4 Mineral Resources
Transcript of 4 Mineral Resources
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MINERAL RESOURCES : USE AND
EXPLOITATION, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF
EXTRACTING AND USING MINERAL RESOURCES
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MINERALS
Minerals are exhaustible, non renewable
resources found in the earth s crust.
Properties:
1. Naturally occurring
2. Inorganic
3. Crystalline solids
4. Definite chemical composition
5. Some Physical properties
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TYPES OF MINERALS
Metallic Minerals: Bauxite, Haematite,
Copper Pyrites, Chromite etc
Non metallic Minerals: Limestone, Graphite,
Dimond quartz, (Sources of lime carbon and
sillicon)
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MAJOR MINERALS IN INDIA
Mica Bihar state contributes to almost
half of India s Mica
Common Salt Gujrat Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra and
Sambhar lake Rajasthan
Aluminium Jharkand , West Bengal,Maharashtra,
Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
Iron Jharkhand Orissa , M.P., A.p, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu, Maharshtra and Goa.
Copper (Copper pyrites) found in Rajasthan ,
Bihar, Jharkhand, Karnataka , M.P. West
Bengal , Andhra Pradesh, Uttranchal
Coal and Lignite West Bengal JharKhand,Orissa, MP, AP
Uranium Jharkhand , AP, Meghalaya,and
Rajasthan.
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MINERAL RESOURCES : INDIA
India has large number of economically
useful minerals,they constitute of world s
known mineral resources
2/3 of iron deposits are found in belt
alongside Orissa and Bihar
Hematite deposits are found in
MP,Karnataka,Maharashtra and Goa.
Magnetite ores are found in TN,Bihar ,HP
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MINERAL RESOURCES : INDIA
India has world's largest deposits of coal
Bituminous coal is found in Jharia, and Bokaro inBihar and Ranigunj in WB.
Lignite coals are found in Neyveli in TN
After Russia India has largest supplu ofManganese(MP,Maharashtra,Bihar Orissa)
Chromite deposits are found in Bihar,Cuttak inOrissa, Krishna Distt in AP,Mysore and Hassan in
Karnataka. Bauxite deposits are found in Western
Bihar,Southwest Kashmir,Central TN,parts ofKerela,UP,Maharashtra and Karnataka.
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MINERAL RESOURCES : INDIA
India also produces 75% OF WORLD S Mica (Bihar,AP,Rajasthan)
Gypsum reserves (TN,Rajasthan
Nickel ore is found in Cuttak,Mayurbanj in Orissa. Ileminite reserves in Kerela along the east and west
coast beaches
Silimanite Reserves in Sonapur Meghalaya, pipra in
MP Copper Ore in Agnigundula AP,Singhbum Bihar,Khetri
and Dartiba in Rajasthan,Sikkim and Karnataka
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MINERAL RESOURCES : INDIA
Gold Mines:Ramagiri fields in AP, Kolar, Hutti
in Karnataka
Panna Dimond Belt-only dimond field,Panna
, Chatarpur
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MINERALS:FORMATION
Minerals were deposited at the time of cooling
of earth s crust.
Fresh Deposits cannot occur except through
backing , sedimentation and volcanic eruptions
India is rich in 35 minerals like that or
Iron(Heamatite),Aluminium(bauxite),dolomite,
limestone and mica. Mineral extraction is related to consumption and
export.
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USES AND EXPLOITATION
Minerals are sources of extraction of metals, Nonmetals, and salts.
They find use in agriculture , hospitals, defencedomestic goods
Minerals provide us metals such as iron , copper,aluminium(used in construction of the idustrial plants,heavy machinery and alloys.
Mines supply us with gold, silver , diamond , commonsalt , coal and petroleum for fuel, uranium for nuclerenergy, phosphates for fertilizers, stone and gravelfor contruction of buildings
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MINERALS, ROCKS, AND THE ROCK CYCLE
The earths crust consists of solid inorganic
elements and compounds called minerals
that can sometimes be used as resources.
Mineral resource: is a concentration of
naturally occurring material in or on the earths
crust that can be extracted and processed into
useful materials at an affordable cost.
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GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF
NONRENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCES
The U.S. Geological Survey classifies
mineral resources into four major categories:
Identi f ied: known location, quantity, and quality
or existence known based on direct evidence andmeasurements.
Undiscovered: potential supplies that are
assumed to exist.Reserves: identified resources that can be
extracted profitably.
Other: undiscovered or identified resources not
classified as reserves
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NONRENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCES
Ores:is rock
containing enough
or one or more
metallic minerals tobe mined profitably.
We use more than
40 metals
extracted from ores
for everyday items.Gold ore
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EXTRACTING NONRENEWABLE MINERAL
RESOURCES:
Open-pit (surface mining):
machines dig holes and
remove ores (common
for iron, copper,
limestone, sand)
Dredging (surface mining):
chainbuckets scrape the
bottom underwater
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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF USING
MINERAL RESOURCES
Minerals are removed through a variety of
methods that vary widely in their costs, safety
factors, and levels of environmental harm.A variety of methods are used based on
mineral depth.
Surface m ining: shallow deposits are removed.Subsu rface mining: deep deposits are removed.
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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF USING
MINERAL RESOURCES
The extraction, processing, and use of
mineral resources has a large environmental
impact.
