4. OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning ISSUE1.0

7/27/2019 4. OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning ISSUE1.0

1/58

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved

OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio

Network Coverage PlanningISSUE1.0


2/58

Internal Use2

Objectives

Contents and process of network planning

Understand the uplink budget and its elements. Understand the downlink budget and its

elements.

Familiar with coverage enhancement

technologies.


3/58

Internal Use3

Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Process

Chapter 2 Uplink Budget

Chapter 3 Downlink Budget

Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies


4/58

Internal Use4


1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning

1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning

1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning


5/58

Internal Use5

Definition and Category of Network Planning

Definition:

Network planning means proper network elements (NEs) are selected

based on network target, network evolution requirement and cost.

Also, the quality, configuration, and connection mode of the NEs are

determined to facilitate engineering implementation.

Categories:

Core Network Planning

Radio Network Planning

Transmission Network Planning


6/58

Internal Use6

Importance of Radio Network Planning in 3G

The construction cost of the mobile

communications network mainly lies in the

equipment investment.

Among the three of the 3G network (radio access

network, transmission network, and core network),

radio access network takes more than 70%

investment.

The investment in the radio access network

depends on the number and configuration of theBSs, which are determined by the radio network

planning.


7/58Internal Use7

Comparison Between GSM & WCDMA Network Planning

Frequency planning is important. The

structure and frequency of the cellular network

need careful planning to ensure minimum co-

frequency and adjacent-frequency interference.

Fixed capacity. If the interference requirement

is met, total users supported is fixedly

determined by carriers and timeslots.

Coverage capability depends on transmit

power of the transmitter and demodulation

performance of the receiver.

The GSM mainly offers voice service, and the

GOS and design objective are relatively simple.

f1

f1

f2

f2

f3

f1

f1

f2

f2

f3

f3f1

f2f1

f3

f1

Frequency reuse factor = 1.

Soft capacity. The capacity per WCDMA carrier

wave is related to environment and neighbor cell

interference.

Coverage capability is related to system load

situation. The increase in system load will reduce

coverage range.

Supports services with different rate and QoS,

including voice service, and their coverage

capacity is different. In the network planning, the

system performance shall be optimized through

reasonable planning and radio resource

management.

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1f1

f1f1

f1

f1

GSM WCDMA


8/58Internal Use8






9/58Internal Use9

Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning

Optimal coverage for profitable services

The 3G network is a multi-service network, so the network resources needto be distributed among different services. The cell radius and coverage

scheme shall be determined after the profitable services and their

coverage quality is determined. At the early stage of the 3G network, if the

planning focuses on high-speed data service, it will result in waste of

many services.

Optimal quality of core service

Core service refers to the service that have a long-term effect on the

network development. It is possible that the core service is not profitable in

a short period, but is the attraction of the subscriber increase and service

development, for example, high-speed data service.

The quality of the core service should be guaranteed in order to promote

the service and performance advantages of the 3G network and uphold

the operator's brand.


10/58Internal Use10


Highest capacity based on limited resources

The capacity of 3G network is mainly affected by

interference. Reasonable parameter planning may

help to reduce intra-cell and inter-cell interference,

improve the cell capacity, and make full use of thelimited resources.

Huawei provides reliable and effective power control

and radio resource management algorithm by using

abundant test data and advanced simulation means.

They are proved in many customer pilots of Huawei

around the world.


11/58Internal Use11


Lowest overall cost of network construction

The construction of the radio network goes through

the lifecycle of the network.

In the planning, further development shall be

considered, in order to reduce the overall cost of

network construction.


12/58

Internal Use12






13/58

Internal Use13

Process of Wireless Network Planning

Radio Network Dimension (RND)

At the early stage of the project planning, the

future network is preliminarily planned.

The configuration and the number of RAN NEs are

output for preliminary project planning and for cost

estimation in contract making.

Pre-planning of radio network

At the mid stage of project planning, based on the

dimensioning output, the future network is planned

in detail, and accurate network scale and

theoretical site location are determined.

A pre-planning report is output for mid-stage

project and cost estimation in contract signing.


14/58

Internal Use14

Process of Wireless Network Planning

Cell planning of radio network

At the later stage of project planning, based on the

pre-planning output, each selected site is surveyed,

and the related cell parameters are determined.

If the result is different from the earlier plan, cell

parameters and planning effect should be checked

through simulation, and the output report shall be

the final radio network planning scheme to be used

for project construction.


15/58

Internal Use15

Process of Radio Network Planning


16/58

Internal Use16

Radio Network Dimension

Radio Network Dimension is a simplified analysis of the

future network.

