4. environment pollution and disaster

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Transcript of 4. environment pollution and disaster

Page 1: 4. environment pollution and disaster

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k|sf]k 1fgdfnfsf] o; rf}yf] z[ª\vnfdf jftfj/0f k|b"if0f, cksif{0f / o;af6 kg]{ k|efjnfO{5f]6s/Ldf JofVof ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . k|sf]ksf ljleGg 36gfsf ljifodf k|j]z ug'{klxn] To:tf 36gfsf] pTklQ x'g] o:tf ljifodf hfgsf/L k|fKt ug'{ cfjZos ePsf] 7fg]/jftfj/0f ljgfzsf sf/0f / k|efjsf ljifodf dfq oxfF rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

lg/Gt/ al9/x]sf / ljgfzsf/L aGb} uPsf k|sf]ksf 36gfn] gofF–gofF ¿k wf/0f ug{yfn]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ klg xfdLn] la;{g' x'Fb}g / o;sf] d"n sf/0f jftfj/0f cksif{0f g} xf]eGg' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}n] k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf lqmofsnfknfO{ tNnf] ;d'bfo;Ddk|efjsf/L agfpg] nIo lnP/ jftfj/0f ljgfz / k|sf]khGo 36gfnfO{ Ps;fy hf]8]/ljZn]if0f o; z[ª\vnfdf ul/Psf] 5 .

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jftfj/0f ljgfz/ k|sf]kk[i7e"ldjftfj/0fLo ;d:of jt{dfg ljZjsf] lrGtf / rf;f]sf] ;jfn ag]sf] 5 . e"ld,hn / jfo'nufot ;a} If]qdf a9]sf] k|b"if0f / cksif{0fn] jftfj/0fnfO{ k|b"lift/ u'0f:t/xLg agfPsf] 5 . tLj| ¿kdf eO/x]sf] jftfj/0f k|b"if0fn] o;sf]k|fs[lts u'0f:t/nfO{ ck|fs[lts cj:yfdf ¿kfGt/0f ul//x]sf] 5 . jftfj/0fLok|b"if0f / cksif{0fsf sf/0f g} k|sf]khGo 36gfx¿df j[l4 ePsf] 5 /hgwgsf] Iflt a9\g] k|lqmofdf klg lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 .

dflg;n] cfˆgf cfjZostf k"lt{sf nflu k|fs[lts ;|f]]tdfly lg/Gt/ cltqmd0ful//x]sf] 5 eg] cfly{s ljsf;sf lgldQ b|'tt/ cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ul//x]sf]5 . x/]s lbg gofF /;fog, gofF k|ljlwsf cf}Bf]lus oGq, nfvf}F ;jf/L;fwgsf]pTkfbg eO/x]sf] 5 . oL oGq, j:t' tyf ;fwg pTkfbg ug{ / ;~rfng ug{k]6«f]n, l8h]n, Uof;, sf]Onfh:tf OGwgsf] k|of]u x'G5 . o:tf j:t' pknAwgx'g] :yfg / 3/fo;L cjZostf k"/f ug{ jgaf6 bfp/f / sf7 ;ª\sng u/]/afNg] sfo{ x'G5 . oL ;a} dfgjLo ultljlwn] jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n k|efjkf/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm cJojl:yt e"pkof]u, v]taf/Ldf /f;folgs dn,sL6gfzs cf}iflw cflbsf] k|of]un] e"k|b"if0f dfq a9fPsf] 5}g, To;n] e"ldutkfgL / jfo'd08nnfO{ klg k|b"lift agfPsf] 5 . TolQ dfq xf]Og, kmf]xf]/d}nfsf]cTolws lgisfzg / Joj:yfkgsf] sdLn] dxfdf/L lj:tf/ x'g] vt/f a9]sf]5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo jftfj/0f sfo{qmdsf] cWoog k|ltj]bgn] ljZjdf *)k|ltzt /f]usf] sf/0f k|b"lift kfgL ePsf] tYo ;fj{hlgs ul/;s]sf] 5 .o:tf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkdf dflg;s} xft /x]sf] tYonfO{ j}1flgsx¿n] :jLsf/ul/;s]sf 5g\ . jftfj/0f cksif{0f / k|b"if0fsf] j[l4n] ljleGg k|sf/sfk|sf]khGo 36gfsf] lj:tf/ / hgwgsf] Iflt klg lg/Gt/ a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

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jftfj/0fsf] kl/roxfdLn] b]lv/x]sf] tyf xfd|f] jl/kl/sf]] ef}uf]lns :j¿knfO{ k|s[lt elgG5 .xfjf, kfgL, kxf8–kj{t, t/fO{ tyf ;dy/ e"ld, b"g, pkTosf, vf]nf, gbL,kf]v/L, ;d'b|, jghª\un, v]taf/L cflb k|s[ltsf cleGg cª\u x'g\ . oL ;a}b[io Ps} 7fpFdf kfpg ;lsFb}g . xfdLn] ;d'b| b]Vg ef/t jf cGo ;d'b|t6Lod'n'sdf hfg' k5{ . lsgeg] g]kfnsf] ;Ldfdf ;d'b| 5}g . sltko t/fO{af;Ln]kxf8 / kxf8af;Ln] t/fO{ gb]v]sf] klg x'g ;S5 . h] eP klg xfdLn] cfˆgf]jl/kl/sf] e"ld, cfsfz, jghª\un, jGohGt' / k|s[ltdf kfOg] cGo w]/}s'/fx¿ b]v]sf 5f}F . k|s[ltdf jg x'G5, jGohGt' x'G5g\, kfgL x'G5, xfjf x'G5,df6f] klg ToxLF x'G5 . oL ;a} j:t' tyf hLjsf] ;ª\uddf ag]sf] k|s[ltsf]kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLnfO{ jftfj/0f jf kof{j/0f (Environment) elgG5 .

…k[YjLsf] ;Dk"0f{ cfj/0f, hxfF;Dd hldg, hn / xfjf km}lnPsf] 5Ú jftfj/0fsf]d]?b08 cyjf d"n ¿k xf] . o;k|sf/ cfsfz / k[YjLdf kfOg] hn, yn, jg,d?e"ld ;a} jftfj/0fleq k5{g\ . ctM …k[YjL / cfsfz hxfF;Dd xfjfkm}lnPsf] 5, To;aLrsf] ;hLj / lghL{j j:t'sf] ;+o'Qm :j¿k cyf{t xfjf,kfgL, df6f], k|f0fL / jg:kltaLr /x]sf] cGt;{DaGw / afFRgsf nflu Pscsf{;Fu ;DalGwt / cfl>t /x]sf] k|s[ltsf] ;'Gb/ :j¿knfO{ jftfj/0felgG5Ú . o;af6 xfdLn] s] a'‰g' k5{ eg] jftfj/0fleqsf dflg;, 3/kfn'jfhgfj/, hª\unL hgfj/, sL/f–km6\ofª\u|f, hLjf0f';lxt ;Dk"0f{ hLj / ;a}k|sf/sf ¿v, la?jf tyf jg:klt / lghL{j j:t'x¿– xfjf, kfgL, k|sfz,tfk, 9'ª\uf, df6f] cflbsf] ;Gt'ngn] k[YjL hLjgof]Uo ag]sf] 5 .

jftfj/0f b'O{ zAb– …jftÚ / …cfj/0fÚ ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 . oxfF …jftÚ eg]sf] jfo'/ …cfj/0fÚ eg]sf] jfo'n] 9fs]sf] If]q cyjf jfo'sf] cfj/0f eGg] a'lemG5 .t;y{ jfo'n] 9fs]sf] jf 3]l/Psf] (surrounding) If]q, hxfF dflg;, hgfj/,

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¿vla?jf, df6f], xfjf, kfgL cflbsf] pkl:ylt x'G5 Tof] g} jftfj/0f xf] . oL;a} tŒjx¿sf] pkl:yltn] k|f0fL / jg:kltsf] hGd, j[l4 tyf ljsf;, d[To',ltgLx¿sf] sfo{k|0ffnL cflb ljifodf k|ToIf–ck|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fv]sf] x'G5 .

ljleGg ljåfg\n] jftfj/0fsf] kl/efiff lbPsf 5g\ . k|l;4 jftfj/0fljb\åo P=Pg= :6«]Xn/ / P= Pr= :6«]Xn/n] ;g\ !(&^ df jftfj/0fsf ;DaGwdf eg]sflyP– …x'g t clwsf+z jftfj/0fljb\ tyf e"uf]nj]Qfx¿sf] ;f]r dfgjLojftfj/0ftkm{ s]lGb|t /x]sf] kfOG5 . t/ dflg;sf] ;DaGw p;sf] cfˆgf] lghLhLjg;Fu dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] x'Fb}g, a? p;n] afFRgsf nflu 3/kfn'jf tyfjGohGt' / ;a} jg:kltsf] cl:tTjnfO{ :jLsfg'{ k5{ .Ú

o;}u/L s]= cf/= bLlIftn] eg]sf 5g\– …jftfj/0f ljZjsf] To:tf] ;du|b[li6sf]0f xf], h;n] s'g} ;do / ;Gbe{df ax':yflgs tŒj tyf ;fdflhs,;f+:s[lts / cfly{s k|0ffnL;Fu ;Da4 x'G5, h'g h}ljs tyf ch}ljs tŒjx¿sf]Jojxf/ jf cfr/0f cyjf :yfgsf] pkof]lutf (utility) cyjf u'0f (attributes)sf cfwf/df cnu x'G5 tfklg Ps;fy sfo{ ul//x]sf] x'G5 .Ú

bLlIftsf cg';f/ jftfj/0fsf] kl/efiff tyf ljifo If]q xfd|f] lxt, cle?lr /k|fyldstfn] lgwf{/0f u5{ . xfd|f] tTsfnLg cle?lr jf cfjZostfsf ;fwgx¿ M:yfg– hxfF xfdL a:5f}F, vfgf– h'g xfdL vfG5f}F, kfgL– h;nfO{ xfdL lkp5f}F,jfo'– h;af6 xfdL ;f; km]5f}F / xfd|f] cfly{s Joj:yfnfO{ ;an / ;Ifdagfpg] sfo{ ub{5f}F, Tof] g} jftfj/0fsf] pkof]lutf tyf u'0f:t/ xf] . pgsfcg';f/ jftfj/0fdf …jfo'– hn–:yn–jg:kltÚ sf] k|d'v :yfg x'G5 .

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!= lghL{j tŒjjftfj/0fsf] k|fs[lts cj:yfnfO{ ;Gt'lnt /fVg lghL{j tŒjsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf/x]sf] x'G5 . lghL{j tŒjn] k|f0fL tyf jg:kltnfO{ cfjZos kf]if0f k|bfgul//x]sf] x'G5 . jftfj/0fsf lghL{j tŒj lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ M

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dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . df6f]d} jg:klt pd|G5g\ / x's{G5g\ . hldgsf]cj:yf ef}uf]lns agf]6cg';f/ km/s–km/s x'G5 . dlnnf] df6f], anf}6] df6f],r§fgL jf 9'ª\u] df6f] o;sf ;fdfGo pbfx/0f x'g\ . dflg;n] vfg] cGg,t/sf/L, kmnkm"n / kz'n] vfg] 3fF;, cf}iflwsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ h8La'6Ldf6f]d} pld|G5g\ . xfdLn] b]lv/xg] ;dy/ tyf d}bfg, kxf8, pkTosf, lxdfndfkfOg] df6f]sf :j¿k ljleGg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .

v= jfo'xfjf cyf{t jfo' jftfj/0fsf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ tŒj xf] . clS;hgnfO{ tk|f0fjfo' g} elgG5 . To;}n] jo' k|f0fLsf] hLjgbftf xf] . jfo'ljgf s'g} hLjIf0fe/ klg afFRg ;Sb}gg\ .

