poorly for EPT taxa and for Hilsenhoff ’s FBI, indicating a

high level of organic pollution. The existing extent of riparian vegetation is good, water

temperatures are moderately stable and compared to other watersheds in the GTA, Ganatsekiagon

90


American brook lamprey blacknose dace

rainbow trout1 longnose dace

brook trout creek chub

white sucker brook stickleback

northern redbelly dace4 largemouth bass

Creek is only mildly impaired. The current level of impairment is likely due to adjacent land use

and Highway 7. The unique distribution and extent of recharge and discharge functions renders this

subwatershed particularly susceptible to land use alterations, making protection of the recharge

and discharge zones during any development of the Seaton and airport lands critical.


Table 33 summarizes the aquatic management components and targets for the Ganatsekiagon

Creek subwatershed.

Table 33. Aquatic management components and targets for the Ganatsekiagon Creek subwatershed.

91

Existing Conditions by Habitat Category Management Management Component Target Small Riverine Small Riverine Habitat

Redside dace not found in 2000 survey but present in 1996. Rainbow trout found in 2000; young of the year observed in 2002.

Not sampled in 2000but redside dace present in 1996. Darter species likely still present.

Both sub-basins currently have a baseflow ratio that issuitable for the production of salmonids. Modeling results suggest that if current development projections are met, ratios may decrease by up to 28 per cent.

No active water taking permits found.

Generally good overall, although south of 5th Concession and Taunton Road appear to be impacted due to eutrophication. Not listed in OMOE’s “Guide to Eating Ontario Sport Fish.”

Road crossings only.



Assessment required.


b) One per cent for Ganatsekiagon Creek subwatershed.

“Poor” Not sampled


Maintain a baseflow to average annual flow ratio of at least 25 per cent.

Resource allocation so that there are no conflicts with aquatic habitat and species.

PWQO or better.

No instream barriers.

a) 100 per cent stream length naturally vegetated.

b) 75 per cent of stream length b) 75 per cent of stream length with woody vegetation.

Natural channel principles used when alterations or improvements proposed.


subwatershed.


Small Riverine Coldwater- redside dace and rainbow trout.

Small Riverine Warmwater - redside dace and darter species.

Water Balance

Water Extraction



Riparian Vegetation


Wetland

IBI

Target Species


Table 34 lists recommended management activities required to protect and enhance the aquatic

habitat and species while Figure 23 shows the location of recommended activities

Table 34. Management recommendations for the Ganatsekiagon Creek subwatershed

Water Balance

Monitoring

Baitfish Harvest

Public Land


Riparian Vegetation


Instream Habitat

Water Quality

Stocking

Water Taking



Angling Regulations

Ensure existing water balance is maintained in areas where development is to occur (e.g. Seaton and federal airport lands).

Implement TRCA’s Terrestrial Natural Heritage System Strategy. Protect areas of recharge and discharge.

Investigate Seaton and federal airport lands for salmonid spawning areas and presence of redside dace.

Add one station north of Taunton Road and at least one other in small riverine warm-water habitat.


Development of the Seaton and federal airport lands must protect or enhance existing water balance

TRCA and other organizations should consider purchasing or obtaining additional conservation lands.

Conduct fish passage assessment for each known and potential barrier.

Maintain and protect existing riparian vegetation. Establish in headwater areas, particularly to the south of Whitevale Road.

Existing wetlands must receive maximum protection. Create additional wetlands.

Assessment is required to evaluate need for instream habitat work.

Install cattle fencing to exclude access to watercourse.

OMNR to investigate the habitat suitability for redside dace in the appropriate management zones and, if appropriate, consider stocking.

Confirm unpermitted water takings are not occurring. Precise volume limits and timing of water extraction need to be determined

to ensure sufficient baseflow requirements for the aquatic community.


Assessments required. Natural channel principles be used when alterations or improvements proposed.

Conduct creel surveys to determine angling pressure. Short term - trout and salmon catch and possession limit on all TRCA properties

only to be changed to five in one day, but not more than one from among brook and brown trout for a sportfishing licence and two in one day, but not more than one from among brook and brown trout for a conservation licence.

Long term - catch-and-possession limits for trout and salmon be reduced to two with a sportfishing licence and one with a conservation licence.




Figure 23. Recommended Implementation Strategies in the Ganatsekiagon Creek Subwatershed.

93

4 . 4 U R F E C R E E K S U B W A T E R S H E D

4 . 4 . 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N

Urfe Creek is located in the lower half of the Duffins Creek watershed just northwest of the

Village of Brougham and covers 14.4 km2 (Figure 24). The subwatershed drains approximately

1,437 hectares of land and contains approximately 30 kilometres of 1st to 3rd order watercourses.

Urfe Creek flows in a southerly direction and joins Ganatsekiagon Creek south of Rossland Road

and west of Riverside Drive in the Village of Pickering before joining with the East Duffins Creek.

Setting

Land cover in the subwatershed is 52 per cent agricultural, 44 per cent natural area in the form

of forest, meadow and/or wetland, three per cent is golf course and one per cent urbanized. Future

growth in this subwatershed is expected to be significant over the next few years, particularly

in the upper portion of the subwatershed on the Seaton Lands.

