30

4. MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION, AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF

LATE LACTATION DAIRY GOAT FED POLYUNSATURATED FATTY

ACID DIET SUPPLEMENTED WITH YEAST AND C. xanthorrhiza Roxb

ABSTRACT

The third experiment, in vivo, was to evaluate milk production and dairy goat health fed

PUFA-diet supplemented with yeast of curcuma. The application was using 20 crossbred Ettawa goats in the late lactation selected based on their production levels and grouped

them in Randomized Block design to receive 5 dietary treatments. The treatments were

no supplement (PD0), 3 tablets of Asifit (PDA), 5g/d yeast (PDY), 20g/d curcuma (PDC), and a mix of 5g/d yeast and 20g/d curcuma (PDM) in diets containing concentrate with

PUFA sources (roasted ground corn, roasted soy bean meal, and corn oil), soybean by-

product, and King Grass. Variables measured were milk yield and composition, mastitis

status, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites. Milk yield was recorded daily pre, during, and post treatment. The PDC numerically had lower ether extract than that of mix

diet and showed higher crude fiber but lower ADF; diet with yeast had lower crude

protein; and mix diet showed lower P content. Milk yield during treatment numerically was higher in PDA and PDY. Post treatment, these milk yields were higher (P<0.05)

than those in PDY and PDC; while the PDM was in between. There were tendencies that

numerically mix diet (PDM) had lower milk fat, 4% FCM, % protein and weight, fat: protein ratio, dry matter, and solid non fat, but it showed higher lactose and Ca

percentage. Mastitis indicators and blood metabolites were not affected by treatments.

However, PDM resulted in lowest SCC, higher Hb, PCV, and glucose but had lower

prolactin and triglyceride. In PDM, nutrient intake of ether extract was the highest (P<0.05), while nutrient digestibilities were mostly affected significantly (P<0.05 or

P<0.01). The PDC had the lowest DM, OM, CP, EE, and GE; whereas PDY and PDM

showed higher digestibilities. As conclusion, a mix supplement of 5g/d self made dried yeast and 20g/d curcuma powder was considered reasonable since it showed a better

recovery in milk yield after treatment with progressing lactation in dairy goat.

Key words: curcuma, dairy goat health, milk yield and components, PUFA-diet,

yeast.

INTRODUCTION

Goat is gaining its popularity as an alternative milk producer due to its

nutritional aspect of its milk. Goat population in Indonesia reached 17,482,722 in

2011, with an increased of 20.82% of that in 2007 (DGLAH 2011). Goat milk

contributed as much as 35% toward world milk production and it has been an

increase about 9% (Weinstein 2005). Goat milk is higher in short chain fatty acid

of C4- C10 and medium chain of C12- C16 (Bouattour et al. 2008); whereas cow

milk contains higher long chain fatty acid of C18 (Bernal- Santos et al. 2010).

Nutrient contents of feed determine milk composition and its product. In low

forage and high concentrate diets, the low milk fat was improved and milk protein

stabilized by the inclusion of 20% extruded soybean with the addition of sodium

bicarbonate in midlactation goats (Schmidely et al. 2005). Feeding of 4.6%

soybean oil was reported to increase milk fat and milk fatty acid; however, dry

31

matter intake, milk yield, body weight, and body condition score were not affected

in dairy goats (Bouattour et al. 2008).

Yeast supplementation in ruminants has been reported with variable results,

depending upon the nature of diets and yeast as well as the lactation stage.

Wallace et al. (1994) described some increases in microbes population, fiber

digestibility, protein microbes, feed intake, nutrient supply into digestive track,

eventually improved production performance. Positive effects of yeast were

found on rumen volatile fatty acid, dry matter intake, crude protein, and organic

matter digestibility; however the impaired effect on decreasing lactic acid could

be overcomed by increasing concentrate in diet (Desnoyers et al. 2009).

Improved nutrient digestibility and quantatively increased fat and energy milk

were showed by yeast supplementation (Saccharomyces cereviseae CNCM 1-

1077, 1.2 1010

cfu/d) in Holstein cows (Bagheri et al. 2009), increased milk yield

with 20 g/d in Holstein cows (Sulistyowati et al. 2010b), and improved milk yield

and milk fat with 50g RumiSacc in Holstein cows (Yalcin et al. 2011).

Medicinal herbs have been applied to improve health status and production

performance as they have galactogouge property and digestive process as reported

by Mirzaei and Prasad (2011) that low dose (125mg/kg BW) of polyherbal

increased milk yield and kids performance. Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb powder

(15g/kg concentrate) was optimal in improving milk yield and milk composition

in Holstein cows (Sulistyowati et al. 2011); whereas Sinaga et al. (2011) reported

that curcumin extract (160 ppm) of C. domestica improved energy digestibility of

ration, decreased rate of passage such that the retention time was longer and

increased absorption that finally improved body weight in pig. Curcumin was

described to increase bile and lipase that will improve fat digestibility and

decrease cholesterol; beside, as anti pathogen microbes, improve nutrient

absorption then improve production performance (Bauwman et al. 1983).