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u= kfgLjftfj/0fsf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ tŒj kfgL xf] . h;/L xfjfljgf hLjg ;Dejx'Fb}g To;}u/L kfgLsf] cefjdf klg hLjsf] cl:tTj ;Dej x'Fb}g . kfgL gePdf6f] jfo' ;lxt ;Dk"0f{ jftfj/0f ;'Vvf / tftf] x'G5 . To;}n] kfgLnfO{hLjgbfoL tŒjs} ¿kdf lnOG5 . df6f]af6 cGgafnL, 3fF;kft / af]6la?jfk|fKt ug{ / jftfj/0fnfO{ ;'Gb/–/d0fLo agfpg kfgL geO x'Fb}g . kfgLudL{ofddf tft]/ afkm aG5 / xfjf;Fu ldN5 . kfgLsf] afkm ldn]sf] xfjfafbndf kl/0ft eO{ cfsfzdf k'u]kl5 kfgL, lxpF / cl;gfsf] ¿k lnP/ km]l/k[YjLdf kmls{G5 . o;/L ;~rfng x'g] hnrqmn] jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngdf cxd\e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ .

3= k|sfz / tfkjftfj/0fsf cGo tŒjx¿nfO{ ;Gt'lnt agfO{ /fVg tfk / k|sfzsf] 7"nf]

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e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . cWofF/f] x6fpg k|sfz rflxG5 . vfgf agfpg, z/L/nfO{;Gt'lnt tfkdf /fVg tftf]kg jf tfk rflxG5 . To;}u/L af]6 lj?jfnfO{cfkm\gf] vfgf agfpg] k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f k|lqmofsf nflu k|sfz / tfk b'j}sf]cfjZostf k5{ . jfo'd08ndf x'g] /f;folgs k|ltlqmof, hLjd08ndf x'g]h}ljs lqmofsnfksf nflu oL b'j} tTj geO x'Fb}g . k|sfz tyf tfk pmhf{sfk|d'v ;f]t x'g\, h;sf] 7"nf] lx:;f ;"o{af6 k|fKt x'G5 . dflg;n] k/Dk/fut¿kdf h}ljs lk08 afn]/ gu0o dfqfdf tfk / k|sfz k|fKt ul//x]sf] eP klgxfn j}1flgs k|ljlwsf] pkof]uåf/f lah'nL jf cf0fljs e§Lsf] :yfkgf u/]/klg pmhf{ k|fKt ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . t} klg ;"o{af6 k|fKt x'g] tfkLo pmhf{ tyfk|sfzsf] t'ngfdf dflg;n] pTkfbg u/]sf] pmhf{ Hofb} guGo /x]sf] 5 .

@= ;hLj tŒjx¿lghL{j tŒjx¿sf] pkl:yltn] dfq k[YjLsf] jftfj/0f ;Gt'lnt x'g ;Sb}g .k|fs[lts jftfj/0f tyf kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] ;Gt'ngsf nflu jftfj/0fsf;hLj tŒjx¿sf] e"ldsf klg dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;hLj jftfj/0fLo tŒjnfO{lgDg cg';f/ b'O{ ju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M

s= jg:kltjftfj/0fdf nfvf}F k|hfltsf af]6–la?jf, kmnkm"n, 3fF; kft, h8La'6Lsf]cl:tTj /x]sf] 5 . hLjgofkgdf jg:klts ;|f]tsf] pkof]u ;a}eGbf a9Lx'G5 . cfFvfn] b]Vg g;lsg] ;–;fgfb]lv cUnf / 7"nf ¿vsf ¿kdf ;d]tjg:klt kfOG5g\ . n]p, Rofp / ‰ofpb]lv lnP/ xfd|f cGgafnL, ¿v–la?jfcflb o; ju{df k5{g\ .

jg:klt :ynLo / hnLo b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . h'g jg:kltsf] cl:tTjdf dfq;Lldt x'G5 ltgnfO{ hnLo jg:klt elgG5 / kfgLaflx/ x's{g jg:kltnfO{:ynLo jg:klt elgG5 . k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] /Iff tyf ;Gt'ngsf nflu oLb'j} k|sf/sf jg:kltsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

v= k|f0fLjftfj/0fsf] csf]{ ;hLj tŒj k|f0fL xf] . o;leq hnLo / :ynLo b'j} k|sf/sfk|f0fL k5{g\ . kfgLdf a:g] df5f, Xj]n, 8lNkmgnufotsf hnLo hgfj/ /hdLgdf a:g] xfQL, u}F8f, af3h:tf 7"nf hgfj/b]lv lnP/ cfFvfn] b]Vgg;lsg] ;'Id hLjf0f' klg o; ju{df k5{g\ . r/fr'?ª\uL, sL6ktª\u, hLj0f'x¿jftfj/0fsf ;hLj tŒj x'g\ .

Page 11: 4. environment pollution and disaster

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kl/rojftfj/0fsf s'g} klg tŒjaLr /x]sf] k|fs[lts ;Gt'ngdf ljleGg sf/0fn]kl/jt{g cfpF5 . hg;ª\Vof j[l4 / cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf sf/0f k|fs[lts;|f]tdfly bafa, vBfGg pTkfbg a9fpg pkof]u x'g] /f;folgs dn, sL6gfzsljiffbL, kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] cTolws pT;h{gn] e"ld, hn / jfo'd08n Ps};fyk|b"lift eO/x]sf] 5 .

jftfj/0f k|b"if0fsf] k|efj o;sf] s'g} Ps tŒjdf dfq kb}{g . jfo' k|b"if0f x'Fbfjfo'df ldl;Psf] k|b"ifs jiff{sf dfWodaf6 df6f]df ldl;G5 / To;sf] k|jfx;txL / e"ldut kfgLdf x'G5 . v]taf/Ldf k|of]u x'g] sL6gfzs jf /f;folgskbfy{ df6f] / e"ldut kfgLsf] ;|f]t x'Fb} km}lnG5 . k|b"lift kfgL jfikLs/0f x'FbfTo;df /x]sf] k|b"ifs cfsfzdf k'U5 / jiff{sf dfWodaf6 k'gM k[YjLdf cfpF5 .df6f], hn / jfo' pkef]Uo j:t'sf d"n cfwf/ ePsfn] To:tf] j:t'sf] pkef]uubf{ k|f0fL tyf jg:kltsf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ k5{ h;n] dxfdf/Lsf]¿kd wf/0f ug{ ;S5 . o;k|sf/ jftfj/0f k|b"if0f ljZjsf] To:tf] h6Ln;d:of xf] h;sf] ;dfwfg k"0f{ ¿kdf ug{ ;lsFb}g / o;sf] z[ª\vnfa4k|efjsf] ;fdgf ;a}eGbf a9L dflg;n] g} ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

kl/efiffjftfj/0fsf] s'g} Ps tŒjdf kg]{ k|lts"n k|efjnfO{ jftfj/0f k|b"if0f elgG5 .gbLdf 9n ldl;P/ gbLsf] kfgL k|b"lift x'g', 3/ jf pBf]uaf6 pT;lh{t kmf]xf]/;8s jf rf]sdf y'lk|Fbf b'u{Gw pTkGg x'g', t/sf/L afnLdf sL6gfzs cf}iflw 5bf{To;sf] c;/ df6f] tyf e"ldut kfgLdf kg'{ jf t/sf/L vfFbf hg:jf:Yodfk|lts"n c;/ kg]{ l:ylt k}bf x'g', pBf]uaf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ / /;fog ldl;Psf]9n v'nf 7fpF jf vf]nfgfnfdf ldl;g', pBf]u tyf oftfoftsf ;fwgaf6 lg:sg]k|b"lift Uof;n] jfo'k|b"if0f a9\g' jftfj/0f k|b"if0fsf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ .

jftfj/0fsf] s'g} Ps tŒjdf k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ csf]{ tŒj ldl;Pdf d"ntŒjsf] ef}lts, /f;folgs, h}ljs tyf df}lns u'0fdf cfpg] c:jefljskl/jt{g g} k|b"if0f xf] . To:tf] k|b"lift tŒj pkef]usf nflu cg'ko'Qm jfxflgsf/s x'G5 . jftfj/0fsf 36snfO{ b"lift ug]{ tŒjnfO{ k|b"ifs elgG5 .

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f

Page 12: 4. environment pollution and disaster

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / k|sf]k ÷÷÷÷÷1212121212

jftfj/0f k|b"if0faf6 pTkGg ;d:ofnfO{ ljleGg kIfaf6 cnu cnu tl/sfåf/fx]g]{ k|rng a9\b} cfPsf] 5 . e"uf]nljb\x¿ o;nfO{{ ;fdfGo ¿kdf x]5{g\,jftfj/0fLo e"uf]nljb\ jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofs} ¿kdf x]b{5g\, ;dfhzf:qLx¿;fdflhs ;d:ofsf ¿kdf lnG5g\, cy{zf:qLx¿ cfly{s ;d:ofsf ¿kdflnG5g\, kl/l:yltsLljb\x¿ kl/l:yltsLo ;d:ofsf ¿kdf x]5{g\ eg] :jf:Yoljz]if1x¿ hg:jf:Yosf b[lisf]0faf6 k|b"if0fsf] lrgf/L lbG5g\ .

k|s[ltn] wfGg ;Sg]eGbf a9L k|b"ifssf] pT;h{g / lj;h{gn] jftfj/0fLok|0ffnLdf k|lts"n kl/jt{g NofpF5 . o:tf] k|lts"n kl/jt{gn] hg:jf:Yodf;d:of pTkGg u5{ . kl/0ffd:j¿k ef}uf]lns, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[ltstyf /fhg}lts If]qdf k|lts"n k|efj k5{, h;nfO{ jftfj/0f k|b"if0fsf ¿kdflng ;lsG5 .

cd]l/sfsf] …Dof;fRo';]6 OlG:6Ro'6 ckm 6]Sgf]nf]hLÚ n] jftfj/0f k|b"if0fnfO{kl/eflift ub}{ eg]sf] 5 æj:t'sf] pTkfbg tyf pkef]usf k|To]s r/0fdf sfdgnfUg] jf kmf]xf]/ kbfy{sf] lj;h{g eO/xG5 . o:tf kmf]xf]/ kbfy{ To; ;dodfk|b"ifs of jftfj/0fLo ;d:of aG5g\, ha To;n] jfo'd08nLo, dxf;fu/Lo/ kfly{j jftf/j/0fdfly xflgsf/s k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 .Æ

ef/tLo jftfj/0fljb\ s]= ;L= cu|jfnn] eg]sf 5g\ …xfjf, kfgL tyf hldgsf]k|fs[lts jf df}lns cj:yfdf c:jfefljs ¿kn] cfpg] To:tf] ef}lts,/f;folgs cyjf h}ljs kl/jt{gnfO{ jftfj/0f k|b"if0f elgG5, h;n] k|f0fLsf]:jf:Yo, ;'/Iff tyf sNof0fdf xflg k'¥ofP/ vt/f pTkGg u5{ .

o;k|sf/ ækl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL jf k|fs[lts jftfj/0fn] ;xg ug{ g;Sg]u/Ldflg;sf OlR5t tyf clglR5t lqmofsnfkåf/f kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf kg]{k|lts"n k|efj tyf To;sf] u'0f:t/ v:sg uO{ jftfj/0fsf k|To]s 36sdfz[ª\vnfa4 k|efj k/]/ dfgj ;d'bfosf nflu cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg¿kdf xflg k'Ug] ;Defjgfsf] j[l4 g} jftfj/0fsf] k|b"if0f xf] .Æ

o; JofVofcg';f/ jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fsf tLgj6f cfwf/ b]lvG5g\ Mdflg;åf/f kmf]xf]/ jf cjlzi6 kbfy{sf] pTkflbt / lj;h{g,kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] lj;h{gaf6 pTkGg x'g] xflg tyf Iflt, /To; Ifltaf6 dflg;df kg]{ k|lts"n k|efj .

jftfj/0fsf k|b"ifsk|fs[lts jftfj/0f tyf kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf c;Gt'ng k}bf ug]{ tyfk|b"if0f pTkGg ug]{ kbfy{, pmhf{ jf /;fogsf s'g} klg ¿knfO{ jftfj/0fsfk|b"ifs elgG5 . jftfj/0f k|b"if0fdf k|b"ifs tŒjsf] e"ldsf ltgLx¿sf] :j¿k,

Page 13: 4. environment pollution and disaster

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / k|sf]k ÷÷÷÷÷1313131313

sfo{k|0ffnL jf k|ltlqmofTds Ifdtfsf cfwf/df leGg leGg x'G5 . To;}u/Ljftfj/0f k|b"if0fsf If]q klg km/s x'G5g\ . To;}sf cfwf/df jftfj/0f k|b"ifssf]juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

!= k|fs[lts k|b"ifsk|fs[lts ¿kdf x'g] clwsf+z k|b"if0f jftfj/0fsf tŒjn] ;xg ug{ ;Sg]:t/df /x]sf] x'G5 . cyjf k|s[ltdf :jo+ pTkGg x'g] k|b"ifs tŒjnfO{ lgd{nLs/0fug]{ Ifdtf k|s[ltleq} /x]sf] x'G5 . ¿vaf6 em/]/ s'lxPsf kftsf] b'u{Gwjgleqs} cGtlqm{ofaf6 lgd{nLs/0f x'g' o;sf] Ps pbfx/0f xf] .

