MUC LUC

MC LC

1CHNG 1: M U

1I. TNH CP THIT CA VIC LP BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

2II. MC CH LP BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

2III. C S PHP L, C S D LIU V TI LIU K THUT LP BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

21. C S Php L

32. Cc Ti Liu Khc

4IV. I TNG, PHM VI V NI DUNG CA BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

41. i tng v phm vi ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng

42. Ni Dung Ca Bo Co

42.1. Xc nh Cc S Liu Ban u

52.2. Phn Tch V nh Gi Tc ng Mi Trng

52.3. Cc Bin Php Gii Quyt v Phng Chng Nhim

6IV. PHNG PHP NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

7CHNG 2: HIN TRNG QUN L CHT THI RN TH TI THNH PH H CH MINH

7I. GII THIU

7II. KHI LNG CHT THI RN TH

8III. Thnh phn cht thi rn th

9IV. H thng qun l cht thi rn th

91. S tng qut h thng qun l CTRT Tp.HCM

92. S thu gom v vn chuyn CTRT Tp.HCM

103. Phn loi, ti sinh, ti ch

104. X l

12CHNG 3 HIN TRNG MI TRNG TI MT S BI CHN LP TRN A BN TP.HCM

12I. GII THIU CHUNG

14II. BI CHN LP NG THNH HC MN

141. Hin trng hot ng

152. Cc tc nhn nhim quan trng ti BCL

152.1. Nc r rc

152.1.1. Thnh phn nc r rc ca BCL ng Thnh khi ang hot ng

182.1.2. Thnh phn nc r rc ca BCL ng Thnh sau khi ng bi:

192.2. Kh pht sinh t bi chn lp

20III. BI CHN LP G CT BNH CHNH

201. Hin trng hot ng

201.1. Gii thiu

211.2. Quy trnh k thut x l rc

211.2.1. Cng tc chn lp rc:

211.2.2. V sinh cng trng

221.2.3. Cng tc x l mi hi

221.2.4. Cng tc x l chy n

221.2.5. Cng tc x l nc r rc

221.2.6. Kim sot mm bnh

231.2.7. Duy tu bo dng

231.2.8. Quan trc mi trng

242. Hin trng mi trng trc khi BCL i vo hot ng

242.1. Hin trng mi trng khng kh khu vc BCL

252.1.1. iu kin vi kh hu mi trng khu vc BCL G Ct

252.1.2. Cht lng khng kh

272.2. Hin Trng Cht Lng Nc Ca Khu Vc

272.2.1. Hin Trng Cht Lng Nc Ngm

302.2.2. Hin Trng Cht Lng Nc Mt

322.3. Hin Trng H Sinh Thi T Nhin

333. Cc tc nhn nhim quan trng trong qu trnh vn hnh BCL

333.1. Nc r rc

343.2. Kh pht sinh t bi chn lp

34IV. BI CHN LP PHC HIP C CHI

341. Hin trng hot ng

341.1. Gii thiu

351.2. Quy trnh k thut x l rc

351.2.1. Cng tc chn lp rc:

361.2.2. V sinh cng trng

361.2.3. Cng tc x l mi hi

371.2.4. Cng tc x l chy n

371.2.5. Cng tc x l nc r rc

371.2.6. Kim sot mm bnh

371.2.7. Duy tu bo dng

381.2.8. Quan trc mi trng

392. Hin trng mi trng trc khi BCL i vo hot ng

392.1. Hin trng mi trng khng kh khu vc BCL

402.2. Hin trng mi trng nc khu vc BCL

402.2.1. Hin trng mi trng nc mt

412.2.2. Hin trng mi trng nc ngm

422.3. Hin trng ti nguyn sinh vt

423. Cc tc nhn nhim quan trng trong qu trnh vn hnh BCL