Therefore, it would be beneficial to apply either yeast or curcuma or in

combination in concentrate containing PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) sources

to evaluate milk yield, milk composition, nutrient digestibility, and blood

metabolite in late lactation dairy goat.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Yeast, Curcuma, and PUFA- Concentrate Analyses

Yeast supplement was prepared by combining some ingredients, rice flour,

cassava tuber, sugar, garlic, Alpinia galanga Sw, lemon juice, local yeast

(Bengkulu, Indonesia), and water based on modification of procedures of

Pusbangtepa (1981). These ingredients were all mixed thoroughly, shaped in

10g each, let them dried under the sun for about 10 hours. This made dry yeast

contained 3.6 107 cfu/g.

Curcuma powder was made of C. xanthorrhiza Roxb tuber which was

sliced thinly, sun dried for about 4 hours, then oven dried in 60° C for 48 hours,

grounded and refined. The powder form was about 26.6% (w/w) out of fresh

curcuma. Curcumin and tannin in the powder form of C. xanthorrhiza Roxb were

analyzed and contained 0.8% and 1.58%, respectively.

32

Diet that was used containing of the PUFA- concentrate from previous

experiment combined with soybean by- product that was used to be fed to the

dairy goat in the farm. The PUFA- concentrate was designated for 30 kg lactating

dairy goat with 1kg of milk production (NRC 1981). Ground corn was half

roasted, while soy bean meal was all roasted in 80° C for about 25 minutes until

turned light brown. These roasted soy bean meal, roasted ground corn, and corn

oil were intended as PUFA sources containing of 50.35%, 34.69%, and 46.46%

out of total % FAME (fatty acid methyl esters), respectively. Cassava meal was

prepared from the fresh tubers, thin sliced, sun dried, then grinded as powder.

Soybean by product was in the form of the skin of soybean after an extrusion from

boiling it provided by small scale tofu industry. Mixing of the ingredients was

started from the smallest portion, manually as homogenized as possible. Each

treatment was prepared with an addition of respective supplement.

Treatments, Experimental Design, and Animals

Treatments were based on the basic diet containing the same PUFA-

concentrate and soybean by- product as PUFA- diet (PD). The PUFA- ration

formula and nutrient contents are delivered in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Ingredients and nutrient composition of PUFA-diet containing Asifit,

yeast and C. xanthorrhiza Roxb for dairy goat

Ingredients (%): PD0 PDA PDY PDC PDM KG

Rice bran 18.42 18.42 18.42 18.42 18.42 -

Ground corn 15.79 15.79 15.79 15.79 15.79 - Soy bean meal

7.89 7.89 7.89 7.89 7.89 -

Cassava meal 7.89 7.89 7.89 7.89 7.89 -

Soy bean by-product 27.49 27.49 27.49 27.49 27.49 - Corn oil 2.11 2.11 2.11 2.11 2.11 -

Mineral 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 -

King grass (KG) 19.88 19.88 19.88 19.88 19.88 - Asifit - 0.22 - - - -

Yeast - - 0.5 - 0.5

Curcuma powder - - - 2.0 2.0

Nutrients (DM basis): Drymatter (%) 94.13 94.13 93.96 93.72 94.06 92.24

Ash ( %) 8.48 8.48 7.96 7.82 8.21 11.65

Crude protein ( %) 15.27 15.27 14.11 15.33 15.04 13.42 Ether extract (%) 7.66 7.66 8.14 7.96 8.77 3.22

Crude fiber (%) 13.30 13.30 14.57 18.60 14.51 31.32

NFE (%) 49.12 49.12 49.18 44.0 47.60 32.64

ADF (%) 29.07 29.07 29.54 48.18 29.35 78.99 Gross energy(Mcal/kg) 3.84 3.84 3.86 3.83 3.90 3.71

Ca ( %) 0.61 0.61 1.20 1.02 0.84 0.7

P ( %) 0.47 0.47 0.53 0.57 0.29 0.13 Ca/P 1.30 1.30 2.26 1.79 2.90 0.64

Tannin (%) 0.487 0.487 0.492 0.491 0.491 -

Curcumin (%) - - - 0.13 0.11 - S. cereviseae(10

-6 cfu/g) 1.6 1.6 7.3 1.2 4.0 -

PUFA- diet without supplements (PD0), with 3 Asifit tablets (PDA), 0.5% yeast (PDY), 2% curcuma (PDC),

mix of 0.5% yeast and 2% curcuma (PDM)

33

Basal diet was a mixture of PUFA- concentrate and soybean by- product as

PUFA- diet (PD). The basal diet without supplements designated as (PD0), added

with 3 tablets/dairy goat of Asifit (PDA), 0.5%yeast (PDY), 2%curcuma powder

(PDC), 0.5% yeast and 2% curcuma powder (PDM). Asifit, a tablet of food

supplement for a woman in lactation, contains of 114 mg Sauropus androgynus,

20 µg vitamin B12, 15 mg vitamin B6, 2.5 mg vitamin B2, and 10 mg vitamin B1

(produced commercially by Kimia Farma, Indonesia). King grass or Panicum

maximum contributed around 19-20% to the overall diet in each treatment.