The future development of the Seaton Lands is the biggest issue facing this subwatershed.

These lands contribute an estimated 50 - 60 per cent of the groundwater for Urfe Creek (Eyles at al.,

1997). It is anticipated that future development will increase urban areas from the existing one

per cent to almost 32 per cent. Modeled data reflects that this in turn will result in a reduction

in the ratio of baseflow to annual flow by up to almost 24 per cent in the lower portion of the

subwatershed and up to five per cent in the upper portion of the subwatershed (TRCA, 2003).

This change in flow regime will ultimately affect the health of the aquatic community.

The Urfe Creek subwatershed contains small riverine cold-water habitat (seven kilometres or 24 per

cent by length) and small riverine warm-water habitat (22 kilometres or 76 per cent by length).


A total of 20 species have been documented over the last 50 years, of which five were found at the

single sampling station in the 2000 survey (Table 35). It is not known if Atlantic salmon, once very

common in Duffins Creek, spawned in Urfe Creek. Rainbow trout is the only introduced species

on the historical list, and was not documented in the 2000 survey. It is highly likely, however, that

migratory rainbow trout spawn successfully in Urfe Creek. The status of chinook salmon is also

currently unknown, but they too likely spawn in the creek.

94

Table 35. Fish species found historically and in 2000 in the Urfe Creek subwatershed.

* - Species such as rainbow trout, white sucker, common shiner, bluntnose minnow, longnose dace, brook stickleback, rainbow darter and johnny darter are expected to be present. The status of brook trout, redside dace, brassy minnow, golden shiner, spottail shiner, brown bullhead and pumpkinseed is unknown.



- COSEWIC - Group 3, Lower Priority - COSSARO - Threatened

The general results of the 2000 invertebrate survey are listed in Table 36.

Table 36. Summary of 2000 benthic invertebrate analysis for the Urfe Creek subwatershed.


It is possible that due to the limited number of stations and timing of the 2000 assessments that

the true number of species currently inhabiting the subwatershed is higher than that shown in

Table 35. The historical dataset was, therefore, expanded to included data from 1995. This adds

10 species, including rainbow trout, brook trout, brassy minnow, common shiner, spottail

shiner, bluntnose minnow, fathead minnow, longnose dace, brook stickleback, pumpkinseed and

johnny darter to the total number of species found in Urfe Creek between 1995-2000. Given

that the habitat requirements of these species are likely still present in the Urfe system, it is

probable that these species still inhabit the subwatershed.

95


rainbow trout1 fathead minnow

brook trout blacknose dace

white sucker longnose dace

northern redbelly dace4 creek chub

redside dace3,6 brown bullhead

brassy minnow44 brook stickleback

golden shiner pumpkinseed

common shiner rainbow darter4

spottail shiner5 johnny darter

bluntnose minnow mottled sculpin

URFO1 26 Chironomidae 37 Ephemeroptera 19 5 5.27/ Fair 3.75 (midges) (mayflies)

Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index

The one station sampled in 2000 had an IBI score of 25, or “fair” stream quality. The site received

a relatively low score due to a combination of a low species richness, an absence of brook trout, no

piscivores, and a high percentage of Rhinichthys species. The low species richness is likely due to

the low sampling effort rather than a highly impacted subwatershed.

Analysis of benthic invertebrate data shows a low EPT score, a relatively low number of taxa,

a higher than desirable Biotic Index rating and a moderate to high percentage of Chironomids in

the sample, suggesting some degradation. A Hilsenhoff Family Biotic Index of 5.27 indicates

that there is likely a fairly substantial amount of organic pollution present. The Shannon Weaver

Diversity Index of 3.75 suggests that the benthic community, although showing some impairment,

is relatively balanced. Water quality, dissolved oxygen, and substrate are likely some of the

limiting factors affecting the benthic community.

OMNR benthic data collected in 1996 points to degraded water quality in the area south of 5th

Concession Road (Jones and Guy, 1997). Both of these stations had “fairly poor” Hilsenhoff ’s FBI

scores, indicating the presence of substantial organic pollution. These stations are in the vicinity

of a pig farm, downstream of a dump and just upstream of Taunton Road.

When compared to other watersheds in the GTA, the Urfe Creek subwatershed is only mildly

impaired. Urfe Creek is, however, more impaired than many of the other subwatersheds in the

Duffins Creek watershed. Further, the unique distribution and extent of recharge and discharge

functions renders this subwatershed particularly susceptible to land use alterations. The potential

simultaneous development of both the Seaton and airport lands poses a significant threat to the

subwatershed. Protection of these areas is, therefore, crucial to protect this subwatershed.

96


Table 37. Aquatic management components and targets for the Urfe Creek subwatershed

97

Existing Conditions by Habitat Category Management Management Component Target Small Riverine Small Riverine Habitat

Redside dace not foundin 2000; may be a function of number of sampling stations. Rainbow trout were not found in the 2000, but are likely still using the system.

Redside dace not found in 2000; may be a function of number of sampling stations. Darter species likely still found in habitat category, although not present in 2000.

Ratio of baseflow to annual average flow is suitable for salmonid production. Modeling suggests that if current development projections are met, ratios may decrease by up to 24 per cent.

No active permits found.