@= dfgjl;lh{t k|b"ifsdflg;åf/f jftfj/0f k|b"ifsx¿sf] pTkfbg / lj;h{g b'j} x'g] u/]sf] 5 .jftfj/0f ljgfz tyf k|b"if0fsf ljleGg kIfsf] cWoogsf cfwf/df jftfj/0fk|b"ifssf ¿kdf dflg; g} cufl8 /x]sf] 5 . dflg;åf/f pTkflbt / pT;lh{txflgsf/s kbfy{n] k|fs[lts ;Gt'ngdf Jojwfg k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . o;af6jftfj/0fsf] k|d'v k|b"ifs dflg; g} /x]sf] tYo :ki6 x'G5 .

jftfj/0f k|b"if0fsf ljleGg k|s[lt cyjf :j¿k 5g\ . xfjf, kfgL, df6f], Wjlgcflb k|b"if0fsf k|s[lt x'g\ . o; >]0fLsf k|b"ifs lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

s= s0fLo k|b"ifs M hnjfikdf ldl;P/ jfo'd08ndf km}lng] w"nf], pBf]uaf6pTkGg x'g] l;;f / wft'sf] w"nf] s0fLo k|b"ifs x'g\ . s0fLo k|b"if0fn] vf;u/Ljfo'd08ndf w"nf]sf] pkl:yltnfO{ hgfpF5 tfklg o;sf] k|efj hnd08n /:ynd08ndf ;d]t k5{ . jfo'd08ndf k'u]sf w"nf]sf s0f ljleGg jiff{,x'/Latf; jf cGo dfWodaf6 k'gM k[YjLdf cfpFbf To;sf] k|efj ;Dk"0f{hLjd08ndf k5{ .

v= Uof;Lo k|b"if0f M dflg;åf/f 3/fo;L sfo{ ubf{, snsf/vfgf tyf pBf]urnfpFbf pTkGg x'g] Uof; klg jftfj/0fsf] k|d'v k|b"ifs xf] . Snf]/f]̂ n'/f]sfa{g, gfO6«f]hg / sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, ;Nkm/ 8fOcS;fO8h:tf cS;fO8x¿/ ldy]g cflb Uof;n] jfo'd08nnfO{ k|b"lift u5{g\ .

u= t/n k|b"ifs M vlgh t]n pTkfbg s]Gb|, sRrf kbfy{ k|zf]wg ug]{ pBf]u,vlgh t]n cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ kfgLhxfhaf6 pT;h{g x'g] jf r'lxg] t]n / t]ndfldl>t cj:yfdf /x]sf vlgh kbfy{, cdf]lgof, o'l/of, Snf]/fO8, ˆnf]/fO8,sfaf]{g]6\;, sL6gfzs tyf /f]ulg/f]ws /;fog cflb t/n k|b"ifs x'g\ . o:tftŒjn] kfgLdf 3f]lnP/ jf hldgdf 5l/P/ jftfj/0fsf h}ljs tyf ch}ljstŒjdf k|lts"n k|efj kfb{5g\ .

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jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / k|sf]k ÷÷÷÷÷1414141414

kl/ros'g} klg b]z, If]q jf k|b]zsf] ef}lts jftfj/0fsf] s'g} klg PSnf] jf ;fd"lxs36sdf pTkGg jftfj/0fLo x|f;sf] cj:yfnfO{ jftfj/0f cksif{0f tyfljgfz elgG5 .

kxf8sf] s'g} efudf uPsf] klx/f]n] ToxfFsf] h}ljs / ch}ljs b'j} j:t'sf]ljgfz u5{ . xl/of] jg If]qdf cfunfuL ePdf ToxfF /x]sf hLjx¿ hn]/ gi6x'G5g\ . xl/of] jg g} ;dfKt ePkl5 Tof] If]q phf8 x'G5 . e'OFrfnf] cfPdfk[YjLsf ljleGg efux¿ rL/f k/]/, klx/f] uP/, kxf8–kj{tx¿ n8]/ tyfdfgjLo ;+/rgfx¿ elTsP/ k|fs[lts tyf dfgjåf/f lgld{t jftfj/0f g}gi6 x'G5 . k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 x'g] k|sf]khGo 36gfaf6 ePsf] jftfj/0fLoIfltnfO{ k|s[ltn] lglZrt cjlwdf cfk}mF k'gM:yfkg u5{ eGg] ljz]if1x¿sf]dt /x]sf] kfOG5 . dflg;sf lqmofsnfkaf6 x'g] k|b"if0f k|s[ltn] ;xg ug]{IfdtfeGbf aflx/ ePdf jftfj/0fLo cj:yfdf cgk]lIft kl/jt{g b]vf k5{ /h}ljs tyf ch}ljs tŒjaLrsf] ;Gt'ngdf vnn k}bf x'G5 .

hLjd08nsf] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] ;Gt'ng ef}lts tyf h}ljs tŒjaLrsf]cGtlqm{ofåf/f sfod /x]sf] x'G5 . oL s'g} klg 36s jf cª\udf s'g} vf;;dodf kl/jt{g x'G5 eg] To;sf] k|efj cGo 36sdf klg :jtM kg{ hfG5 .kl/0ffd:j¿k jftfj/0fdf s'g} kl/jt{g eOxfn]df To;af6 kg]{ xflgsf]Ifltk"lt{ cGo k|fs[lts 36gfaf6 x'g] u5{ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .

jftfj/0fdf x'g] k|fs[lts k|ltlqmofn] hLjnfO{ plrt af;:yfgsf] lgdf{0fub{5 . k[YjLdf hLjgsf] pTklQsfnb]lv g} x/]s hLjn] ef}lts jftfj/0fsf]ljleGg tŒjdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;xg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;g\ !*^) sf]bzsdf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus qmflGtn] dflg;nfO{ cfw'lgs k|ljlwdf k"0f{tf lbg]sfo{ u¥of] / jftfj/0fsf] of] 36s k|s[ltsf] ;j{zlQmdfg k|f0fLsf ¿kdf:yflkt eof] . kl/0ffd:j¿k dflg;df ef}lts jftfj/0fdf kl/jt{g ug{;Sg] Ifdtfdf b]vf k¥of] .

jftfj/0f cksif{0f

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cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf sf/0f dflg; jftfj/0fsf] ef}lts 36saf6 aflx/ cfP/cfly{s tyf k|fljlws dfgj alg;s]sf] 5 . dflg;åf/f ;~rflnt lqmofsnfksfsf/0f jftfj/0fdf x'g] Ifltk"lt{sf] :jkf]lift Ifdtfdf ;d]t x|f; ePsf] 5 .kl/0ffd:j¿k jftfj/0fdf lg/Gt/ x'g] kl/jt{gdf tLj|tf cfP/ hLjd08ndfk|lts"n k|efj k/]sf] 5 . ef}lts jftfj/0fdf o;/L cfpg] k|lts"n kl/jt{gnfO{jftfj/0f cksif{0f (environment degradation) elgG5 .

jftfj/0fljb\ ;laGb| l;+xsf cg';f/ æjftfj/0fsf ef}lts 36sdf jftfj/0fsf]:jkf]lift ¿kn] k"lt{ x'g g;Sg] dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf sf/0f jf h}ljsk|lqmofåf/f cfpg] x|f; cyjf cltqmldt cj:yf g} jftfj/0f cksif{0f xf] .Æ

o;k|sf/ k|fs[lts 36gfqmd / dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf sf/0f jftfj/0fsfljleGg tŒjx¿df kg]{ k|lts"n k|efjsf sf/0f jftfj/0fLo u'0f:t/df tTsfnjf nfdf] ;dokl5 b]lvg] x|f;nfO{ jftfj/0f cksif{0f eGg ;lsG5 . jftfj/0fcksif{0fsf ljz]iftfsf] hfgsf/Ln] o;nfO{ cem :ki6 kf5{ M

jftfj/0fsf] u'0f:t/nfO{ dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] k|s[ltn] ;xg ug{ jfk'gM:yfkg ug{ g;Sg]u/L x|f;f]Gd'v agfpF5 .jftfj/0fsf s'g} Ps ef}lts tŒjdf kg]{ k|lts"n k|efjsf] c;/ cGotŒjdf k5{ .k|b"if0faf6 jftfj/0fsf] k|fs[lts u'0fdf k|lts"n kl/jt{g cfPsf] x'G5 .jftfj/0fsf] u'0f:t/df cfPsf] x|f;n] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf c;Gt'ngk}bf u5{ .kl/jlt{t cj:yfdf cfk"mnfO{ ;dflxt ug{ g;Sg] hLj ;ª\s6fkGgaG5g\ / sltkosf] cl:tTj g} ;dfKt x'g ;S5 .k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 ;d]t jftfj/0f cksif{0f x'g] eP klg o;dfdfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] g]t[Tj lnPsf] x'G5 .

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / cksif{0faLr leGgtf

;fdfGotof jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / cksif{0f b'j} cj:yfn] jftfj/0fsf] ljgfznfO{g} hgfpF5 . oL b'O{ ljifodf s] leGgtf 5 eg]/ ;lhn} 7Dofpg sl7g x'G5 .cksif{0f / k|b"if0f b'j} ljifosf] k|s[lt / To;af6 pTkGg x'g] tfTsflns tyfbL3{sfnLg kl/0ffdsf] cWoogaf6 oL b'O{ cj:yfaLrsf] leGgtfnfO{ s]nfpg;slG5 .

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jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / k|sf]k ÷÷÷÷÷1616161616

leGgtf Mjftfj/0f k|b"if0f dfgjLo lqmofsnfkaf6 x'G5 t/ cksif{0f k|fs[ltssf/0faf6 klg x'G5 .jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fn] jftfj/0fsf] :yfgLo :t/df x|f; NofpFF5 t/cksif{0fsf] kl/0ffd ljZjJofkL ¿kdf km}lnG5 .jftfj/0f k|b"if0fn] jftfj/0fsf ef}lts tŒjx¿sf] u'0f:t/df :yfgLo:t/df tTsfn} k|efj kf5{ t/ jftfj/0f cksif{0fn] bL3{sfnLg kl/0ffdb]vf kf5{ . cyf{t cksif{0fsf] k|efj :yfgLo :t/af6 cufl8 a9]/kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] k|fb]lzs tyf ljZjJofkL aG5 .jftfj/0f k|b"if0fsf] ;jf{lws k|efj :yfgLo jftfj/0f / dfgj ;d'bfodfg} k5{ eg] jftfj/0f cksif{0fsf] c;/ dflg;sf cltl/Qm jftfj/0fsf;d:t ef}lts 36sdf km}lnG5 .jftfj/0f k|b"if0f dfgjLo q'6Lsf] pkh xf] . o;n] cksif{0fsf] :t/nfO{a9fpF5 . t/ jftfj/0f cksif{0f To:tf] Jofks zAb xf], hf] dfgjLolqmofsnfksf cltl/Qm k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 pTkGg eP/ ;fj{ef}ldsjftfj/0fdf c;Gt'ng k}bf u5{ .jftfj/0f k|b"if0f :yfgLo txaf6 lj:tf/ x'g ;do nfU5 / o;n]lglZrt If]qleq dfq a9L c;/ kfb{5 eg] jftfj/0f cksif{0fsf] ultdGb x'G5 / o;sf] s'g} ;Ldf x'Fb}g . To;}n] jftfj/0f cksif{0fk|b"if0fsf] clGtd kl/0ffd jf ;Ldf xf] .

