4. unified silla_1_-1
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Transcript of 4. unified silla_1_-1
Unified Silla, Parhae, and the Later Three Kingdoms
Authoritarian Monarchy and the Rise of Powerful Local Gentry
Silla’s Victories
defeated Kaya 532, 562 defeated Paekche in 660
defeated Koguryŏ in 668
expelled T’ang in 676
“Later” or “Unified” Silla
Parhae – Tae Choyŏng (former general of Koguryŏ) established– Koguryŏ people and Malgal (tribes in northeast Asia)– Koguryŏ people were ruling class and regarded their
state as representing a revival of Koguryŏ– International Position:
• Strong pressure from Tang China and remained hostile toward Tang
• Confrontation with Silla: Silla built a defensive wall in northern frontier in 721
• End of 8th Century: changes in diplomatic relation– Both Silla and Parhae came to establish peaceful relation
with Tang China and Japan• economic exchange: Tang’s tributary system• cultural borrowing: imported books and art works, students
went to China to study Buddhism and Confucianism
Parhae Culture: Tang China and Koguryŏ
– Government structure and institutional features: adopted Tang system
– tomb architecture: Koguryŏ– Buddhist statue at Parhae temple, roof ending tile
decoration: Koguryŏ– Culture: advanced, ‘flourishing land in the East’
(Chinese historian)– Ethnic division: weakness
Khitan attacked Parhae (Bohai) and fell in 926
Political Structure of Unified Silla• Establishing authority of the throne
– Purge of leading figures– Create political and military institutions that
royal power might effectively be exercised– The throne and head-rank six found common
cause against the true-bone– Men of head-rank six: studying abroad in
Tang China, deeper learning and insight
Decline of Silla and Rise of Powerful Local Gentry
• Decline of Silla– 20 kings in 150 years– Aristocracy’s resistance => form private army– Men of head-rank six: studying abroad in
Tang China, deeper learning and insight– Ch’oe Ch’iwŏn (857-?): passed the Tang Civil
service examination and held official position in Tang, suggested reform => denial
Decline of Silla &Rise of Powerful Local Gentry
– Political participation at the central government level blocked by the bone-rank system
=> attention to maritime trade with China and Japan => economic and military power
– Leading gentry houses built fortifications around the population centers => “castle lords”
– Signaled weakening of central government and aristocracy
Chang Pogo (d. 846)
- Ch’ŏnghae Garrison on Wando, had 10,000 soldiers
- Military and commercial success in Silla and T’ang China
- Helped enthrone king, wanted to marry daughter to another king
- Video
Hardship of peasants
– Life of Commoners• Impoverishment (exhausted warfare)• Grain tax, corvee service• Census system in 755: every three years
– Population– Numbers of cattle, horses, mulberry, nut bearing pine,
walnut trees, and the area of different types of land (paddy fields, dry fields, hemp fields, etc)
– Number of able-bodied adults: to provide compulsory labor services
– Commoners and Peasant revolts
“Song of Ch’ŏyong”, 879
Having caroused far into the night
In the moonlit capital,I returned home and in my
bed,Behold, four legs.
Two were mine;Whose are the other two?Formerly two were mine;What shall be done now
they are taken?
Cheoyong Dance
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hz38uVwbuZc