The study was conducted according to a Complete Block design of 5

treatments and 4 replications, with 14 days for adaptation, 21 days for sampling

and data recording, and 21 days post treatment was also for data recording. The

dairy goats used were PE (Ettawa Crossed), blocked according to their milk

production. During the experiment, each of 20 goats was kept individually,

provided with feed twice of 0.5kg PUFA- concentrate and 1kg fresh soybean by-

product at 07.00 am and 03.00 pm. Forage was given 2kg/goat at afternoon

feeding. Orts of concentrate and forage were weighed in the next morning. Water

was given during the afternoon time. Supplements, 3 tablets of Asifit were given

orally to the respected goats in the morning feeding; whereas yeast, curcuma, or

combination of both was put as topping on the mixture of PUFA- concentrate.

Goats were in late lactation of 4.6 ± 0.55 months, had pre treatment milk yield of

506.4 ± 19.2 g/d, body weight of 46 ± 5.34 kg. The goats were hand milked twice

(at 06.00 am and 02.00 pm) and milk yield was recorded each morning in each

individual stall. Goat assignment for each treatment was done randomly.

Temperature and moisture around the housing in the upper land of Bogor, west

Java, were recorded in the am and pm times daily using Hygrometer. The average

temperature and moisture during the experiment were 26.940C and 78.83%,

respectively.

Measurement, Sampling, Nutrient and Statistical Analysis

Voluntary feed intake was recorded throughout the experiment, but only the

last 7 days were considered for data analysis as they were at the same days for

feces collection. The samples of diets (concentrate and forage) and feces were

oven dried (600C for 24 hours), ground finely (1mm sieved size) analyzed for dry

matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) by Kjeldhal method, and

ether extract (EE) by Soxhlet method (AOAC 1990). Cell wall content of acid

detergent fiber (ADF) were determined according to Van Soest et al. (1991).

Curcumin was determined by maceration method in successive steps with orange

color as the final indicator (Sutrisno et al., 2008). Tannin was analyzed by a

modification of Folin- Ciocalteu method (Harborne 1987). Calcium was

determined by using Atomic Absorbance AA7000 Shimadzu Co. Serial no A

306647-00345. Phosphor was prepared by wet ashing method and quantified by

using Spectrophotometer UV-200 RS UV VIS LW Scientific. Milk yield was

recorded daily before, during, and after treatment period. Sampling of individual

milk was collected from two consecutive milkings of the afternoon and the next

morning of the last day of collection period. Milk samples were preserved in the

refrigerator for later analyses of density (Lactodensimeter), fat (Gerber method),

dry matter (DM) obtained by using Fleischman formula of DM (%) = (1.311 x

34

fat) + 2.738 X (100 x (density-1)/density); solid non fat (SNF, %) = DM- fat;

protein (%) = fat/2 +1.4. Lactose was determined according to the procedure of

Teles et al. (1978).

Somatic cell count was analysed by Breed method; mastitis test was done

using IPB-1 reagent test (Sudarwanto and Sudarnika 2008). This test was a

modification of subclinical mastitis test of AMP and CMT. Scorings of mastitis

were +1 (starting to clot) , +2 (clot), and +3 (glutinous). Total plate count (TPC)

microbe was conducted by pour plate method using plate count agar (PCA);

Staphylococcus aureus analyzed by using Vogel Johnson agar (VJA) according to

Veterinary Community Health Laboratory- IPB procedures.

Blood samples were drawn from jugular vein into heparinized vacutainer

tubes of each goat at the 35 day of the treatment. Blood parameters were analyzed

for prolactin (ELISA method using Spectrophotometer Human Diagnostic- USA,

modified in 2007), glucose and triglyceride (GOD-PAP method using Cobas 111

Roche diagnostic Ltd. Switzerland- 2010). Blood profile was determined for

hemoglobin (Merckotest® method using Spectrophotometer), pack cell volume or

PCV (Microhematocrite method), erythrocyte and leukocyte (Macrohematocrite

Wintrobe method). Erythrocyte part was diluted in Hayem solution and leukocyte

diluted in Turk solution, each then calculated using Hemositometer Neubauer).

Differentiation of leukocytes (Giemsa solution coloring method) contained of

neutrophyle (neutral granule, smooth, stick when young, segmented when old),

eosinophyle (big red granule), basophile (big blue granule), and monocyte (curvy

core cell, bluish, and abundant cytoplasm). This profile was determined

according to the procedures of Physiology Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine-

IPB. These are some acitivities done during this experiment as shown in Figure

4.1.

Data were tabulated and analyzed for variance; any differences detected

were tested by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) in significances of P<0.05

and P<0.01 according to Lentner and Bishop (1986).

