4 _natural Gas
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Transcript of 4 _natural Gas
5/29/2012
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NATURAL GASNATURAL GASNATURAL GASNATURAL GAS
Natural Gas
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Gas reserves‐to‐production (R/P) ratios
Distribution of proved gas reserves
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2011
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Gas production/consumption by region
Gas consumption per capita
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Chart of gas prices
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Major gas trade movements
Chart of natural gas trade
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NATURAL GASNATURAL GAS
Natural gases are classified according to their hydrocarbon composition
• Gas composed of almost methane is dry gas.• If the proportion of ethane (C2H6) and heavier molecules
propane, and butane exceeds some of arbitral values (4 or 5%), the gas is called wet gas.
Natural gases consisting largely of methane may have any one of three distinct originsone of three distinct origins– Petroleum gas– Coal gas– Bacteria gas
Fluid Properties: Natural Gas
– Natural gas is mostly (60‐80%) methane, CH4. Some
Impurities– Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Volcanic
d iheavier gases make up the rest.
– Gas can contain impurities such as Hydrogen Sulphide, H2S and Carbon Dioxide...
and organic sources• Dilute hydrocarbon content• Green house problem• Maybe commercially exploitable
– Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S): Sour gas
• Poisonous• Corrosion problem
– Nitrogen Helium Argon
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Nitrogen, Helium, Argon, Hydrogen
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HYDROCARBON GASESHYDROCARBON GASES
Defined based on their occurrence• Free gas is a hydrocarbon gas that exists in the gaseous y g g
phase in a reservoir and remains in the gaseous phase when produced.
• Dissolved gas is defined as natural gas in solution in crude oil in a reservoir. The reduction in pressure when oil is produced from a reservoir often results in dissolved gas being emitted from oil as free gas.
• Associated gas is natural gas which occurs as a gas cap which overlies and is in contact with crude oil within a reservoir. Nonassociated gas is natural gas in reservoirs that do not contain crude oil.
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LIQUIFIED GASESLIQUIFIED GASES
• NGL, natural gas liquids, are hydrocarbon liquids separated from the produced gas stream. C d t i t t t f t lCondensates are an important type of natural gas liquid.
• LPG, liquified petroleum gas, is comprised of heavier hydrocarbon gases, usually propane and butane, stored under pressure in a liquid form.
• LNG, liquified natural gas, is natural gas, commonly methane, which is compressed into liquid for storage and transportation.
Natural Gas Liquid (NGL)Natural Gas Liquid (NGL)
Classified into
Hydrocarbon Gases
Methane (dry)
Ethane (wet)PropaneButane
ORGANIC ORIGINInert Gases
HeliumArgon
KryptonRadon
NitrogenAlso
INORGANIC ORIGIN
AlsoCarbon dioxide
Hydrogen sulfide
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Fluid Properties: What is Oil and Gas?
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Hydrocarbon Classification
Hydrocarbons are also defined by their weight and the Gas/Oil ratio. The table gives some typical values:
GOR (cf/bbl) API Gravity
– Wet gas 100,000 50‐70
– Condensate 5‐100,000 50‐70
– Volatile oil 3,000 40‐50
– Black oil 100‐2,500 30‐40
Heavy oil 0 10 30
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– Heavy oil 0 10‐30
– Tar/bitumen 0 <10
The specific gravity of an oil is defined as:
5.1315.141APIo −=oγ 5.131API
5.141+
=°ο
γor
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Fluid Properties
Typical hydrocarbons have the following composition in Mol Fraction
– Hydrocarbon C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6+
– Dry gas .88 .045 .045 .01 .01 .01
– Condensate .72 .08 .04 .04 .04 .08
– Volatile oil .6‐.65 .08 .05 .04 .03 .15‐.2
– Black oil .41 .03 .05 .05 .04 .42
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– Heavy oil .11 .03 .01 .01 .04 .8
– Tar/bitumen 1.0
The 'C' numbers indicated the number of carbon atoms in the molecular chain.
AVERAGE COMPARISION OF CRUDE OIL, AVERAGE COMPARISION OF CRUDE OIL, NATURAL GAS, ASPHALTNATURAL GAS, ASPHALT
Element Crude oil Asphalt Natural gas
% Weight % Weight % Weight
Carbon 82.2 – 87.1 80 – 85 65 – 80
Hydrogen 11.7 – 14.7 8.5 – 11 1 – 25
Sulfur 0.1 – 5.5 2 – 8 trace – 0.2
Nitrogen 0.5 – 1.5 0 – 2 1 – 15
Oxygen 0.1 – 4.5 ‐ ‐
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Fluid Properties: Condensate
– Very old and formed with high temperature and pressure therefore found very deep
– Very light hydrocarbons that are gases when they are below groundbut condense when reduced in temperature and pressure
– Very high gravity (>60 API), light yellow and runny like water– Premium product
• easy to distil• contain large amounts of naphtha for fuels and petrochemicals
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Fluid Properties: Color of liquid
3rd/4th/5th flow – initially light yellow and later dark brown
If cooled to 0 degC,Some sticky partappear
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Condensate from gas inside string:1~2 hours after opening well Condensate + some oil in reservoir:
More than 1~2 hours flow
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Fluid Properties: Light Oil
– Old in age and formed with much heat and pressure therefore found at deep depths
– High gravity API >28 API, colour – black coffee, quite runny ‐ like milkshake
– High value product• Easier and less expensive to extract because it is less viscous and less dense than heavy oil
• Easier and less expensive to refine because it contains less sulphur and more light petroleum distillates like gasoline, naphtha, kerosene and diesel oil than heavy oil
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Fluid Properties: Color of Liquid
Color of oil : Dark Brown
Oil
Emulsion
Mud
Solid (barite)
Oil
Mud
Solid (barite)
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( )
1st flow
(4hrs after well open)
Drilling Mud + Oil BSW=80%
WHT=50degC
1st flow
(9hrs after)
Drilling Mud + OilBSW=10~25%WHT=71degC
2nd flow
(4hrs after well open)
100% OilBSW=0%
WHT=46degC
2nd flow
(12hrs after)
100% OilBSW=0%
WHT=48degC
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Hydrocarbon VolumesFluids at bottom hole conditions produce different fluids at surface:
– Oil becomes oil plus gas.