Objective:

To estimate equipments needed to meet network

requirement (approximate BS quantity andconfiguration).

Method:

Radio Link Budget Calculation

Cell Size Calculation

Capacity Calculation

Transmission Network Estimation


17/58

Internal Use17

Radio Network Dimension

Coverage information

Coverage area

Area information

Capacity information

Spectrum available

Subscriber density & profile

Quality information

QoS requirement

GoS requirement

System scale

Site & equipment

quantity

System configuration

Sector configuration

Carrier quantity

Network construction

cost

Site cost

Equipment cost

Input Output

Coverage dimension

Capacity dimension


18/58

Internal Use18

Radio Network Pre-planning

Based on radio network dimension,

network pre-planning intends to :

Determine the initial layout

Theoretical location for BSs

Select engineering parameters

(BS location, network hierarchy,

transmit power, antenna

layout/type/direction/tilt angle, and

so on) and some cell parameters

(common channel/traffic channeltransmit power) .


19/58

Internal Use19


Based on the result of RND,

theoretical location of site and cellparameters, we should carry out

coverage simulation.

We should carry out more careful

adjust (for example amount of

NodeB, configuration of NodeB,antenna altitude, antenna azimuth)

after analyzing the results of

coverage simulation.

Finally ,we should get perfect

coverage result.


20/58

Internal Use20


Radio Network Pre-planning report

Radio Network Pre-planning report should be generated after

performing the foregoing jobs. Radio Network Pre-planning report

should involve several factors:

Introduce of project background

Information of planning area :area, population, cluster

Project of radio network pre-planning: site distribution map, site list

( include site name, latitude ,longitude, parameters)

Performance of project :base on the result of the simulation

Appendix: statistical diagram about performance


21/58

Internal Use21

Radio Network Cell Planning

F lowchart of cell planning

N

Site survey

report

Site selection

System

simulation

Design

objective

met?

Wireless network

planning report

Noise test

Noise test report

Wi reless network

pre - planning

report

Site survey

N

Radio networknominal

planning report

Output SEARCHRINGS

List of sites

Is it a 2G site

or not?Is it a new site ornot (name prefix

NewSite)

Obtain candidatesites

Can site conditions

be determined?Site survey

Site surveyreport

Frequency

scanning test

Frequency scanning

test report

Are siterequirements

satisfied or not?


22/58

Internal Use22

Radio Network Cell Planning Site Survey

Normally, perfect site location difficult to be acquired. We must select some

candidate site. But how can we select the candidate site?

Based on experience , candidate site is selected from SEARCH RING

scope (SEARCH RING =1/4*R ) and at the same time , still consider

altitude factor

We still pay attention to some factors when we select the candidate sites :

Radio environment Candidate site location

Candidate site latitude

Ambient

Work implement

Space of room

Antenna install

Transmission

Power

Commercial factor

Rent


23/58

Internal Use23

Summary of the Chapter

Category of radio network planning

Huawei concept of radio network planning Difference between GSM network planning and WCDMA

network planning

Process of radio network planning

Input and output requirements of the radio network pre-planning

This chapter covers the fol lowing:


24/58

Internal Use24






25/58

Internal Use25

CapacityCoverageQuality

Relationship between capacity, coverage, and quality of the WCDMA system

WCDMA system is a self-interference system. Its capacity, coverage and

quality are closely related to each other.

Capacitycoverage

If the load increases, the capacity and interference also interference,and the coverage shrinks.

Capacityquality

The system capacity may increase by lowering the quality of some

connections.

Coverage

qualityThe coverage may increase by lowering the quality of some

connections.


26/58

Internal Use26

Process of Link Budget

What to consider in link budget:

Environment features of the

planned area

Site capacity

Indoor coverage

Coverage probability

Propagation model

Equipment performanceMaximum cell radius

Create link budget

Obtain cell radius

Calculate site area

Specify site quantity

of the area

Maximum path loss

Maximum site

coverage area

Site quantity=planned area/site coverage area


27/58

Internal Use27

Fundamental Principle

Link Budget:

To estimate thesystem

coverage by

analyzing

uplink/downlink

signalpropagation; in

order to obtain

the maximum

propagation loss

after certaincommunications

quality is

ensured.