423.1. Nc r rc

433.2. Kh pht sinh t bi chn lp

44V. SO SNH HIN TRNG MI TRNG CA HOT NG CHN LP CHT THI RN TH TI CC BCL TRN A BN TPHCM

441. Thnh phn nc r rc ti cc BCL

472. Thnh phn cc cht gy nhim khng kh ti cc BCL trn a bn thnh ph

48CHNG 4 NH GI TC NG MI TRNG CA HOT NG CHN LP CHT THI RN TH

48I. NGUN PHT SINH CHT THI

481. Giai on chun b mt bng xy dng BCL

492. Giai on xy dng BCL

492.1. Kh thi

492.2. Cht Thi Rn

492.3. Nc Thi

492.4. Cc Tc ng Khc

503. Giai on vn hnh BCL

503.1. Nc thi

503.2. Kh Thi

503.3. Cht Thi Rn

513.4. Cc Tc ng Khc

514. Giai on ng ca BCL

514.1. Nc thi

514.2. Kh Thi

514.3. Cc Tc ng Khc

52II. TC NG N MI TRNG NC

521. Giai on xy dng

521.1. Nc Thi Sinh Hot Ca Cng Nhn Xy Dng

561.2. Nc Ra Xe

562. Giai on vn hnh

562.1. Nc r rc t BCL

592.2. Nc r rc t khu vc b rc tm thi v xe vn chuyn rc

602.3. Nc ra xe vn chuyn trc khi ra khi BCL

602.4. Nc Thi Sinh Hot

602.5. Nc R Rc X L

602.6. Nc Ma T Cc H Chn Lp ang Xy Dng

612.7. Nc ma chy trn

613. Giai on ng ca BCL

614. Tc hi ca cc cht nhim c trong nc thi i vi mi trng

614.1. Tc ng ca cc cht hu c

624.2. Tc ng ca cht rn l lng

624.3. Tc ng ca cht dinh dng (N, P)

62III. TC NG N MI TRNG KHNG KH

621. Giai on xy dng BCL

621.1. Bi do o p v vn chuyn t

621.2. Kh thi v ting n t cc xe vn chuyn v thit b thi cng

631.3. Cc loi kh thi t BCL

642. Giai on vn hnh

642.1. Kh Bi Chn Lp

642.1.1. Qu trnh hnh thnh cc cht kh vi lng.

642.1.2. Qu trnh hnh thnh cc kh ch yu

672.1.3. Qu trnh thot kh trong BCL.

682.2. Kh Thi T Trm Pht in

682.3. Kh Thi T B Rc Tm Thi (Sn trung chuyn, phn loi rc)

682.4. Kh thi v ting n do xe ch rc v cc loi my vn hnh

692.5. Bi v Cht Thi Rn Cun Theo Gi

693. Giai on ng ca BCL

694. Tc ng ca cc yu t gy nhim khng kh ti mi trng

694.1. Tc hi ca H2S

704.2. Tc hi ca CH4 v CO2

704.3. Tc hi ca cc kh axit (SOX, NOX)

714.4. Tc hi ca cc hp cht hydrocarbons

724.5. Mi hi

73IV. TC NG N CHT LNG MI TRNG T

731. Tc ng chung do hot ng chn lp CTR

742. Tc ng do cht thi rn

742.1. Giai on xy dng BCL

742.1.1. t , x bn, t nguyn thy v bn ao h

742.1.2. Rc t cy ci, c di, trong khu vc thi cng

742.1.3. Cht thi rn sinh hot

742.2. Giai on vn hnh

75V. TC NG N MI TRNG SINH THI

751. Giai on xy dng v vn hnh

752. Giai on ng ca BCL

752.1. Kh c hi i vi r cy

762.2. Hm lng oxy trong t thp

762.3. Kh nng trao i ion km

76VI. TC NG N MI TRNG KINH T X HI

761. Cc vn x hi i vi ngi nht rc

772. Anh hng n khu vc dn c xung quanh do tng mt giao thng, gy bi, n v nguy c gy tai nn

773. Anh hng n sc khe cng ng do to mi trng sinh trng rui nhng v nhng sinh vt gy bnh