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

Figure 4.1 Some activities done during the experiment: (a) PE goat; (b)

additives; (c) diets; (d) blood; (e) milk; (f) feces samples

35

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Some significant differences (P<0.05 or P<0.01) were observed either

due to the treatment or the blocking of the goat, especially in milk production and

milk composition. The observed treatments were affected significantly mostly in

nutrient intakes and nutrient digestibilities.

Diets Chemical Composition

The chemical composition of diets applied in this in vivo experiment is

presented in Table 4.2, showing that crude protein (CP) averaged about 15.00 ±

0.46%; all diets were moderately higher than required for dairy goat (NRC,

1981). The diets provided markedly higher dry matter (DM), was around

5.07% of body weight. Comparing to diets with no or other supplements, the

yeast (PDY) and mixture of yeast and curcuma powder (PDM) diets contained

higher ether extract (0.33 and 0.96%), respectively.

Nutrient Intakes and Digestibility

Intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP),

crude fiber (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and

gross energy (GE) were not affected significantly by dietary treatments (Table

4.2). However, ether extract (EE) in PDM was the highest (P<0.05); whereas Ca

and P in PDY were the highest (P<0.01).

Consistent effects were found in feces of goat with curcuma diet (PDC) as it

is in Table 4.3. Its lowest moisture and ash quantitatively correlated with highest

dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, and crude protein. These high nutrient

contents in feces were in contrast with the lower intakes of these nutrients.

Apparently that they were not being digested maximally such that they were

excreted in the feces.

Table 4.2 Effects of feedingPUFA-diets supplemented with asifit, yeast and

C. xanthorrhiza Roxb on nutrient intakes of dairy goats

Intakes (g/d) PD0 PDA PDY PDC PDM SEM P

Dry matter 1228.95 1128.92 1273.07 1153.94 1239.94 60.88 NS

Organic matter 1114.60 1023.76 1159.02 1054.85 1127.59 55.29 NS

Crude protein 181.74 166.89 177.25 172.49 181.52 6.33 NS Ether extract 79.94

ab 73.28

a 86.67

bc 80.90

abc 91.06

c 6.79 *

Crude fiber 221.08 203.72 243.23 244.02 231.51 16.85 NS

ADF 516.91 476.58 546.55 442.55 516.27 40.51 NS

Ca 7.78a 7.15

a 13.55

c 11.03

b 9.99

b 2.58 **

P 6.32bc 5.81

b 7.13

c 6.74

bc 4.67

a 0.95 **

PUFA- diet without supplements (PD0), with 3 Asifit tablets (PDA), 0.5% yeast (PDY), 2% curcuma (PDC), mix of 0.5% yeast and 2% curcuma (PDM). * (P<0.05); ** (P<0.01); NS: not significant.

36

Nutrients digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether

extract, crude fiber, NFE, ADF, gross energy, and TDN were showed statistically

the highest (P<0.05) in yeast diet (PDY) and slightly lower found in the mix diet

(PDM); except Ca and P were detected the highest in this diet (Table 4.4).

Data showed that improved nutrient digestibility as a result of increased

nutrient intake that followed by increased milk yield (Table 4.5). Response on

intakes of yeast supplementation have been summarized as variable (Desnoyers

et al. 2009). There was no effects of dietary live yeast alone (1.2 1010

cfu/d) or

in combination with mannan-oligosaccharide (32 g/d) on dry matter intake and

milk yield of lactating Holstein (Bagheri et al. 2009). In contrast, the result of

yeast diet (PDY) intakes in this present study tended to be the highest in dry

Table 4.3 Effects of feeding PUFA-diets supplemented with asifit, yeast and

C. xanthorrhiza Roxb on nutrient composition of feces of dairy goats

Nutrients PD0 PDA PDY PDC PDM

Moisture (%) 5.81

5.51 6.31 5.42 5.62

Dry matter (%) 94.20

94.49 93.49 94.59 94.39 Ash (%) 17.37

16.86 16.54 15.00 16.30

Organic matter (%) 76.67

77.80 77.06 79.75 77.81

Ether extract (%) 4.47

3.05 3.30 4.61 3.34

Crude protein (%) 12.49

12.44 12.24 14.13 12.58

Crude fiber (%) 28.03

28.36 27.56 28.08 29.55

NFE (%) 31.84

33.78 34.06 32.77 32.62

Gross energy ( kcal/g) 3724

4002 4010 3976 3904

ADF(%) 75.02

73.15 65.60 59.92 64.07

Ca (%) 1.29

0.84 0.96 0.88 0.56

P (%) 0.66

0.40 0.56 0.41 0.30

PUFA- diet without supplements (PD0), with 3 Asifit tablets (PDA), 0.5% yeast (PDY), 2% curcuma (PDC), mix of 0.5% yeast and 2% curcuma (PDM).