TX

Combiner

DuplexerFeeder

RX

Pout_BS

Lc_BSLf_BS

Ga_BSNodeB

TX

RX

Pout_UE

Ga_UE

UE

CombinerDuplexer

Body Loss

Fading

Margin

Penetration

Loss


28/58

Internal Use28

Algorithm Introduction

PL_UL=Pout_UE + Ga_BS + Ga_UE

LfBS + Ga_SHO

Mpc

Mf

MI Lp Lb S_BS

PL_UL : Maximum propagation loss of the Uplink

Pout_UE : Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the UE

Lf_BS : Cable lossGa_BS : Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS

Ga_SHO: Gain of soft handover

Mpc : Margin for fast power control

Mf : Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)

MI : Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)

Lp : Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)

Lb : Body loss

SBS : Sensitivity of BS receiver (related to factors such as service and

multi-path condition)

Uplink (reverse)


29/58

Internal Use29

Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

Max Power of TCH

Body Loss

Gain of UE Tx Antenna

EIRP

Gain of BS Rx Antenna

Cable Loss

Noise Figure (BS)

Eb/No Required (BS)

Sensitivity of BS Receiver

UL Cell Loading

Interference Margin

Background Noise Level

Margin for Background Noise

SHO Gain over Fast Fading

Fast Fading Margin

Minimum Signal Strength

Required

Penetration Loss

Std. dev. of Slow Fading

Edge coverage Probability

Slow Fading Margin

SHO Gain over Slow Fading


30/58

Internal Use30


1. Max Power of TCH (dBm)

For a UE, the maximum power of each traffic channel is usuallythe nominal total transmit power. There are many types of UE in a

commercial network, so this parameters should be reasonably set

according to the specifications of a mainstream commercial cell

phone and the requirement of the operator.

Grade of UE powerTS 25.101 v3.7.02001-066.2.1

Power Class Nominal maximum output power Tolerance

1 +33dBm +1/-3dB

2 +27dBm +1/-3dB

3 +24dBm +1/-3dB

4 +21dBm +2/-2dB


31/58

Internal Use31


2. Body Loss (dB)

For voice service, the body loss is 3 dB. Because data service mainly involves text and video, so UE is

relatively far from body, and the body loss is 0 dB.

3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)

Generally, assume that the receiver gain and transmitter gain of the

UE antenna are both 0 dBi.

4. EIRP(dBm)

UE EIRP (dBm)

= UE Tx Power (dBm) - Body Loss (dB) + Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)


32/58

Internal Use32


5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna (dBi)

Kathrein 741794

Frequency range

1710~2170MHz (dual

band for DCS

and UMTS)

Polarization +45

, -45

Gain 18.5dBi

HPBW (1920~2170MHz)Horizontal: 63

Vertical:6.5

Electrical tilt Fixed, 2

Side lobe suppression for 1st

side lobe above horizon>14dB

Front-to-back ratio, co-polar >30dB

Dimension (Height / Width /

Depth)

1302 mm / 155 mm /

69 mm

Weight 6.6kg

Kathrein 741790

Frequency range 1920~2170MHz

Polarization Vertical

Gain 11dBi

HPBW Vertical: 7

Electrical tilt Fixed, 0

Dimension (Height) 1387 mm

Weight 5kg

El f WCDMA U li k B d


33/58

Internal Use33


6. Cable Loss (dB)

Includes feeders and connectors

losses between the cabinet top

and the antenna connector.

Lower jumper

Connector

Feeder

Upper jumper

Etc.

Except for the feeder, the loss is

relatively constant. Assume that

the feeder loss is 0.8 dB @ 2GHz. 7/8-inch feeder: 6.1 dB / 100m

5/4-inch feeder: 4.5 dB / 100m

Bracket

Bracket

Tilt adjuster

Antenna

Upper jumper

Feeder

Feeder windowLightning arrester

Lower jumper

Feeder fixing clip

Feeder grounding clip

Feeder installation

El t f WCDMA U li k B d t


34/58

Internal Use34


7. Noise Figure (dB)

It is used to measure the noise performance of an amplifier.

Amount of noise (dB) added to receive path by low noise

amplifier of Base Station.

Thermal noise of receiver (unit bandwidth):

PN = KTBWNF

= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB)

= -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF (dB)

NF = SNRi / SNRo

= (Si / Ni) / (So / No)



35/58

Internal Use35


8. Eb/Norequired (dB)

It is obtained through link simulation. It depends on: Service

UE speed

Radio Channel

9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver (dBm)

Signal level required at input of receiver

Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm)

= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10log(3.84MHz)

+ Eb/Norequired (dB) Processing Gain

= -108 (dBm/3.84Hz) + NF (dB) + Eb/Norequired (dB) + 10log[Rb(kHz)]



36/58

Internal Use36


10. Background Noise Level (dBm) External electromagnetic interference sources:

Wireless transmitters (GSM, microwave, radar,

television station, and so)

Automobile ignition

Lighting When planning for a specific area, it is

recommended to estimate the interference level

through noise test.



