4 the SENSES - Edited
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Nothing enters the mindNothing enters the mind
except through theexcept through thesensessenses
Aquinas Aquinas
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Somatic
Special General
Senses
Smell
Hearing
Taste
Vision
Balance
Visceral
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SensesSenses
S ense is the ability to perceive stimuliS ense is the ability to perceive stimuliS ensation is the conscious awareness of S ensation is the conscious awareness of
stimulistimuliRequirements:Requirements:
S timulusS timulus
ReceptorsReceptorsPathwaysPathways
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ReceptorsReceptors
S tructures necessary for impulseS tructures necessary for impulsegenerationgeneration
Are sensory nerve endings Are sensory nerve endingsResponds to stimuli by developingResponds to stimuli by developingimpulses (action potential)impulses (action potential)
S pecific for a stimulusS pecific for a stimulusDistributed both for special & generalDistributed both for special & generalsensessenses
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Ty pes of ReceptorsTy pes of Receptors
ExteroceptorsExteroceptors
InteroceptorsInteroceptorsProprioceptorsProprioceptors
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Ex teroceptorsEx teroceptors
O ne of theO ne of the peripheralperipheral end organsend organs of theof theafferent nervesafferent nerves in thein the skinskin oror mucousmucous
membranemembrane , which, which respondrespond totostimulationstimulation byby externalexternal agentsagents ..
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InteroceptorsInteroceptors
O ne of the various forms of O ne of the various forms of smallsmall sensorysensoryend organsend organs ((receptorsreceptors ) situated) situated withinwithin thethe
wallswalls of theof the respiratoryrespiratory andandgastrointestinal tractsgastrointestinal tracts or in otheror in other visceraviscera ..
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P roprioceptorsP roprioceptors
S pecialized mechanoreceptors located inS pecialized mechanoreceptors located inthe muscles, tendons, joints and,the muscles, tendons, joints and,vestibular apparatus of the inner earvestibular apparatus of the inner ear
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P roprioceptorsP roprioceptors
muscle spindlesmuscle spindlesgolgi tendon organsgolgi tendon organs
joint receptors joint receptorsvestibular apparatusvestibular apparatus
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ReceptorsReceptors
MechanoreceptorsMechanoreceptorsChemoreceptorsChemoreceptors
PhotoreceptorsPhotoreceptorsThermoreceptorsThermoreceptorsNociceptorsNociceptors
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Cu taneo u s ReceptorsCu taneo u s Receptors
Meissners CorpusclesMeissners Corpuscles - - touchtouchPacinian CorpusclesPacinian Corpuscles pressurepressure
Ruffini s CorpusclesRuffini s Corpuscles - - stretchstretchKrause End BulbsKrause End Bulbs -- temperaturetemperatureFree Nerve EndingsFree Nerve Endings movement movement
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P ain Im pul sesP ain Im pul ses
ReceptionReceptionConductionConduction
Autonomic Responses Autonomic ResponsesGate Control TheoryGate Control Theory
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Ty pes of P ainTy pes of P ainLocationLocation
S omaticS omaticReferredReferred
Visceral VisceralPhantom LimbPhantom Limb
NatureNature
S harpS harpPrickingPrickingCuttingCutting
DiffuseDiffuse
BurningBurning Aching Aching
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Th e EYE: Interna l & Ex terna l Th e EYE: Interna l & Ex terna l
Str u
ctu
reStr u
ctu
re Appendages AppendagesExtrinsic musclesExtrinsic muscles
Walls of the eyeballWalls of the eyeballRefractory mediaRefractory media
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A ppendages A ppendages
EyebrowsEyebrowsProtects the eye from irritantsProtects the eye from irritants
EyelidsEyelidsHolds the eye lashesHolds the eye lashesContains 3 kinds of glandsContains 3 kinds of glands
Meibomian GlandsMeibomian GlandsGlands of ZeisGlands of ZeisMoll s GlandsMoll s Glands
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A ppendages A ppendages
ConjunctivaConjunctiva
Lacrimal ApparatusLacrimal Apparatus
Consists of Lacrimal glands that producesConsists of Lacrimal glands that producestearstears
Extrinsic Eye MusclesExtrinsic Eye MusclesRectus MuscleRectus Muscle S uperior, inferior, medial,S uperior, inferior, medial,laterallateralO blique musclesO blique muscles- - S uperior, InferirorS uperior, Inferiror
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W a lls of t he E ye Ba llW a lls of t he E ye Ba ll
1 . Fibrous Tunics1 . Fibrous Tunics S clera and CorneaS clera and Cornea
2. Vascular Tunics2. Vascular Tunics Choroid, Cilliary Body,Choroid, Cilliary Body,IrisIris
3. Nervous Tunics3. Nervous Tunics - - RetinaRetina
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F ibro u s Tu nicsF ibro u s Tu nics
S cleraS cleraHelps maintain the size and shape of the eyeHelps maintain the size and shape of the eye
CorneaCorneaTransparent substance that permits light toTransparent substance that permits light toenter the eyeenter the eye
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V asc ul ar Tu nicsV asc ul ar Tu nicsChoroidChoroid
Thin structure consisting of vascular networkThin structure consisting of vascular networkand melanin containing pigment.and melanin containing pigment.
LensLensRefracting and focusing light towards theRefracting and focusing light towards theretinaretina
Cillary BodyCillary BodyControls lens thicknessControls lens thicknessRegulates the lens focused through the lensRegulates the lens focused through the lensonto the retinaonto the retina
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V asc ul ar Tu nicsV asc ul ar Tu nics
IrisIris A contractile structure consisting mainly of A contractile structure consisting mainly of smooth musclesmooth muscleControls the amount of light that enters theControls the amount of light that enters thepupil.pupil.
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N ervo u s Tu nicsN ervo u s Tu nics
RetinaRetinaO uter Pigmented RetinaO uter Pigmented RetinaS ensory RetinaS ensory Retina
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Th e E A R : Interna l & Ex terna l Th e E A R : Interna l & Ex terna l Str u ctu resStr u ctu res
Divided into 3 major areas:Divided into 3 major areas:External EarExternal Ear
M iddle EarM iddle Ear
Inner EarInner Ear
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P hy sio log y of HearingP hy sio log y of Hearing
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Th e Tong u eTh e Tong u e
Contains Taste BudsContains Taste BudsHave 5 major taste sensationHave 5 major taste sensation
S weet S weet S ourS ourBitterBitterS altyS altyUmamiUmami
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Str u ctu res of t he N oseStr u ctu res of t he N ose
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P repare for you r P repare for you r L A S TL A S TEx a m for Mont h lyEx a m for Mont h ly
Thank You &Thank You &God BlessGod Bless