794. O nhim mi trng khi xy ra cc s c v thin tai nh l lt, ng t,

79VII. CC TC NG KHC

1. 79An ton lao ng cho cng nhn

2. 79nh Hng Giao Thng

803. Nguy C Nt Lp Che Ph v Chy N

804. S St Ln Bi Chn Lp

80VIII. KT LUN V TC NG CA HOT NG CHN LP CTRT

801. Tc ng tch cc

802. Tc ng tiu cc

813. Ma trn Nguy hi a im ti cc BCL CTRT

824. Ma trn cc tc ng n mi trng ca hot ng chn lp

84CHNG 5 XUT MT S GII PHP CI THIN

85I. CC BIN PHP K THUT V CNG NGH

851. Cc bin php kim sot nc thi

851.1. Nc r rc

851.1.1. Kim sot vic di chuyn ca nc r rc

861.1.2. Cc phng n qun l nc r rc

871.1.3. Xy dng h thng x l nc r r

921.2. Nc Thi Sinh Hot

931.3. Nc Ra Xe

942. Cc Bin Php Khng Ch Nhim Khng Kh

942.1. Kh thi t BCL

962.2. Kh thi do cc phng tin c kh vn chuyn v phng tin thi cng c gii

972.3. Cc bin php gim thiu mi hi

972.3.1. Khng ch mi hi bng bin php thu gom kh

972.3.2. Chuyn thnh nhng thnh phn khng gy mi

982.4. Ch phm vi sinh vt hu hiu (EM Effective Microorganism)

982.4.1. Gii thiu

982.4.2. C ch tc ng

982.4.3. Vai tr ca cc VSV trong ch phm EM trong vic gim mi hi

993. Cc bin php chng n v rung

994. Bin php can thip tc hi do vt ch v vi sinh vt gy bnh cho ngi

100II. CC BIN PHP QUN L

1001. Tng quan cc bip php kim sot nhim

1012. Thit lp cc qui nh dch v tiu hy cht thi

1023. Thnh lp n v chuyn trch qun l cht thi rn sinh hot

1024. Bin php qun l cht thi rn sinh hot

1024.1. Nhng nguyn tc chung

1024.2. Nhng im c bit cn lu

1034.2.1. Tng cng s tham gia, ng h ca nhn dn trong cc cng tc thc hin d n

1034.2.2. Vai tr ca cc c quan ch qun

1034.3. Qun l thng qua cc vn bn lut Cng c iu hnh v kim sot (CAC)

1054.4. Qun l bng cng c kinh t (EIs)

1054.4.1. Cc EIs ang c p dng trong lnh vc qun l CTRT

1064.4.2. Ph mi trng

1064.4.3. t cc hon tr

1074.4.4. Qu mi trng

1074.4.5. Mt s kin ngh

109III. CC BIN PHP H TR

1091. Cc bin php h tr trc mt

1092. Cc bin php h tr di hn

1092.1. Hon thin khung th ch v nng lc th ch

1122.2. Th hin r hn vai tr ca cng ng

1132.3. Tng cng ngun ti chnh cho hot ng qun l CTRT

1132.4. Gio dc, nng cao nhn thc cng ng

114CHNG 6 CHNG TRNH GIM ST CHT LNG MI TRNG TRONG QU TRNH VN HNH V NG CA BI CHN LP

114I. CHNG TRNH GIM ST CHT LNG MI TRNG

1171. Mc Tiu

1172. Ni Dung

1173. C S Gim St Cht Lng Mi Trng

118II. GIM ST CHT LNG KHNG KH

1181. Mc tiu ca gim st cht lng khng kh

1182. Mng Li Gim St Cht Lng Khng Kh

1182.1. V tr gim st cht lng khng kh bn trong khu vc BCL: im E1, E2, E3, E4

1182.2. V tr gim st cht lng khng kh khu vc xung quanh: im A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6

1193. Cc thng s gim st

1204. Qui nh quan trc v phn tch mu

120III. GIM ST CHT LNG NC

1201. Mng Li Gim St Cht Lng Mi Trng Nc