37/58

Internal Use37


11. Margin for Background Noise (dB)

Assume that the noise of a device (NodeB or UE) is X

dBm, and the external interference power is Y dBm, the

margin for the external interference can be calculated:

Margin for Background Noise =

10log (10X /10

+ 10Y /10

) dBm- X dBm



38/58

Internal Use38


12. Penetration Loss (dB)

Indoor penetration loss refers to the difference between the

average signal strength outside the building and the average

signal strength of one layer of the building.

Penetration loss is related to building type, entrance angle of the

electric wave, and so on.

It is uneconomical to provide good indoor coverage through an

outdoor BS. The indoor coverage shall be provided for by an

indoor coverage solution.

In the actual construction of a commercial network, the

penetration loss margin is usually specified by the operator in

order to compare the planning results of different manufacturers.



39/58

Internal Use39


13. Fast Fading Margin (dB)

In link budget, the estimated Eb/No ofreceiver is based on the assumption of

perfect power control.

In actual system, this assumption is

invalid due to limited transmit power of

transmitter, thus introducing non-deal

factor in closed loop power control.

Fast fading margin, or PC headroom, is

included to account for the additional

margin needed in the mobile station

transmission power to maintain adequate

power.

Simulation results shows:

As headroom decreases, Eb/Noincrease.

For Eb/Norequired > 7dB, an increase

of Eb/Norequired by 1dB corresponds

to a decrease of PC headroom by

1dB.

PC headroom vs. Eb/Notarget



40/58

Internal Use40


14. Edge coverage Probability

If the maximum output power of UE cannot compensate for the path

loss to ensure Smin required, an outage will occur to the link .

For a UE at a distance ofd, the link disconnection probability is as

follows:

Proutage (d) =Pr { Pmax,UE- PL(d) < Smin }



41/58

Internal Use41

SF x dnorm x 0

30 20 10 0 10 20 300

0.02

0.04

0.06

SF x 8( )

SF x 10( )

SF x 12( )

x

SF_M x pnorm x 0

20 16 12 8 4 0 4 8 12 16 200

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

SF_M x 8( )

SF_M x 10( )

SF_M x 12( )

x


15. Slow Fading Margin (dB)

Slow Fading Margin (dB) = Required Edge coverage ProbabilityStd. dev. of Slow Fading (dB)



42/58

Internal Use42


16. Uplink Cell Loading

Uplink cell loading is used to measure the uplink load of a cell.

The higher the uplink cell loading, the higher the uplink interference.

If the uplink load is about 100% , the uplink interference becomes

infinite, and the corresponding capacity is the utmost capacity.

N

jjjobN

jULW

vRNEiLi

11

/11



43/58

Internal Use43


17. Uplink Interference Margin (dB)

UL

N

jN

TOT

LPINoiseRise

11

1

1

1

50% Load3dB

60% Load4dB

75% Load6dB



44/58

Internal Use44


18. SHO Gain over Fast Fading (dB)

19. SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)

These values are obtain through simulation

The soft handover gain includes two parts: Multiple unrelated soft handover branches lower

the required margin for fading, which results in

multi-cell gain.

Gain for the link demodulation of the soft

handover

marco diversity combining gain. The SHO Gain over Fast Fading refer to the macro

diversity combining gain.



45/58

Internal Use45


20. Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm)

After interference factors and the factors degrading the

performance are considered, the signal strength required

by the correct demodulation is receiver sensitivity in the

network.

Minimum Signal Strength Required

= Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm) - Gain of Antenna (dBi)

+ Body Loss (dB) + Interference Margin (dB)

+ Margin for Background Noise (dB) - SHO Gain

over fast fading (dB) + Fast Fading Margin (dB)



46/58

Internal Use46


Summary: Cell edge path loss Based on the maximum path loss allowed by the link,

the path loss median at the cell edge can be calculated

if the fading margin and soft handover gain for providing

the required edge/area coverage probability and the

penetration loss of indoor coverage are considered.

Path Loss (dB) = [ EiRP (dBm) - Minimum Signal

Strength Required (dBm) ] - Penetration Loss (dB) -

Slow Fading Margin (dB) + SHO Gain over SlowFading (dB)


47/58

Internal Use47







48/58

Internal Use48


Link Budget: Link

Budget intends to

estimate the system

coverage by

analyzing the factors

of the propagationof the forward signal

and reverse signal,

in order to obtain the

maximum

propagation loss

after certaincommunications

quality is ensured.

