PAPER

FOOD PROCESSING

INTO THE BODYSupervisior: Samsul Arifin

By Group 4:

Firmansyah Wahid A.

Kamelia Firdausi

Nur Azizah

Syamsiah Chandrawati

Ubaidilah Hasan

S1-NURSING

COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

HASHAWATY ZAINUL HASAN GENGGONG

PAJARAKAN – PROBOLINGGO

ACADEMIC YEAR 2014-2015

CONFIRMATION PAGE

PAPER

FOOD PROCESSING INTO THE BODY

Prepared to Meet Task English.

Knowing,

Lecturer

Samsul Arifin

FOREWORD

Thank God we pray worship and praise Allah SWT. Above all his mercy and

blessing. So that we can complete the preparation of this paper, and sholawat and greetings

may always gushing adoration bestowed on the great Prophet Muhammad SAW. The purpose

of this paper is to fulfill the task in STIKES Hafshawaty, we put in the form of a scientific

study entitled "Food Processing Into The Body" and with the completion of the preparation of

this paper, we also do not forget to thank to :

1. KH. Moh. Hasan Mutawakkil Alallah, SH.MM as caretakers boarding Zainul Hasan

Genggong.

2. Ns. Iin Isnawaty Aini, S.Kep., Kes. as chairwoman STIKES Hafshawaty Zainul Hasan

Genggong.

3. Ns. Khusyairi, M.Kep. as Chairman of the Prodi S1 Nursing.

4. Samsul Arifin as lecturer teaching English.

5. Ns. Nafolion Nur Rahmat S.Kep. as Lecturer Guardian S1 Nursing Level 1.

6. Friends group as a constituent member of this paper.

There is no hope at all of us except this paper can be useful, make a positive

contribution to all readers, and increase knowledge and insight about the food processing to

the body.

Along with it all, then by all the capabilities we have, we try various ways in

preparing this paper to be easily understood and accepted by the nursing students. We realize

this paper is far from perfect. As a man who has limitations, as the authors of this paper we

apologize if there are errors.

Probolinggo, December 2014

Author

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CoverConfirmation Page......................................................................................................................Foreword.....................................................................................................................................Table Of Content........................................................................................................................

CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background...........................................................................................................................

1.2 Problem Formulation............................................................................................................

1.3 Purpose..................................................................................................................................

1.4 Benefit..................................................................................................................................

CHAPTER 2 DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition.............................................................................................................................

2.2 Organs Of The Digestive System And The Digestive Process............................................

CHAPTER 3 CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................

3.2 Suggestion...........................................................................................................................

BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................................

CHAPTER 1

PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) consists of a hollow muscular tube starting from

the oral cavity, where food enters the mouth, continuing through the pharynx, oesophagus,

stomach and intestines to the rectum and anus, where food is expelled. There are various

accessory organs that assist the tract by secreting enzymes to help break down food into

its component nutrients. Thus the salivary glands, liver, pancreas and gall bladder have

important functions in the digestive system. Food is propelled along the length of the GIT

by peristaltic movements of the muscular walls.

The primary purpose of the gastrointestinal tract is to break food down into

nutrients, which can be absorbed into the body to provide energy. First food must be

ingested into the mouth to be mechanically processed and moistened. Secondly, digestion

occurs mainly in the stomach and small intestine where proteins, fats and carbohydrates

are chemically broken down into their basic building blocks. Smaller molecules are then

absorbed across the epithelium of the small intestine and subsequently enter the

circulation. The large intestine plays a key role in reabsorbing excess water. Finally,

undigested material and secreted waste products are excreted from the body via defecation

(passing of faeces).

In the case of gastrointestinal disease or disorders, these functions of the

gastrointestinal tract are not achieved successfully. Patients may develop symptoms of

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malabsorption, constipation or obstruction. Gastrointestinal

problems are very common and most people will have experienced some of the above

symptoms several times throughout their lives.

1.2 Problem Formulation

How process food into the body?

What organs of the digestive system?

1.3 Purpose

1.3.1 General Purpose

Knowing about the concept of the entry of food into the body.

1.3.2 Spesific Purpose

a. Explaining the concept of the entry of food into the body

b. Explaining about the digestive system organs

1.4 Benefit

1.4.1 For Educational Institutions

a. The creation of the students who know about food processing to the body.

b. The creation of the theoretical basis of gastrointestinal system.

1.4.2 For the Nursing Profession

a. The creation of professional health workers.

b. The creation of a sense of comfort in every patient treated.

c. The creation of high intellectual human resources.

1.4.3 For Student

a. Can understand the concept of food processing to the body.

b. More knowing the skills and knowledge to analyze information that is not in

the know.

c. Can understand about the gastrointestinal system.

CHAPTER 2

DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition

Digestion is the complex process of turning the food you eat into nutrients, which

the body uses for energy, growth and cell repair needed to survive. The digestion process

also involves creating waste to be eliminated.

The digestive tract (or gastrointestinal tract) is a long twisting tube that starts at the

mouth and ends at the anus. It is made up of a series of muscles that coordinate the

movement of food and other cells that produce enzymes and hormones to aid in the

breakdown of food. Along the way are three other organs that are needed for digestion:

the liver, gallbladder, and the pancreas.

