4 Horsemen of theApocalypse

In the book of Revelation we find adisturbing vision of four fearsomehorsemen (Rev. 6:1-8). Each of thesehorsemen is a symbol of the fourmajor punishments to be inflictedupon a rebellious mankind - prob­ably in the not-too-distant future!Each represents the final, end-timeculmination of the major crises withwhich the world has been confrontedfor centuries - false religion, war,famine and disease epidemics. Thisseries of booklets will make the proph­ecies of Revelation 6 come to life .You will learn the significance of eachsymbolic horse and rider. This mes­sage is one of the most fr ighten ingin all of the Bible. You need to beinformed and prepared for what'sahead in Bible prophecy!

4 Horsemen of theApocalypse

This booklet is not to be sold. It is a free

educat ional serv ice in the public interest,

publ ished by the Worldwide Church of God .

© 19 75 W orl dw ide Churc h of God . All Righ ts Reserved. Printed in th e USA

Cover Photo by Warren Watson

TableorContents

Chapter One

The Grim Specter of Tota l Wa r " 7

Chapter Two

Teete ring on the Brink of GlobalCosmocide 16

Chapter Three

The Grisly History ofArmed Confl ict 25

Chapter Four

Man 's Futile Search for Peace 36

Chapter Five

The War That Could End It All 47

Robert Ellison - Black S tar

8

n the surface it wasanother placid, sultry summerday in the Western Caribbean .The cit izens of Kingston werejust returning to work aftertheir normal midday break.Over 700 miles to the west, itwas business as usual for theinhabitants of the YucatanPeninsula.

But beneath the surface ofthe shim m erin g waters thatseparated Jamaica from theCentral American mainland ,things were anyt hing but rou­tine. Several fathoms down, asteely blue cigar -shaped sub­marine silently nosed its wayt h rou gh the warm, murky­green waters of the Caribbean.

Inside the con t rol room,the skipper's face reflected thetension t h at seemed to per­meate all parts of the vessel. Henervously paced back and forthwith half an eye cocked on theluminous dials and gauges thatbathed the room in a subduedfluorescent glow . His silent con­cent rat ion was interrupted bythe navigator , who informedhim that they would be on sta­tion in another ten minutes.

The Red Horse : W ar

Further aft, a team of tech­nicians methodically but some­what hurriedly completed thelast stages of their prefiring rit­ual.

Abso rbed by tiers ofgauges, dials, levers and safetyinterlocks, they failed to noticethe presence of the weaponsofficer who stood passively tothe side of the compartmentwatching their activity. Seeingeverything was well in hand, hepaused for a moment beforereturning to the control area.He gazed somewhat admiringlyat the twin rows of massive hol­low steel columns that housedthe sub's missiles.

Just thinking about thedestructive power they con­tained was enough to give any­body on board nightmares.

Sixteen upright missiles,each one with a range of 3000miles. Each one equipped withten independen tly targetedwarheads . Each warheadpa cked with fifty kilotons ofdestructive power. Each war­head 211z times more powerfulthan the bomb that obliteratedHiroshima.

Sixteen missiles - 160 war­heads - the equivalent of eigh tmillion tons of TNT. Moreexplosive power than the entireAlli ed air forces dropped onGermany and Japan duringWorld War II - all neatly

The Grim Specter of Total War

stowed on that one single sub­marine. But at this point therewas little time for him to reflecton the overall implications ofwhat they were about to do.The public address systemblared out two minutes tolaunch. Missile technicians,sonarmen, quartermasters andengineers became that muchmore attentive to their duties.The weapons officer hurriedback to the cont rol room.

The ca p t a in r echeckedwith the navigator to see if theship was exactly in position.Any deviation in their station­keeping now would mean theirpreprogrammed missiles wouldbe off target later on downrange. Missile control reportedall missiles ready for firing.

Satisfied that everythingwas in order, the captain nod­ded to the weapons officer. Atthis point everything that fol­lowed was almost automatic.

A circular hatch clangedopen on the outside of the hull.The weapons officer squeezedthe trigger on a pistol-like gripattached to his console andinstantaneously a blast of com­pressed air sent t he first missileracing for the surface of theocean several fathoms over­head.

The midsummer calm ofthe Caribbean was suddenlyand violently interrupted as the

9

first missile thrust its roundednose upward through the tran­quil surface. Once the missilehad cleared the surface, thefirst-stage booster kicked inwith a mighty roar and 500,000tons of death went hurtlingtoward its target.

The first missile didn 'thave that far to travel - onlyabout 1000 miles until its pluto­nium warhead struck paydirt.Its targets were located in thesouth-central United States ­New Orleans, Mon tgomery,Mobile, Little Rock, Memphis,Nashville, Baton Rouge, Bir­mingham, Chatt an ooga and

The midsummer calm ofthe Caribbean was suddenlyand violently interruptedas the first missile thrustits rounded nose upwardthrough the tranquilsurface.

Jackson. One missile fired, andten cit ies about to go up inflames.

In a few seconds a secondmissile was also arcing highover the Caribbean. Unlike itspredecessor, it was headed formore distant target s. Seat t le,Portland and eigh t other majorPacific Northwest cities werepreprogrammed into its t en

10 The Red Horse: War

warheads. Even though thissubmarine was located a thou­sand miles south of the U.S.Gulf Coast, there was no part ofthe country that could escapeits lethal arsenal.

One by one, like somescience-fiction monster givingbirth to her strange offspring,

the submarine divested herselfof the sixteen missiles.

One hundred and sixtyAmerican cities were ticketedfor destruction that day. Citiesthat weren't all that big ascities go. Places like Lubbock,Texas; Roanoke, Virginia; andLexington, Kentucky were onthe submarine's target roster.

One hundred and sixtycities were destined to go theway of Hiroshima and Naga­saki. But this time it would beworse. At least those two Japa­nese cities had had some kind ofwarning. They were already ina state of war. Their people hadthe benefit of air-raid sirens.Their streets and sidewalksweren't crowded with trafficand pedestrians when the bomb

>- exploded.~,g But for the submarine-~ launched missiles there was no'". ~ warning - only an initial'" blinding flash and explosion

MISSILE launched from beneath that instantly incinerated ,the sea could be the first shot blinded and maimed millions offired in a nuclear holocaust. Americans.

One hundred and sixtyatomic bombs rained down onAmerica that day - but thatwas only the beginning of awell-planned and carefullyorchestrated attack. As the sub­marine was in the process ofdisgorging its cataclysmiccargo, electronic signals weresimultaneously transmitted to

The Grim Specter of Total War

a group of satellites orbitinghigh over the North Americancontinent. Harmless objectsfloating in space were suddenlytransformed into armed andactivated one-megaton hydro­gen warheads. Another signaltriggered a group of preselectedretro-rockets and in a matter ofseconds several former satelliteswere plummeting earthward.

These one-megatoners ­each twenty times more pow­erful than the submarine­launched warheads - were des­tined for some of America'schoicer metropolitan areas:New York, Houston, Chicago,Philadelphia , Baltimore ,Detroit, Boston, St. Louis andWashington. In three to fourminutes they would reach theirintended targets.

Again, defense was out ofthe question . Even if land­based radars had detected thesesmall , distant objects, theirelectronic appearance couldhardly have aroused anyone'ssuspicions. To all intents andpurposes these H-bombs wouldhave looked like any run-of-the­mill satellite.

So nobody paid muchattention to them until theybegan to drop from the sky likefalling meteorites. By then itwas already too late. No onecould be sure exactly whatthese strange objects were. And

11

nothing the Americans hadcould respond to an attack withonly a three to four minutewarning.

So eight more cities wereadded to the nation's growingcasualty list.

Los Angeles received itsown special baptism of fire. Itstarted with a ten-megatonweapon neatly buried in anobscure sewer line near theColosseum. A signal relayedfrom an overhead satellite trig­gered the detonating mecha­nism, and downtown LosAngeles was instantly engulfedin a blazing, blinding ball of fire2112 miles wide.

Within seconds after thefireball subsided, the entire LosAngeles Basin began to smolderand burn. Anything com­bustible within 25 miles of theColosseum exploded in smokeand flames. From Long Beachto San Fernando, and Pasadenato Santa Monica, the exposedpopulace were seared with pain­ful third-degree burns.

The shock wave of thatexplosion spread rapidly out­ward from ground zero. Thou­sands of tons of fuel were addedto the already burning fires.Cars were lifted, spun around,and came crashing to theground covered in flames . Fill­ing stations, refineries and oilwells exploded like massive

12

Roman candles, spewing mol­ten petroleum in all directions.The initial suction created atground zero generated swirlingwinds of hurricane force thatuprooted trees, overturnedautos and ripped the roofs offstill-standing houses. Soon theSouthland was engulfed in araging firestorm that would

Nobody paid much attentionto them until they beganto drop from the skylike falling meteorites. Bythen it was already toolate. No one could be sureexactly what these strangeobjects were.

only abate when there wasnothing left to burn.

But there was more tocome. Seconds after theexplosion, the tinder-dry brushcovering the nearby SanGabriel Mountains erupted in asolid sheet of flame. Goadedonward by prevailing winds,this massive wall of fire rapidlyspread to the north and east.Like an unstoppable jugger­naut, it quickly leap-froggedfrom one peak to another. Itspread eastward along the rimof the mountains and was soonthreatening San Bernardino,

The Red Horse: War

Lake Arrowhead and Big Bear.It overran the San Gabriels

to the north and rampagedthrough the Antelope Valley,advancing inexorably towardBakersfield and Palmdale. Allof Southern California becamea flaming cauldron. Before itwas all over nothing would beleft but a charred and black­ened landscape.