1201.1. Gim st cht lng nc ngm

1211.2. Gim st cht lng nc mt

1222. Cc Thng S Gim St

1233. Phng Php Gim St

123IV. CNG TC BO H LAO NG V SC KHE CNG NHN

123V. CHI PH GIM ST

123VI. TRANG THIT B CHO CNG TC GIM ST MI TRNG

125VII. O TO

126CHNG 7 KT LUN

127Hnh nh v hot ng ph nh BCL s c thc hin ti BCL ng Thnh

129TI LIU THAM KHO

CHNG 1:

M Utc "CHNG 1: M AU" \f C \l 1I. TNH CP THIT CA VIC LP BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNGtc "I. TNH CAP THIET CUA VIEC LAP BAO CAO ANH GIA TAC ONG MOI TRNG" \f C \l 1Thnh ph H Ch Minh l trung tm kinh t, thng mi, du lch v cng nghip ln nht nc ta. Vi tc pht trin kinh t nhanh, qu trnh th ha din ra mnh m, nhu cu khai thc v tiu dng ti nguyn thin nhin ca con ngi cng khng ngng tng ln, lm ny sinh hng lat cc vn mi trng, mt trong s l vn cht thi rn.

C th ni rng, hin nay, cht thi rn l mt trong nhng vn ang c quan tm nht nhng nc pht trin cng nh ang pht trin, trong c Vit Nam.

c bit, s pht trin vt bc ca khoa hc k thut ngy cng p ng v nng cao i sng ca con ngi, ng thi cng y nhanh tc th ha. y cng l nguyn nhn chnh lm sn sinh ngy cng nhiu cht thi, ko theo l vic gii quyt hng nghn tn cht thi rn mi ngy.

qun l khi lng cht thi rn khng l vi mc tng 10 -15%/nm, TPHCM hnh thnh h thng qun l cht thi rn th vi s tham gia ca gn 30 cng ty nh nc, 3 - 5 cng ty TNHH, 1 hp tc x, hng trm c s ti sinh ti ch t nhn, hng ngn t dn lp v khong 30.000 ngi hat ng trong lnh vc ny (trong , hn 6.000 ngi hot ng trong h thng thu gom, vn chuyn, chn lp; hn 20.000 ngi hot ng trong lnh vc phn loi, thu gom, mua bn ph liu).

im tp kt cui cng ca mi hot ng trong h thng qu l k thut CTRT t khu thu gom, vn chuyn n x l v tiu hy u l bi chn lp. Ni nh vy thy rng, vic x l bng cch chn lp mt lng ln cht thi rn hng ngy tt yu s gy nhng tc ng tiu cc n mi trng sng cng nh sc khe ca ngi dn. Do , ti nh gi tc ng mi trng ca hot ng chn lp cht thi rn th trn a bn TpHCM c thc hin nhm tm ra nhng gii php nng cao hiu qu ca hat ng x l cht thi rn, ng thi hn ch n mc thp nht nhng tc ng tiu cc m hat ng ny gy nn.

II. MC CH LP BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNGtc "II. MUC CH LAP BAO CAO ANH GIA TAC ONG MOI TRNG" \f C \l 1

nh Gi Tc ng Mi Trng TM (Environmental Impact Assessment - EIA) l s nhn dng h thng v nh gi cc nh hng c kh nng xy ra ca cc d n, cc nh my, cc chng trnh, cc hot ng n cc thnh phn ha l, sinh hc, vn ha, kinh t - x hi ca mi trng tng th (Canter, 1977), nhm ra cc bin php k thut v qun l gim n mc thp nht cc nh hng xu v pht huy cao nht cc nh hng tt. Mt h thng TM l tng phi c p dng cho tt c cc d n c nh hng ng k n mi trng v xc nh r nh hng no l nghim trng nht.