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / cksif{0fsf sf/0fjftfj/0f k|b"if0f tyf cksif{0f k|fs[lts / dfgjLo b'j} sf/0faf6 x'G5 . xfd|f];Gbe{df b]lvPsf k|d'v sf/0fnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

!= k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 pTkGg k|sf]kk|fs[lts sf/0faf6 pTkGg lgDg k|sf]kn] jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / cksif{0fdfof]ubfg lbG5 M

s= ef}uf]lns tyf ef}ule{s k|sf]k

k[YjLsf] ef}ule{s tyf ef}uf]lns agf]6 cg';f/ w]/} k|sf/sf k|sf]khGo 36gfx'g] u5{g\ . Hjfnfd'vL ljikmf]6, e'OFrfnf] tyf ;'gfdL ef}ule{s k|sf]k x'g\ eg]e"Ifo / klx/f] ef}uf]lns k|sf]ksf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

Page 17: 4. environment pollution and disaster

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / k|sf]k ÷÷÷÷÷1717171717

Hjfnfd'vL ljikmf]6g x'Fbf lg:sg] nfef, tfkLo pmhf{, w"nf] / w"jfFn] jftfj/0fdfk|b"if0f tyf cksif{0f u/fpF5 . To;}u/L e'OFrfnf]n] k[YjLsf] afXo ;txdf Ifltk'¥ofpg] x'Fbf dflg;nufot ;Dk"0f{ hLjd08n k|efljt x'G5 . e'OFrfnf] /Hjfnfd'vLsf sf/0f cfunfuL x'g], klx/f] hfg], af9L cfpg] tyf cGo k|sf]kklg ylkP/ hgwgsf] Iflt dfq x'Fb}g, oL b'j} 36gfsf sf/0f jfo'd08ndfw"nf], w"jfF, ljiffQm Uof; lj;h{g x'G5 / jfo'd08n k|b"lift x'G5 .

v= hnpTkGg k|sf]kkfgLsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] k|sf]khGo 36gfnfO{ hnpTkGg k|sf]k elgG5 .cltj[li6, af9L, klx/f], lxdtfn ljikmf]6g, v08j[li6, cgfj[li6 tyf v8]/L,emf8fkvfnf / dxfdf/Lh:tf 36gfnfO{ o; >]0fLdf /fVg ;lsG5 . cltj[li6sfsf/0f x'g] af9L / klx/f]n] :yfgLo jftfj/0fdf Jofks kl/jt{g NofpF5 .kxf8LIf]qdf klx/f]n] jg, v]tLof]Uo e"ld dfgj cfjf;If]q k'/]/ ToxfFsf] jftfj/0fLou'0f:t/df x|f; NofpF5 eg] af9Ln] gbLlsgf/ / ljz]ifu/L t/fO{nfO{ tx;gx;kf5{ . af9Lklx/f]kl5 dxfdf/Lsf] cj:yf klg pTkGg x'G5 . af9Lklx/f]af6lj:yflkt ;d'bfon] cfˆgf] a;f]af; / hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu cGo k|fs[lts;|f]tdfly cfl>t /xg' kg]{ cj:yf eP/ jftfj/0f ljgfz tLj| x'G5 .

u= jfojLo k|sf]kjfo'd08ndf ljleGg of}lusaLr rNg] cGtlq{mofaf6 hLjd08n k|efljteO/x]sf] x'G5 . jfo' hLjgsf] k|d'v cfwf/ ePsf]n] o;df ;fdfGo pynk'yneP/ pTkGg x'g] c;xh kl/l:yltn] k|sf]khGo hf]lvd a9fpF5 . n", zLtnx/,x'/Latf;, cfFwL, t'kmfg, r6\ofª, cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, v08j[li6sf] cj:yfjfo'd08nLo ;+/rgfdf cfpg] kl/jt{gsf pbfx/0f x'g\ . ljZjJofkL tfkqmdj[l4sf sf/0f hnjfo' kl/jt{g eP/ o:tf 36gfdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 .

3= cGo k|fs[lts sf/0fjftfj/0fdf k|b"if0f a9fP/ cksif{0fnfO{ cem tLj| agfpg ljleGg k|fs[ltssf/0f ;lqmo /x]sf x'G5g\ . pNsflk08 k[YjLdf v;]/ ljgfz x'g', u|x¿aLrsf]u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] k|efjaf6 ;d'b|df Hjf/ef6f pTkGg x'g', k[YjLsf] pi0fLs/0fsfsf/0f hnjfikLs/0f a9\g'h:tf k|fs[lts sf/0f o;sf ;fdfGo pbfx/0f x'g\ .

@= dfgjLo sf/0fjftfj/0f k|b"if0f / cksif{0f a9fpg dflg;sf] k|d'v xft /x]sf] 5 h;nfO{lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

Page 18: 4. environment pollution and disaster

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s= dfgjl;lh{t k|sf]ka]nfotdf !& cf}F ztfAbLdf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus qmflGtkl5 tLj| ePsf] k|ljlwsf]ljsf; / lj:tf/sf sf/0f k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly clgolGqt ¿kdf cltqmd0feO/Xof] . jfo'k|b"ifs Uof;sf] pT;h{gdf s'g} ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ePg . dflg;n]cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ k|d'v nIo agfPsf sf/0f k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf kg{;Sg]k|lts"n k|efjk|lt p;sf] Wofg k'Ug g} ;s]g . kl/0ffd:j¿k jftfj/0fljgfzn] tLj|tf kfO/Xof] / k|sf]khGo 36gfdf j[l4 x'Fb} uof] . jftfj/0fsfljleGg 36sdf xflgsf/s k|efj k/]sf] tYo phfu/ x'g nfUof] . jgljgfzsfsf/0f af9L, klx/f], cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, ;'Vvf v8]/L, v08j[li6, ef]sd/L /s'kf]if0fh:tf k|sf]khGo 36gfdf j[l4 ePsf 5g\ / hgwgsf] Ifltn] lj:tfl/tx'g] cj;/ kfPsf] 5 .

v= /f;folgs tyf cf0fljs ljikmf]6/f;folgs sf/vfgfaf6 pTkfbg x'g] ljiffn' Uof;sf] r'xfj6, cf0fljs e§Laf6lg:sg] ljsL/0f tyf To:tf e§Lsf] ljikmf]6g jf o'4df /;fogsf] k|of]uaf6pTkGg x'g] k|sf]khGo 36gfaf6 pT;lh{t k|b"ifsn] jftfj/0f k|b"if0f /cksif{0f a9fO/x]sf] x'G5 .

u= k|b"if0fjftfj/0f k|foM dfgjLo sf/0faf6 g} k|b"lift x'G5 . dfgjLo sf/0faf6 x'g]jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / cksif{0fnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

jfo'k|b"if0f M cfly{s / k|fljlws ljsf;sf sf/0f pTkGg ljleGg k|b"ifs Uof;tyf /;fogaf6 jfo'd08n lg/Gt/ k|b"lift eO/x]sf] 5 . sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8,sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8, xf]nf] sfa{g, ldy]g, hnjfik, Snf]/f]̂ n'/f] sfa{g cflbUof; jfo'k|b"ifssf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ . o;k|sf/sf] k|b"if0fn] cf]hf]g txsf]Iflt, xl/tu[x k|efj / To;af6 rqmLo ¿kdf kg]{ k|lts"n k|efjsf sf/0fjftfj/0f cksif{0f x'G5 .

hnk|b"if0f M hnk|b"if0f ljZjsf] ;jf{lws ljgfzsf/L jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofag]sf] 5 . :jR5 lkpg] kfgL / ;kmfOsf] cefjsf sf/0f *) k|ltzt /f]ukfgL;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] tYofª\s ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo jftfj/0f sfo{qmdn];fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 .

kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkgsf] cefj / cf}Bf]lus tyf 3/fo;L 9n k|zf]wgljgfgbLdf ld;fpg] k|j[lQ, v]taf/Ldf /f;folgs dn tyf sL6gfzssf] k|of]uh:tf

Page 19: 4. environment pollution and disaster

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / k|sf]k ÷÷÷÷÷1919191919

sf/0fn] ;txL tyf e"ldut kfgL k|b"lift x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . hnk|b"if0fsf] k|efjjftfj/0fsf h}ljs tyf ch}ljs ;a} tŒjdf kg]{ ePsfn] jftfj/0f cksif{0ftLj| ag]sf] 5 .

e"–k|b"if0f M jgljgfz, vf]l/of v]tL, clgof]lht e"pkof]u, ef}lts ;+/rgfsf]lgdf{0faf6 x'g] e"Ifo, sL6gf;s /;fogsf] k|of]uh:tf sf/0fn] e"ldsf]u'0f:t/ x|f; x'G5 . o;af6 jg:kltsf] k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfP/jftfj/0fsf x/]s tŒjdf k|ToIf k|efj k/]/ jftfj/0fLo cksif{0f eO/x]sf]5 . ljZjdf a9\b} uPsf] d?e"dLs/0fsf] ;d:ofsf] w]/} sf/0fdWo] e"cksif{0fklg Ps xf] .

hg;ª\Vof j[l4 M tLj| hg;ª\Vof j[l4 jftfj/0f k|b"if0f tyf cksif{0fsf]k|d'v sf/0f xf] . a9\bf] hg;ª\Vofsf] nflu rflxg] cfjf;, vfgf, n'ufkmf6f],lzIff, :jf:Yoh:tf cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]u a9]sfn]jftfj/0f ljgfzdf 7"nf] ;xof]u ldn]sf] 5 .

pknAw tYofª\scg';f/ k[YjLdf *))) O;fk"j{df 3'dGt] cj:yfdf /x]sf]dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof %) nfvsf] cf;kf; ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]hg;ª\Vof O;fk"j{ #))) df sl/a #) s/f]8 k'u]sf] / ;g\ !^%) lt/ %%s/f]8 k'u]sf] lyof] . o;/L sl/a !)) u'0ff hg;ª\Vof j[l4 x'g !) xhf/ jif{nfu]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ dWoo'ub]lv hg;ª\Vof j[l4df tLj|tf cfPsf] kfOG5 .!^%) kl5sf] $%) jif{d} k[YjLsf] hg;ª\Vof #%) u'0ff j[l4 eP/ & ca{gfl3;s]sf] 5 -;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ ljefu, hg;ª\Vofzfvf, !(%# / cGo ;|f]t_ .

hg;ª\Vof;Fu ;DalGwt jftfj/0fLo ;d:of lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

;x/Ls/0fsf] lj:tf/ / hg3gTj j[l4 x'G5 .

ljsl;t / cljsl;t d'n'ssf] hg3gTjdf c;dfgtf .

cfly{s ljsf;df cj/f]w tyf ul/aLdf j[l4 .

;fdflhs cg'zf;g, cdgr}gdf vnn, ;fdflhs åGå, o'4sf] pTklQ .

cfjf;, vfBfGg, :jf:Yo, lzIff, z'4 vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfOsf] cefjn];fdflhs ;'/Iffdf hf]lvdsf] pTklQ .

k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly cltqmd0f, e"pkof]udf clgoldttf / kl/l:yltsLok|0ffnLdfly bafa .