Generally good overall, with a few locations showing high levels of organic nutrients. Not listed in the 2003 - 2004 “Guide to Eating Ontario Sport Fish.”

None identified. Five None identified. Five



Further assessment is required.


b) Two per cent for Urfe Creek subwatershed.

Fair Not sampled


Maintain a baseflow to average annual flow ratio of at least 25 per cent.

Resource allocation so that there are no conflicts with fish habitat.

PWQO or better.

No non-natural instream barriers.





subwatershed.


Small Riverine Coldwater- redside dace & rainbow trout

Small Riverine Warmwater - redside dace & darter species

Baseflow

Water Extraction



Riparian Vegetation


Wetland

IBI

Target Species



community and Figure 24 shows the location of recommended activities.

Table 38. Management recommendations in the Urfe Creek subwatershed.

Water Balance

Monitoring

Baitfish Harvest

Public Land




Instream Habitat

Water Quality

Stocking

Water Taking


Angling Regulations

Ensure existing water balance is maintained in areas where development is to occur (e.g. the Seaton and federal airport lands).

Implement TRCA’s Terrestrial Natural Heritage System Strategy. Protect areas of recharge and discharge functions.

Maintain and protect existing riparian vegetation. Establish riparian vegetation in headwater areas, particularly on federal airport lands

north of Highway 7; at Brock Road south of Whitevale area, and north of Rossland following a line from Riverside Drive.

Maintain a riparian buffer of at least 30 metres on each side of the creek.


Development of Seaton and federal airport lands must be done with an environment-first approach and should include a setback of at least 30 metres from top of bank.

Headwater areas located on federal airport lands located north of Highway 7 require full protection from development and alteration.

TRCA owns lands south of Rossland Road and a section near the confluencewith Ganatsekiagon Creek.

TRCA lands should promote catch-and-release angling, and the use of barbless hooks within identified reaches of their property.


Conduct fish passage assessment for each known and potential barrier.

Existing wetlands must receive full protection. Opportunities to create additional wetlands should be explored.

Future work will be required to assess the need.

Protection of source areas will help to protect and improve water quality.

OMNR to investigate the habitat suitability for redside dace in the appropriate management zones and, if appropriate, consider stocking.

Precise volume limits and timing of water taking need to be determined to ensure sufficient baseflow requirements for aquatic community.


Conduct creel surveys to determine angling pressure. Short term - trout and salmon catch-and-possession limit on all TRCA properties






Figure 24. Recommended Implementation Strategies in the Urfe Creek Subwatershed.

99

4 . 5 M I L L E R ’ S C R E E K S U B W A T E R S H E D

4 . 5 . 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N

Miller’s Creek subwatershed is located in the southeastern portion of the Duffins Creek watershed

(Figure 25). Originating at approximately Taunton Road and east of Westney Road, Miller’s Creek

flows south toward its confluence with the Lower Duffins Creek between Bayly Street and Highway

401. The subwatershed covers approximately 1, 698 hectares of land and contains approximately

11.6 kilometres of 1st and 2nd order streams.

Setting

Land cover is predominantly urban or urbanizing, with rural uses limited to the area north of

Taunton Road. Presently, approximately 38 per cent of the watershed is urban, 38 per cent is

agricultural, and 24 per cent of the watershed is natural cover (Figure 25).

The relatively high degree of urbanization combined with the significant channel alterations

between Rossland Road and Highway 401 have negatively impacted the natural flow regime of

the system and provide very limited aquatic habitat.

The Miller’s Creek subwatershed contains small riverine cold-water habitat (four kilometres or

33 per cent by length), small riverine warm-water habitat (two kilometres or 17 per cent by length)

and intermediate riverine cold-water habitat (Six kilometres or 50 per cent by length).


A total of 10 species have been documented over the last 50 years, of which only four were found

in the 2000 survey (Table 39). None of the historic or current species are introduced. There are,

however, anecdotal reports of migratory rainbow trout below Westney Road. No species found

either historically or in 2000 have been designated species of concern by COSEWIC or COSSARO.

Brassy minnow, which was historically found, has been placed on the Group 2 - Intermediate

Priority Candidate List by COSEWIC.

100

Table 39. Fish species found historically and in 2000 in the Miller’s Creek subwatershed.

* - Species such as bluntnose and fathead minnow, brook stickleback and johnny darter are expected to be present

1 - COSEWIC Group 2 Intermediate Priority Candidate List


Table 40. Summary of 2000 benthic invertebrate analysis in the Miller’sCreek subwatershed.


The station sampled in 2000 received an IBI score of 23, or “fair” stream quality. This is due to

a low catch per unit effort, a lack of piscivorous species and low diversity. The station also scored

low in the Rhinichthys species sub-indices, suggesting a strong effect from urbanization. The

trophic structure at this location may also be in the process of reacting to the effects of both recent

urban development just upstream and agricultural run-off from north of Taunton Road. Species

richness was four, half of that expected by Steedman (1987). This may be due, in part, to the limited

number of stations sampled.