Nh vy, kt hp cht ch vi chng trnh gim st, bo co TM l cng c khoa hc phc v c lc cho vic qun l v kim sot cng nh k hoch ha bo v mi trng

Bo co TM c thc hin nhm mc ch:

Xc nh hin trng mi trng ti khu vc xy dng cc BCL v cc vng ln cn;

nh gi tc ng mi trng do cc hot ng chn lp CTR i vi mi trng;

xut cc bin php cng ngh x l nhim;

xut cc bin php qun l phc v cho cng tc bo v mi trng;

Lp chng trnh gim st nhim cho hot ng chn lp trong khi xy dng, trong giai on vn hnh v sau khi BCL ng ca.

III. C S PHP L, C S D LIU V TI LIU K THUT LP BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNGtc "III. C S PHAP LY, C S D LIEU VA TAI LIEU KY THUAT E LAP BAO CAO ANH GIA TAC ONG MOI TRNG" \f C \l 11. C S Php Ltc "1. C S Phap Ly" \f C \l 1

Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ca hot ng chn lp cht thi rn th trn a bn TpHCM c thc hin da trn cc c s php l sau:

-Lut Bo v mi trng Vit Nam (nm 2005) c hiu lc ngy 01/07/2006 to c c s php l cho cng tc qun l cht thi, to tin cho vic ban hnh cc vn bn php l khc lin quan n vic c th ho cc quy nh, quy ch, tiu chun, hng dn,.

- Thng t s 490/1998/TT BKHCNMT ngy 29 thng 4 nm 1998 ca B Khoa Hc, Cng Ngh V Mi Trng, v Hng dn lp v thm nh Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi cc d n u t.

- Qui nh v vic thc hin bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng cho d n.

- Cc qui nh thi cng c s h tng ca thnh ph H Ch Minh.

- Ngh nh s 121/2004/N-CP ca chnh ph ngy 12/5/2004 quy nh v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong bo v mi trng.

- Ngh nh s 256/2003/Q-TTg ca Th tng chnh ph ban hnh ngy 2/4/2003 v vic ph duyt Chin lc bo v mi trng quc gia n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020.

- Ch th s 199/TTg ngy 3/4/1997 ca Th tng chnh ph v nhng bin php cp bch trong cng tc qun l CTR cc th v khu cng nghip.

- Thng t lin tch s 1590/1997/TTLB-KHCNMT-XD ca B Khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng v B Xy dng ban hnh ngy 17/10/1999 hng dn thi hnh ch th s 199/TTg ngy 3/4/1997 ca Th tng chnh ph v nhng bin php cp bch trong cng tc qun l CTR cc th v khu cng nghip.- Quyt nh s 152/1999/Q-TTg ngy 10/7/1999 ca Th tng chnh ph v vic ph duyt Chin lc qun l CTR ti cc th v khu cng nghip Vit Nam n nm 2020.

- Thng t lin tch s 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD ngy 18/1/2001 hng dn cc quy nh v bo v mi trng i vi vic la chn a im xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp CTR.

- TCVN 6696-2000 Bi chn lp hp v sinh Yu cu v bo v mi trng.

- TCVN 6705-2000 Cht thi rn khng nguy hi Phn loi.

- TCXDVN 261-2001 Bi chn lp Tiu chun thit k.

- Vit Nam tham gia k kt Cng c quc t v Ngh nh th Kyoto (2002) v ang xy dng Chin lc quc gia v C ch pht trin sch (CDM) cho php cc nc cng nghip ho c php mua Chng ch Carbon t cc ch tiu ca cc nc ang pht trin v coi nh gim lng kh thi ra theo cam kt ca mnh. Vic thu gom v s dng kh methane t cc BCL l mt trong nhng cng ngh mang li nhng li ch v mt ti chnh nht khi thc hin CDM, t l quay vng ti chnh ni ti t cc d n ny c th tng ln t 5% n 10%.