TX

Combiner

DuplexerFeeder

RX

Pout_BS

Lc_BSLf_BS

Ga_BSNodeB

TX

RX

Pout_UE

Ga_UE

UE

CombinerDuplexer

Body Loss

Fading

Margin

Penetration

Loss

Algorithm


49/58

Internal Use49

Algorithm

PLDL = Pout,BS Lf,BS + Ga_BS + Ga,UE + Ga,SHO Mpc Mf MI Lp Lb SUE

PLDL : Maximum propagation loss of the downlink

Pout,UE : Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the BS

L

f,BS

: Cable lossGa,BS : Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS

Ga,SHO : Gain of soft handover

Mpc : Margin for fast power control

Mf : Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)

MI : Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)

Lp : Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)

Lb : Body loss

SUE : Sensitivity of UE receiver (related to factors such as service and

multi-path condition)

Downlink (forward)

Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget


50/58

Internal Use50


Max Power of TCH

Cable Loss

Gain of BS Tx Antenna

EIRP

Gain of UE Rx Antenna

Body Loss

Noise Figure (UE)

Eb/No Required (UE)

Sensitivity of UE Receiver

DL Cell Loading Interference Margin

Background Noise Level

Margin for Background Noise

SHO Gain over Fast Fading

Fast Fading Margin

Minimum Signal Strength

Required

Penetration Loss Std. dev. of Slow Fading

Edge coverage Probability

Slow Fading Margin

SHO Gain over Slow Fading



51/58

Internal Use51


Downlink Cell Loading

Downlink cell loading factor is defined in two ways:

Downlink cell loading load at the receiver:

This definition is similar to that of the uplink cell loading:

The higher downlink cell loading, the higher cell transmit power,and the higher the receiver interference.

When the downlink cell loading is 100% , the corresponding

capacity is the utmost capacity of the downlink.

Downlink cell loading at the receiver: The ratio of the current cell

transmit power to the maximum BS transmit power. Characteristics:

The higher downlink cell loading, the higher cell transmit power.

The downlink cell loading is related to service type, UE receiver

performance, cell size, and BS capability.

N

j

j

jobjjDLv

W

RNEi

1

/1

Currently, the later definition is used in the link budget tool.



52/58

Internal Use52

: 1.78


Downlink Interference Margin (dB)

Downlink interference at UE receiver:

The downlink load factor is:

The link budget tool uses the following typical values:

orthogonal factor : Obtained through simulation. Related to

environment type and cell radius.

Cell edge adjacent-cell interference factor

N

N

N

nnj

T

j

T

j

N

total

P

PPL

PPL

P

P

IjNoiseRise

1

,

1)1(

)(

jDLf ,

N

n nj

ownj

PL

PL

1 ,

,

j

J

jjDLj

jjjob

DLf

W

RVNE

1,

)1(/

,where =

Rat io of other cel l to own cel l

base stat ion power


53/58

Internal Use53





Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)


54/58

Internal Use54

Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)

TMA

Located near the antenna

A TMA is Low noise amplifier

Helps to improve the uplink receivesensitivity and enhances the uplink

coverage

A TMA usually has 0.7dB loss in the

downlink.

4- Antennas Receive Diversity


55/58

Internal Use55

4 Antennas Receive Diversity

4Antenna receive diversity

4Antenna receive diversity has twotypes

Two Cross-polar antennas

Four antennas

4Antenna receive diversity helps to

improve the uplink receive

performance Improve the uplink coverage and

capacity performance

4Antenna receive diversity need

equipment support

4-antennas Receive Diversity


56/58

Internal Use56

4 antennas Receive Diversity

Compare 2RxDiv> 4RxDiv Reduce the requirement

about Eb/No

4-antennas Receive Diversity


57/58

Internal Use57

4 antennas Receive Diversity

Compared with a double-antenna receive diversity, 4-antenna

receive diversity requires lower Eb/No.

Gain of 4-antenna receive diversity (compared with double-

antenna receive diversity)

Area Channel Eb/No improvementCapacity-based

gain

Coverage-based

gain

High-density

urban areaTU3 2.4 1.73 1.37

Common urban

areaTU3 2.4 1.73 1.37

Suburb RA120 2.5 1.77 1.39

Rural area RA120 2.5 1.77 1.39

4. OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning ISSUE1.0

Documents

Transcript of 4. OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning ISSUE1.0