The benthic invertebrate sample contained 16 taxa, of which the dominant taxa was Isopoda at

85 per cent abundance. All of the taxa present in the samples are regarded by Hilsenhoff (1987)

and Griffiths (1995) as having at least some tolerance to organic pollution, with the vast majority

(isopoda and chironomidae at seven per cent abundance) having considerable tolerance. Isopods of

the genera Asellus and chironomids are generally characteristic of areas with high loads of sediment

and organic material. The Hilsenhoff Family Biotic Index Score of 7.74 indicates “very poor” water

quality with “severe organic pollution likely.” A Shannon Weaver Diversity Index of one also indicates

low community richness and distribution, which suggests habitat impairment. The absence of

representative species of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera is noteworthy in that these

taxa are generally sensitive to low oxygen conditions and sedimentation effects. Their absence may,

therefore, result in negative impacts to the fish community structure. The reduced diversity of the

benthic fauna at this location suggests degradation of habitat and/or water quality. The decline

101


white sucker fathead minnow

northern redbelly dace blacknose dace

common shiner creek chub

MIL01 16 Isopoda 85 Chironomidae 8 0 7.74/Very Poor 1 (aquatic sowbugs) (midges)


in density and diversity noted at this station may be attributable to a combination of the significant

amount of urban development taking place just upstream, in addition to agricultural run-off

from the area north of Taunton Road, resulting in sediment loading and suspended sediment

in the water. Compared to other subwatersheds in the Duffins system, Miller’s Creek is one of the

most degraded and has a priority for restoration efforts.


Table 41 summarizes the aquatic management components and targets for the Miller’s Creek

subwatershed.

Table 41. Aquatic management components and targets for the Miller’s Creek subwatershed.

102102

Existing Conditions by Habitat Category Management Management Component Target Small Riverine Small Riverine Intermediate Riverine

Coldwater Warmwater Coldwater

Darter species not found in 2000; may be a function of limited sampling.

Darter species not found in 2000; may be a function of limited sampling.

Darter species and rainbow trout not found in 2000; may be a function of limited sampling.

Ratio suitable for the production of trout. Modeling suggests if current development projections are met, ratio will drop below 25 per cent.


Benthic analysis suggests high levels of organic enrichment. Not listed in the 2003 - 2004 “Guide to Eating Ontario Sport Fish.”

No known barriers identified. Transportation crossings may be potential barriers.


b) 19 per cent with woody vegetation.


b) 0.22 per cent for Miller’s Creek subwatershed.

Not sampled Not sampled FairNot sampled Not sampled FairNot sampled Not sampled Fair


Maintain a ratio of baseflowto average annual flow of 25 per cent.


PWQO or better.

No instream barriers.




a) > 10 per cent of watershed.b) > Six per cent (101ha) of

subwatershed.

“Good”

Small Riverine Coldwater- darter species.

Small Riverine Warm water - darter species .

Intermediate Riverine Coldwater - darter speciesand rainbow trout.

Baseflow

Water Extraction



Riparian Vegetation


Wetland

IBI

Target Species

Needs further assessment.

Concrete-lined channel upstream of Westney Road.

Concrete-lined channel upstream of Hwy. 401.


Table 42 outlines a list of recommended management activities required to preserve and

enhance the aquatic community in the Miller’s Creek subwatershed. Figure 25 shows the location of enhance the aquatic community in the Miller’s Creek subwatershed. Figure 25 shows the location of


Table 42. Recommended management activities for the Miller’s Creek subwatershed.

Water Balance

Monitoring

Baitfish Harvest


Riparian Vegetation



Water Taking

Water Quality

Public Land


Angling Regulations

Instream Habitat

Ensure existing water balance is maintained in areas where development is to occur (e.g. areas south of Taunton Road).

Implement TRCA’s Terrestrial Natural Heritage System Strategy. Protect remaining recharge and discharge functions. Increase infiltration where possible.

Add at least two sample stations to small riverine cold-water habitat andintermediate riverine cold-water habitat.

All licenced baitfish collectors must be certified in fish identification (OMNR or ROM fish ID course).

Natural channel principles to be used when alterations or improvements proposed. Rehabilitate realigned sections of Miller’s Creek (north of Bayly Street). Restore concrete-lined channel north of Westney Road.

Maintain and protect existing riparian vegetation. Woody and herbaceous riparian plantings from Taunton Road to Hwy. 401. A minimum setback of 30 metres should be maintained. Municipal park operations are encouraged to allow woody vegetation to grow

adjacent to watercourses and to stop mowing right to top of bank.

Implement retrofit opportunities identified by the Town of Ajax.

Existing wetlands must receive full protection. Opportunities to create additional headwater wetlands should be explored.

Where possible, historic wetlands should be recreated.

Precise limits and timing of water extraction needs to be determined to ensure sufficient baseflow requirements for aquatic community.

Investigate potential locations where cattle have unrestricted access to watercourses. Opportunities to implement Yellow Fish Road should be investigated.

Municipal land along watercourse from Rossland Road south to Jacwin Drive.

Potential barriers should be assessed for fish passage.

Conduct creel surveys to determine angling pressure. Long term - catch-and-possession limits for trout and salmon be reduced to two

with a sportfishing licence and one with a conservation licence to ensure sufficient baseflow requirements for the aquatic community.

Future work will be required to assess the need for instream habitat works.