2. Cc Ti Liu Khctc "2. Cac Tai Lieu Khac" \f C \l 1

Cc ti liu khc c s dng trong vic chun b bo co TM:

Lun chng tin kh thi d n u T Nng Cp Cht Lng Cng Trng X L Rc G Ct ca X nghip phn tng hp Hc Mn thuc S GTCC Tp.H Ch Minh.

D n u T Nng Cp Cht Lng Cng Trng X L Rc G Ct;

Bo co nghin cu kh thi d n Xy dng bi chn lp s 2 khu lin hp x l cht thi rn Ty Bc Thnh ph

D n Xy dng v vn hnh khu lin hp x l cht thi rn a Phc Thnh ph H Ch Minh

Bo co TM ca d n Ci To H Thng Knh Rch v Pht Trin H Thng Thot Nc Lu Vc Knh Nhiu Lc Th Ngh (JICA);

Phng n Gii Ta Di Di v Ti nh C cho cc d n ci to c s h tng ca thnh ph H Ch Minh;

Bo co Gim St Cht Lng Mi Trng ca thnh ph H Ch Minh.

Cc ti liu tham kho cng ngh x l cc cht thi (nc, khng kh v cht thi rn) ca nc ngoi v trong nc;

IV. I TNG, PHM VI V NI DUNG CA BO CO NH GI TC NG MI TRNGtc "IV. OI TNG, PHAM VI VA NOI DUNG CUA BAO CAO ANH GIA TAC ONG MOI TRNG" \f C \l 11. i tng v phm vi ca bo co nh gi tc ng mi trngtc "1. oi tng va pham vi cua bao cao anh gia tac ong moi trng" \f C \l 1Vi c th l bo co nghin cu cng on x l cui cng trong h thng qun l k thut CTRT nn i tng ca bo co TM ny l hot ng chn lp CTRT ni chung trn ton a bn thnh ph.

Phm vi nghin cu ca bo co l 3 bi chn lp in hnh cho 3 trng thi hot ng khc nhau, 3 thi im xy dng khc nhau:

+ BCL ng Thnh Hc Mn

+ BCL G Ct Bnh Chnh

+ BCL Phc Hip C Chi

2. Ni Dung Ca Bo Cotc "2. Noi Dung Cua Bao Cao" \f C \l 1

thc hin cc mc ch trn, nhng ni dung sau c trin khai:

2.1. Xc nh Cc S Liu Ban utc "2.1. Xac nh Cac So Lieu Ban au" \f C \l 1- Su tm ti liu v kho st thc te hin trng mi trng khu vc d n

- Su tm ti liu v kho st thc t cc iu kin t nhin

- Su tm ti liu v kho st thc t cc iu kin kinh t x hi

- Su tm ti liu v kho st cc c s h tng

- Xc nh cc ngun nhim

+ Thnh phn nc r r t cc BCL;

+ Ngun nhim khng kh t BCL v giao thng trong vng;

+ Thnh phn t;

+ Thnh phn cht thi rn.

2.2. Phn Tch V nh Gi Tc ng Mi Trngtc "2.2. Phan Tch Va anh Gia Tac ong Moi Trng" \f C \l 1 Phn tch, nh gi cng ngh x l rc

- Phn tch v nh gi cc ngun cht thi v kh nng gy nhim n mi trng+ Nc thi;

+ Kh thi;

+ Cht thi rn;

nh gi nh hng n mi trng ca tng ngun nhim;

nh gi hin trng mi trng cc ngun nc, khng kh v cht thi rn;

2.3. Cc Bin Php Gii Quyt v Phng Chng Nhimtc "2.3. Cac Bien Phap Giai Quyet va Phong Chong O Nhiem" \f C \l 1- X l cc ngun nhim:

+ Nc r r;

+ Kh thi;

+ Cht thi rn.