While Los Angeles wasundergoing its trial by fire, SanFrancisco's moment of truthcame by way of the sea. Thirty­five miles off the coast aremote-controlled submarineglided to a stop in the mud 600feet below the surface. It wasn'tvery big as modern submarinesgo, but it was big enough tocarry a monster 100-megatonweapon snugly in its hold. Likethe bomb planted in the LosAngeles sewer, nobody knew itwas there until its firing mecha­nism was triggered.

In that instant some 800billion tons of sea water vapor­ized. What had been a tranquilocean bottom was suddenlytransformed into a boiling, pul­sating, expanding fifty-milliondegree fireball that thrust itsway upward until it toweredalmost four miles above thesurface of the sea.

For a few fleeting momentspeople in San Francisco sawwhat they could only conceive

The Grim Specter of Total Wa r 13

u.S. A ir Force

of as an instant sunrise - com­ing from the wrong direction.But compared to the real thing,that "inst ant sun" appearedalmost thirty times larger andwas infinitely brighter - sobright, in fact , that for many itwas the last thing they eversaw.

As the initial fireball sub­sided, a mammoth wall of waterwas kicked up by the explosion.Like a circular ripple caused bydropping a pebble in a pond, itbegan its deadly advance on theBay Area. It was only a few

HIROSHIMA. The Japanese calledit "the place of suffering " :100, 000 pe ople died; 13,937were declared missing; 3 7,425died later, horribly disfigured.

hundred feet high at first. Butas it rapidly approached theshoreline, its waters piled upuntil it loomed almost a thou­sand feet above sea level.

The Bay Area didn't standa chance. The last thing theremaining survivors saw bear­ing down on them was a roar­ing , thundering wall of water

14

five times higher than NiagaraFalls. The Golden Gate Bridgewas ripped from its mooringswith cars, trucks and motoristsflung indiscriminately into theraging torrent.

The beautiful skyline ofSan Francisco ceased to exist.Most of its taller buildings weresna pped in half like mat ch­st icks as the water cascaded ontoward the east side of the Bay.Oakland, Berkeley and Rich­mond met the same waterydeath as their sister city.

But even worse than thebrute destructive force of thebomb was its radioactivity. Itcouldn't be measured in thou­sands of roentgens, but mil­lions. It left virtually nothinguntouched. It was in the waterthat made up the massive tidalwave , in t he mushroom-shapedcloud that was beginning tospread eastward and in a mistyshroud of water vapor that hadbeen formed at the base of theexplosion. That harmless-look ­ing fog, whi ch billowed a thou­sand feet above ground level ,turned ou t t o be the mostlethal of t he three. Like thetidal wave , it advanced inlandimmediately after the explosionand claimed the lives of manywho had not already suc­cumbed to the other effects ofthe bomb. All it t ook was a briefexposure, and death from acute

The Red Horse: W ar

ra diatio n poiso n i ng camewithin ten minutes.

Propelled by t he westerlyPacific winds, both the fog andthe mush room-shaped clo udspread inland, leaving deat h

America had been destroyedin a most unconventionalway . Defense and militaryofficials were dumb­founded. They were caught,so to speak, with their"Maginot-Line" pants down.Not one radar contacthad been reported by theballistic missile earlywarning system inGreenland and Canada .

and destruction in their wake.California's lush central val­leys, the nation's main fruit andvegetable producing areas, weredecimated. So were hundreds ofmiles of crop and grazing landin the Western United States­including portions of the wheatand corn fields in the GreatPlains region. Cities in Nevada,Utah, Arizona and Wyomingwere transformed into modern­day ghost towns - renderedunfit for human habitation forweeks to come.

America had been destroyedin a most unconventional way.

The Grim Specter of Tota l War

Defense and military officialswere dumbfounded. T hey werecaught, so to speak, with their"Maginot-Line" pants down.Not one radar contact hadbeen reported by the ballisticmissile early warning systemin Greenland and Canada. Notone ICBM had been launched.Spy satellites over the Eurasianland mass sent back negativereports. There were no massiveoverflights of long-range bomb­ers. Just one submarine, ahandful of satellites, and a fewstrategically placed hydrogenbombs.

Across the United Statesand around the world, survivingArmy, Navy and Air Force menstood by with itchy trigger fin­gers.

Their ABM 's cou ld belaunched in seconds. Th eMinuteman missiles andPolaris submarines were readyto unleash a devasta t i n gnuclear barrage on the enemy.The Navy 's attack car rierscould dispatch squadrons ofnuclear-armed jets to prac­tically an y strategic location inthe world.

But there were a few ques­tions that had to be resolvedfirst . While defense and mili­tary officials pondered thesequestions, their men impa­tiently waited for orders to fire.But no orders were forthcom-

15

ing . Nobody could figure outwho the enemy was!

We all know this kind ofnuclear nightmare never tookplace. The events describedwere pure fiction - but fictionbased on fact. The hardwareand technology for such anattack are basically already inexistence . The submarinedescribed was similar to thePoseidon model, already opera­tional in the U.S. Navy. Theorbiting nuclear bombs couldbe put aloft by any nuclear­armed nation capable oflaunching a satellite. And giventhe know-how and materials,thermonuclear weapons can becovertly planted in strategicunderground or underwatersites.

The chilling aspect of thisscenario is that it only requireda tiny fraction of the totalnuclear weaponry that is nowin existence. With this in mind,Ch a pt er 2, which describessome of the world's awesomeoverkill capabilities, should bemuch more meaningful.

18

ever before in theannals of history has mankindpossessed the means to extermi­nate the entire human race.Never, that is, until a fatefulday in July 1945 when theUnited States exploded the firstatomic bomb at Alamogordo,New Mexico.

Sin ce that time someremarkable things have beenaccomplished in the field ofnuclear weaponry. Today theUnited States has a defensefor ce that can deliver theequivalent of 369,769 Hiro­shima-sized bombs. Russia has718,538 Hiroshimas ready forinstant dispersal.

Together, Russia and theUnited States have over 7000times the destructive power ofall the bombs the Alliesdropped on Germany andJapan in World War II. That'st he equivalent of five tons ofTNT for every man, womanand child on the face of theearth.

Delivery systems haveimproved, too. Gone are thedays when it took a lumberingfour-engined B-29 bomber

The Red Horse: War

hours to deliver its lethal cargo.Now the job can be done inminutes - from practicallyanywhere in the world. OneLl.S, Poseidon submarine canlob 160 warheads (each with 2112times the destructive power of aHiroshima-type bomb) at tar­gets 3000 miles away. Land­based ICBM's with 250 Hiro­shima's can devastate citiesone-third of the way around theworld.

Earth-Killing Weapons

But cold hard overkill sta­tistics only tell part of thestory. The impact nuclear war­fare could have on the environ­ment can only be described assupercatastrophic. According toa report submitted to the Secre­tary General of the U.N. severalyears ago: "Given a sufficientnumber [of bombs exploded],no part of the world wouldescape exposure to biologicallysignificant levels of radiation.To a greater or lesser degree, alegacy of genetic damage couldbe in curred."

Harrison Brown, a leadingCal Tech scientist, and JamesReal explained what could hap­pen if high-yield H-bombs wereexploded high above the atm o­sphere : "Were it not for the fac tthat a substantial fraction ofour count ry is, at all times, cov­ered with clouds, an enemy

Teeteri ng on the Brin k of G lobal Cosmocide 19

could completely scorch ourearth by exploding about 600ten -megaton bombs, evenlyspaced, at an altitude of thirtymiles. On a clear day, forests,grasslands, and crops wouldignite or wither, as would theflammable structures of thecities, towns and villages. Allexposed living creatures, exceptthose living in the water, wouldperish. A substantial fraction ofthe human beings who wereprotected from the initial ther­mal flash would perish in theresu ltan t thermal holocaust. "

All -out nuclear war cou ldalso wreak havoc with theearth's life-preserving ozonelayer. According to Fred C. Ik le,a leading disarmament expert :"We do know t hat nuclear :gexplosions in the atmosphere ~

would generate vast quantities "of nitrogen oxides and other ~pollutants which might depletethe ozone layer . ... It might beimperceptible or it might betotal. ... It might merelyincrease the hazard of sunburn.Or it might dest roy the criticallinks in the food chain, andthus shatter the ecologicalstructure that permits man tolive on this planet" (Chemistry,Dec . 1974).

Proliferation on Earth

The specter of overkill ismade all the more terrifying by

TH REE minutes after an atomicbomb hit Nagasaki (Aug. 9, 1945),a sm oke column towered morethan 20,00 0 feet over the city.

the fact that doomsday weap­ons are no longer restricted tothe major powers. Gone are thedays when the U.S., Russia,France, England and Chinawere the sole members of thenuclear club. India has alreadydetonated a Nagasaki-sizeddevice. Israel is thought to havea modest stockpile of six to

TheSilent Killers

Nuclear weapons are only part of man 's mass annihilation arse­nal. Nerve gas , while not as ostentatious, noisy, or spectacular as theH-bomb, can be ju st as lethal. A m iniscule ten milligrams of the nerveagent Sarin , if sprayed over a ten cubic meter area , will dispatch aman with in ten m inutes. Even more potent is the agent known as VX .One small drop on the skin qu ickly turns a person into a quivering ,uncontrollable, nausea ted spastic . Death comes withi n m inutesunless immediate t reatment is available .