Table 4.4 Effects of feding PUFA-diets supplemented with asifit, yeast and

C. xanthorrhiza Roxb on nutrient digestibility of dairy goats

Digestibility (%) PD0 PDA PDY PDC PDM SEM P

Dry matter 77.09ab

78.66abc

84.82c 73.77

a 83.49

bc 4.57 *

Organic matter 76.89ab

78.46abc

84.53c 73.31

a 83.26

bc 4.62 *

Crude protein 79.46b 81.00

b 85.76

b 73.80

ab 84.96

ab 4.81 **

Ether extract 83.30a 89.40

b 92.13

b 81.81

a 92.05

b 4.88 **

Crude fiber 62.04a 64.31

a 76.64

b 63.06

a 72.25

ab 6.43 *

NFE 82.82ab

83.07ab

87.64b 78.24

a 87.00

b 3.79 **

ADF 56.53a 60.60

ab 75.25

c 56.31

a 72.98

bc 9.13 *

Ca 50.45a 70.04

b 85.37

c 74.50

b 87.83

c 14.92 **

P 68.76a 82.42

b 83.79

b 80.52

b 86.03

b 6.76 **

TDN 72.42a 74.07

ab 79.89

b 69.94

a 79.37

b 4.36 **

PUFA- diet without supplements (PD0), with 3 Asifit tablets (PDA), 0.5% yeast (PDY), 2% curcuma (PDC), mix of 0.5% yeast and 2% curcuma (PDM). * (P<0.05); ** (P<0.01).

.

37

matter and organic matters, crude fiber, and NFE. This has been supported by its

high milk yield, 4% FCM, and protein weight (Table 4.5). The supplementation of

yeast rich in S. cereviseae, B vitamins, and amino acids has been reported to

stabilize ruminal fermentation, increased rumen pH, and altered VFA levels

(William et al. 1991) that eventually improve milk production and milk

component.

Dietary yeast supplement stimulated rumen microbes growth, increased the

use of N- ammonia for protein rumen microbes, and increased digestibility of

fiber, increased feed intakes and nutrient supply to the gut and improved blood

metabolites, eventually increased production (Wallace et al. 1994).

Supplementation of yeast only or in combination in this treatment did affect the

goats reflecting the nature of diets, phase of lactation, feeding regime, yeast type

and level, forage type and level, and environment condition as stated by Yalçın et

al. (2011).

In terms of tannin and curcumin contents in the rations, yeast only (PDY),

curcuma only (PDC), or in combination with curcuma (PDM) seemed to affect

intakes and digestibility of ether extract that were higher (P<0.05) than that in

basal diet or Asifit diet. These supported the result of tannin and saponin sources

from Yucca schidigera that increased digestibility of DM, GE, CP, and ADF

(Holtshausen et al. 2009).

Total digestible nutrient (TDN) of PDY and PDM were markedly higher

(79.89% and 79.37%), respectively than that in other diets, such as being the

lowest in PDC (69.94%). The results indicated that supplementation of yeast

only or in combination with curcuma was more efficient in stimulating the

digestion of nutrients than that with curcuma only.

To correlate with, the high nutrient contents (DM, OM, CP, EE, CF, and

GE) in feces of the goat with curcuma diet (PDC), consequently showed the

opposite effects by giving the lowest digestibility (P<0.05 or P<0.01) of these

nutrients. This might be as the result of the nature of curcuma powder given on

top of the concentrate that would taste bitter and smell strong that the goat

avoided or by passing it in such a way that the nutrients in the diet would be

decreasingly digested. In contrast, the most nutrient digestibility values both in

yeast diet (PDY) and mix diet (PDM) were significantly high (P<0.05 or P<0.01),

suggesting that yeast stimulated the fermentation better either singly or in

combination with curcuma. These diets were showing higher digestibilities in dry

matter, and crude fiber compared to that of 1.2 1010

cfu/d yeast diet in Holstein

dairy cows as reported by Bagheri et al. (2009). This suggested that the yeast

concentration of 1.8 108cfu/d could be considered as the appropriate level for

improving nutrient digestibility in the late lactation goat in our study.

38

Milk Yield, Milk Component, and Milk Microbiology

Milk yield and composition are shown in Table 4.5. Milk yield is

calculated in gram after the application of milk density of each treatment. There

were tendencies of decreasing milk yield as the time of lactation were

progressing.

Any supplementation did not affect significantly on milk yield pre and

during treatment. In contrast, in post treatment, the milk yield was hold in better

quantity with Asifit, yeast, and mix diets; whereas no supplement and curcuma

diet goats were decreasing sharply (P<0.05) (Figure 4.2).