Page 20: 4. environment pollution and disaster

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / k|sf]k ÷÷÷÷÷2020202020

cfly{s c;dfgtf M Pstkm{ ljsl;t d'n'ssf dflg;n] cfly{s ljsf;sf]r/d ;Ldf kf/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ eg] t];|f] ljZjsf sl/a &) k|ltzt gful/sb}lgs hLjgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/e"t j:t'dflysf] kx'Fraf6 lj:yflkteO/x]sf 5g\ . ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf klg wgL / ul/aaLrsf] vf8n emg} 7"nf]eO/x]sf] 5 . sl/a @^) nfv hg;ª\Vof ePsf] g]kfnsf] @$ jif{sf] ;/sf/Lah]6 a/fa/sf] ;DklQ Pp6} JolQm;Fu x'g' cfly{s c;dfgtfsf] HjnGtpbfx/0f xf] .

o;k|sf/sf] cfly{s c;dfgtfn] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / ;|f]tsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{pkof]usf] cjwf/0ff tyf lbuf] ljsf;sf] ljZjJofkL dfGotfnfO{ w/f;foLagfPsf] 5 .

3= jgljgfz

jftfj/0f cksif{0fsf] csf]{ dfgjLo sf/0f jgljgfz xf] . jgljgfzsf sf/0fk|fs[lts kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL / h}ljs–jf;:yfg dfq ;ª\s6fkGg ePsf]5}g, e"Ifo, klx/f] / af9Lh:tf k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿df klg lg/Gt/ j[l4eO/x]sf] 5 .

ljZjdf x/]s lbg xhf/f}F x]S6/ jgljgfz x'g] u/]sf] 5 . r/d cf}Bf]lusljsf; / jgljgfzn] jfo'd08ndf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{g / ;~ro a9]sfsf/0f k[YjLsf] tfkqmd klg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . o;af6 jftfj/0fsf cGotŒjdfly k|efj kg]{ / k|sf]khGo 36gfdf ;d]t j[l4 x'G5 .

ª= s[life"ldsf] lj:tf/

cfjf; / v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf] lj:tf/ ubf{ jgdfly g} bafa k5{ . v]tLof]Uoe"ldsf] k|flKtsf nflu ljZjdf x/]s lbg nfvf}F x]S6/ e"ldsf] jg kmF8fgL x'g]u5{ . k|z:t vfBfGg pTkfbg x'g] pi0fk|b]zLo If]qsf] dfq jgkmF8fgL geP/,;dl;tf]i0f / l;tf]i0f k|b]zsf] jg;d]t kmF8fgL eO/x]sf] 5 . Ps tYofª\scg';f/ ljZjdf k|ltjif{ @) xhf/ ju{dfOn If]qkmnsf] jg kmF8fgL x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

;f]leot ?;sf] :6]kL, pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] k|]o/L, blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] kDkfh,blIf0f clk|msfsf] j]N8 / Go"hLNof08sf] 8fpG; If]qsf ljzfn 3fF;d}bfgs[life"lddf kl/0ft eO;s]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L blIf0fL tyf blIf0fk"jL{ Pl;ofnLd'n'ssf jg klg tLj|ultdf kmF8fgL eO/x]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf /fli6«o jgsf clwsf+z If]q ;d'bfonfO{ g} x:tfGt/0f ug{ yflnPkl5

Page 21: 4. environment pollution and disaster

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jgljgfzdf lgs} sdL cfPsf] cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk /fli6«o jgdflykl//x]sf] rfk eg] 36]sf] 5}g . nfdf] ;do;Dd rn]sf] åGåkl5 klg /fhgLlts;ª\qmd0fsfnsf] kmfObf lnP/ t:s/x¿ jgkmF8fgL u/L sf7sf] cj}w Jofkf/ug{ tNnLg 5g\ .

r= 3'dGt] v]tL

blIf0f tyf blIf0fk"jL{ Pl;ofnL d'n'sdf 3'dGt] v]tL ug]{ k|rng 5 . kxf8LIf]qsf afl;Gbf jgkmF8fgL u/]/ vf]l/of v]tLdf lge{/ 5g\ . sltko ls;fgcem} klg 3'dGt] hLjg lgjf{x u5{g\ . s]xL jif{ Ps :yfgdf v]tL ubf{ df6f]sf]pa{/fzlQmdf x|f; cfP kl5 csf]{ If]qdf ;b{5g\ / jg kmfF8]/ e"ldnfO{v]tLof]Uo agfpF5g\ . l5d]sL d'n's ef/tdf 3'dGt] s[lifk|0ffnL Jofks ¿kdfrNg] u/]sf] 5 . ef/tsf ljleGg !@ /fHodf @$ nfv (^ xhf/ 3'dGt]s[ifsn] jflif{s ( xhf/ * ;o (^ ju{lsnf]ld6/ jgIf]q kmF8fgL u/L v]tL ug]{u/]sf] ef/tLo jg ;e]{ k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5 . of] k/Dk/f >Lnª\sf, aª\unfb]z/ kfls:tfgdf klg 5 . g]kfnsf pRr lxdfnL If]qdf klg 3'dGt] v]tLsf] k|yf5 . o;/L pknAw e"ldsf] pa{/sTj a9fpg 5f]8]/ jg kmF8fgL u/L v]tL ug]{k/Dk/fn] jftfj/0f cksif{0f a9\bf] qmddf 5 .

5= cltr/g

;dl;tf]i0f If]qsf] a'6\ofg tyf 3fF;] d}bfg kz'kfngsf nflu pQd dflgG5 .Joj;flos kz'kfngsf] sfo{n] kz'sf] ;ª\VofTds j[l4 eP/ rl/r/gsf]If]qkmn a9\b} uPsf] 5 . 3fF;] d}bfgn] dfq rl/r/gsf] dfu k"/f gePkl5 ;–;fgf a'6\ofgL jg x'Fb} 3gf jglt/ klg kz'kfns cfslif{t x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ .o;/L jgljgfz t eO/x]sf] 5 g} e"Ifo / d?e"dLs/0fsf] k|lqmof klg tLj|ag]sf] 5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf b"wfn' kz'sf] ;ª\Vof w]/} eP klg ltgsf]pTkfbsTj sd x'gfn] kz'sf] ;ª\Vof a9fpg]tkm{ hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOG5 . o;/Lkz'sf] ;ª\Vofdf lg/Gt/ j[l4 x'Fbf rl/r/gsf nflu w]/} jg If]qsf] k|of]u x'g]u/]sf] 5 . l;tf]i0f hnjfo' If]qdf pg / df;'sf] nflu e]8fkfng Joj;fon];d]t jgljgfzdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

h= cfunfuL

k|fs[lts tyf dfgjLo sf/0faf6 jgdf cfunfuLsf 36gf k|z:t x'G5g\ .7"nf] jgIf]qdf cfunfuL x'Fbf jfg:klts ;|f]t dfq geP/ ;Dk"0f{ h}ljsljljwtf gi6 x'G5 . cfunfuL x'Fbf sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 / cGo Uof; pT;h{g

Page 22: 4. environment pollution and disaster

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eP/ jfo'k|b"if0f a9\5 . cfunfuLdf jfo'd08nLo lah'nL jf r6\ofªsf] e"ldsf/x]sf] x'G5 eg] vf]l/of v]tL / jg 89]df df6f] dlnnf] eP/ 3fF; pld|G5 eGg]e|dn] klg of] cj:yf sfod 5 .

em= 3/fo;L k|of]hg

jgljgfzsf] csf]{ k|d'v sf/0f 3/fo;L cfjZostf k"/f ug{ jgaf6 3fF;,bfp/f / sf7kft lgsflnG5 . 3/kfn'jf kz'sf nflu rflxg] 3fF; / b}lgsk|of]hgsf nflu cfjZos pmhf{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ bfp/f lgsfNgsflgldQ jgdfly g} ;d'bfo cfl>t /x]sf] x'G5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf ul/a;d'bfon] hLjgofkgsf nflu j}slNks ;|f]t k|fKt ug{ g;Sbf jgaf6 cj}w¿kdf sf7 / bfp/f lgsfn]/ :yfgLo ahf/df laqmL u/L hLjg lgjf{x ug'{kl//x]sf] 5 . 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf nflu sf7, bfp/f / 3fF;sf nflu e"dWo/]vLo;bfaxf/ jg dfq k|ltjif{ @ s/f]8 x]S6/sf b/n] kmF8fgL eO/x]sf] 5 .

`= cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkfl/s k|of]hg

cf}Bf]lusLs/0f / ;x/Ls/0fn] jg / cGo k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly cltqmd0fa9]sf] 5 . ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu rflxg] sf7sf] cfk"lt{ jgaf6}x'G5 . pBf]u rnfpg rflxg] sRrfkbfy{sf nflu jgkmF8fgL x'g] u/]sf] 5 ./f0ff zf;gsf] ;dodf t/fO{If]qaf6 ;v'jf hftsf sf7sf] lgsf;L ef/tdfx'g] u/]sf] lyof] . o;af6 t/fO{sf] ljzfn jg ;dfKt eP/ xfn ;a}eGbf a9Lcfjfbof]Uo ag]sf] 5 . ljZjsf sltko ljsf;zLn d'n'sn] cfˆgf gful/ssf]hLljsf]kfh{gs} nflu ljsl;t d'n'snfO{ cfˆgf jgsf ax'd"No sf7 ;'Dkg'kl//x]sf] 5 . o;n] jgdflysf] cltqmd0fnfO{ cem tLj| agfPsf] 5 .

6= af“w lgdf{0f

vfg]kfgLsf] cfk"lt{, l;FrfO{ / hnljB't\ pTkfbgsf nflu gbLdf ljzfn afFwlgdf{0f x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . afFw lgdf{0f x'Fbf hnLo kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdfljv08g cfpF5 . afFwn] dflyNnf] If]qdf hnfzosf] lgdf{0f eP/ 8'afg x'G5eg] tNnf] t6Lo If]qdf hnk|jfx sd x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k tNnf] If]qdf km/sk|sf/sf] jftfj/0fLo kl/l:yltsLsf] pTklQ x'G5, h;n] jftfj/0fsf] k|fs[lts¿kdf cksif{0f x'G5 .

7= ;x/Ls/0f

ljsf;sf] s]Gb|laGb'sf ¿kdf cl3 al9/x]sf] ;x/Ls/0fn] cfly{s lqmofsnfknfO{

Page 23: 4. environment pollution and disaster

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / k|sf]k ÷÷÷÷÷2323232323

klg ;x/–s]lGb|t ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . :yfgLo, If]qLo, b]zLo, cGtb]{zLo tyfcGt/f{li6«o cfly{s ultljlwsf] ;~hfn ;x/d} /xg] / ;'v ;'ljwf klg ToxLpknAw x'g] x'Fbf ;x/tkm{ g} a;fO;/fOF a9\b} cfPsf] 5 . zflGt ;'/Iffsf]k|Toe"lt ;x/d} x'g], cf}Bf]lus ljsf; / ljsf;sf cGo sfo{ ;x/d} w]/} x'gfn]/f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ klg ToxLF pknAw x'G5 .

a9\b} uPsf] ;x/Ls/0fsf] o; tYofª\sn] k[YjLsf] ef}uf]lns w/ftnsf] k|f¿ks'g xb;Dd kl/jt{g x'G5 eg]/ cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . ;x/Ls/0fsf]k|d'v sf/s cf}Bf]lus ljsf; xf] eg] ;x/L If]qdf pknAw ;'ljwfn] klgdflg;nfO{ o;tkm{ cfslif{t u/]sf] 5 . cfjfbLsf] j[l4;Fu} ;x/L If]qdf ef}lts;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0fdf klg TolQ g} j[l4 x'G5 . vf;u/L ;x/Ls/0f / To;af6kg]{ k|efjnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

;jf/L;fwg tyf pBf]u rnfpg k|of]u x'g] vlgh OGwg aNbf lg:sg]ljiffQm Uof; tyf /;fogn] jftfj/0f k|b"if0f a9fpF5 .

h}ljs, ch}ljs / /f;folgs kmf]xf]/af6 pTkGg b'u{Gwn] ;x/L jfo' k|b"liftx'g], kmf]xf]/ ;8]/ 9ndf ldl;g] / 9n kf]v/L, vf]nf jf gbLdf ldl;gfn];x/L If]qsf] hnLo kl/l:yltsL ckslif{t x'G5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf];Eotfsf k|lts dflgg] afudtL / lji0f'dlt gbL o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0fxf] . vf;u/L ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsaf6 k|b"lift x'g yfn]sf oL b'O{ gbLclxn] 9ndf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf 5g\ .

dfgjLo Hjfnfd'vLsf ¿kdf cf}Bf]lus lrDgLaf6 lg:sg] ljiffQm Uof; /w"jfFn] jfo'k|b"if0fsf] :t/ hg:jf:Yosf b[li6n] hf]lvdk"0f{ ag]sf] 5 .jfo'k|b"if0fs} sf/0f k[YjLsf] tfkqmd j[l4 eP/ hnjfo'df kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf]tYo ;fj{hlgs ePsf 5g\ .