All it would take would be one airplane, the right w ind condi­tions, a heavily popula ted metropolitan area , and millions of peoplewould gasp their last wondering what hit them .

Even more effective are the biological agents. Botulinus toxin isone of the more potent examples. A m icroscopic dose either inhaledor ingested brings on excruciating death with in six hours . A fewpounds would be more than enough to dispatch the entire world 'spopulation if uniformly dispersed .

Botulism is only one among many diseases that can be spawnedby germ warfare . Others include anthrax, brucellosis, tularemia andQ fe ver. Even rare and exotic ma ladies such as g landers and melioi­dos is are on the list. Many of these agents would make the andro­meda strain look tame by comparison . The textbook description givenfor melioidosis is particula rly chill ing : " normally fatal fever, produc­ing man ia and delirium. Vacc ines : unsatisfactory. Therapy : difficult . "

Propagation of such virulent agents can be done cheaply butquite effectively . One submarine or surface vessel operating undercove r of darkness could saturate thousands of square miles of enemycoast l ine . Germs can be dropped from aircraft, missiles , or evensatelli tes. Biological weapons can be used to covertly contaminate acity 's drinking sup ply . Or vectors such as mosquitoes, rabb its , or ratscan spread the disease . The really devastating aspect of a biolog ica lattack is that nobody knows about it until it' s too late . The firstindicat ion would only come after mass segments of the populacewere stricken in ep idemic proportions .

Teetering on the Brink of Global Cosmo cide 21

t welve atomic weapons, and thepoten ti al t o launch nu clea r­t ipped tactica l miss iles.

Other co untr ies su ch asEgypt, Argentina, Brazil, Paki­stan and Sou th Africa are onth'e nu clear weapons t hres hold.Spain , Japan , South Ko rea,Australia and Iran aren 't farbehind in terms of the ir te chni­ca l capa bilities.

Once nuclear prolifera tiongets started, it's like opening amodern -d ay Pandora's Box.Aft er India's home-grown A­bom b had exploded, the primeminist er of neighboring Paki ­stan vowed : "We will ea t leavesand grass, even go hungry, bu twe will have to get one of ourown." T he Sha h of Iran com­mented recen tl y that "If smallnati ons arm themselves withnuclear weapons , Iran will seekpossession of them sooner thanyou think."

And now that India hassmashed t he nuclear bomb bar­rier it prom ises to help othernati ons such as Arge ntina getstarted. But if Argentina hasthe bomb, Brazil can't sit stillfor that. And obviously, Chile,Colombia , Venezuela , Peru andBol ivia will soon have to followsuit .

P luto nium is t he key cat a­lyst in t he proliferation for ­mula. Prior to the spre ad ofnuclear powe r, about the only

way a country could make abomb, even if it had t he techni­ca l kn ow-how, was to acquireenriched uranium (V-235) . Bu tV -235 could only be producedin quantity by huge gaseous dif­fusion plant s t hat were locatedin the V.S., Russia, England,Fra nce and China. Peacefulnu clear power changed all this.All it takes is ab out 22 pounds

After India's A-bomb hadexploded, the prime ministerof Pakistan vowed:"We will eat leaves andgrass, even go hungry ,but we will have to getone of our own."

of plutonium, t h e t echnicalknow-how that is basicallyavailable in many unclassifiedpublica tions, and presto - aHiroshima-sized atomic bombcan be produced .

As the worldwide prod uc­tion of plutonium grows overthe nex t few decades, t he num­ber and spread of nuclear weap­ons is alm os t ce r t a i n toaccelerate accordingly. Argen­t ina, for inst ance, will be pro­ducing eno ugh plutonium ayear for ten bombs by t he late1970s. Egypt likewise will havethe capacity to manufacturefifty bombs a year. All told, it

Statesmen andScientists Wonder:

Is Doomsday atthe Door?

Adlai Stevenson: " No physical peril greater than atomic war hasconfronted mortal man since the Flood ."

Sir Bertrand Russell: " Never since human beings first existed havethey been face d with so great a danger as that which they havebrought upon themselves by a combinat ion of unrivaled sk ill andunrivaled folly ."

John F. Kennedy: " Toget her we shall save our planet - or togetherwe shall perish in its fl ames! "

Gen. Douglas MacArthur: "We have had our last chance . If we w illnot devise some greater and more equitable system, Armageddonwill be at the door. "

Kenneth E. Boulding: " I beli eve the present international system tobe one which has a significant probab il ity built into it of irret rievabledisaster for the human race ."

Dr. W . H. Pickering: " In ha lf an hour the East and the W est coulddestroy civilization ."

Dr. Albert Einstein: " There is no defense in science against theweapons which can destroy civ ilization ."

Dr. Herbert F. York: " . . . The arms race is a steady open spira ldown toward obl ivion. "

Charles de Gaulle: " . The g reat powers are facing their ' lastmoment' .. "

Barbara Ward : " The greatest institutional gap in our world is createdby an inescapable , planetary interdependence which breeds commongrievances and creates common needs and opportunities, yet ismatched by vi rtually no in struments of worldwide order and w elfare.And it is through this gap that mankind can tumble into ann ihila­t ion. "

Teetering on the Brink of Global Cosmocide 23

has been estimated that nuclearreactors outside the originalatomic club will be producingsome eighty tons of plutoniuma year - enough for over 7000atomic bombs.

Walking the Nuclear Tight­rope

With small as well as bignations strapping on theirnuclear gunbelts, one can 't helpbut feel somewhat apprehensiveabout the survival prospects forthe human race. For inst ance,what if Israel had her back tothe wall in a renewed conflictwith Egypt and Syria? Wouldshe not feel justified in usingher nuclear weaponry on herenemies? And how long beforeEgypt, Syria, or some otherinvolved nation would repay inkind? How long before the next

With small as well as bignations strapping ontheir nuclear gunbelts, onecan't help but fee l some­what apprehensive aboutsurvival prospects.

local war in the Middle Eastturns into a nuclear war aroundthe world?

And what of potential con­flicts between an India and aPakistan or an Argentina and a

Brazil? What would happen if anuclear-armed Japan suddenlyfound herself victimized by anew oil embargo, or if a nuclearSouth Korea were invaded?

Even more chilling is theprospect of nuclear weaponsfalling into the hands of terror­ist groups such as the PalestineLiberation Organization. Whichcity would they hold for ran­som? What government wouldthey blackmail? Or what kindof mind-bending nuclear kami­kaze raid might they embarkon?

How long can nations ofthe world continue to liveunder such hair-trigger condi­tions before the gun goes off?Will the world indeed somedayerupt in the ultimate doomsdaywar that could erase all lifefrom off this good green planet?Is World War III around thecorner? And if it is, could wesurvive such a holocaust? Or isthere some way that man willfind to live at peace and har­mony among his own kind? Inother words, can mankind putan end to war before war putsan end to mankind?

Before we answer some ofthese questions, let's go back inhistory and examine some ofthe key events in the history ofwarfare that led the humanrace to its current precariousstate of affairs.

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gg ress ive beha viorh as always been an intrinsicpar t of the ch ro nicle of man.Ever since t he t ime Ca in kill edAbel , huma n hist ory has beenone lon g chro n icle of co n­tentions, contro versy and con­flict .

But organized, systematicaggression, or warfare, didn 'treally get started until menbe gan t o in corpora t e t h e m ­selves into city-st a tes. Natu­rally the qu estion of "Who's inch arge here?" was a big one inthose bygone days. And it wasusually answered in a veryst ra igh t forward way - withsimple brute force.

E rich Fromm, writing inTh e Anatomy of HumanDestructiveness, explained how:"T he possibility of coercion wasone of the foundations uponwhi ch the power of kings ,priests, and the dominant eliteres ted on ce they had su cceededin replacing or, ideologicallyspeaking, 'represen t in g' - thesocial will" (p. 162).

In most instances it wasthe local hunter who had themos t going for him in t h is

Th e Red Horse: Wa r

regard. He had an ace in thehole - hunting weapons. Andback then , superior weaponry akingdom did make. Accordingt o L ewis Mumford : " T heunscrupulous use of t he weap­on s of the hunt to contro l thepolitical and economic activi­ties of whole comm uniti es wasone of the effective inven tionsof kingship" (The Myth of th eMa chine, p. 169).

On ce a hunter began todabble in local politi cs, it wasonly natural for him to demandcom pensat ion from those he" s e rve d ." A gain Mu m f ordrelates: "T his passsiven ess, t h issubmissiveness [on t he par t ofthe local cit izenry], t o say noth­ing of the lack of weapons,made it easy for small bodies ofhunters to draw tribute - inpresent-day usage 'protect ionmoney ' - from much largercomm unit ies of farmers" (ibid.,p. 217 ).

An example recorded in theBible was Nimrod. He wascalled a "mighty hunter beforethe Lord." And he apparentlyused his hunting prowess t ogreat political advantage. Hewa s al so referred t o as a" m igh t y one in the ea rth"(Gen. 10:8).

