4. ergonomic of wimp interface

30
HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION (INTERACTION HOMME- MACHINE) Sethserey SAM 1

description

Multimedia

Transcript of 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

Page 1: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION

(INTERACTION HOMME-MACHINE)

Sethserey SAM

1

Page 2: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

CHAPTER 4:ERGONOMIC OF WIMP INTERFACE

2

Usage conduct rules from honest graphic user interface designer for interactive system

Page 3: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

INTERACTION STYLE

3

o Command lineo Query language and question / reply

o Menuso WIMP interfaces

o Selection formo Natural language (handwriting, speech)o 3D interface, gesture (sensor), approaching the reality, …

Page 4: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

WINDOWS/WIDGETS

4

A Window is rarely a passive object: Widget Interactive graphic object

Ergonomic recommendation concerning all aspects of widgets General design for display (simple) Dynamic behavior: react to user actions

Some ergonomic recommendation Open the windows Direct manipulation: maintain the

feedback

Page 5: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

WINDOWS AND FEEDBACK

5

o An essential dimension

Always conserve the coupling perception/action which allows the paradigm of direct manipulation

o Example• Pointing / selection

• Movement / Modification / Tracking

• Opening / Closure

Page 6: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

WINDOWS: OPENING

6

o Open a Window

o A strategy to avoid Fixed parameters for opening

o Two strategies acceptable Concentrate on user preferences: opening to the position and follow

the size of the last closure Concentrate on focus: opening to the proximity of attention focus (for

example: the icon which is just clicked on), but to a sufficiently distance which will not mask this focus

Page 7: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

WINDOWS: OPENING / CLOSURE

7

Opening an WindowsConservation of feedback

Closure an WindowsThe closure without feedback (no animation …) is disturbing

Page 8: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

MULTI-WINDOWS

8

o Advantage: multi-tasking environment A task may need several applications Transparent management of multi-task compare with commands in UNIX

bg / fg

o Principle problem: masking of information Lose of context Access time for the masking windows

o Different strategies for multi-tasking management Mosaics of windows (tiling) Flipping windows Overlapping windows (recovery) Zoomable windows

Page 9: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

MULTI-WINDOWS: STRATEGY

9

Mosaics of windows (tiling)

Page 10: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

MULTI-WINDOWS: STRATEGY

10

Windows overlapping

Flipping windows

Page 11: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

MULTI-WINDOWS: STRATEGY

11

Zoomable windows

Mac OS X (Exposé / Quartz Extreme)

Page 12: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

MULTI-WINDOWS: RECOMMENDATION

12

Organization strategies Allow recovery or failover (overlapping) of windows for experienced user Use tiling windows for occasional user

Example: Encyclopedia for public

Strategies for division in windows Organize the division according to the task: regrouping coherent of

information Limit the quantity of information to memorize from one window to another Adapt the number of windows to the utilization: increase the number of

windows for an utilization less frequent, complex windows is limited/reserved for very frequent usage (ex: Paint, Photoshop, …)

Page 13: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

ICON

13

Advantage Easily identifiable Compact: small space in interface

Difficulty Identification the meaning associate to an icon [Camacho 90]

Page 14: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

ICON: CONSTRUCTION

14

Methodologies Identify all the commands we want to make icon and create the icon in

the same time Limit the icons to frequent command Always valid the conception by an experimentation

Construction rules

Page 15: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

ICON: GUIDELINE

15

Some recommendations Limit number of icons on interface (degradation from 12) Ensure that the character of selection of an icon is clearly visible

Help identify the icons Ensure that the icons are well distinguishable from one to another Group the icons base on family Coherence the representation in the group

Prioritize the association icon/text

Page 16: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

MENUS

16

o Not necessary in graphic Menus are used before the creation of GUIs WIMP

o Advantage Structure the functionalities of system following an organization logic and

coherence which is easy understand and memorize Important of task analyses

o Limitation Lack of rapidity: useful especially for novice and occasional user (forecast

shortcut for expert)o Different structures of menus

Unique menus Linear sequential task (example: software installation) Hierarchic Acyclic

Page 17: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

MENUS: LINEAR

17

Use case Sequential task Simplification of a task through a succession of sub-tasks