OGwgsf] hng / cGo sf/0faf6 pTkGg tfk klg jfo'd08ndf g} lj;h{gx'G5 . o;af6 jfo'd08nLo tfkdfg c;Gt'lnt x'G5 .

;x/df kfgLsf] cfk"lt{sf nflu glhssf gbL, tnfp, em/gf tyf e"ldutkfgLsf] ;d]t pkof]u u/]/ lkpg] kfgL ljt/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . t/clwst/ ;x/L If]qdf 3/, ;8s, uNnL kSsL agfOPsf]] x'G5 . o;n] ubf{jiff{sf] kfgL hldgn] ;f]:g ;Sb}g / hnaxfjdf j[l4 x'G5 . To;}u/Le"ldut hnsf] clgolGqt pkof]un] e"ldut hn:t/ tn em/]/ hldg;'Vvf x'G5 .

;x/Ls/0f jftfj/0f ljgfzsf] Ps cxd sf/s ag]sf] 5 . ;x/Ls/0fsf

Page 24: 4. environment pollution and disaster

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / k|sf]k ÷÷÷÷÷2424242424

sf/0f e"ldsf] pkof]udf x'g] kl/jt{g, kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] lgisf;g, cf}Bf]lusljsf;, oftfoftsf] lj:tf/ / ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] clgolGqt lgdf{0faf6tof/ ePsf] s[lqd kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLn] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf x/]s36sdf >[ª\vnfa4 ¿kdf k|lts"n k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 .

8= jftfj/0f cd}qL k|ljlw

cTofw'lgs dflgPsf cf}Bf]lus k|ljlwn] cfly{s ljsf;df ct'ngLo of]ubfglbPsf] 5 . kfiff0f o'ub]lv cfh;Ddsf] dfgj ljsf;df k|ljlwn] cx+ e"ldsfv]n]sf] 5 . t/ c7f/f}F ztfAbLkl5 ePsf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] k|fs[ltsjftfj/0fnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . k|ljlwsf] k|of]usf] d"n nIo cfly{s/ ;fdflhs ljsf; eP klg To;n] pTkGg ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0fLo ;d:oftkm{dflg;sf] Wofg hfg ;s]g .

vf;u/L bf];|f] / k|yd ljZjo'4df k|of]u ePsf cf0fljs xltof/ / To;kl5ljZjJofkL ¿kdf af?b, c>'Uof; tyf cem ljsl;t cf0fljs tyf h}ljsxltof/n] jftfj/0f cksif{0fdf ljz]if of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . ljZjsf zlQmzfnLd'n'sn] dfq geP/ ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf ;d]t o:tf xltof/sf] k|of]u /k/LIf0fn] jftfj/0fdf g/fd|f] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{k|fljlws ljsf;sf s]xL pbfx/0f k|:t't ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g]5 M

v]taf/Ldf vghf]t, l;FrfO tyf s6fOsf nflu ljsl;t k|ljlw,/f;folgs dn / sL6gf;ssf] pTkfbg / k|of]u .

sDKo'6/, df]afOn kmf]g, >Job[io lrqsf] lgdf{0f, k"0f{ :jrflntd]l;g, tLj| ultsf :yn–hn / xjfO oftfoftsf ;fwg, ljleGgIf]qdf pGgt tyf cTofw'lgs Pj+ Ifdtfjfg\ oGq tyf pks/0f .

k|f0f3fts c0f' tyf xfO8«f]hg ad, o'4s ld;fOn, cf0fljs tyfh}ljs xltof/ .

/]lk|mh]/]6/, jftfg's'ng oGq, x]o/8«fo/, :k|] ug]{ oGq, ;fa'g, ;f}Gbo{sfk|;fwg .

v8]/L k/]sf] ;dodf ljsl;t ePsf] s[lqd jiff{ u/fpg] k|ljlw .

gbLdf 7"nf–7"nf afFwsf] lgdf{0f .

xflgsf/s /;fogsf] pTkfbg / k|of]u .

Page 25: 4. environment pollution and disaster

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / k|sf]k ÷÷÷÷÷2525252525

jftfj/0f ljgfz /k|sf]khGo hf]lvd

kl/ro:jR5 jftfj/0f k|To]s k|f0fL tyf jg:kltsf] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf nflucfjZos x'G5 . k|s[ltsf] :jR5 / ;'Gb/ 5ljdf dflg; dfq xf]Og ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fL/d]sf] x'G5 . cfly{s ljsf;sf] r/d r'nLdf k'u]sf] dfgj;d]t :jR5 jftfj/0f/ ;'Gb/ k|s[ltsf] /;f:jfbgsf nflu nfnlot x'g yfn]sf] 5 . ljZjdfkof{j/0fLo ko{6gsf] hGd jftfj/0f ljgfzsf] kL8fdf afFRg afWo hLjgk4ltklg Ps sf/0f dflgPsf] 5 .

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f, ljgfz tyf cksif{0fsf] k|efj :ynd08n, hnd08n /jfo'd08ndf >[ª\vnfa4 ¿kdf k5{ . o;af6 jftfj/0fsf ef}lt / cef}ltsx/]s j:t' tyf kbfy{sf] u'0fdf x|f; cfpF5 . o;af6 k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsfljleGg 36sx¿sf] cl:tTj g} ;ª\s6fkGg ePsf] 5 . To;}n] ljsf;sfgfddf ;~rflnt dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] dflg;s} hLjgk4ltdf kl/jt{gNofpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5 . jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gaf6 pTkGg x'g]k|sf]khGo hf]lvdsf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ dflg;n] lju|Fbf] jftfj/0fLocj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] k|of; ug'{ cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f k|b"if0fljgfz tyf cksif{0f tLj|¿kdf eO/x]df ;d:t hLjd08nsf] cl:tTjdflyk|ZglrGx nfUg] ePsfn] o;tkm{ rgfvf] x'g' h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .

jftfj/0f cksif{0fsf sf/0f k|sf]ksf ljleGg 36gfdf j[l4 x'G5 . xfdLn] x/]slbg ef]lu/x]sf k|sf]khGo 36gfn] g} o;sf] k'li6 u5{ . jftfj/0f ljgfzsfljljw sf/0fn] g} hnjfo' kl/jt{g, af9L, klx/f], dxfdf/L, clgsfnh:tfk|sf]kn] dfgj ;dfhnfO{ z[ª\vnfa4 ¿kdf kL8f lbg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . o:tfk|efjsf] pTklQsf] sf/s k|s[lt eP klg dfgjLo sf/0fn] *) k|ltzteGbfa9L e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . o;af6 :ki6 x'G5– jftfj/0f ljgfzsf] hf]lvddflg;n] g} pTkGg ub}{5 / To;sf] ;fdgf klg k|ToIf ¿kdf dflg;n] g} ug'{kl//x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df kL8s / kLl8t b'a}sf] e"ldsf dflg;n] v]ln/x]sf] 5 .

Page 26: 4. environment pollution and disaster

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / k|sf]k ÷÷÷÷÷2626262626

dflg; jftfj/0fsf] cleGg cª\u eP/ klg p;n] jftfj/0fsf ;Dk"0f{ tŒjnfO{k|efljt kf/]sf] 5 . o;n] ljleGg k|sf/sf hf]lvd a9fPsf] 5 / ltgn]k|sf]ksf] ¿k wf/0f ug]{ l:ylt k}bf ePsf] 5 . jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGgx'g] k|sf]khGo hf]lvdsf] af/]df ;fdfGo rrf{ ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g]5 .

hf]lvdsf] z[ª\vnf:jR5 jftfj/0f eGg' g} k|s[ltsf] ;Gt'lnt :j¿k xf] . xfdLn] b]lv/x]sf]k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{nfO{ jftfj/0fsf] k|d'v cª\u dflgG5 . s[lqd cj:yfsf]jftfj/0fsf ¿kdf dfgjlgld{t ;+/rgf tyf ef}lts ;fwg k5{g\ . o:tf;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cfsf/, k|sf/ / u'0fdf kl/jt{gcfpg] x'Fbf jftfj/0fsf cGo 36sdf klg k|lts"n k|efj k/]sf] x'G5 .jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 kg]{ To:tf] k|efj / To;af6 pTkGg x'g] hf]lvdsf]cGt;{DaGwnfO{ g} oxfF hf]lvdsf] z[ª\vnfsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .

s= jfo'd08ndf pTkGg x'g] hf]lvdjftfj/0f k|b"if0fsf] k|efjsf sf/0f jfo'sf] u'0f:t/df lg/Gt/ x|f; cfO/x]sf]5 . sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8, gfO6«f]hg cS;fO8, ;Nkm]6,Snf]/f]̂ n'/f] sfa{g, xfO8«f]hg cS;fO8, w"nf], w"jfF, ljiffQm /;fog cflb Uof;tyf tŒjx¿sf] j[l4n] jfo'd08nsf] u'0f:t/df Jofks x|f; cfPsf] 5 .

jfo'k|b"if0fåf/f cf]hf]g txsf] ljgfz, tfkqmd j[l4 / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsfsf/0f cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, ;'Vvf jf v8]/L, jfo'd08nLo cfFwL, t'kmfg,Hjf/ef6f cflbsf] pTklQ, lxdgbL kUng], lxdtfn ljikmf]6 x'g], af9Lsf] ¿kdfkl/jt{g cfpg] 36gfdf j[l4 x'G5 . jfo'sf] u'0f:t/df x|f; cfpFbf k|fs[ltsjiff{;d]t k|b"lift eP/ kfgLsf] ;|f]t b"lift x'G5 .

jfo'k|b"if0fn] k|fs[lts z[ª\vnfnfO{ ljgfzsf/L agfpg] x'Fbf :jR5 pmhf{sf]pkof]u ug'{ pQd x'g] b]lvG5 . ljZjJofkL ;d:of ag]sf] xl/tu[x Uof;sf]pT;h{gdf s6f}tL ub}{ @ ;o jif{ klxn]sf] jfo'sf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ ;s]k|sf]khGo hf]lvd sd ug{ ;lsG5 . jfo'k|b"if0f / k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsfnflu ug'{ kg]{ sfo{af/] k|sf]k 1fgdfnf– % af6 hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]5 .

v= hnd08ndf pTkGg x'g] hf]lvdjftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fn] hnk|b"if0fnfO{ cnUu} /fVb}g . k|b"if0f / jftfj/0f cksif{0fsf];jf{lws k|efj hnLo If]qdf g} k5{ . jL;f}F ztfAbLsf] k|f/De;Dd k|zf]wg g}