.But it took more than for ceand coerc ion to establish aman-made hegemony. The ordi­nary cit izen had t o be con-

The Grisly History of Armed Confl ict

vince d that the hunting heroturned king was God's chosenrepresentative and t hus worthyof his highest devotions . A bonafide religious cer ti fication wasessential. T hat's where thelocal priesthood came in. Inreturn for t heir ecclesiasticalstamp of approval, the kingamply reward ed the clergy withhigh-rise temples, communitystatus and magnificent domes­tic dwellings (see Lewis Mum­ford , The City in History ,p. 38).

Once the hometown heroh a d clearly estab lishe d adomestic powe r base, he oftenfound himself confronted withproblems of a more externalnature. Somewhe re along the

27

line he was bound to lock hornswith competing potentates ofneigh boring city-states. Mum­ford again explains: "For in theact of establishing law andorder within the sacred terri­tory of their gods, kings cameinto conflict with rival kingsand foreign gods, equally arro­gant in their imputed divinity,who also claimed the same kindof bl ind loyalty and awestruckobedience. Too often they weretempted to assert their superiorpower by encroaching on neigh­boring states and despoiling

NAPOLEON, here seen retreat­ing from Russia, was a militarygenius whose stock in trade wasdestruction.

28

the ir inhabitants" (The Myth ofthe Machine, p. 178).

Local kings were a lsotempted to fight in order to col­lect large consignments ofslaves. Since practically every­thing ran on m uscle power,slaves were an essential factorin the economic life of the com­munity. They were also badlyneeded to support a flourishingand expansive temple system.According to Isaa c Me n­delsohn, writing in Slavery inthe A ncient Near East: "T heBabylonian temple . .. was t helargest landown er , the greatest

Incited by religious fantasies,ever greater numbers withever more effective weaponsfor siege and assault weredrawn into the insensaterituals of war.

industr ia list, t he r ich e s tbanker, a nd t he biggest slave­holder in every city of the coun ­try.

"Its landho ldings .. . in ­cluded in addition to the templeprecinct, large tracts of landoutside of it ..." (p. 100).

As custodians of the localtemple, the pries thood wasoften in s trum en t a l inexacerbating local r ivalries.According to Mu mford: "Under

The Red Horse : War

their leadership the local urbandei t y matc hed hi s magi cpotencies against each threat­ening foreign deity: the templebecame both t he starting pointand the object of aggressiveact ion. Th us , i n ci t e d byexorbitant re ligious fantasies,ever greater numbers with evermore effective wea pons for siegeand assault were drawn into theinsensate rituals of war" (TheCity in History, p. 44) .

Peaceful Paradise Lost

What in effect was happen­ing in early antiquity was thatour ancestors were opting forhuman misgovernment ratherthan choosing to live under thegovernment of God. Instead ofre lying on their Creator for pro­tection and safety, they wereopting for human kin gship,backed by pa gan de it ies.

T he firs t man, Adam, had ago lde n oppor tu ni t y to li veunder hi s Creator's ru le, but hesummarily re jected it in theGarde n of Ede n. His descen­dants lost no time in followingin his footsteps.

T here was one gro up ofpeople t hat could have reversedt h is trend - the childre n ofIsrael. God had offered not onlyto be t heir ruler, bu t to fightt heir battles for t he m (Deut.1:30; 3:22; 20:4) .

As lon g as Israel t rusted in

The Grisly History of Armed Confl ict 29

In Dollars

~l'OOl_~~~ 04,000,000

**U .S. Only

Cost 0' war

Vretnarn yvar.

World War I

..World War II

Americarll••m.I•••

~ .._-----------------------_..*Estimate

God for their protection, thissystem worked and workedwell. However, it wasn't longbefore t he Israelites began todemand a h uman king like allthe other na t ions around them(I Sam. 8:4-7).

God reluctantly grantedt heir request , but also gavethem a warning along with it.M ore t han anything else itaccurate ly descr ibed the fatefulconsequences of their precipi­tous actions . Notice how Godportrayed the war-makingactivities of man's government

in I Samuel 8:11-12: "T his willbe the manner of the king thatshall reign over you : He willtake yo ur sons, and appointthem for himse lf, for his chari­ots, and to be his horsemen ;and some shall run before hischariots. And he will appointhim captains over thousands,and captains over fifties; andwill set them ... to make hisinstruments of war, andinstruments of his chariots."

From that time on it wasalmost inevitable that thingswould get worse before they got

30

better - especially when itcame to armed conflict. By thetime the nation of Israel wentinto captivity, powerful warlikeGentile empires were dominat­ing the world scene. Theprophet Daniel referred tothem as "wild beasts," whichwas certainly a befitting title.One in particular, the futureRoman Empire, was cited asbeing exceptionally destructive.Daniel wrote: " ... I saw in thenight visions, and behold afourth beast, dreadful and ter­rible, and strong exceedingly;and it had great iron teeth: itdevoured and brake in pieces,and stamped the residue withthe feet of it ..." (Dan. 7:7).

Subsequent revivals of thatempire managed to carryonmany of the war-making tradi­tions that had been the found­ing principles of numerousancient city-states. It wasresponsible for some of thebloodiest and most protractedwars that have been waged inhistory. The Crusades, theSpanish Inquisition and theThirty Years' War were amongsome of its more notableachievemen ts during theMiddle Ages.

A W ar-M aking Revolution

In the years that followed,few fundamental changes weremade in the field of armed con-

The Red Horse: War

flict . As late as the eighteenthcentury war continued to bebasically an affair of kings andstatesmen. By today's stan­dards armies were relativelysmall - usually numbering inthe tens of thousands. Most ofthe fighting was done by eithertrained mercenaries or profes­sional soldiers. Because of con­tin ual logisti c problems,campaigns often were limited interms of time and space. Gener­als, fearful of losing preciousmen and equipment, tended tobe overly cautious and werereluctant to commit theirtroops in battle. The generalwho could outmaneuver ratherthan outgun his opponent washeld in high esteem. "T he abso­lute kings supplanted wars ofannihilation with wars of attri­tion. Rather than crush theirenemy, they sought to exhausthim" (Robert Leakie, Warfare,p. 14) .

All of this changed withthe French Revolution. Sud­denly the common man thrusthimself in to the arena ofnational, political and militaryaffairs. Frenchmen, freed fromthe fetters of the Bourbon mon­archy, took the lead in conti­nental Europe . As vonClausewitz put it: "War hadagain suddenly become anaffair of the people, and that ofa people numbering thirty mil-

The Grisly History of Armed Conflict

lions , everyone of whomregarded himself as a cit izen ofthe State." No longer was theordinary soldier merely a paidprofessional. N ow he wa s anewly enfranchised nationalcitizen fighting for his hard-wonfre edom.

Napoleon was the firstgreat general t o capitalize onthis emerging national fervo r .According to Anatol Rapapor t ,a leading military expert, Napo­leon "n urt ured and in tensifiedthe enthusiasm of the man inthe ranks by dramatics pe ech es ." Wartime propa­ganda had come of age.

To further capitalize onthis wave of mass enthusiasm,universal military conscriptionwas introduced. Now the entireweight of the nation wouldstand behind its army. The con­cept of no -holds -barred, totalwarfare was beginning to takeshape . And Napoleon Bona­parte, perhaps more than anyother individual in moderntimes, was intrumental indeveloping, ex p lo iti n g andac ce lerating the process. Hewas no longer con tent to playthe traditional cat -and-m ousema neuver ing games wi thenemy generals. Noth ing sho rtof mass annihi lation would dofor hi m. The more physicaldestruction he cou ld wreak thebetter.

31

And destruction was Napo­leon 's stock in t rade. He wast ruly a genius at it. His use ofmassed artillery wa s unsur­passed up to that time. In theBattle of Freidland, Napoleon 'slegions managed to wipe out

The time it took to developnew weapons was drasti­cally compressed. In manycases the armamentsturnover was so rapid thata weapon would beobsolete by the time itreached the battl efield.

25,000 Russians mainly throughthe brilliant utilization of raw,explosive cannon power.

Under Napoleon nationalarmies mushroomed in size. Inthe 1812 Russian campaign, heemployed half a million men.And by 181 3 one millionFrenchmen were in arms. Mas­sive armies in combat meantmass casualties would follow .Napo leon on ce boasted toPrince Metternich that he lost30,000 m en a mon th in t hecourse of his campaigns. Bycon t rast, during the entireAmerican Revolutionary War,fought only a few years earlier ,total U.s. cas ualties came toonl y 10,500 men.

Within decades after the

l. 32

Napoleonic period, the tech­niques of total war again wentthrough another momentoustransformation thanks to theIndustrial Re volution . Themachine age quickly found itsway onto the battlefield wit hthe introduction of the locomo­tive, the steamship, themachine gun, and the repeatingrifle . With vastly improvedtransportation systems, largebodies of troops could be rap­idly mobilized at strategicpoints. Land battles began toencompass even wider expansesof real estate and chew up moremen in the process.

Indust rialized Slaughter

Weapons rapidly improvedin their ability to mete outdeath and destruction. Rifledam munition proved its worth inthe Civil War. Soo n afterwards,machine guns which could spewout 450 rounds a minute hit thefront lines .

As the advances of scienceand technology began to accu­mulate, the time it took todevelop new wea pons was dras­tically compressed. In manycases the armaments turnoverwas so rapid that a weaponwould be obso lete by the time itreached the battlefield.