- a ra cc bin php k thut v qun l gii quyt cc vn cn tn ti;

- Gii quyt cc vn dn c, kinh t x hi;

Bo co TM c trnh by trong 7 chng vi cc biu , bng biu v hnh nh minh ha.

Chng 1 M u

Chng 2 Hin trng qun l cht thi rn th ti Thnh Ph H Ch Minh

Chng 3 Hin trng mi trng ti mt s bi chn lp trn a bn TP.HCM

Chng 4 nh gi tc ng mi trng ca hot ng chn lp CTRT

Chng 5 xut mt s gii php ci thin

Chng 6 Chng trnh gim st cht lng mi trng trong qu trnh vn hnh v ng ca bi chn lp

Chng 7: Kt lun v kin ngh

IV. PHNG PHP NH GI TC NG MI TRNGtc "IV. PHNG PHAP ANH GIA TAC ONG MOI TRNG" \f C \l 1

Phng php nh gi tc ng mi trng c th c phn loi nh sau:

+ Nhn dng

M t hin trng ca h thng mi trng

Xc nh tt c cc thnh phn ca d n

+ D on Xc nh nhng s thay i ng k ca mi trng

D on v khi lng v khng gian ca s thay i xc nh trn

nh gi kh nng cc nh hng s xy ra theo thi gian

+ nh gi Xc nh mc thit hi v li ch ca cc nhm v cng ng dn c b nh hng bi hot ng ca d n;

Xc nh v so snh v li ch gia cc phng n.

Phng php nh gi tc ng mi trng c s dng trong bo co TM ny ch yu l da vo "Hng Dn V Thc Hin Bo Co nh Gi Tc ng Mi Trng" do Cc Mi Trng - B Khoa Hc Cng Ngh & Mi Trng ban hnh trn c s ph hp vi hon cnh nc ta, hon cnh khu vc ang xt v ph hp vi cc s liu iu tra c:

+Phng php lit k (Check list):

Lit k cc tc ng n mi trng do hot ng xy dng BCL;

Lit k cc tc ng n mi trng do d n gy ra, bao gm cc nhn t gy nhim mi trng: nc thi, kh thi, cht thi rn, an ton lao ng, chy n, v sinh mi trng khu vc sn xut,...

Phng php lit k l phng php tng i n gin, cho php phn tch mt cch su sc cc tc ng ca nhiu hot ng khc nhau ln cng mt nhn t.

+Phng php nh gi nhanh v m hnh ha mi trng:

Phng php ny c s dng khi nh gi ti lng nhim nc, kh,... do cc hot ng ca d n v d bo mc tc ng do lan truyn nc thi vo ngun nc v kh thi vo vng khng kh phm vi no v cc s c mi trng khc.

CHNG 2:

HIN TRNG QUN L CHT THI RN TH TI THNH PH H CH MINHtc "CHNG 2: HIEN TRANG QUAN LY CHAT THAI RAN O TH TAI THANH PHO HO CH MINH" \f C \l 1I. GII THIUtc "I. GII THIEU" \f C \l 1Thnh ph H Ch Minh ko di theo hng Ty Bc ng Nam, nm trong ta a l 10038 11010 v Bc v 106022 106055kinh ng, pha Bc gip tnh Ty Ninh v Bnh Dng, pha ng gip ng Nai v Bin ng, pha Nam v Ty Nam gip Long An. Chiu di ca thnh ph l 150km t C Chi n Duyn Hi, chiu rng l 50km t Th c n Bnh Chnh. Din tch ton thnh ph H Ch Minh l 2095,24 km2, trong ni thnh chim 140,3 km2. Dn s ton thnh ph 5.547.900 ngi (thng k nm 2002), vi mt trung bnh 2.468 ngi/km2 v c d on n nm 2010 dn s s ln n 7,5 7,7 triu ngi.

