4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then...
Transcript of 4 - VikingsF17astronomy.nmsu.edu/cwc/Teaching/ASTR308/Lectures/4-Vikings-F17.pdf · enemy and then...
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TheVikingsTheLittleToldStoryofScandanavia intheDarkAges
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TheViking(moderndayDanes,Norwegians,andSwedes)seafaringexcursionsoccurredfromabout780to1070AD.TheystartedraidingandpillaginginthenorthBalticregionofEurope.Bythemid900s(10thcentury)theyhadestablishedsuchapermanentpresenceacrossFranceandEnglandthattheyweresimplypaidoff(“Danegeld”)tocohabitateinpeace.
TheyconqueredmostofEngland,astheRomanshad,buttheydiditinonly15years!TheyformedlegalsystemsinEnglandthatformedthebasisofBritishCommonLaw,whichatonetimewouldlatergovernthemajorityoftheworld.
Theyeventuallyadaptedthewesternmonarchy formofgovernment,converted toChristianity,andintegratedintoFrance,England,Germany,Italy,Russia,Syria,andoutintotheAtlantic.
TheyalsobroughtChristianitybacktotheirhomecountries,setupmonarchies,andforgedthecountriesofNorway,Denmark,Sweden,andRussia.
ItwasthedirectdescendantoftheVikings(fromNormandy)wholedthecaptureofJerusalemduringtheFirstCrusade.
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TheRomansdominatedEurope,Africa,theMiddleEast,andEngland.TheynevercouldconquertheGermanicpeopletothenorth.TheGermanicpeoplesackedRomethreetimesbetween435and489CE.
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Meanwhile,theRomanEmpiresurvivedonastheByzantineEmpirewithitscapitalinConstantinople(nowIstanbul).
ThepowervacuuminAfrica,Spain,andtheMiddleEastallowedforthevastexpansionoftheIslamic/MuslimCaliphs.EvenChinabecomes50%Muslim.
By800CE,TheArabicworldhadanempirelargerthantheRomanEmpire.Theirlandsliterallyconnectedtheeasternandwesternworlds.Theyhadnoneedforoceangoingtransportation- thedesertwastheirsea.
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KingCharlemagnehadconsolidatedwesternEurope,andtheAnglo-SaxonshadpopulatedEngland,buthadnotunitedEnglandintoasingleempireyet.ItwouldtaketheVikingraidsforEnglandtoeventuallyunite.
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AfterCharlemagne’sdeathin814,histhreesonsdividedhiskingdom.
ThesedivisionsbecamemoderndayFrance,Germany,andeventuallySwitzerland.
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TheDanelaw RegionofEnglandKingdomofGuthrum KingAlfredTheGreathaltedthe
southernadvanceoftheDanesandthenfoughtbackuntilastalematewasreachedinabout900AD.
ThreegenerationslatertheDanestookoverallofEnglandandruledakingdomacrossEnglandANDScandanavia (KingCnutTheGreat).
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Allmalesweretrainedinwarriorskillsfromchildhood.Theywerealldisciplinedandhardenedfromtheharshcoldclimate,andweremadestrongandfitbytheirrowinginarmiesledby“seakings”.
ThemilitiaoftheEnglishontheotherhandwereasmallprofessionalelite- Englisharmieswerepredominantly simpleuntrainedfarmersandblacksmiths.Theygottheirarmorhandedtothemwithease (thustheoriginoftrainedstandingarmies- thanksVikings.)
Vikingshadlightarmor,andwereexpertswiththeaxeandspear.
Theycreatedshieldwallstosuckintheenemyandthenwouldmopthemup.
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Vikingsdevelopedashipcalledtheknarr.Ithadamast,akeel,andores.Ithadaveryshallowdraftthatcouldgetupriverseasilyanditcouldnavigatetheopenseas.
Vikingscouldenteratownquietlyandquicklyandcommandtotalsurprisefollowedbyfiercefighting.
Vikingscouldnavigatethecountryatthreetimesthespeedofmarchingtroops.
HighTechnologyStepsIn..
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RaidsandSettlementsoftheNorwegians,Danes,andSwedish(800-1000).PoliticalMapis900CE.NotemodernFrance,Germany,Switzerland,andSpaindivisionsareinplace,whereSpainisArabic.Note“white”RussiansareSwedish.
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Bythe1200s,the”Vikings”tookthepoliticsofmonarchieshomeandestablishedthreekingdoms,Norway,Sweden,andDenmark.Thedevelopmentoftheseseparatekingdomsisanamazingstoryinitself.TheyalladoptedChristianity.
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Toinfinityandbeyond…
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In986,Bjarni Herjolfsson triedtofindhisfather,whohadmigratedfromIcelandtoGreenland.Bjarni overshotGreenland,and,realizinghehadarrivedatanunchartedland,turnedaroundtogobacktoGreenlandwithouteverhavingsteppedfootonthenewland.
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In1001,LeifEricssonpurchasedBjarni’s ship,collected35men,andsetouttofindthelandBjarni haddiscovered.Ericsson’screwwinteredthereandreturnedtoGreenlandbysummer’end.
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Shortlythereafter,Leif’sbrotherThorvald tookacrewof30toVinlandandsettledLeif’sencampment.Thefirstsummertheyexploredthecoast,butduringtheirsecondsummerencounteredhostilenativeswhodrovethembacktoGreenland.
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AfirstattemptatcolonizingVinlandwasthenledbyThorfin Karlsefni,oneofLeif’sin-laws,whogatheredover250menonthreeships.Theytradedwiththenatives(Skraelings),buteventuallyweredrivenoutandbacktoGreenland.
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Leif’s(crazy)sister,Freydis,whohadpreviouslyslappedherbreastswithaswordtostoptheSkraeling attacks,organizedafinalexpedition,butfoundLeif’shouseoccupied;shehadalloccupyingmenandwomenofthatpartykilled.Thenextspring,uponthereturntoGreenlandhercrimeswererevealedandLeifputacurseonallofheroffspring.
Epilogue:By1020therewerenomoreVikingsettlementsinVinland.
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Thedevelopedtraderoutessettingthestageforthecomingages…
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By1200traderoutesincludedtheeast-westroutecalledtheSilkRoad.NotetheMuslimscontrolledallroutesthroughPersia,Arabia,andEgypt.NoEuropeancouldtradedirectlywiththeEast,until…