All of these changes werereflected in the mass carnageand bloodletting that came to

The Red Horse: W ar

be known as World War 1. Gen­erals often attempted to fighttwentieth-century battles withnineteenth-century tactics. T heresults were appalling and oftencatastrophic. A day's worth offighting would sometimes pro­duce more casualties than anentire war had in the past. Inthe Battle of the Somme500,000 English soldiers wereneedlessly sacrificed in anattempt to capture a few squaremiles of useless mud. One mil­lion men, t he equivalent of twoentire Napoleonic armies, wereki lled in the Battle of Verdun.

Before it was all over, 62million men had been ca lled upan d over half of that numberended up dead- or wounded.France alone lost a staggering1.4 million men; Ger many andAustria combined over twot imes that number.

A Rain of Terror

Wo rld War II made it spredecessor look tame by com ­parison. By t he time H it­ler 's panzers rolled into Polandin 1939, an other funda mentalbreakthrough in military tech­nique had occurred. T he air­plane had been perfected as aninstrument of mass des t ruct ion .Civilian and soldier alike werevictimized as the Axis powersind iscriminately bom bed den­sely pop ulated cities. Citi zens in

War, Disease andHistory

War is often a harbinger of more than just violence and physica ldestruction . It often paves the way for rampant disease epidemics.History is replete w ith tragic examples .

According to Herodotus, plague probably cost Xerxes 300,000men and a possible chance to conquer Greece during the PersianWars. The ram pag ing Huns were also forced to abandon the iradvance on Constantinople in A .D. 425 because of an outbreak ofsome deadly pestilence .

During the Crusades, disease was often an army 's deadliestenemy. A European army of 300,000 men was decimated by anepidemic in the campaigns of 1098 and 10 9 9 . Many of the rema in ­ing soldiers were forced to go it on foot because 7000 horses hadexpired as well.

Disease might have contributed more to Napoleon 's real Water­loo than did the Duke of Wellington. Of the 25 ,000 men he sent toquell a revolt in Hait i in 180 1, only 3000 returned . Most of theremaining 22,000 were felled by a deadly rash of yellow feve r.

Disease was also the primary factor that led to Napoleon'sdebacle in Russia . Wracked by the harsh w inter, bad water and lackof food , his troops came down w ith dysentery, typhus, and laterpneumonia. When Napoleon began his infamous retreat fromMoscow in 1812, only 80,000 men out of an original army of half amillion were fit for combat .

During the Crimean War typhus and cholera laid the armies ofboth sides low. Of the 309 ,000 Frenchmen who were sent intocombat , 150,000 were hospitalized by disease . A few decades later,20 million cases of typhus broke out in Russia following the October1917 revolution and ensu ing civil war . When it was all over, two­and-a-half to three million Russians had perished.

It's no wonder, then , that in John 's v ision of the four horsemenof the Apocalypse the black horse of fam ine and the pale horse ofpest ilence come ha rd on the heels of the red horse of war.

34 The Red Horse: War

London, Rotterdam, Shanghaiand Leningrad were among thefirst to feel the weight of theAxis air offensive. But as thewar wore on, the Allies also gotin on the saturation bombingact. Seventy thousand citizensof Hamburg were blasted,burned or crushed to deathafter 728 bombers leveled thecity. The results in Dresdenwere even more cataclysmic interms of human life. One hun­dred forty-five thousand peopleperished in the flames of a hugefirestorm. Tokyo suffered thesame fate. One hundred thou­sand people were incineratedfollowing a massive B-29 raid.

The technique of rainingdestruction from the skies

SOLDIERS in trench in Franceduring World War I - then called"the war to end all wars. "

allowed attackers to bombindiscriminately while feelingfew if any pangs of regret. ErichFromm, writing in The Anat­omy of Human Destructiveness,explains: "The men droppingthe bombs were hardly awarethat they were killing or burn­ing to death thousands ofhuman beings in a few minutes.The air crews were a team; oneman piloted the plane, anothernavigated it, another droppedthe bombs. They were not con­cerned with killing and werehardly aware of the enemy.They were concerned with the

Th e Grisly History of Armed Conflict

proper handling of their com­plicated machine along thelines laid down in meticulouslyorganized plans" (p. 346).

Massive air raids thatslaughtered thousands of civil­ians were one thing. Deliberatemass murder of millions ofhelpless humans was quiteanother.

Six million Jews becamehuman fodder for Hitler'sengines of mass extermination.Four million Europeans,including Russians, Poles,Ukranians, and Slavs, were alsoticketed for destruction. Somewere brutally beaten, blud­geoned, burned, shot, tortured,starved, or worked to death.But over the long haul theNazis found these "primitive"methods too inefficient andcostly.

So the combination gaschamber-crematorium wasdeveloped as the "final solu­tion." Everything was done ona production-line basis. Theprisoners marched in, placedtheir clothes and belongings inorderly piles, and filed into thegas chambers. The executionersdidn't have to witness the finalfew seconds of their victims'lives. It was all part of the neat,orderly wartime business ofdeath.

In spite of the grim legacyof destruction, heartache and

35

misery that was written duringW or ld War II, few if anynations seem to have learnedanything from it. Since 1945 theworld has yet to experience itsfirst year of genuine peace.More than sixty full-fledgedwars have dotted the globesince the Japanese signed thefinal surrender documents onthe decks of the USS Missouri.And some, like the Indochinaconflict, have continued almostnonstop ever since.

A Lesson Yet Unlearned

Today most countries thataren't actually involved in awar are in the process of busilyarming themselves "just incase. " Every year that passesseems to bring fresh impetus tothe rapidly escalating armsrace, as nations vie with oneanother in the military hard­ware marketplace.

After over 14,000 wars inthe last five-and-a-half mil­lennia of recorded history, onecan't help but wonder if manhas it within himself to bringgenuine and lasting peace tothis troubled earth. That ques­tion will be discussed in thenext chapter.

38

n many way s thesubject of peace has a lot incom m on with the weather.Everybody talks about it, butnobody knows what t o do aboutit . But after World War I ,t hings promised to be different,or at least so men thought.

In 1928 sixty-two nationsratified the Kellogg-Briandpeace pact . This trea t y didsomet h ing unpreceden ted int he anna ls of world diplomacy- it "outlawed" war. Hopes ranhigh during this heady post-warera. President Calvin Coolidgepublicly proclaimed: "It [theKellogg-Briand Pact] holds agreater hope for peaceful rela­t ions than was ever before givento the world."

The League of Nations alsocame into being as anotherimportant deterrent to war. Intheory and on paper the Leagueworked fine . But its perfor­mance under fire left a lot to bedesired . In J une 1936 HaileSelassie made an impassionedplea for hel p as Mussolini'sBlack Shirts overran his bor­ders. He was gree ted by jeersand catcalls from the Italian

Th e Red Horse: War

jo u rnalists s itting in theLeague's press box . T he Japa­nese delegation walked out inprotest. And the League stoodpassively by while Mussolinica r ved out his new RomanEmpire in the deserts of Ethio­pia . End of peace and finis forthe League.

The World 's Last Hope?

World War II failed todampen men' s desire for aworld peace-keeping organiza­tion . During the waning days ofthe war, delegates from aroundthe globe gathered in San Fran­cisco for the first char ter meet­ing of the United Na ti ons.Again statesmen were optimis­tic . Speaking of the new ly rati­fied U.N. charter, U.S.Sec retary of State Edward R.Stettinius exclaimed, "Wit h itnow rests our hope for good andlasting peace."

Hope springs eternal, but itdoesn 't always make for a last ­ing peace. Diplo mats discoveredt his dismal truth as a chillingclimate of cold war spread overthe globe. All t he while the oldnational, racial and ideo logicalanimosities continued to smol­der and burn.

Some twenty years a ndfifty wars later, most of thehopes for an era of world peaceunder the auspi ces of the U.N .had vanished. Ri chard C. Hot-

DESPITE efforts at detentethroughout history, lasting peacehas not been achieved,

After days of wranglingover the issue, a frustrated U.S.ambassador to the U.N., GeorgeBush, made the following pene­trating statement : "If thenations of the world hereas sembled in general sessioncannot debate the pressing glo­bal problems of the day andseek their solution, what can wedo ? What purpose do we servehere?" And when it was all

Man's Futile Search for Peace

telet, a veteran U.N. analystwriting in the Saturday Review,sum med up the situation atthat time as follows: "Politi­cally the U.N. appears to havebeen reduced to a state of impo­tence or at very least, to a con ­dition in which it ca n ac t onlyin occasional, auspicious con­ca t en a t ions of cir cu m s t a nce.Wishful hopes at its birth thatthe U.N. might be the key tothe millennium of pea ce weredashed all too soon."

But worse was yet to come.In 1972 the Palestine Libera­tion Organization capped off awave of worldwide ter ror bybru tally massacrin g elevenIsraeli athletes during theMunich Olympic Games. Secre­tary General Kurt Waldheimurged that the U.N. addressthis volatile issue. Certainly, inthe face of the senseless slaugh­ter of innocent victims, thisseemed the least it could do.

But Waldheim's originalresolution didn't stand achance. Arab delegates, withthe help of other Afro-Asianrepresen ta ti ves , effec ti velyblocked it at every turn. Evenc omprorn ise measures werevoted down. In the face of suchtenacious opposition it wasimpossible to even bring the

<::issue up for debate in the Gen- ~

eraI Assembly, much less do .3<::

anything about it. 25 ........L. _

39

40 The Red Ho rse: W ar

over, Israeli Ambassador YosefTekoah referred to the defeatof the resolution by committeevote as "a further ind icationthat the United Nations havereac hed a point of virtualincapacity to deal serious ly andconstructively with principalproblems which today confrontthe international community."