Figure 15-9
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Surface
mining
Metal ore Separation
of ore from
gangue
Smelting Melting
metal
Conversion
to product
Discarding of
product
(scattered in
environment)Recycling
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Fig. 15-10, p. 344
Natural Capital Degradation
Extracting, Processing, and Using Nonrenewable Mineral and Energy Resources
Steps Environmental effects
Mining Disturbed land; miningaccidents; health hazards,mine waste dumping, oilspills and blowouts; noise;ugliness; heat
Exploration,
extraction
Processing
Solid wastes; radioactivematerial; air, water, andsoil pollution; noise;safety and healthhazards; ugliness; heat
Transportation,
purification,
manufacturing
Use
Noise; ugliness; thermal
water pollution; pollutionof air, water, and soil;solid and radioactivewastes; safety and healthhazards; heat
Transportation or
transmission toindividual user,
eventual use, and
discarding
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MINING
Mining is the process of taking out minerals
and substances from the earth.
These substances include non- minerals
such as coal , sand oil, natural gas
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TYPES OF MINING
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OPEN-PIT MINING
Machines digholes and
remove ores,
sand, gravel,and stone.
Toxic
groundwater canaccumulate at
the bottom.
Figure 15-11
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AREA STRIP MINING
Earth moversstrips away
overburden, and
giant shovelsremoves mineral
deposit.
Often leaves highlyerodible hills of
rubble called spoi l
banks.Figure 15-12
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CONTOUR STRIP MINING
Used on hilly ormountainous
terrain.
Unless the land isrestored, a wall of
dirt is left in front
of a highlyerodible bank
called a highwal l.
Figure 15-13
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Fig. 15-13, p. 346
Undisturbed land
Overburden
PitBench
Spoil banks
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MOUNTAINTOP REMOVAL
Machineryremoves the tops
of mountains to
expose coal. The resulting
waste rock and dirt
are dumped intothe streams and
valleys below.
Figure 15-14
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IMPACTS OF MINING
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MINING IMPACTS
Metal ores are
smelted or treated
with (potentially toxic)
chemicals to extract
the desired metal.
Figure 15-15
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IMPACTS OF MINING
Since natural replace of the minerals is very
slow process and it cannot match with the
fast process of mineral extraction . Mining
there fore has a detrimental effect on theenvironment
1. Loss of vegetation n and defacement of the
landscape because of the removal of the forestand soil leading to floods, soill erosion. It also
gives ugly look to the landscape.
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IMPACTS OF MINING
2. Land over the mines may subside and collapse
causing cracks and tilting of the houses, roads
, bending of the rail tracks , leaking of the gas
pipe leading to serious accidents.3. Ground water pollution due to leaching of
heavy metals which leads to health
hazards.Sulphur present in water may getconverted to sulphuric acid making the water
acidic which is unfit for use
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IMPACTS OF MINING
4. Surface water pollution:The water becomesacidic due to mine wastage drained into thewater bodies and lakes. The acidic water isdetrimental to aquatic life.radioactivesubstances leach into water and kill theaquaticanimals.Pollution from heavy metals can causehealth hazards
5. Processes like roasting and smelting releaseenormous quantities of pollutants likeSPM,soot, arsenic , lead
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IMPACTS OF MINING
6. Health hazards for the workers- The finedust coming out of mining causes variety ofrespiratory illnesses like
asbestosis,silllicosis, black lung disease7. Waste of Land: Mining causes permanent
damage to the landscape, also waste of theagricultural land.
8. Negligence and neglect of the area occurwhen the mines are abandoned
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NEW WAYS OF EXTRACTING MINERALS
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SUPPLIES OF MINERAL RESOURCES
New technologies can increase the mining of
low-grade ores at affordable prices, but
harmful environmental effects can limit thisapproach.
Most minerals in seawater and on the deep
ocean floor cost too much to extract, andthere are squabbles over who owns them.
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GETTING MORE MINERALS FROM THE
OCEAN
Hydrothermal
deposits form when
mineral-richsuperheated water
shoots out of vents
in solidified magma
on the ocean floor.
Figure 15-17
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USING MINERAL RESOURCES MORE
SUSTAINABLY
Scientists and engineers are developing newtypes of materials as substitutes for manymetals.
Recycling valuable and scarce metals savesmoney and has a lower environmental impactthen mining and extracting them from their
ores.
Solutions
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Fig. 15-18, p. 351
Sustainable Use of Nonrenewable Minerals
Do not waste mineral resources.
Recycle and reuse 6080% of mineral resources.
Include the harmful environmental costs of
mining and processing minerals in the prices
of items (full-cost pricing).
Reduce subsidies for mining mineral resources.
Increase subsidies for recycling, reuse, and
finding less environmentally harmful substitutes.
Redesign manufacturing processes to use less
mineral resources and to produce less pollution
and waste.
Have the mineral-based wastes of one
manufacturing process become the raw
materials for other processes.
Sell services instead of things.
Slow population growth.
Extracting processing and using mineral
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Extracting, processing and using mineral
resources has environmental impacts.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF MINING
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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF MINING
MINERAL RESOURCES
Fig. 16-14 p. 344
MORE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
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MORE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF
NONRENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCES
Surface mining Subsurface mining
Overburden
Spoil
Open-pit
Dredging
Strip mining
Room and pillar
Longwall
Refer to Figs. 15-4 and
15-5, p. 341 and 342
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Acid mine drainage.
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REMEDIAL MEASURES
Eco friendly mining technology should beadopted.
Microbial leaching techniques should befollowed for the low grade oes
Plantation of the vegetation in mined areasshould be carried out
Measures for stablization of the mined areasshould be adopted
Lauws and legislation should enforce the miningcompanies to plan for the reclaimation of landafter it become abandoned by the company
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REMEDIAL MEASURES
Measures to minimize the toxic drainage
discharge should be adopted