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4 . 6 L O W E R D U F F I N S C R E E K S U B W A T E R S H E D

4 . 6 . 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N

The Lower Duffins Creek subwatershed is located in the southern-most section of the

Duffins Creek watershed (Figure 26). The subwatershed extends from Lake Ontario to just north

of Kingston Road and covers approximately 1,124 hectares of land in the Town of Ajax.

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Figure 25. Recommended Implementation Strategies in the Miller’s Creek Subwatershed.

This subwatershed contains a 6th order watercourse 14 kilometres in length which receives

the waters of the five larger subwatersheds upstream.

Setting

Land cover in the Lower Duffins Creek subwatershed is nearly evenly split between urban

and natural areas. Approximately 45 per cent of the landscape is urbanized, six per cent is golf

course and approximately 49 per cent remains as natural areas consisting of meadow, wetland,

and/or forest.

This subwatershed contains seven kilometres of small riverine warm-water habitat (44 per cent of

length), four kilometres of intermediate riverine warm-water habitat (25 per cent of length) and five

kilometres of estuarine habitat (31 per cent of length).

Despite the fact that the subwatershed does not directly support the reproduction of salmonid

species, rainbow trout and chinook salmon rely on this system as a corridor on their way to

annual spawning grounds upstream. As well the coastal marsh and upstream areas also support

a good warm-water aquatic community and provide spawning habitat for numerous species

such as largemouth bass, northern pike and many minnow species. The coastal marsh is also

a popular urban angling destination from the early spring through to the late fall.


TRCA conducted fisheries surveys at two stations in the Lower Duffins Creek subwatershed

in 2000 while the coastal marsh was surveyed in 2002 using the Durham Region Coastal Wetland

Monitoring Project Methodology (CLOCA and EC, 2002).

A total of 37 species have been documented in the Lower Duffins Creek over the last 50 years,

of which 26 were found in the 2000 and 2002 sampling events (Table 43). It is possible that due

to the limited number of stations and timing of the 2000/2002 assessments, the true number

of species currently inhabiting the subwatershed is higher. The historical dataset was, therefore,

expanded to include data up to 1995, which adds seven species, including alewife, common

carp, spottail shiner, yellow perch, northern pike, and mottled and slimy sculpin. Based on this

larger list, the total number of introduced species found historically is five, of which three were

found in recent sampling events and include chinook salmon, rainbow trout and brown trout.

Alewife and common carp are the two additional introduced species found between 1995 and

2000. Mottled and slimy sculpin and northern pike, have narrow habitat requirements and

are considered to be sensitive species. Spottail shiner and yellow perch still likely occur in the

watershed but were not found in 2000.

Atlantic salmon, once common in Duffins Creek, are now extirpated from the watershed but

would have historically migrated through this subwatershed to access upstream spawning areas.

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Table 43. Fish species historically and presently found in the Lower Duffins Creek subwatershed.

* - Species such as alewife, northern pike, common carp, emerald shiner and golden shiner are expected to be present. The status of stonecat, white perch, white bass, walleye, mottled sculpin and slimy sculpin is unknown.

1 - Introduced species 2 - Extirpated species 3 - COSEWIC - Species of Special Concern 4

- Introduced species 4

- Introduced species - COSEWIC - Group 2, Intermediate Priority 5 - COSEWIC - Group 3, Lower Priority 6 - COSSARO - Threatened6 - COSSARO - Threatened6


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Riverine Habitat Coastal Marsh Total SpeciesCommon Name

Historic 2000 Historic 2002 Historic 2000/02

American brook lamprey4

alewife1

gizzard shad

chinook salmon1

rainbow trout1

brown trout1

brook trout

northern pike

common carp1

white sucker

emerald shiner5

golden shiner

common shiner

spotfin shiner

spottail shiner5

sand shiner

bluntnose minnow

fathead minnow

blacknose dace

longnose dace

creek chub

brown bullhead

stonecat5

brook stickleback

white perch1

white bass

rock bass

pumpkinseed

largemouth bass

smallmouth bass

walleye

yellow perch

rainbow darter4

johnny darter

logperch

mottled sculpin

slimy sculpin

Table 44. Summary of 2000 benthic invertebrate analysis in the Lower Duffins Creek subwatershed.


Both 2000 sample stations received a relatively low IBI rating of “fair” stream quality due to

a low catch per unit effort and poor species and community trophic composition. The community

makeup is also deficient in specialized feeders and piscivorous species. Species richness was 13,

seven less than that expected by Steedman (1987). The number of species found in the marsh in

2002 was 10, much less than the cumulative historical list of 27.

Analysis of benthic invertebrate data suggests that DU01 has a “fair” condition while DU02,

located downstream, is in relatively “poor” condition. Both stations suggest that there is likely

substantial organic pollution present. Almost twice the sensitive taxa were found at DU01

compared to DU02, which is located just upstream of Duffins Creek Marsh and is likely in an area

of sediment deposition. Further evidence to suggest this is the high percentage of Chironomids

to other organisms. Poor water quality, soft and shifting substrates, and perhaps high flows are

precluding larger more sensitive organisms such as Megaloptera and Anisoptera from the area.