The Lim its of Nations

Hobbled by a powerful andvocal bloc of Afro-Asiannations, the U.N. sunk to evenlower depths in the followingyears. It invited one of thearchitects of the Munich atro-

UNI TED NA nONS Se curit yCoun cil. Despite ef forts of theu. N., over six ty w ars have beenfought sin ce W orld W ar 1/.

city, Yasser Arafat, to speakbefore t he General Assembly ­and not as just any run-of-the­mill speaker, but as a head ofstate. Arafat's exalted visit hasto stand as the supreme ironyfor a body supposedly saddledwith the responsibility of pro­moting world peace. But tosome observers the abject fail­ure of the U.N. hardly came asa surprise.

Secretary General Kurt

Man 's Futile Search for Peace

Waldheim explained why: "Youm ust not expect the UnitedNations to accomplish miracles.We are made up of sovereignnations. We can only accom­plish what our member nationsallow us to accomplish. "

Therein lies the root of thedilemma. No world body com­posed of a disjointed, dividedand discordant group of sover­eign nations can ever hope toachieve anything meaningful inthe way of lasting peace. HansMorgenthau, writing in PoliticsAmong Nations, sheds furtherlight on this perplexing prob­lem: " T h e overwhelmingmajority would put what theyregard as the welfare of theirown nation above everythingelse, the in terests of a worldstate included. In other words,the peoples of the world are notwilling to accept world govern­ment, and their over-riding loy­alty to the nation erects aninsurmountable obstacle to itsestablishment."

Loyalty to a nation aboveall else has not only been one ofthe basi c c a u s e s of warthroughout history, but al so isa major roadblock t o peace. AsNorman Cousins put it: "T henations have insisted on retain­ing for themselves ultimateauthority in matters of secu­rity. They want the right topossess greater physical for ce

41

than they are willing to investin the organization chargedwith the maintenance of worldpeace. They have provided nospecific or adequate machineryto prevent aggression " (InPlace of Folly, p. 114) .

A Man-Made Muddle

Even apart from thenational sovereignty question,

"The overwhelming majoritywould put what they regardas the welfare of theirown nation above every­thing else , the interests ofa world state included.In other words, the peoplesof the world are notwill ing to accept worldgovernment. . . ."

world government in the handsof man would be nothing shor tof mind-boggling. For instance,who or what decides who is incharge? Would four billionhuman beings cas t ballots in aworldwide election? Or wouldt h e old " m igh t -m a kes-r igh t"formula come into play onceagain?

Would the type of govern­ment used be democratic, total­i tarian , c o m m u n is t i c , orcapitalistic? Under what sys­tem of laws or mores would

42

su ch a body operate? Would itbe Mao's little red book? TheKoran? Marxist theory? OrRoman Catholic dogma? Andeven if there were some type ofinternational consensus onvarious issues, that consensusor majority would be very, veryfallible .

Before any nation wouldbow the knee to such a world­ruling institution, an inordinateamount of power would have tobe concent rat ed in the hands ofa very few human beings ­power that would lead to t heestablishment of a totalitarianstate of the worst magnitude.As the Wall Street Journal putit some years ago : "It followsthat for a world government tobe effective, it would have topossess powers of compulsionundreamed-of in history 's worstnightmares . . . . No matter whowere the magistrates of theworld-state, they would have totrample on so many nationaland individual aspirations andatt itudes, would have to deploysuch an army of enforcers, t hatt he most probable upsho twould be a police-state on acolossal scale . . ." (Wall StreetJ ournal editorials, November14, 1963 and September 14,1965).

Obviously man 's approachto t he question of peace leavesmuch to be desi red. Nothing in

Th e Red Horse: W ar

his limited repertoire of feeblesolutions has even come closeto addressing the fundamentalcauses of the world's cont in­uous wars.

Millennia ago, the prophetsof Israel saw the same failing inthe people of their day. Jere­miah wrote: "They have healedalso the hurt of the daughter ofmy people slightly , saying ,Peace, peace; when there is nopeace" (Jer. 6:14). Isaiah waseven more emphatic: "The wayof peace they know not"(Isa. 59:8). Perhaps Robert J.Donovan, associate editor forthe Los Angeles Times, wasvoicing similar sen timen t swhen he recently commented:"Thirty years after D-Day, it isclear that mankind has not yetfound the key to peace, if thereis such a thing. "

A Long-Overl ooked Solu tion

Fortunately there is such athing as a "key to peace," bu tmost men have been unwillingor unable to re cognize it. Presi­dent Luis E cheverria of Mexicoput his finger on the pr oblemwhen he r ecen tly obser ved:"N uclear arms are a prepara­ti on for war, and I don 't believethat anyone, objectively speak­ing, can believe that atomicequilibrium is going t o assurepeace indefinitely. Only a newconscience can achieve that."

Neededto Abolish War­

World GovernmentWinston Churchill: " Unless some effective world supergovernmentcan be brought quickly into action, the proposals for peace andhuman progress are dark and doubtful. "

Albert Einstein: " In the light of new knowledge, a world authorityand an eventual world state are not just desirable in the name ofbrotherhood , they are necessary for survival. "

Dr. Charles E. Osgood of the University of Illinois : " W hat we need,and that most urgently, is an enlivened search for new alternatives towar as a means of resolving human conflicts . A world governmentmay be the only permanent solution . "

Julian Huxley: " One of the factors which makes war more possibleis unrestricted nat ional sovereignty. If we want to reduce war fromthe status of a likely to an unlikely phenomenon , we must not abolishnationhood by any means, but subordinate it to world sovereignty ."

Dr. Edward Teller: " Internat ional law hardly exists today. Yet it isone of our most vital needs. . . . We must work for the establishmentof a world authority sustained by moral force and physical force - aworld government capable of enforcing worldwide law. "

Earl Attlee, former Prime Minister of Britain : " Some rule of inter­national law in the world is necessary if we are not to perish. "

Professor Joseph Rotblat, Polish-born physicist who helped developthe first atomic bomb : " Some sort of world authority must be found . Ican 't see any other way of the world surviving ."

Harold C. Urey, nuclear physicist: " There is no solution [to dis ­armament] except world government . "

Barbara Ward : " Undiluted national sovereignty is no longer an effi­cient or sufficient instrument of government ."

44

General Douglas M ac­Arthur, speaking shortly afterthe Japanese surrender inTokyo harbor, put it this way:"The problem basically is theo­logical and involves a spiritualrecrudescence and improve­ment of human character thatwill synchronize with ouralmost matchless advances in

"Politically the U.N. appearsto have been reducedto a state of impotence orat very least , to a con­dition in which it canact only in occasional ,auspicious concatenationsof circumstance."

science, art, literature, and allmaterial and cultural devel­opments of the past 2,000 years.It must be of the spirit if we areto save the flesh" (Reminis­cences, p. 459).

The Fort Worth Star-Tele­gram a lso put the problem ofworld peace in proper per­spective in a 1965 editorial :"The beating of swords intoplowshares throughout theworld is a laudable objective,and one whose p ursuit wewould in nowise seek to dis­courage. But in all realism itsachievement will require theshaping of fairly unmalleable

The Red Horse: W ar

human nature into a differentand more responsive pattern."

And t he apostle James alsogot right to the heart of thematter in the fourth chapter ofhis epistle: "From whence comewars and fightings among you?Come they not hence, even ofyour lusts that war in yourmembers? Ye lust, and havenot: ye kill, and desire to have,and cannot obtain : ye fight andwar, yet ye have not, because yeask not" (James 4:1-2).

Man's nature lies at theheart of the world's war-and­peace problems. T he only wayit can be changed is by a processof conversion that wasdescribed by the apostle Peterin the third chapter of the bookof Acts: "Repent ye therefore,and be converted, that yoursins may be blotted out, whenthe times of refreshing shallcome from the presence of theLord." Peter wasn't talkingabou t mere penance or amomentary religious experi­ence, but the real thing. Con­version, by God 's standards,requires the total change ofrepentance (of breaking God'slaws) , baptism, and t he receiv­ing of God's Spirit (seeActs 2:38; 5:32; Rom. 8:7-9).But under present world condi­tions the average man in thestreet or the average head ofstate is not about to voluntarily

Man's Futile Search for Peace

"WE SHALL bea t our swordsinto plowshares" - statue nearUnited Na tions building.

make such a radical about-face.As Sir Bertrand Russell oncewrote: "Some people pin theirhopes to a universal change ofheart. Certainly this would pre­vent war, if it happened, but Ido not see the rulers of theU.S.s.R. adopting the principlesof the Sermon on the Mount inany near future ."

Therein lies the problemwith man's present system ofgovernment. No self-respectinghead of state could make suchan abrupt departure from the

45

traditional standards of powerpolitics and hope to remain inoffice. To turn the nationalcheek and trust God for protec­tion would be out of the ques­tion as far as the vast majorityof world leaders are concerned.

That's why the present sys­tem of man's government cannever achieve a state of per­manent peace. As Erich Frommput it: " 'Sadism will disappearwhen exploitative control ofany class, sex, or minoritygroup has been done awaywith.' This can be done 'only ifthe whole [social and political]system as it has existed duringthe last 6,000 years of historycan be replaced by a fundamen-

~ tally different one'" (Time,January 7, 1974).