2.2 The Organs and Process Food Into The Body

a. Mouth

The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract

and in fact, digestion starts here when taking the first

bite of food. Chewing breaks the food into pieces that

are more easily digested, while saliva mixes with food

to begin the process of breaking it down into a form

your body can absorb and use.

b. Esophagus

Located in your throat near your trachea (windpipe),

the esophagus receives food from your mouth when you

swallow. By means of a series of muscular contractions

called peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food to your

stomach.

c. Stomach

The stomach is a hollow organ,

or "container," that holds food while it

is being mixed with enzymes that

continue the process of breaking down

food into a usable form. Cells in the

lining of the stomach secrete a strong

acid and powerful enzymes that are

responsible for the breakdown process. When the contents of the stomach are

sufficiently processed, they are released into the small intestine.

d. Small intestine

Made up of three

segments the duodenum,

jejunum, and ileum, the small

intestine is a 22-foot long

muscular tube that breaks down

food using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. Peristalsis also is

at work in this organ, moving food through and mixing it with digestive secretions

from the pancreas and liver. The duodenum is largely responsible for the continuous

breaking-down process, with the jejunum and ileum mainly responsible for absorption

of nutrients into the bloodstream.

Contents of the small intestine start out semi-solid, and end in a liquid form

after passing through the organ. Water, bile, enzymes, and mucous contribute to the

change in consistency. Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover-food

residue liquid has passed through the small intestine, it then moves on to the large

intestine, or colon. It has three major divisions:

1. Duodenum: A short structure (about 20-25 cm long) which receives gastric chyme

from the stomach, together with digestive juices from the pancreas (digestive

enzymes) and the gall bladder (bile). The digestive enzymes break down proteins

and bile and emulsify fats into micelles. The duodenum contains Brunner's glands,

which produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate. These

secretions, in combination with bicarbonate from the pancreas, neutralizes the

stomach acids contained in gastric chyme.

2. Jejunum: This is the midsection of the small intestine, connecting the duodenum

to the ileum. It is about 2.5 m long, and contains the plicae circulares, and villi

that increase its surface area. Products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, and fatty

acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream here.

3. Ileum: The final section of the small intestine. It is about 3 m long, and contains

villi similar to the jejunum. It absorbs mainly vitamin B12 and bile acids, as well

as any other remaining nutrients.

e. Appendix

The appendix is a small finger-shaped

tube projecting from the large intestine near the

point where it joins the small intestine. The

appendix may have some immune function, but

it is not an essential organ.

f. Colon (large intestine)

The colon is a 6-foot long muscular

tube that connects the small intestine to the

rectum. The large intestine is made up of the

cecum, the ascending (right) colon, the

transverse (across) colon, the descending

(left) colon, and the sigmoid colon, which connects to the rectum. The appendix is a

small tube attached to the cecum. The large intestine is a highly specialized organ that

is responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is easy and

convenient.

Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, is passed through the colon

by means of peristalsis, first in a liquid state and ultimately in a solid form. As stool

passes through the colon, water is removed. Stool is stored in the sigmoid (S-shaped)

colon until a "mass movement" empties it into the rectum once or twice a day. It

normally takes about 36 hours for stool to get through the colon. The stool itself is

mostly food debris and bacteria. These bacteria perform several useful functions, such

as synthesizing various vitamins, processing waste products and food particles, and

protecting against harmful bacteria. When the descending colon becomes full of stool,

or feces, it empties its contents into the rectum to begin the process of elimination. The

colon is further divided into:

1. Ascending colon (ascending in the back wall of the abdomen)

2. Transverse colon (passing across the back wall)

3. Descending colon (descending down the left side of the abdomen)

4. Sigmoid Flexure

g. Rectum

The rectum (Latin for "straight") is an 8-inch

chamber that connects the colon to the anus. It is the

rectum's job to receive stool from the colon, to let

the person know that there is stool to be evacuated,

and to hold the stool until evacuation happens. When

anything (gas or stool) comes into the rectum,

sensors send a message to the brain. The brain then decides if the rectal contents can

be released or not. If they can, the sphincters relax and the rectum contracts, disposing

its contents. If the contents cannot be disposed, the sphincter contracts and the rectum

accommodates so that the sensation temporarily goes away.

h. Anus

The anus is the last part of the

digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long canal

consisting of the pelvic floor muscles and

the two anal sphincters (internal and

external). The lining of the upper anus is

specialized to detect rectal contents. It

lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or solid. The anus is surrounded by

sphincter muscles that are important in allowing control of stool. The pelvic floor

muscle creates an angle between the rectum and the anus that stops stool from coming

out when it is not supposed to. The internal sphincter is always tight, except when

stool enters the rectum. It keeps us continent when we are asleep or otherwise unaware

of the presence of stool. When we get an urge to go to the bathroom, we rely on our

external sphincter to hold the stool until reaching a toilet, where it then relaxes to

release the contents.

CHAPTER 3

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion

Digestion is the complex process of turning the food you eat into nutrients, which

the body uses for energy, growth and cell repair needed to survive. The digestion process

also involves creating waste to be eliminated. Gastro intestine system have eight organs,

there are mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum),

appendix, large intestine (Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon),

rectum, and anus. All of them have each function.

3.2 Suggestion

We must always maintain our health. Including the health of our digestive system.

Because the digestive system is a system that processes food into the body to become

energy to run all of our activities.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.myvmc.com/anatomy/gastrointestinal-system/

http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-system?page=2

http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/ns_overview/hic-the-structure-and-function-of-the-digestive-system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract

http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive_disorders/gastrointestinal_emergencies/appendicitis.html