4. Operational Amplifiers
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Transcript of 4. Operational Amplifiers
4. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
CIRCUITS by Ulaby & Maharbiz
Overview
Tech Brief 7: IC FabricationWafer: Thin slice of semiconductor material with highly polished surface
Processed wafer is cut into many dies or chips.
Lithography: Defining spatial pattern
Photoresist: Polymer material that does not allow etching or deposition of areas underneath it.
Tech Brief 7: IC Fabrication
Lithography: Defining spatial pattern
Photoresist: Polymer material that does not allow etching or deposition of areas underneath it.
Tech Brief 7: IC Fabrication
Tech Brief 7: IC Fabrication
Tech Brief 7: IC Fabrication
Tech Brief 7: IC Fabrication
Operational Amplifier “Op Amp”
Two input terminals, positive (non- inverting) and negative (inverting)
One output Power supply V+ , and
Op Amp showing power supply
Op Amp with power supply not shown (which is how we usually display op amp circuits)
Inside The Op-Amp (741)
Gain Key important aspect of op amp: high
voltage gain Output , A is op-amp gain (or
open-loop gain) – different from circuit gain G
Linear response
Equivalent Circuit
Example 4-1: Op Amp Amplifier
KCL at Node a:
KCL at Node b:
2
210
RRR
vvGs
For infinite A:
= 4.999975
= 5
Node a
Node b
Negative Feedback Feedback: return some of the output to the
input Negative feedback decreases input signal Achieves desired circuit gain, with wide
range for inputNegative Feedback No Feedback
5CC
sVv sAvv 0
AVv CC
s Range of Range of5Gain = 5 Range of : ‒2 V to +2 VGain = 1millionRange of : ‒10 mV to +10 mV
Circuit Analysis With Ideal Op Amps
Use nodal analysis as before, but with “golden rules” N Do not apply KCL at op amp output
No current into op amp
No voltage drop across op amp input
Noninverting Amplifier
021
Rv
Rvv non
so vRRRv
2
21
spn vvv
(max) = Vcc
At node
Inverting Amplifier
0 pn vv
Example 4-2: Input Current Source
Relate output voltage to input current source
Summing Amplifier
Example 4-4:
Solution:
Difference Amplifier
Note negative gain of channel 1
Voltage Follower“Buffers” Sections of Circuit
What is the op amp doing?
depends on both input and load resistors
is immune to input and load resistors
Example 4-5: Elevation Sensor
Sensor ResponseDesired Output
h = elevation, inversely proportional to air pressure
Example 4-6: Multiple Op-Amp Circuit
Measurement Uncertainty
(T = 21°C)
v2V0 = V2 ± 1% of V2
21°C ± 0.21°CG = 1± 1%
G = 1 1%
v2(T = 21°C)
Thermistor
Thermistor
v1Fixed Reference Temp = 20°C
V0 = (V2 ‒ V1) ± 1% of (V2 ‒ V1)
1°C ± 0.01°C
Direct Measurement
Differential Measurement
Much better measurement uncertainty
Instrumentation AmplifierHighly sensitive differential amplifier
122
321
5
4 vvR
RRRRRvo
Digital to Analog ConverterConverts digital value into analog
voltage
4-digit example
Digital to Analog ConverterRepresent digital value with analog
voltage
MOSFET (Field Effect Transistor)
Active Device: Voltage Controlled Current Source
Gate voltage controls drain/source current
MOSFET Equivalent Circuit
Characteristic curves Idealized response
Example 4-9: MOSFET Amplifier
Given:
Determine
Load Line You can use a “load line” to graphically determine Vout = VDS for a given Vin = VGS
RL
VDD
VDD/RD
Digital Circuit: MOSFET Inverter
VDD = 15 V
RL
G
S
D ID
DSout VV GSin VV
Output“High”Logic 1
Output“Low”Logic 0
In Out0 11 0 Input
“Low”
In Out
VDD
0 1 2 3 4 50
5
10
15
VGS=V in
VD
S=V
out
Output “Low”Logic 0
Output “High”Logic 1
Input “High”
Read-Only Memory (ROM) Circuits
VREAD = 1VBIT = 0100
Another Digital Circuit Element: NAND
A B Out0 0 10 1 11 0 11 1 0
AB
OutVDD
AVout
B
No current flows through resistor, unless both A and B inputs turn their transistors on
to “pull down” Vout
NAND gates can be used to build any binary logic function
Another Digital Circuit Element: NOR
Current will flow if either A or B inputs turn their transistors on to “pull down” Vout
A B Out0 0 10 1 01 0 01 1 0
AB
Out
A
VDD
Vout
B
NOR gates can be used to build any binary logic function
Tech Brief 8: Electromagnetic Spectrum
Example: Multisim Instruments
Multisim Table
Multisim: MOSFET I-V Analyzer
Summary