Page 27: 4. environment pollution and disaster

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / k|sf]k ÷÷÷÷÷2727272727

gul/sg lkpg k|of]u ul/Psf] kfgL clxn] k|b"if0f j[l4sf sf/0f k|zf]wg u/]// pdfn]/ dfq lkpg' kl//x]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f k|b"ifs dflgPsf] Knfl:6ssfaf]tndf e/]/ ahf/df ljtl/t kfgL lkpg' kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

jgljgfz, kfgLsf] d"xfgdfly cltqmd0f, kmf]xf]/d}nf lj;h{g, gbLdf 9nld;fpg]h:tf sf/0fn] hnk|b"if0f Jofks ag]sf] 5 . sL6gfzs tyf /;fogsf]ld>0fn] ;txL / e"ldut kfgL k|b"lift x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . ;fy} jfo'k|b"if0fsf sf/0fx'g] cDnLo / b"lift jiff{n] hnk|b"if0fnfO{ z[ª\vnfa4 agfPsf] 5 .

cf}Bf]lus kmf]xf]/ / To;df ldl;P/ jf 3'n]/ hfg] tŒjx¿, dflg; tyf k|f0fLsf]dnd'q tyf dflg;åf/f b}lgs k|of]u x'g] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf ePsf xflgsf/stŒjx¿ kfgLdf 3'n]/ hfg] x'Fbf kfgLsf] u'0f:t/df x|f; cfpF5 . o;sfcltl/Qm k|fs[lts ¿kdf cfpg] jiff{, af9Lklx/f] cflb sf/0faf6 pT;lh{tkmf]xf]/ ldl;P/ klg kfgLsf] jf:tljs u'0fdf kl/jt{g x'G5 . o;/L jfo',df6f], gbL, tnfp tyf cGo ;txL kfgLdf dfgjLo lqmofsnfkaf6 pT;lh{tkmf]xf]/sf] ld>0f x'Fbf kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ x|f; x'G5 .

u= e"d08ndf pTkGg x'g] hf]lvdjftfj/0f ljgfzn] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf k|lts"n k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . jfo' /hnk|b"if0fsf] z[ª\vnfa4 k|efj e"lddf klg k5{ . l;FrfOsf nflu k|of]u x'g]b"lift kfgL, sL6gfzs / /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]un] kfgL / jfo';Fu} e"ldsf]pa{/sTjdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 . jgljgfz / kfgLsf] ;|f]t ;'s]sf sf/0f d?e"dLs/0fa9]/ v]tLof]Uo hldg v'Drg] / pa{/sTjdf x|f; cfpg] k|lqmof rln/x]sf] 5 .

hg;ª\Vof j[l4, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, ;x/Ls/0f tyf dfgjLo k|of]usf ljleGgIf]qn] e"ldsf] k|fs[lts cj:yfdf kl/jt{g dfq u/fPsf] 5}g, df6f]sf] u'0f:t/jf pTkfbsTjdf ;d]t gsf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .

jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGg k|sf]khGo 36gfjftfj/0f ljgfzn] x/]s If]qdf hf]lvd a9fPsf] 5 . jfo', hn, e"ld k|b"if0fsf]z[ª\vnfn] k[YjLsf x/]s ;|f]tdf k|lts"n k|efj kf/]sf] x'Fbf g} k|f0fL, jg:klt/ dflg; :jo+ k|sf]ksf ljleGg 36gfaf6 kLl8t aGb}5 . jftfj/0f ljgfz g}k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9fpg] k|d'v sf/s ag]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f ljgfzsf sf/0fpTkGg x'g] k|d'v k|sf]khGo 36gfnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

af9L M k[YjLsf] pi0fLs/0f / jgljgfzsf sf/0f lxdgbL klUng], lxdtfn

Page 28: 4. environment pollution and disaster

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / k|sf]k ÷÷÷÷÷2828282828

ljikmf]6 x'g], cltj[li6, v08j[li6 tyf e"Ifo a9]/ af9Lsf] k|sf]kdf j[l4 x'G5 .

klx/f] M clgof]lht e"pkof]u / jgljgfzn] e"Ifo a9fpF5 / cltj[li6n]klx/f]sf] hf]lvd a9fpF5 .

dxfdf/L M kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg gx'Fbf, kfgLsf ;|f]t k|b"lift x'Fbf / af9L,klx/f], clgsfn, e'OFrfnf]h:tf k|sf]ksf 36gf j[l4 x'Fbf dxfdf/L a9\5 .

v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff M v8]/L, hnk|b"if0f, jgljgfzh:tf sf/0fn]d?e"dLs/0f a9\g], e"ldsf] pa{/sTjdf x|f; cfpg] x'Fbf vfBfGg pTkfbg 36]/clgsfn nfU5 . o;af6 ef]sd/L / s'kf]if0fsf] hf]lvd a9\5 .

x'/Latf; M jfo'k|b"if0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf lqmofk|ltlqmofn] k[YjLsf]pi0fLs/0f;Fu} jfo'sf] ;+/rgf tyf axfj ultdf kl/jt{g cfP/ x'/Latf;,cfFwLsf 36gfdf j[l4 x'G5 h;n]] ljgfzsf/L ¿k wf/0f u5{ .

zLtnx/ / n" M jfo'sf] ;+/rgf / ultdf cfpg] kl/jt{gn] zLtnx/ /tftf] nx/ -n"_ sf] k|sf]k lg/Gt/ a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

jftfj/0f ljgfzsf k|efjk|sf]ksf o:tf y'k|} 36gfnfO{ ef}uf]lns :j¿k, hnjfo'sf] ljt/0f, e"ld, hntyf cGo k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]uh:tf sf/0fn] k|efljt kf/]sf] x'G5 . o:tf36gfaf6 hgwgsf] Iflt x'g] / ljsf;sf] ult k5fl8 ws]lng] oyfy{n]k|sf]khGo hf]lvd a9fpg jftfj/0f k|b"if0f jf cksif{0f jf ljgfzn] w]/} 7"nf]e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 .

!= jg:klthutdf k|efjk|To]s hLjsf] hLjgrqm jftfj/0fsf ch}ljs tŒjsf] u'0f:t/df cfwfl/t/x]sf] x'G5 . x'g t jg:klt jftfj/0fsf] To:tf] h}ljs tŒj xf] h;n]jftfj/0fsf ch}ljs tŒjx¿– jfo', hn / e"ldsf] k|b"if0fnfO{ ;f];]/ :jR5jftfj/0f lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u u5{ . tyflk, jfo', e"ld / hn k|b"if0f tyf ltgsf]u'0f:t/df x|f; cfpFbf jg:kltsf] k|fs[lts j[l4b/ / k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtfdfk|lts"n c;/ k5{ . jfo'k|b"if0fdf cTolws j[l4 ePdf ljiffQm Uof; tyf/;fog, kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ tyf To;df x'g] xflgsf/s tŒjx¿sf] zf]if0f,df6f]sf] pa{/fzlQmdf cfpg] x|f;, jfo'd08ndf j[l4 x'g] pmhf{ c;Gt'ngsfsf/0f k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f k|lqmofdf pTkGg x'g] cj/f]w cflb sf/0fn] jg:kltsf]k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpF5 . jftfj/0f ljgfzs} sf/0f jg:kltsf xhf/f}F

Page 29: 4. environment pollution and disaster

jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / k|sf]k ÷÷÷÷÷2929292929

k|hflt kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fdf cfk"mnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{ g;s]/ nf]k eO;s]sf5g\ eg] w]/} k|hflt b'n{e / ;ª\s6fkGg ag]sf 5g\ .

kxf8L If]qdf klx/f] uPdf s[life"ld ;lxt jg / h}ljs ljljwtf gi6 x'G5 .t/fO{df af9Ln] To:t} c;/ kf5{ / jghGo kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf lju|xpTkGg x'G5 . o;af6 cGo k|sf]ksf 36gfdf j[l4 x'g] / hgwgsf] Iflt x'g]oyfy{nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsFb}g .

@= k|f0fLhutdf kg]{ k|efj

jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGg hf]lvdn] ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLhutnfO{ k|lts"n k|efjkf5{ . xfjf, kfgL, df6f] / jg:kltsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfdf kg]{ k|efjn] k|f0fLsf]u'0f:t/Lo hLjgk4ltnfO{ cf]/fnf] nufpF5 . jfo'sf] u'0f:t/ x|f; ePdf:jf;k|Zjf;dfkm{t ljiffQm tŒjx¿ z/L/leq k|j]z u5{g\ . To;}u/L k|b"lifttyf u'0f:t/xLg kfgLsf] pkef]usf] kl/0ffd klg xflgsf/s x'G5 . df6f]sf]k|b"if0fn] e"ldsf] k|fs[lts cj:yf / u'0fdf x|f; cfpF5 / af;:yfgsf]ljv08g / vfBfGg pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpF5 .

csf]{tkm{ jgljgfzn] jGohGt' ;ª\s6fkGg aGg] / To;sf] k|efj 3/kfn'jfhgfj/ ;lxt dflg;df k5{ . o:t} k|efj hnLo jg:klt / k|f0fLdf klg k5{ .hnk|b"if0fsf sf/0f clwsf+z hnLo jg:kltsf] cl:tTj ;ª\s6df kg]{ /To;sf] k|ToIf jf k/f]If k|efj cGo h}ljs ;|f]tdf k5{ . o;/L jftfj/0fsf]Ps tŒjsf] u'0f:t/df k|efj kbf{ csf]{ tŒjdf klg k|efj kg]{ x'G5 .

#= dflg;df kg]{ k|efjjftfj/0fnfO{ cfˆgf] hLjglgjf{x, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts ljsf;dfk"0f{ ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ;Ifd dflg; jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGg x'g]hf]lvdaf6 cfkm}F c;'/lIft 5 . jftfj/0f ljgfzsf sf/0f a9\g] k|sf]khGo36gfaf6 hgwgsf] Ifltsf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug'{ c;Dej g} x'G5 . x/]s ;dogofF–gofF ;d:of pTkGg eP/ ljZjnfO{ cftª\lst agfO/x]sf] jftfj/0fLo;d:of jt{dfg ljZjsf] ;jf{lws rf;f]sf] d'2f klg xf] . jftfj/0f ljgfz tyfcksif{0faf6 dflg;df kg]{ k|efjnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M

s= ul/aLdf j[l4hg;ª\Vof j[l4 / jftfj/0f cksif{0fn] jftfj/0fLo z/0ffyL{sf] ;ª\Vof nuftf/a9\g]5 . o;af6 ljZjsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;f ul/aLdf afFRg afWo

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x'g]5 . jt{dfg ;dodf ul/Psf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf k|of; ckof{Kt x'g] dfqxf]Og, a9\bf] hg;ª\Vofsf] rfknfO{ wfGg g;s]/ ;dfhdf ljs[lt l;h{gf x'g;Sg]5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g;Sg] v8]/L, d?e"dLs/0faf6vfBfGgsf] pTkfbg 36]/ ul/aL / ef]sd/Lsf] kL8f ef]Ug afWo ;'8fgsf]cj:yf ljZjsf cGo d'n'sdf gxf]nf eGg ;lsFb}g . jftfj/0fLo ljgfzsf]jt{dfg :t/ sfod} /xg] xf] eg] ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ul/aLsf] ;ª\Vof a9\g] 5 .of] cj:yf s]jn jftfj/0fLo sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] geP/ ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf];dfg ljt/0f x'g g;s]/ klg l;h{gf x'g]5 . clxn] g} /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o:t/df ul/a / wgLaLrsf] vf8n lgs} 7"nf] eO;s]sf] 5 . ul/aLsf sf/0f;dfhdf lgDg c;/ b]vf kg]{5g\ M

ul/a / wgLaLr åGå pTkGg eP/ ;dfhdf ljrng k}bf x'g ;S5 .a;f]af; / /f]huf/sf] cefj, cfocfh{gsf ;|f]t gx'Fbf dfUg] dflg;(acquisitive) sf] eL8 a9\g]5 .b}lgs ;d:ofaf6 d'Qm x'g g;Sgfn] dflg;sf] 7"nf] ;d"x cfqmfdsag]/ df/kL6, cftª\s, bª\uf cflbdf ;lDdlnt x'g ;Sg]5 .dflg; cfˆgf b}lgs cfjZostfsf ;|f]tsf] vf]hLdf b]z–ljb]zef}Ftfl/g'kbf{ cfk|jf;L ;d:of a9\g]5 .;'s'Daf;L / cfly{s z/0ffyL{sf] ;d:of b]vf kg]{5 .