In 2000 - 2001, the OMOE conducted a sampling program for a number of heavy metals and trace

organic contaminants in the Lower Duffins Creek subwatershed. Few traces of organic pollutants

were found and of those detected, all occurred in very trace amounts. Metal concentrations were

also found to be within the normal range. In the Lower Duffins Creek, there is no particular

evidence of water quality conditions being toxic to aquatic or fish communities.

The Lower Duffins Creek subwatershed is considerably urbanized and, therefore, it is not surprising

to find that the aquatic community has been affected. Urban land uses are contributing to

reduced water infiltration, increased surface run-off, lower water quality and higher total suspended

sediments. Streambank hardening has reduced the opportunity for riparian vegetation to grow,

particularly within the footprint of Highway 401. The Lower Duffins Creek subwatershed also

has a sea lamprey barrier located upstream of Church Street. Although desirable as a means of

controlling invasive species, the barrier does inhibit access of non-jumping species and is likely

somewhat responsible for the reduced species richness of the subwatershed.

There are a number of issues associated with the coastal marsh including carp access and their

associated impacts on turbidity and aquatic vegetation. For a detailed restoration plan refer to

the Duffins Creek Marsh Restoration Plan (TRCAc, 2003).

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DU01 33 Chironomidae 35 Ephemeroptera 25 9 5.97/Fairly Poor 4.36 (midges) (mayflies)

DU02 18 Chironomidae 79 Ephemeroptera 8 4 6.68/ Poor 3.1 (midges) (mayflies)


Compared to the health of other subwatersheds in the Duffins system, this subwatershed ranks

second to last behind the Miller’s Creek subwatershed. The Lower Duffins Creek subwatershed is

not irretrievably impaired, however. Restoration activities can be developed to enhance the

aquatic habitat and species in the subwatershed.


Table 45 summarizes the aquatic management components and targets for the Lower Duffins

Creek subwatershed.

Table 45. Aquatic management components and targets for the Lower Duffins Creek subwatershed.

Existing Conditions by Habitat Category Management Management Component Target Large Riverine Estuarine

Smallmouth bass currently found, but not all life stages.

Only largemouth bass have recently been found.

Existing ratio of 15 - 21 per cent is almost suitable for salmonid production. Regardless, this ratio must be protected to ensure healthy aquatic habitat for both migratory and resident species.


Water quality in terms of nutrients is “fair.” Coastal marsh listed in the “2003/04 Guide to Eating Ontario Sport Fish.”


b) 25 per centof stream length with woody vegetation.


b) Four per cent for West Duffins Creek subwatershed.

Fair. N/A.

Protect current baseflow levels.


PWQO or better.

Remove or at minimum mitigate barriers except where they are integral to fisheries management (e.g. sea lamprey barrier).





subwatershed.


Large Riverine -smallmouth bass.

Estuarine-largemouth bass.

Baseflow

Water Extraction



Riparian Vegetation


Wetland

IBI

Target Species

Channelized and lined with concrete under Highway 401.

Lamprey barrier does not allow passage of non-jumping species.

Restrict carp access to lagoons in coastal marsh.

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community, while Figure 26 shows the location of recommended activities.

Table 46. Recommended management activities for the Lower Duffins Creek subwatershed.

Water Balance

Monitoring

Baitfish Harvest



Public Land

Riparian Vegetation



Water Quality

Angling Regulations

Stocking

Instream Habitat

Ensure existing water balance is maintained in areas where development is to occur. This is particularly critical in maintaining the hydrologic regime of Duffins Creek Marsh. Confirm no active water takings present.

Expand regular monitoring to include at least three sites in Duffins Creek Marsh. Monitor for sculpin and northern pike. Assess impacts of sea lamprey barrier on non-jumping fish species. Assess impacts of lampricide in areas covered by the application.


Natural channel principles to be used when alterations or improvements proposed. Rehabilitate Duffins Creek in the vicinity of Highway 401.

Implement retrofit opportunities identified by the Town of Ajax and City of Pickering.

Fish viewing opportunities in the marsh and along Duffins Creek should be created. Additional conservation lands should be secured in the coastal wetland regions. Work with anglers to foster improved stewardship in heavily used areas.

Maintain and protect existing riparian vegetation. Establish woody vegetation from Highway 401 to the northern limits of the marsh. Golf courses are encouraged to allow woody vegetation to grow adjacent to

watercourses and to stop mowing right to top of bank.

Maintain the sea lamprey barrier north of Church Street. Potential barriers caused by water crossings and perched culverts to be investigated.

Existing wetlands must receive full protection. Opportunities to create additional wetlands should be explored. Where possible,

historic wetlands should be recreated. Implement the Duffins Creek Marsh Restoration Plan.

Fulfilling riparian targets will significantly aid in reducing non-point sources of pollution, as well as treatment of stormwater effluent.

Conduct creel surveys to determine angling pressure. Short term - trout and salmon catch and possession limit on all TRCA properties



Stocking of non-native species is not recommended.

Future work required to assess the need for instream habitat works.




Figure 26. Recommended Implementation Strategies in the Lower Duffins Creek Subwatershed.

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4 . 7 C A R R U T H E R S C R E E K W A T E R S H E D

4 . 7 . 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N

The Carruthers Creek watershed is located directly to the east of Duffins Creek and flows

in a southerly direction to it’s confluence with Lake Ontario (Figure 27). The watershed drains

approximately 38km2 of land and contains approximately 61 kilometres of 1st to 4th

order watercourses.