– Gas usually stays as gas unless it is a Condensate.
– Water stays as water with occasionally some dissolved gas.
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Oil Terminology and Conversions
– Barrel = 42 US gallons, 159L
– BOPD, BPD = Barrels of Oil
– 1bbl oil = 0.159 kL oil
– 1kL oil = 6.29 bbl oilper Day
– bbl/d = “Blue” Barrels of Oil per Day
– STB = Stock Tank Barrels (Oil will change in volume as it goes from the reservoir into the “Stock Tank” as the gas is
– 1bbl of oil is the energy equivalent of 6 MSCF of natural gas ‐ “Barrel oil equivalent” (BOE)
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removed
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Gas Terminology and Conversions
– MMCFD & MCFD = Million Cubic Feet of Gas per Day (M means “Mille” French for
– 1m3 = 35.3 standard cubic feet (SCF)
means “Mille” French for 1,000)
– MMSCFD & MSCFD = Million Standard Cubic Feet per Day
– TCF = Trillion Cubic Feet (1012)
– 1 tonne LNG = 1,333m3 gas @ 0oC
– 1 million tonnes of LNG per year (mtpa) = 1.333 BCM pa = 47 BCF pa
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Thị trường khí
• Trên cơ sở báo cáo số 270/KVN‐NKK, ngày 04 thá 2 ă 2010 ủ Tổ Cô T Khí (PVtháng 2 năm 2010 của Tổng Công Ty Khí (PV Gas) trình Tập đoàn Dầu Khí Quốc Gia Việt Nam về việc cân đối cung cầu khí khu vực Nam Bộ, đã tính toán nguồn cung và nhu cầu khí của khu vực này trong giai đoạn 2011 –2015.
• Nguồn cung cấp khí được tính toán từ:
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• Bể Cửu Long (Bạch Hổ, Rồng, Đồi Mồi, Cá N Và STĐ STV STT R Đô PhNgư Vàng, STĐ, STV, STT, Rạng Đông, Phương Đông, HST, HSĐ, Tê Giác Trắng, Khí khô);
• Bể Nam Côn Sơn (Hải Thạch, Mộc Tinh, Lan Tây, Lan Đỏ, Rồng Đôi, Chim Sáo, Khí khô);
• BểMalay‐Thổ Chu (PM‐3‐CAA & 46‐CN HoaBểMalay‐Thổ Chu (PM‐3‐CAA & 46‐CN, Hoa Mai, Lô B 48 & 52, Khí khô).
• Nhu cầu khí ở bảng trên được tính cho các T tâ tiê th ở N Bộ hTrung tâm tiêu thụ ở Nam Bộ như:
‐ Điện ‐ Đạm Đông Nam bộ;‐ Điện ‐ Đạm Tây Nam bộ.
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• Dựa trên kết quả tính toán cho thấy từ năm2015 khu vực Nam Bộ sẽ thiếu khoảng 1 16 tỷ2015 khu vực Nam Bộ sẽ thiếu khoảng 1.16 tỷm3 khí, tăng dần trong những năm sau đó và vàonăm 2025 sẽ thiếu khoảng 8.03 tỷm3.
• Việc xem xét phát triển thêm các mỏ khí, condensat ở các khu vực mới là hết sức cầncondensat ở các khu vực mới là hết sức cầnthiết, nhằm đảm bảo an ninh năng lượng QuốcGia và kích thích phát triển kinh tế xã hội chonhững năm tới.
Natural gasProved reserves
At end 1990 At end 2000 At end 2009 At end 2010 Trillion Trillion Trillion Trillion Trillion cubic cubic cubic cubic cubic Share R/P
metres metres metres feet metres of total ratio Australia 0.9 2.2 2.9 103.1 2.9 1.6% 58.0
Bangladesh 0.7 0.3 0.4 12.9 0.4 0.2% 18.3 Brunei 0.3 0.4 0.3 10.6 0.3 0.2% 24.7 China 1.0 1.4 2.8 99.2 2.8 1.5% 29.0 India 0.7 0.8 1.1 51.2 1.5 0.8% 28.5
Indonesia 2.9 2.7 3.0 108.4 3.1 1.6% 37.4 Malaysia 1.6 2.3 2.4 84.6 2.4 1.3% 36.1 M 0 3 0 3 0 3 11 8 0 3 0 2% 2Myanmar 0.3 0.3 0.3 11.8 0.3 0.2% 27.5 Pakistan 0.6 0.7 0.8 29.1 0.8 0.4% 20.9
Papua New Guinea 0.2 0.4 0.4 15.6 0.4 0.2% * Thailand 0.2 0.4 0.3 11.0 0.3 0.2% 8.6 Vietnam † 0.2 0.7 21.8 0.6 0.3% 66.0 Other Asia Pacific 0.3 0.3 0.4 12.4 0.4 0.2% 20.4 Total Asia Pacific 9.9 12.3 15.8 571.8 16.2 8.7% 32.8
Total World 125.7 154.3 186.6 6608.9 187.1 100.0% 58.6
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The End
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