ul/aLsf] j[l4nfO{ lgDg sf/0fn] k>o ldNg] oyfy{ klg xfd|f] ;fd' /x]sf] 5 M

cfly{s c;dfgtf M jftfj/0f ljgfzsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k e"ldsf] pTkfbgIfdtf / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpg] s'/f o; cl3 g}pNn]v eO;s]sf] 5 . jfo'k|b"if0fsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ljleGg xflgsf/s tŒjn]dfgjz/L/df c;/ kfg]{ s'/f Ps 7fpFdf 5 eg] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf cGokIfx¿df kfg]{ k|lts"n k|efjn] hn, :yn, jg:klt / k|f0fLdf kg]{ gsf/fTdsk|efjåf/f pTkGg uDeL/ ;ª\s6sf] ;fdgf klg dflg;n] g} ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .k|fs[lts j:t' tyf ;|f]tdfly dflg;sf] cTolws rfk / x|f;f]Gd'v jftfj/0fsfsf/0f ltgsf] k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtf Go"g x'Fbf dflg;sf b}lgs cfjZostfsfj:t'sf] k"lt{ x'g ;Sb}g . jftfj/0f k|b"if0f tyf cksif{0faf6 pTkGg k|sf]khGo36gfsf sf/0f dflg;n] lgDg ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k5{ M

vfB;ª\s6sf] j[l4 M kfgL df6f] / jfo'sf] u'0f:t/df x|f;sf sf/0f vfBfGgpTkfbg 36\5 . a9\bf] vfBfGgsf] dfu k"/f ug{ pTkfbg a9fpg] b'O{ ljsNkdflg; ;dIf /x]sf] 5 . tL x'g\ /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u tyf v]tLof]Uo

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e"ldsf] lj:tf/ . oL b'j} sfo{n] jftfj/0f ljgfzdf cx+ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .vfBfGg ;ª\s6sf sf/0f clgsfn / s'kf]if0fn] hghLjg ;ª\s6fkGg aG5 .

cf}Bf]lus If]qdf ljrng M pBf]usf] ;~rfngsf nflu sRrfkbfy{, /;fog/ OGwgsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . o:tf ;fwg k|s[ltdf /x]sf] e08f/af6 g} k"lt{x'G5 . sRrfkbfy{sf ¿kdf sf7, bfp/f, h8La'6L jf jfg:klts ;|f]tsf]pkof]u x'G5 . jGohGt'sf /f}F, xf8, 5fnf, df;' klg pBf]usf sRrfkbfy{x'g\ . pBf]usf d]l;g rnfpg OGwgsf ¿kdf bfp/f, sf]Onf, vlgh t]n,Uof; cflbsf] pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf OGwgsf ;|f]t k'g?Tkfbg gx'g]ePsfn] ltgsf] e08f/ ;lsFb}5 eg] tL OGwg hNbf pT;h{g x'g] xflgsf/sUof;x¿n] jftfj/0f ljgfzdf 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ .

sfi7 / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt pBf]usf nflu cfjZos kg]{ sf7, cf}iflw pTkfbgsfnflu rflxg] h8La'6L, sfuh pTkfbgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ nf]Stf / cGosRrfkbfy{, sk8f, /a/ / To:t} ljleGg j:t' pTkfbg ug{ cfjZos kg]{sRrfkbfy{sf] clwsf+z dfusf] k"lt{ jgaf6 g} x'G5 . To;}u/L sf]Onf, vlght]n, cfnª\sfl/s wft', pkef]Uo j:t' pTkfbg ug{ rflxg] kmnfd, h:tf,cfNd'lgod, tfFjfnufotsf cf}Bf]lus sRrfkbfy{sf] ;|f]t klg k|s[lt g} xf] .k[YjLsf] ue{af6 lg:sg] vlgh j:t'sf] e08f/ lg/Gt/ l/lQFb} hfFbf sfnfGt/dfo;sf] pTkfbg /f]lsg]5 eg] jGo;Dkbf / k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly x'g] lg/Gt/cltqmd0fn] ltgsf] pknAwtfdf klg x|f; cfpg] oyfy{nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{;lsFb}g . o;af6 sfnfGt/df cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] jt{dfg ult /f]lsg]5 .o;af6 dflg;df cfly{s ;ª\s6 pTkGg x'g]5 .

cfGtl/s tyf afx\o Jofkf/df c;Gt'ng M cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] c;Lldtlj:tf/sf sf/0f t];|f] ljZj cfly{s pklgj]zsf] rk]6fdf kg]{ ;Defjgf a9]sf]5 . cf}Bf]lus d'n'sx¿n] k|fs[lts sRrfkbfy{ ljsf;zLn d'n'saf6 ;:tf]d"Nodf cfoft ug]{ k|of; ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] sRrfkbfy{sf] k|zf]wgaf6pTkflbt bf];|f] u'0f:t/sf] j:t' k'gM ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf lgof{t u5{g\ .ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx¿n] cfˆgf pTkfbgsf] k|d'v qm]tfsf ¿kdf cNkljsl;td'n'ssf gful/snfO{ g} /f]h]sf x'G5g\ .

Pstkm{ ljsf;zLn d'n'saf6 cf}Bf]lus d'n'snx¿n] sRrfkbfy{ lgsfNg]qmddf ljsf;zLn d'n'ssf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;dfKt x'Fb} hfg]5 eg] To;sf]k|efj l;w} jftfj/0f ljgfzdf kg]{5 . sfnfGt/df k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;dfKt eP/cNkljsl;t d'n's g sRrfkbfy{ lgof{tnfO{ lgoldt ug{ ;S5g\ g t

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k|zf]lwt j:t' cfoft ug]{ Ifdtfdf /xG5g\ .

u'0f:t/Lo jftfj/0fsf] cefjdf k|s[ltdf kg]{ >[ª\vnfa4 k|efjsf sf/0fx/]s If]qsf] pTkfbsTjdf x|f; cfpg] x'Fbf dflg;n] cfly{s ;ª\s6sf] ;fdgfug'{kg]{ cj:yf Pslt/ cfpg]5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ;fdflhs k|b"if0fn] ;fdflhs;+/rgfdf vnn k}bf ug]{5 . cfh dflg;n] u/]sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, k|fljlwstyf j}1flgs k|ultsf] Bf]tssf ¿kdf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|r'/pknAwtf g} /x]sf] 5 . ha k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtf Go"g x'G5,dflg;n] uj{;fy k|fKt u/]sf cf}Bf]lus ;kmntfdfly g} k|ZglrGx v8fx'g]5 . cGtdf cfly{s sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g yfn]sf] jt{dfg ;dosf] emu8fn]ljZjJofkL o'4nfO{ glgDTofpnf eGg ;lsFb}g .

v= ;fdflhs k|efj

k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cefj, vfBfGg pTkfbgdf sdL, cf}Bf]lus / Jofkfl/sIf]qdf c;Gt'ng k}bf x'g ;S5 . wgL emg} wgL / ul/a cem ul/a aGg];Defjgfn] ;|f]tdfly ul/asf] kx'Fr sd eP/ ;fdflhs åGåsf] l:ylt pTkGgx'g ;S5 .

jt{dfg ;dodf ;d]t cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|lt:kwf{ rln g} /x]sf] 5 . sfnfGt/dfjftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGg kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf clxn] eO/x]sf] /fhgLltsn8fOFn] ug{ ;Sg] 5}g . To; cj:yfdf /fHoleqsf åGåsf t'ngfdf cGt/f{li6«ozlQmaLr n8fOF x'g]5 . vf8L If]qsf] t]ne08f/dfly clwsf/ sfod ug{ /cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf x'Fb} aUg] gbLsf] kfgLsf] afF8kmfF8sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ k|f/DeePsf ljjfb o;sf HjnGt pbfx/0f x'g\ .

u= hg:jf:Yodf ;d:of

jftfj/0f ljgfzsf sf/0f vfBfGg pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpg] / pTkflbt vfBfGgklg k|b"if0fd'Qm gx'g] ;Defjgfn] hg:jf:Yosf] ;d:of xfdLn] jt{dfg ;dodfef]lu/x]sf] eGbf eoª\s/ hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g]5 . jftfj/0fsf] u'0f:t/ v:sFb} hfFbf/ k|b"if0fsf ;|f]t a9\b} hfFbf /f]usf gofF hLjf0f'sf] pTklQ x'g ;S5 . cf}nf]lgoGq0fsf nflu pTkflbt 8L8L6LnfO{ nfdv'§]n] krfOlbof] / hg:jf:YodfbL3{sfnLg k|efj k¥of] . To:t} kl/0ffd cGo ljiffbLaf6 klg pTkGg x'g;S5 . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf lrGtfsf] ljifo ag]sf] Ifo/f]usf] cf}iflwsf] cfjL:sf/eO{ g;Sb} SofG;/sf] klxrfg x'g' / SofG;/sf] cf}iflw kQf gnfUb} P8\;h:tf]dxfdf/L km}ng' jftfj/0f ljgfzs} sf/0f x'g ;S5g\ .

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z'4 xfjf / kfgLsf] cefjdf nfUg] emf8fkvfnf, 6fOkmfO8, sdnlkQ,cDnlkQ, kmf]S;f], d'6', lbdfu cflb zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s /f]usf] j[l4 x'g] s'/fdfljz]if1x¿ ;xdt eO;s]sf 5g\ .

3= cfjf; ;d:of

k[YjLdf tLj| ultdf al9/x]sf] hg;ª\Vofsf nflu cfjf;sf] ;d:of klgjftfj/0f ljgfzaf6} pTkGg x'g]5 . dflg;åf/f lgld{t 7"nf ;x/ / cfw'lgstyf ;fwg;DkGg cfjf; If]qn] jftfj/0fLo u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ g;Sbf hLjg;ª\6do aGg]5 . ;x/L If]qsf] sf]nfxn / k|b"lift jftfj/0faf6 dflg;k|fs[lts jftfj/0ftkm{ cfslif{t x'Fb} hfFbf jftfj/0fLo ljgfzdf cem lj:tf/x'g]5 / cfjf; If]q kl/jt{gsf] qmd a9\g]5 . x/]s If]qdf x'g] ;x/Ls/0fn]kmf]xf]/d}nf, vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of / cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf ;fwgsf] ckof{Kttfg} cfjf;;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] sf/s aGg]5 .

pk;+xf/jftfj/0f k|b"if0f, ljgfz jf cksif{0f h] eP klg o;sf] k|lts"n k|efjcGtdf cfP/ dflg;df g} kg]{ s'/f o; cWoogaf6 :ki6 x'G5 .

dflg; ;r]t / rt'/ k|f0fL ePsf gftfn] p;n] kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fdfcfk"mnfO{ ;dflxt ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; t unf{, t/ p;sf nflucfjZos kg]{ h}ljs tyf ef}lts ;|f]t g} pknAw eOlbPgg\ jf ablnFbf]jftfj/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] gofF hLj jf jg:klt dfgjhLjg cg's"n eOlbPgg\eg] To; cj:yfdf s] ug]{ < k|Zg lgs} hl6n 5 .

jftfj/0f ljgfz jf cksif{0fdf dfgjLo lqmofsnfk g} k|d'v sf/s xf] eGg]ljifodf klg xfdLn] cWoog u¥of}F . t/, ;d:of;Fu} ;dfwfg klg cfpF5 eGg]s'/fnfO{ klg la;{g x'Fb}g . jftfj/0f ljgfzsf] sf/s dflg; g} jftfj/0f;+/If0fsf] sf/s aGg ;S5 / o;sf nflu aL;f}F ztfAbLsf] dWolt/af6 k|of;k|f/De ePsf] 5 . x'g t rfn' k|of;n] 7f]; pknlAw jf ;sf/fTds glthfb]vfpg ;s]sf] 5}g, tyflk xfdLn] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] dfu{ klxrfg ug'{h?/L 5 .

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