Example

Form creation in

MS ACCESS

Page 18: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

MENUS: ACYCLIC

18

Explore order indifferent Sub-task independent or optional Menus tabs, options

Page 19: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

MENUS: HIERARCHIC

19

Example 1

MS PowerPoint: 3 level, width (factor of branching) 6 to 20

Page 20: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

MENUS: HIERARCHIC

20

Example 2

Windows Start Menus: vary level and width

Page 21: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

MENUS: HIERARCHIC

21

Which organization of level and width? Kiger (1984): 64

Wallace et al. (1987): problem menus level 96% supplementary of errors 16% more of time execution

Width x Levels

Page 22: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

MENUS: HIERARCHIC

22

Law of Landauer and Nachbar (1985) Experimental law: access time of a menus of N

items which is divided into D balance levels (the same factor of branching b for each node), suppose D = logb(N)

Experiment with N=4096; b=2, 4, 8, 16 General rule T = D * (k1 + k2*log(b))

Recommendation

rioritize the larger of menus to its levels

aximum width: 10 (novices) to 20 (experts) item maximum for each level

aximum level: 3 or 4

ary width: we can increase the factors of branching to the root and leave of tree

lways consider the specificity of task

Page 23: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

MENUS: ORDER OF THE REPRESENTATION OF ITEMS

23

Sort the item for sequential data (natural order) Date, number (chapter number, quantity, …), …

Do not have natural order: static ordering Order items base on alphabetic Functional: the most important item first

Frequency: the item most used first

Do not have natural order: dynamic ordering Last used item first

Page 24: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

ORDER OF THE REPRESENTATION: EXPERIMENTATION

24

Card (1982): Text Editor menus with 18 items

Somberg and Picardi (1983): menus with 5 items Selection time proportional to the position of the item in the list Selection time more rapid with familiarized items

Mitchell and Schneiderman (1988): dinner menu selection Best performance with static menus vs. dynamic menus

Page 25: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

MENUS: ORDER OF THE REPRESENTATION OF ITEMS

25

Alphabetic

Functional

Frequency

Dynamic

Static: positional coherence

Page 26: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

MENUS: ORDER OF THE REPRESENTATION OF ITEMS

26

Shared menus

Compromise previous solution 3-4 items the most frequent use Last selected items Static functional menus for the following

rinciple of commensurate efforts Destructive commands (cannot cancel) at

the end of menus, with separation

S Office XP

Page 27: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

MENUS: ORDER OF THE REPRESENTATION OF ITEMS

27

Positional coherence and Contextual menus Conserve non valid items for the current context Operational visibility, guidance: made different items valid

MS PowerPoint

Page 28: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

POINTER: MOUSE

28

Affectation of commands to the button Coherence: the rules of mouse buttons must be constant Coherence: integrated the classic rules of button

Left button: selection Right button: display contextual menus

Adaptation: not everyone have a mouse with 3 buttons No command invoke-able uniquely with mouse

Double click Commands associate to a double click must be coherent with

the one of single click on the same button No any function should be invoked only with double click (ex:

open)

Page 29: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

OTHER WIMP OBJECTS

29

Pop-up windows Explicit button (termination: OK, …) and visible Place the pop-up windows close to concerning object Study the position and size to avoid masking of information Masking: allow the movement of window before termination

Selection components

Check/radioButton

Selection list

List

Number of choice [2,6] [7,12] >12 Vary

Check/Radio Button

Selection List

List

Page 30: 4. ergonomic of wimp interface

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

30

Publication Camacho M.J., Steiner B.A., Berson B.L. (1990) Icons versus alpha-numerics

in pilot-vehicles interfaces. Actes Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting.

Card S. (1982) User perceptual mechanisms in the search of computer command menus. Actes ACM Human Factors in Computer Systems, Washington DC. 190-196.

Kiger J. (1984) The depth / breadth trade-off in the design of menu-driven user interfaces. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 20, 1984. 201-213.

Landauer T., Nachbar D. (1985) Selection from alphabetic and numeric menu trees using a touch screen : breadth, depth and width. Actes CHI’85, ACM, New-York, NJ, 73-78.

Mitchell J., Schneidermann B. (1989) Dynamic versus static menus : an experimental comparison. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, 20(4), 33-36.

Somberg B., Picardi M. (1983) Locus of information familiarity effect in the search of computer menus. Actes 37th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, San Monica, CA, 826_830.

Wallace D., Anderson N., Shneiderman B. (1987) Time stress effect on two menu selection systems, Actes 31th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, CA. 727-731.