The question is how andwhen? "Can such a newapproach become operative intime to liberate man from waritself?" Lewis Mumford asks."Admittedly it may take an all­but-fatal shock treatment, closeto catastrophe, to break thehold of civilized man's chronicneurosis. Even such a belatedawakening would be a miracle"(Saturday Evening Post, April18, 1959).

Just such a miracle will bediscussed in the final chapter.

48

here is it all going toend? That was the question thetwelve disciples of Jesus Christposed in the twenty-fourthchapter of Matthew. Christ'sanswer, known as the OlivetProphecy, is quite revealing."And ye shall hear of wars andrumours of wars," Christ said,referring to one of the propheticsignals that would herald theend of an age (verse 6).

Certainly there havealways been wars. And ce r­tainly Christ's words had par­ticular meaning for that dayand age . Within a few sh or tdecades Roman legions underthe command of Titus sa cked ,burned and pillaged the city ofJerusalem .

But Jesus' warning aboutwar was also applicable toanother period in history. Inthe book of Revelation, Christ ,speaking through the apostleJohn, amplified some of Hisprevious prophetic statements.In the sixth chapter, Johnwrites: "And there went outanother horse that was red: andpower was given to him that satthereon to take peace from the

The Red Horse: War

earth, and t hat they sho uld killone another : and there wasgiven unto him a great sword"(Rev. 6:4).

John was not speakingabout the fall of Jerusalem.That war was already sometwenty years behind him. Johnwas referring to fu t ure even tsthat would bring 6000 years ofhuman history crashing to acataclysmic close.

The context of the book ofRevelation alone demonstratesthis. In chapter 9, verse 16,John writes of an army of 200million men. There were barelythat many men, women andchildren on earth in the days ofChrist or the apostle John .Until the nineteenth century itwould have been impossible tofield an army this big , even if allthe nations of the world hadpooled their manpow erresources .

During the height of WorldWar II the com bined armies ofbo th Allied and Axi s forceswere only a fra ction of thistotal.

So John is referring to atime yet ahead of us wh en"peaceful coexistence" will be athing of the past. But specifi­cally what is it that leads tothis intensified period of globalwars and conflicts?

In the twelfth chapter ofRevelation, John gets right to

The War That Could End It All

the heart of the problem. Hedescribes the fall of a greatarchangel, Satan the Devil:"And there was war in heaven:Michael and his angels foughtagainst the dragon; and thedragon fought and his angels,and prevailed not; neither wastheir place found any more inheaven. And the great dragonwas cast out, that old serpent,called the Devil, and Satan,which deceiveth the wholeworld: he was cast out into theearth, and his angels were castout with him" (Rev. 12:7-9).

A Demonic War Maker

This is the same greatbeing who took peace from theearth back in the Garden ofEden. This is the same Satanwho had a face-to-face con­frontation with Jesus Christover the eventual rulership ofthe world. In t hat particularencounter the devil offeredChrist rulership of "all thekingdoms of the world, and theglory of them" (Matt. 4:8).Satan had them to offer andChrist didn't dispute that fact .

It is this super archangelknown as "t he prince of thepower of the air" (Eph. 2:2)who stands as the power behindevery national throne (seeDan. 10:12-13). He has beenresponsible for the war-makingmachinations that have gone on

49

in virtually every world capitalsince the beginning of recordedhistory. But this time he pullsout all stops. Satan with hisgreat perverted intellect canread the signs of the times. Heknows that his six-thousand­year-old world dynasty isalmost over, and he's not aboutto give it up without a titanicstruggle.

That means things aregoing to get extremely hot forthe inhabitants of this world.As John writes: "Woe to theinhabiters of the earth and ofthe sea! for the devil is come

"And there went out anotherhorse that was red: andpower was given to himthat sat thereon to takepeace from the earth,and that they should killone another. . . ."

down unto you, having greatwrath, because he knoweth thathe hath but a short time"(Rev. 12:12).

But that's only the begin­ning of the devil's desperateeleventh-hour campaign. Thefollowing chapter continues thenarrative of John: "And I stoodupon the sand of the sea, andsaw a beast rise up out of thesea, having seven heads and ten

50

horns, and upon his horns tencrowns, and upon his heads thename of blasphemy . . . . Andthey worshipped the dragonwhich gave power unto thebeast: and they worshipped thebeast, saying, Who is like untothe beast? who is able to makewar with him?" (Rev. 13:1, 4.)

Satan's last-ditch standcenters around his favoriteinstrument of destruction - arevitalized Roman Empire. It isthe same system described inthe seventh chapter of Daniel,now raising its ugly head forone final fling at world power.Like the ancient empires of old,this one will also be centeredaround the familiar church­state partnership with thenation, the ruler, and the gov­erning system held in idola­trous esteem (Rev. 13:11-15).

Once it decides to wagewar, virtually nothing willstand in the way of this giganticmilitary juggernaut. Like itspredecessors, it will quickly rollup an impressive string of mili­tary victories with lightning­like thrusts, this time in theMiddle East. Speaking of thisyet-future campaign, theprophet Daniel wrote: "And atthe time of the end shall theking of the south push at him :and the king of the north shallcome against him like a whirl­wind, with chariots, and with

The Red Horse: War

horseme n, an d with manyships; and he shall enter intothe countries, and shall over ­flow and pass over. He shallenter also into the glorious land[Palestine], and many countriesshall be overthrown.. .. Buttidings out of the east and outof the north shall trouble him:therefore he shall go forth withgreat fury to destroy, andutterly to make away many"(Dan. 11:40, 41, 44).

A Decidedly UnconventionalWar

Even more terrifying is theway these wars will be fought.Again the apostle John paints agrisly picture in the ninth chap­ter of Revelation : "And therecame out of the smoke locustsupon the earth: and unto themwas given power, as the scor­pions of the earth havepower . . . . And the shapes ofthe locusts were like untohorses prepared unto battle;and on their heads were as itwere crowns like gold, and theirfaces were as the faces of men.And they had hair as the hair ofwomen, and their teeth were asthe teeth of lions. And they hadbreastplates, as it were breast­plates of iron; and the sound oftheir wings was as the sound ofchariots of many horses run­ning to battle. And they hadtails like unto scorpions, and

The W ar That Could End It All

there were stings in their tails:and their power was to hurtmen five months" (Rev. 9:3, 7­10).

Could John have beenpoetically referring to modern­day weapons such as jets, rock­ets, or missiles? Why wouldmen be tormented and not die?Could they be suffering fromradiation sickness or the effectsof germ warfare? What Johnwas referring to is almostimpossible to ascertain - but itcertainly wasn't normal, con­ventional warfare.

Whatever it was, it wasonly the beginning of man'sfuture wartime woes. Usingstark apocalyptic language,

51

John goes on to describe a mas­sive army of 200 million men inverse 17: "And thus I saw thehorses in the vision, and themthat sat on them , havingbreastplates of fire, and ofjacinth, and brimstone: and theheads of the horses were as theheads of lions; and out of theirmouths issued fire and smokeand brimstone."

Notice the awesome tollthese weapons take: "By thesethree was the third part of men

VIEW of Jerusalem (Temple Mountand Dome of the Rock in fore ­ground) as seen from the Mountof Olives. Headquarters for Christ'sworld-ruling government will bein Jerusalem.

52

killed, by the fire, and by thesmoke, and by the brimstone,which issued out of theirmouths" (verse 18).

Could the lethal smokeJohn describes be radioactivefallout from future nuclearweapons? And could the fire bethe thermal radiation effect?Again, all we can do at thispoint is speculate on whatcould happen. But the endresults speak for themselves ­one third of all humanity dead.

Joel likewise graphicallyportrays an unprecedentedperiod of chaos and war. " ...There hath not been ever thelike, neither shall be any moreafter it , even to the years ofmany generations. A fire devou­reth before them; and behindthem a flame burneth: the landis as the garden of Eden beforethem, and behind them a deso ­late wilderness; yea, and noth­ing shall escape them . Theappearance of them is as theappearance of horses; and ashorsemen, so shall they run.Like the noise of chariots on thetops of mountains shall theyleap, like the noise of a flame offire that devoureth the stubble,as a strong people set in thebattle array. Before their facethe people shall be muchpained: all faces shall gatherblackness" (Joel 2:2-6 ).

It's no wonder that Jere-

The Red Horse : War

miah, in referring to thesetumultuous times, stated:"Alas! for that day is great, sothat none is like it: it is eventhe time of J acob's trouble . . ."(Jer. 30:7).

"For then shall be greattribulation, such as was notsince the beginning of the worldto this time, no, nor ever shall

"They had . . . breastplatesof iron; and the sound ofthe ir wings was as thesound of chariots ofmany horses running tobattle. They had tailslike unto scorpions,and there were stings intheir tails: and their powerwas to hurt men. . . ."

be ." And were this militarymadness allowed to continue onto its final bitter conclusion,Christ went on to say that"there should no flesh be saved[Moffatt adds 'saved alive']:but for the elect's sake thoseda ys shall be shortened" (Matt.24:21, 22).

The Last Great Battle

Unless God put a suddenstop to man's misguided activi­ties, Christ plainly states therewould be no hope for the sur­vival of the human race.

The W ar That Could End It All 53

KIDRON VALLEY (near Jerusa­lem), over which many battleshave been fought.