Table 4.5 Effects of feeding PUFA-diet supplemented with asifit, yeast and

C. xanthorrhiza Roxb on milk yield and composition of dairy goats

Variables PDO PDA PDY PDC PDM SEM P

Milk yield (g/d) Pre treatment 513 520 520 505 474 19 NS

During treatment 391 524 521 372 378 78 NS

Post treatment 105 a 572b 526 b 90a 324 ab 226 *

Persistency (%) 77.1 102.2 101.7 68.6 78.4 15.4 NS

Milk fat (%) 6.83 6.65 6.73 6.60 6.15 0.26 NS

4% FCM (g) 548 722 729 512 477 120 NS

Protein (%) 4.81 4.73 4.76 4.70 4.48 0.13 NS

Protein (g) 18.5 24.4 24.6 17.3 16.1 4.0 NS

Fat: Protein 1.42 1.40 1.41 1.40 1.37 0.02 NS

Dry matter (%) 11.89 11.63 11.78 11.83 10.93 0.39 NS

Solid non fat (%) 5.06 4.98 5.05 5.24 4.78 0.16 NS

Lactose (%) 3.33 4.77 2.79 4.19 5.41 1.06 -

Lactose (g) 14.89 24.60 14.22 18.53 21.06 4.33 NS

Ca (%) 0.095 0.114 0.114 0.115 0.118 0.009 -

Ca (g) 0.42 0.59 0.58 0.51 0.46 0.07 NS

P (%) 0.114 0.129 0.145 0.173 0.152 0.022 -

P (g) 0.510 0.665 0.739 0.765 0.592 0.110 NS

Ca/P 0.83 0.88 0.79 0.66 0.78 0.08 NS

PUFA- diet without supplements (PD0), with 3 Asifit tablets (PDA), 0.5% yeast (PDY), 2% curcuma (PDC), mix of 0.5% yeast and 2% curcuma (PDM). * (P<0.05); ** (P<0.01); NS:

not significant.

Figure 4.2 Milk production along the research (pre, during, and post treatment)

39

However, they were different significantly (P<0.05) due to blocking of the

goat. Blocking were supposed to reduce variability of milk yield and milk

components among the goats.

Contrary, after the treatments, diets with Asifit (PDA) and yeast (PDY)

were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that in no supplement, mix, and curcuma

diets. The decreasing milk yield was deeper across time in curcuma diet (PDC)

than other treatments. This was supported by its lowest persistency (68.6%).

However, there was a synergistic effect when it was mixed with yeast, the milk

yield was improved as high as 360%. This high milk yield produced by dairy goat

in late lactation fed with diets containing yeast singly or in combination with

curcuma or Asifit (containing Sauropus androgynus and high in vitamin B) might

be due to improved rumen metabolism as the result of microbial function

especially S. cereviseae and vitamin B in the yeast. At the same time, bio actives

(tannin, curcumin, saponin, and others) found in these herbs might depress

unwanted microbes such as protozoa, therefore the nutrient in flow would be

much more effectively converted into milk and eventually will affect milk

composition as reviewed by Francis et al. (2002). Over all, milk yield of late

lactation Ettawa goats in this study were about 35.54% of that in late lactation

British Saanen goat (Singh and Ludri 2002).

Curcumin and tannin contents of these diets were decreasing (average of

16.25 and 27.33%) out of its pure curcuma powder (0.8 and 1.58%),

respectively. The lowest ether extract in curcuma diet (PDC) seemed to be the

effect of curcumin blocking this nutrient that in some ways this was preferred for

any healthy reason. Tannin contents of the diets were much lower than that in

polyherbal supplements (3.69%) in cross bred dairy goat as reported by Mirzaei

and Prasad (2011).

Curcuma supplementation, singly or in combination with yeast in this

present study produced milk 19.43% than that in crossbred goat with high

polyherbal combination (11.15 g/d). This level of herb reduced milk yield

significantly compared to that with half level in that study as reported by Mirzaei

and Prasad (2011), meaning that the level in this treatment was four times higher

that could have been too high for an optimal level in producing milk yield of the

goat. This was in coherence with the previous level of 15 g curcuma/kg

concentrate was the optimal level for milk production in dairy cow (Sulistyowati

et al. 2011). Meanwhile, Sinaga et al. (2011) reported the optimal dose (160

ppm) of curcumin extract of C. domestica increased energy digestibility of ration,

reduced rate of passage of the feed in the digestive tract so that its absorption

improved, decreased coliform and total bacteria in feces, eventually increased

body weight, but did not affect HDL level in pig.

Milk fat of dairy goat fed high concentrate diet (80% ) with or without

supplement in the present study was higher (6.59 ± 0.26%) than other finding.

Milk protein content (averaged of 4.696 ± 0.13% equaled to 20.18 ± 0.13g/d)

were relatively unaffected.

High contents of ether extract were as the result of fatty sources

incorporated in each diet. These contents were even much higher (average of

8.04%) compared to that in 20% extruded soybean diet (5.19%) for lactating goat

(Schmidely et al. 2005). These results confirmed that roasted corn grain, roasted

soybean meal, and corn oil did increase fat content of the diets. This could be a

40

beneficial effect to improve low fat milk when fed to dairy goat with high

concentrate. The ADF of the 0.5% yeast diet contained more than twice higher

that diet with 50g Rumisacc (Yalçın et al. 2011). Populations of S. cereviseae in

diets with yeast and mix diet were unusually higher than diets with no herbal

supplementation. This is in the opposite with the previous result using curcuma

fluid in a block supplement that caused a decrease in total fungi with the

increasing level of this herb (Sulistyowati et al. 2008b).