Setting

As of 1999, land cover in the watershed is 17 per cent urbanized, 49 per cent agriculture, five per

cent golf course and 29 per cent are natural areas such as forest, meadow and/or wetland. Land

cover is changing rapidly with the conversion of agricultural lands to urban use.

The Carruthers Creek watershed contains small riverine cold-water habitat (16 kilometres or

26 per cent by length), small riverine warm-water habitat (31 kilometres or 50 per cent by length),

intermediate riverine cold-water habitat (eight kilometres or 13 per cent by length), intermediate

riverine warm-water habitat (three kilometres or five per cent by length) and estuarine habitat

(four kilometres or six per cent by length).


TRCA conducted fish and benthic invertebrate surveys at six stations in the Carruthers Creek

watershed in 2000. The coastal marsh was also surveyed in 2002 using the Durham Region Coastal

Wetland Monitoring Project Methodology (CLOCA and EC, 2002).

A total of 41 species have been documented in the Carruthers system over the last 50 years, of

which 18 were found in the combined 2000 and 2002 sampling events (Table 47). The introduced

species found historically are rainbow trout, common carp and alewife.

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Table 47. Fish species historically and presently found in the Carruthers Creek watershed.

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Riverine Habitat Coastal Marsh Total SpeciesCommon Name

Historic 2000 Historic 2002 Historic 2000/02

American brook lamprey4

alewife1

gizzard shad

rainbow trout1

brook trout

northern pike **

white sucker

common carp1

sand shiner

spottail shiner5

spotfin shiner

rosyface shiner

emerald shiner5

golden shiner

common shiner

brassy minnow4

bluntnose minnow

fathead minnow

northern redbelly dace4

redside dace3,6

blacknose dace

longnose dace

creek chub

central mud minnow

stonecat5

brown bullhead

banded killifish

brook stickleback

three-spine stickleback

white perch1

white bass

rock bass

pumpkinseed

largemouth bass

smallmouth bass

black crappie

walleye

yellow perch

rainbow darter4

johnny darter

logperch

mottled sculpin

Riverine Habitat Coastal Marsh Total Species Riverine Habitat Coastal Marsh Total Species Riverine Habitat Coastal Marsh Total Species

* - Species such as alewife, northern pike, spottail shiner, emerald shiner, golden shiner, fathead minnow, longnose dace, brook stickleback, threespine stickleback, rock bass and rainbow darter are expected to be present. The status of American brook lamprey, brook trout, sand shiner, spotfin shiner, rosyface shiner, brassy minnow, redside dace, central mud minnow, stonecat, banded killifish, white perch, white bass and walleye is unknown.

** - Anecdotal sighting by TRCA staff.



- COSEWIC - Group 3, Lower Priority - COSSARO - Threatened6 - COSSARO - Threatened6

It is likely that due to the limited number of stations and timing of the 2000/2002 assessments,

the true number of species currently inhabiting the watershed is higher than that shown in

Table 47. The historical dataset was, therefore, expanded to include data from 1995. An additional

six species were found and include redside dace, brassy minnow, fathead minnow, longnose dace,

brook stickleback and three-spine stickleback. Of these six species, redside dace and brassy

minnow are considered to be sensitive and “relatively” sensitive, respectively. Redside dace is a

Species of Concern and TRCA has recent anecdotal capture of redside dace in Carruthers Creek, and

it is likely that this species still resides in the watershed, but is very sparsely distributed. The remaining

four species are not as specialized and were, therefore, likely missed in the recent sampling event

rather than being extirpated from the watershed.


Table 48. Summary of the 2000 benthic invertebrate analysis in the Carruthers Creek watershed.

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CC01 31 Coleoptera 39 Trichoptera 21 7 4.82/Good 3.85 (beetles) (caddisfly)

CC02 15 Oligocheata 43 Isopoda 40 1 7.73/Very Poor 1.89 (segmented worms) (sowbugs)

CC03 32 Amphipoda 23 Trichoptera 22 9 5.43/Fair 3.47 (scuds) (caddisfly)

CC04 18 Chironomidae 51 Amphipoda 18 1 5.98/Fairly Poor 3.4 (midges) (scuds)

CC05 28 Amphipoda 76 Oligocheata 18 1 6.33/Fairly Poor 2.55 (scuds) (segmented worms)

CC06 12 Isopoda 48 Amphipoda 44 0 6.91/Poor 1.49 (sowbugs) (scuds)

Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon Station Total Most Common % of Next Most % of EPT Hilsenhoff ’s Shannon No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver No. Taxa Total Common Taxa Total Family Biotic Weaver of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity of Sample Sample Index /Rating Diversity Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index Taxa Index


IBI ratings ranged between “fair” and “good” stream quality. It is curious to note that CC02

which received the best IBI rating, is located where nutrient levels were found to be worst. This site

scored well in the IBI rating due to a good catch per unit effort and due to a lack of Rhinichthys

species. It is likely that the cold-water environment found in this area is helping to maintain oxygen

levels that otherwise would be depleted due to high primary productivity and organic decay.