(Rev. 11:18). Satan the Devil isangry. He knows he's about tolose his cherished seat of power.He figures his only recourse isto fight God. So he gathers hisforces for one final all-outbattle with the returning JesusChrist . Again John writes:"And I saw three unclean spir­its like frogs come out of themouth of the dragon, and out ofthe mouth of the beast, and outof the mouth of the falseprophet. For they are the spiritsof devils [demons], workingmiracles, which go forth untothe kings of the earth and of thewhole world, to gather them tothe battle of that great day ofGod Almighty.... And he gath-

God's dramatic, eleventh­hour in terven tion in worldaffairs does not come withoutwarning. It is announced by theblowing of the seventh trump inRevelation 11:15 : "And theseventh angel sounded; andthere were great voices inheaven, saying, The kingdomsof this world are become thekingdoms of our Lord, and ofhis Christ, and he shall reign forever and ever." After 6000 yearsof human misrule, world poweris finally restored to its rightfulowner - Jesus Christ of Naza­reth. Atone stroke this even tremoves one of the basic factorsthat has led men to warthroughout all of recorded his­tory. It means the final end ofdivisive, petty, narrow-mindednational sovereignty. It meansthe beginning of the end forhuman misrule, intolerance andmisunderstanding. Here at longlast is the real way to peacemankind has rejected.

You would think with thismonumental announcementthe nations of the world wouldthrow down their arms, shouthallelujah, and receive Christwith open arms. At long las there is the peaceful solutionthey have desperately needed,but haven't been able to find.

But nothing of the kind - -c

~they do just the opposite. "And -c,

the nations were angry " I\,j

54 The Red Horse : War

IN BIBLICAL symbolism, locustsapparently represent modernmechanized warfare.

ered them together into a placecalled in the Hebrew tongueArmageddon" (Rev. 16:13-16).

"mount of Megiddo," sits ast­ride three important mountainpasses that allow for quickaccess across the length andbreadth of Palestine. It was atMegiddo that Josiah was slainattempting to block passage ofPharaoh Necho of Egypt north­ward to fight the Babylonians.Gideon and Barak won impres­sive battles here during theperiod of the Judges. And Gen-

:g eral Allenby 's forces surprised~ the Turkish armies at Megiddo

in 1918.But this time there is no

real contest. John records inRevelation 19:19 and 17:14:"And I saw the beast, and thekings of the earth, and theirarmies, gathered together tomake war against him that sat

~ on the horse [Christ], and-c~ against his army. . . . and the~ Lamb shall overcome them: for~o he is Lord of lords, and King ofcit kings... ."

Other prophets describedthe battle in more graphicdetail. Zechariah, for instance,states: "For I will gather allnations against Jerusalem tobattle. . .. And this shall be theplague wherewith the Lord willsmite all the people that havefought against Jerusalem; theirflesh shall consume away whilethey stand upon their feet , andtheir eyes shall consume awayin their holes, and their tongue

The Battle of Armageddon

The location for this lastclimactic battle will apparentlybe well-chosen for its st rategicvalu e. Armageddon, or the

The War That Could End It All

shall consume away in t heirmouth" (Zech. 14:2, 12).

At t he sa me time, J esusChrist will put a final end t ot he power-hungry church-statesystem that has wracked theworld with war for 6000 years.John records t his earthshakingevent in the fourteenth an deighteenth chapters of Revela­tio n. It's in t eresting that inspeaking of this resurrected sys ­tem John writes : "And in herwas found the blood of proph­ets, and of saints, and of allthat were slain upon the earth"(Rev. 18:24).

Peace at Last

Jesus Christ will then goabout the business of estab­lishi ng real world peace. WithSa t a n t he Devi l bound(Rev. 20 :2) , h is destructi vechurch-state combine out of theway, and with t he nations nolonger governed by fall ible men,remarkable things will begin tohappen. Isaiah writes: "And itshall come to pass in the lastdays, that the mo untain [gov­ernment] of the Lord 's houseshall be established in the topof the mountains, and shall beexa lted above the hill s ; and allnations shall flow unto it. Andman y people shall go and say,Come ye, and let us go up to themo untain of the Lord, to thehouse of the God of J acob; and

55

he will teach us of his ways, andwe will walk in his pa ths: forout of Zion shall go forth thelaw, and the word of the Lordfrom J erusalem. And he shall

After 6,000 years ofhuman misrule, worldpower is finally restoredto its rightful owner ­Jesus Christ ofNazareth.

judge am ong the nations, andshall rebuke many people: andthey shall beat the ir swordsinto plowshares , a n d t heirsp ea r s into pru ni nghooks :nation shall not lift up swordagainst nation, neither shallthey lea rn war any more"(Isa . 2:2-4; see also Micah 4:1­4) .

For the first time the vastmajority of people will learnwhat it means to live accordingto God 's laws . No longer willthey be mot iva ted to fight an dquarrel, but will learn to lovet heir fellow man. There it is ­the final solution to war.

For the sake of all hu man­ity, the sooner it arrives t hebetter.

BibliographyAron, Raymond . The Century of Total War. Boston : The Beacon

Press, 1954.Blainey, Geoffrey . The Causes of War. New York: The Free Press,

1973.Bramson, Leon and Goethals, George W ., editors. War: Studies fr om

Psychology, Soc io logy, Anthropology. New York : Basic Books,Inc ., 19 64.

Caidin , Martin . When War Comes. New York : William Morrow & Co.,1972.

Calder, Nigel. Unless Peace Comes. New York : The Viking Press ,1968.

Cartwright, Frederick F. Disease and His tory. New York : Thomas Y.Crowell Company, 1972.

Cookson , John, and Nott ingham, Judith . A Survey of Chemical andBiological Warfare . New York : Monthly Rev iew Press, 1969.

Cousins, Norman . In Place of Folly. New York : Harper & Brothers,19 61 .

Falk , Richard A . Law, Morality, and War in the Contemporary World.London : Pall Mall Press, 1963 .

Falk , Richard A . This Endangered Planet. New York : Random House,197 1.

Fried , Morton; Harris, Marvin ; and Murphy, Robert ; ed itors. The An­thropology of Armed Conflict and Aggression. Garden City : TheNational History Press, 1968.

Fromm, Erich. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness. New York :.Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973 .

Glasstone, Sam uel, editor. The Effects of Nuclear Weapons . Un itedStates Atom ic Energy Commission , 1957.

Hersey, John. Hiroshima. New York: Bantam Pathfinder Edition ,1946.

Ikle , Fred Char les. Every War Must End. New York : Columbia Univer­sity Press, 197 1.

Kahn , Herman. On Thermonuclear War . Prin ceton : Princeton Univer­sity Press, 1961 .

Lapp , Ralph E. Kill and Overkill. New York : Basic Books , Inc. , 1962 .Leckie , Robert . Warfare . New York : Harper and Row , 1970.Mendelsohn, Isaac . Slavery in the Ancient Near East. New York : Ox-

ford University Press, 1949.Morgenthau, Hans J. Politics Among Nations. New York: Alfred A .

Knopf,1967 .Mumford, Lewis . The City in History. New York : Harcourt, Brace and

World , Inc ., 1961.Mumford, Lewis . The Myth of the Machine : Technics and Human De­

velopment. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich , lnc.. 1967 .0' Brien , W illiam V. War and/or Survival. Garden City : Doubleday &

Company, Inc. , 1969.Pauling , Linus. No More War! New York : Dodd, Mead & Company,

1962.Rapoport , Roger. The Great American Bomb Machine. New York : E.

P. Dutton & Co., Inc . 1971 .Strachey, John . On the Prevention of War. New York: St . Martin 's

Press, 1962.Thayer, George. The War Business. New York : Simon and Schuster,

1969.Von Clasewitz , Carl. On War. London : Pengu in Books , 1968.Ward, Barbara . Spaceship Earth. New York : Columbia University

Press, 1966.Wells, Donald A. The War Myth. New York: Western Publishing Com­

pany, Inc. , 1967.White, Ralph K. Nobody Wanted War. New York : Doubleday & Com­

pany, Inc ., 1968.Wright, Quincy. A Study of War. Chicago : The Un iversity of Chicago

Press, 1964.York , Herbert . Race to Oblivion. New York : Simon and Schuster,

1970.Zinsser, Hans. Rats , Lice and History . New York : Bantam Pathfinder

Editions, 1935.

~elASE

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f!u;eRSE

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ADDITIONAL READING

The Worldwide Church of God publishes many infor­mative book let s on a w ide range of bib lical to pics . Threeare listed be low :

Is This the End Time?

Do the present prophesied end-time conditionsrepresent the end of this physical globe as well as theclose of this age? Or does our presently plundered planethave a permanent and vital place in the universe? Andare these worsening world conditions just a horribleprelude to a utopian era of peace and plenty?

How To Understand Prophecy:.-._ - -

The major events that will headline tomorrow's newsare already pre-recorded. Yet biblical prophecy is a com­plete mystery to millions. This booklet reveals certainvital keys that will unlock predictive prophecy to yourunderstanding. It will explain prophetic time lapsesand prophetic symbolism.

The Ten Com mandm ents

Are the Ten Commandments obsolete in today'schaotic, war-weary world? Or are they as applicable nowas they were when God gave them on Mount Sinai?Here is a book explaining plainly this inexorable livinglaw - soon to become the global standard for the peace­ful, prosperous, joyful World Tomorrow.

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