High fat contents in this present treatment were as the effect of PUFA-

sources (roasted corn, roasted soybean meal, and corn oil) supplementation in

diets fed for the goat at late lactation. This is on the contrary to other finding that

high concentrate (70%) with 20% extruded soybean produced low milk fat of

3.69% in dairy goat (Schmidely et al. 2005), whereas, diet containing soybean oil

produced higher milk fat of 5.24% in dairy goat (Bouattour et al. 2008). These

findings of higher milk fat out of high concentrate (low fiber) supplemented with

these PUFA sources could be a practical solution for low fat milk producer.

Supplementing fat sources to mid – late lactation goats increased milk fat content

markedly (+0.057% or 5.7g/kg), whereas milk production was not affected

(Chilliard et al. 2003). This could be the reason for the opposite phenomenon that

in late lactation when there is a low dilution effect due to decreasing milk yield.

The dairy goat with yeast (PDY) diet showed second high fat percentage but had

quantitatively highest 4% FCM (729g/d), this was about 18.50% of that with

extruded soybean.

Milk protein content was higher than that in extruded soybean (Schmidely et

al. 2005) and soybean oil (Bouattour et al. 2008), however in weight basis, the

present study produced lower milk protein due to lower milk yield. Fat

supplementation usually suppress milk protein content as it happened in these

diets, in which mostly the milk fat and milk protein stayed relatively at the same

levels. Milk lactose in the same late lactation goat but different breed was

detected within the range, while the average milk fat and protein were higher than

that as reported by Singh and Ludri (2002).

Ratio of Ca: P in all diets were above the standard of 1.2 : 1 as required for

goat according to NRC (1981). Diet with yeast and in combination with curcuma

contained relatively the same higher level than other diets. This might be due to

the effect of the yeast in fermenting the diet including the curcuma that made it

higher in its ratio. Consequently, this supported the Ca intake that was markedly

the highest (42. 69%) found in the yeast diet (PDY); while the curcuma and the

mix diets relatively contained the same levels. Meaning that, the curcuma

supplement contributed some amount of Ca higher than Asifit or no supplement

diets.

Over all comparison, the mix diet (PDM, yeast and curcuma) consistently

tended to show the lowest content of milk fat, FCM, protein, fat/protein ratio, dry

matter, and solid non fat (SNF); however, its lactose (5.41%) and Ca percentages

were quantitatively the highest. Milk lactose was found the lowest (2.79%) in

yeast diet (PDY) which was unlikely since the yeast supposedly fermented

carbohydrate more than other diets without yeast.

41

Mammary Health and Hygienic Status

Some indicators of mammary health and hygienic status of the goats during

treatment (Table 4.6) were not significantly different. Somatic cell count (SCC)

decreased progressively in milk of goat with yeast, curcuma, and mix diet. The

lowest (6.2 105/ml) was found in the mix diet, whereas the highest (79.310

5/ml)

was detected in milk of goat with Asifit diet. One of contagious pathogens,

Staph. aureus, was found the highest (222.0 cfu 102/ml) on the contrary of the

lowest SCC in milk of goat with mix supplement. This was more due to

environment effects.

Samples that contained S. aureus were defined as intramammary infection

(IMI) according to (NMC 1999). Milk of this treatment also contained the

highest total plate count (TPC) of 5.05 cfu 103/ml. These results suggested that

with the lowest SCC level in goat with mix diet, the samples were classified

between 5- 6 level in Linear Score system with 45% potential loss of milk

production (Ingalls 2001). All milk showed SCC scores (6.2 105- 7.9 10

6 cells)

were higher than 1 106

cells/ml indicating an infection or mastitis (Bytyqi et al.

2010). There is a different relationship between the SCC level (the lowest) and

milk components that were also the lowest happened in samples of goat in the mix

(yeast and curcuma) diet (PDM). This was supposed in contrast of which high

SCC milk shows a negative impact on milk component (Sharma et al. 2011). On

the other way, this lowest SCC milk showed the highest lactose content as it is

otherwise stated by Harmon (1994). The antimicrobial function of curcumin in

the diet (curcuma only or in combination with yeast) seemed to work well in

suppressing the SCC. However, milk production with curcuma diet was the

lowest (90 g/d) but improved (324 g/d) when combined with yeast. This herbal

supplement supported the result of organic operating farm (EU and USA

protocol) that after six months of practicing the system, there was a significant

decrease in bacterial isolates found in milk of dairy cow (Suriyasathaporn 2010).

Concerns of high SCC milk is not only for the animals but also to human health

through consuming especially the raw milk.

Table 4.6 Effects of feeding PUFA-diets supplemented with asifit, yeast and

C. xanthorrhiza Roxb on microbial composition and mastitis indicator

of dairy goats

Variable PD0 PDA PDY PDC PDM SEM P

SCC (cells 105/ml) 71.8 79.3 57.1 18.5 6.2 3.27 NS

Mastitis score 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.25 0.54 NS

Staph. aureus (cfu 102/ml) 15.9 2.31 16.5 2.7 222.0 95.35 NS

TPC (cfu 103/ml) 2.68 1.88 2.7 1.85 5.05 1.32 NS

PUFA- diet without supplements (PD0), 3 tablets of Asifit (PDA), 0.5% yeast (PDY), 2% curcuma (PDC),

0.5% yeast and 2% curcuma (PDM). NS: not significant.