Overall, the fisheries data reflects that all stations have unbalanced fish communities where top

predators and specialized feeding groups are lacking. Actual species richness falls well below

expected values, likely due to habitat degradation.

Analysis of benthic invertebrate data suggests that the majority of stations are in either “fair” or

“poor” condition. Stations CC02, CC04 and CC05, all with poor EPT and Hilsenhoff scores, reflect

the highest level of degradation. Low EPT scores indicate that there are few, if any, sensitive taxa

and poor Hilsenhoff scores indicate that there is likely substantial organic pollution present.

When comparing the Carruthers Creek watershed to subwatersheds of Duffins Creek, Carruthers

Creek is healthier than Miller’s Creek and sections of the Lower Duffins Creek.

As of 2002, a barrier to upstream and downstream fish movement exists on the Deer Creek Golf

Course.

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Table 49 summarizes the aquatic management components and targets for the Carruthers Creek

watershed.

Table 49. Aquatic management components and targets for the Carruthers Creek watershed.

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Existing Conditions by Habitat Category Management Management Component Target Small Small Intermediate Estuarine

Riverine Riverine Riverine Coldwater Warmwater Coldwater

Only darter species found in 2000.

Not found in 2000.

Small rainbow trout runs have been spotted up to Kingston Road Anecdotal report of redside dace in the vicinity of CC04 in 2000.

Ratio of baseflow to average annual flow is 19 to 25 per cent. As urban expansion occurs, this ratio may be reduced. No active water taking permits found.

Existing water taking permits have the potential to exceed the total yearly or daily baseflow.

Generally good overall; organic enrichment in places. No locations listed in the 2003/04 “Guide to Eating Ontario Sport Fish.”



Needs further assessment.

2.3 per cent of watershed.

“Good” Not sampled Poor - good N/A “Good” Not sampled Poor - good N/A “Good” Not sampled Poor - good N/A “Good” Not sampled Poor - good N/A “Good” Not sampled Poor - good N/A


Maintain a ratio of baseflowto average annual flow of 25 per cent.


PWQO or better.

Remove or at minimum mitigate barriers, except where they are integral to fisheries management.

a) 100 per cent stream length naturally vegetated.b) 75 per cent of stream length with woody vegetation.


> 10 per cent (305 ha) of watershed.

“Good”

Small Riverine Coldwater- brook trout.

Small Riverine Warm water - redside dace and darter species.

Intermediate Riverine Coldwater - rainbow trout and redside dace.

Estuarine - northern pike and largemouth bass.

Baseflow

Water Extraction



Riparian Vegetation


Wetland

IBI

Target Species

One Eight None None

Anecdotal report by OMNR and TRCA of young of the year pike in 2000. Largemouth bass present.

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community while Figure 27 shows the location of recommended activities.

Table 50. Recommended management activities in the Carruthers Creek watershedManagement Component.

Water Balance

Monitoring

Baitfish Harvest


Public Land

Riparian Vegetation


Ensure existing water balance is maintained in areas where development is to occur. Implement TRCA’s Terrestrial Natural Heritage System Strategy. Protect areas of recharge and discharge. OMOE should consult with other government agencies to determine acceptable

flow alterations to protect aquatic communities.

Expand monitoring to include small riverine warmwater habitat



TRCA owns a small portion of land south of Bayly Street and west of Shoal Point Road. TRCA properties should provide specific areas/access nodes for anglers. TRCA properties should promote catch-and-release angling, and the use of

barbless hooks within identified reaches.

Woody riparian vegetation should be established in the following areas: headwater areas above Taunton Road. A minimum setback of 30 metres should be maintained as a protective riparian zone. Municipalities, golf course and agricultural operations are encouraged to

allow woody vegetation to grow adjacent to watercourses and to stop mowing to top of bank.

Opportunities to off-line ponds north of Taunton Road should be investigated. Other alternatives include providing fish passage and/or conversion to bottom draw.

Conduct fish passage assessments for each known and potential barrier. Opportunities to restrict carp access into the marsh should be explored. The need for a sea lamprey barrier should be investigated.



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Water Taking

Water Quality

Angling Regulations

Stocking

Instream Habitat


Existing wetlands must receive full protection. Opportunities to create additional wetlands should be explored. Where possible, historic wetlands should be recreated.

Precise limits and timing of water extraction need to be determined to meet sufficient baseflow requirements of the aquatic community.

Investigate potential locations where cattle have unrestricted access to watercourses.

Conduct creel surveys to determine angling pressure.

Short term - trout and salmon catch-and-possession limit on all TRCA properties

only to be changed to five in one day, but not more than one from among brook and

brown trout for a sportfishing licence and two in one day, but not more than one

from among brook and brown trout for a conservation licence.

Long term - catch-and-possession limits for trout and salmon be reduced to two

with a sportfishing licence and one with a conservation licence.

Stocking of non-native species in riverine systems should be investigated. OMNR to

investigate the habitat suitability for redside dace in the appropriate management

zones and, if appropriate, consider stocking.

Future work required to assess need.




Figure 27. Recommended Implementation Strategies in the Carruthers Creek Watershed.

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4.1 EAST DUFFINS CREEK SUBWATERSHED 4.1.1 INTRODUCTION · The East Duffins Creek subwatershed...

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