42

Blood Profile and Blood Metabolite

Nutritional aspects determine hematological status of an animal which

eventually reflects its production and health. In this study, there were no

significant effects of supplementation on all blood profile (Table 4.7). However,

blood profile (averages of Hb 9.6 g/dl and PCV 25.42%) were within the normal

range of Hb (9- 13 g/dl) and PCV (23- 33%).

The mix diet (PDM) showed quantitatively the highest blood Hb and PCV,

with the second highest of erythrocyte and the second lowest after the Asifit diet,

while their leucocyte were at the same level. This showed that supplement rich

with vitamin B (in Asifit and yeast) combined with herbs, Sauropus androgynus

or C. xanthorrhiza Roxb will stimulate erythrocyte production and suppressed any

infection indicated by lower leucocyte and lymphocyte.

Differentiation of leucocytes revealed that PDM had the second lowest after

the Asifit diet and the highest in neutrophyle (within the range of 30- 48%) and

monocyte (within the range of 0- 4%). The blood metabolites of glucose and

triglyceride in this study were higher than that in grazing goat (Khaled 1999) and

in goat with tea supplement (Zhong et al. 2011).

Prolactin in this present study was lower than that in late lactation (120- 150

days) goat (4.71- 5.88 ng/ml (Singh and Ludri, 2002). In contrast, prolactin was

found the highest (4.18 ng/ml) in diet with no supplements (PD0) but its milk

yield was about the same as that in yeast, curcuma, and their combination during

the treatment with lower prolactin.

Blood triglyceride of goat with yeast diet (37.0 mg/dl) was about 4.53 times

higher than that in Rumisacc diet (Yalçın et al. 2011). Glucose was the highest in

mix diet (PDM), while blood prolactin in goat with this diet was the lowest.

However, this milk yield was plunging markedly (P<0.05) even though its

prolactin was that high after the treatment.

Table 4.7 Effects of feeding PUFA-diets supplemented with asifit, yeast and

C. xanthorrhiza Roxb on blood parameters of dairy goats

Variable PD0 PDA PDY PDC PDM SEM P

Hemoglobin (g/dl) 9.65 9.17 9.89 9.36 9.97 0.34 NS

PCV (%) 25.89 24.63 26.48 22.81 27.30 1.75 NS Erythrocyte (106/ mm3) 16.60 19.57 17.67 18.91 19.36 1.26 NS

Leucocyte (103/ mm3) 14.45 12.53 13.19 15.19 12.53 1.19 NS

Differentiations of Leucocyte

Lymphocyte (%) 52.75 39.00 44.50 42.50 40.67 5.36 NS

Neutrophyle (%) 38.00 50.00 49.50 48.25 51.00 5.32 NS

Monocyte (%) 2.75 4.00 2.75 2.50 4.33 0.84 NS

Eosinophyle (%) 6.50 7.00 3.25 6.75 4.00 1.74 NS

Basophyle (%) - - - - -

Glucose (mg/dl) 53.75 50.25 47.25 54.75 58.00 4.15 NS

Triglyceride (mg/dl) 25.50 25.00 37.00 32.50 28.75 5.04 NS

Prolactin (ng/ml) 4.18 3.58 3.58 2.99 1.64 0.07 NS

PUFA- diet without supplements (PD0), with 3 Asifit tablets (PDA), 0.5% yeast (PDY), 2% curcuma (PDC), mix of 0.5% yeast and 2% curcuma (PDM); NS: not significant.

43

Blood glucose (58 mg/100 ml) in goat with the mix diet was exactly the

same level as in 56g/d XP yeast diet in dairy cow (Hristov et al. 2010), but was

slightly higher than that in dairy goat (Singh and Ludri 2002). Yeast diet (PDY),

in contrast, showed the lowest blood glucose as it was reflected by the lowest

milk lactose and highest triglyceride. The PUFA diet supplemented with PDM

(mix of yeast and curcuma) improved the physiological status of the goats showed

by the high metabolite yield of glucose. Therefore, prolactin only, without

support of a good amount of milk precursor will not improve milk yield. On the

other hand, yeast contained S. cereviseae that was important during fermentation

in rumen, while curcuma powder contained curcumin acting as antimicrobial,

such as suppressing protozoa in the rumen in such a way that nutrient metabolism

process was improved, eventually the blood metabolites, milk yield, and milk

composition will be improved as well. Therefore, a synergistic function between

both supplements gave a positive impact in the blood values of the goats.

CONCLUSION

A mix supplement of 0.5% yeast and 2% curcuma powder is considered

good since it showed a better recovery in milk yield post treatment with

progressing lactation in dairy goat. Besides, it showes some tendencies of lower

milk fat, 4% FCM, and SCC; higher lactose and Ca percentages; higher Hb, PCV,

and glucose in blood; higher ether extract intakes and Ca digestibility, supported

by relatively high nutrient digestibility in most nutrients.