Vi tc th ha v cng nghip ha cao, s lng dn c v cc khu dn c, s lng cc nh my v cc khu cng nghip tng nhanh chng, thnh ph H Ch Minh ang chu mt sc p v lng cht thi rn ra mi ngy t hn 1 triu h dn c sng ti 24 qun huyn, t hn 8000 nh my, c s sn xut va v nh, 12 khu cng nghip, 03 khu ch xut v 01 khu cng ngh cao, 59 bnh vin, gn 400 trung tm chuyn khoa, trung tm y t v hn 5.000 phng khm t nhnII. KHI LNG CHT THI RN THtc "II. KHOI LNG CHAT THAI RAN O TH" \f C \l 1Khi lng CTRT ngy cng tng nhanh chng theo tc gia tng dn s v pht trin kinh t x hi. Di y l khi lng CTRT Tp.HCM tnh n nm 2004.

NmRcX bnTng lng CTR

Tn/nmTn/ngyTn/nmTn/ngyTn/nmTn/ngy

19941005417275528075376912861703524

1995978084268032953490313076183583

1996993377272234791895313412953675

1997943996258619012252111341173107

1998899568246524685767611464253141

19991019914279430600883813259223633

20001172956321431100785214839634066

20011369359375234501494517143734697

20021568477429735876298319272395280

200317313874744479594131422109816057

20041764019483333985993121038785764

Ngun: Cng ty mi trng th Tp.HCM

III. Thnh phn cht thi rn thtc "III. Thanh phan chat thai ran o th" \f C \l 1TTTHNH PHNH GIA NHTRM TRUNG CHUYNBCL G CT

K.lng (%) m (%) tro (%)K.lng (%) m (%) tro (%)K.lng (%) m (%) tro (%)

1Thc phm61-96,660,2-89,63,5-4772-9458,7-85,23,4-12,368,9-75,656,4-8625,2-56,2

2NylonKK-135,7-52,801,6-9,611,6-60,5012,6-45,412,6-45,40

3Nha0-103,1-20,100,5-5,82,5-8,801-81-16,50

4Vi0-14,27,4-20,7-0-131,6-41,97-7,51,5-13,311,6-15,2-

5Cao su mm0-KK--04,52,3-5,3-KK-1,81-5,1-

6Cao su cng0-2,8--0-1,63,1-4,2-0--

7G0-7,211,7-26,2-0-5,82,7-16,2-2,5-4,53,4-18,23,3-5,6

8Mp xp0-1,35,7-10-KK-1,23,2-40,92,4-2,60-1--

9Giy0-14,217,7-51,51-13,6KK-5,510,1-55,64,7-9,10-5,412,6-22,54,2-18,4

10Thy tinh4-25--0-5,6--0-2--

11Kim loi0,9-3,3--0-0,5--0-2--

12Da0--0-1,90,8-0-1--

13X bn0-10,520-0-5,5--0-KK--

14Snh s0-3,6--0-0,88-9,2-0-KK--

15Carton0-4,6--0-6,520,2-66,712,5-130-2,52,6-15,6-

16Lon hp0-10,2--0-4,3--0--

17Pin0--0-1--0-KK--

18Bng gn0-2--0--0--

19Tre, rm r, l cy0-25--0-0,910----

20V s, xng .vt0-9--0-----

21B sn0--0-3-----

22Thng ng sn0--0-KK-----

23Mica0--0-KK-----

Ghi ch: tro (% trng lng kh) ; KK: Khng ng k khi % theo khi lng t < 0,5%

IV. H thng qun l cht thi rn thtc "IV. He thong quan ly chat thai ran o th" \f C \l 11. S tng qut h thng qun l CTRT Tp.HCMtc "1. S o tong quat he thong quan ly CTRT Tp.HCM" \f C \l 1

2. S thu gom v vn chuyn CTRT Tp.HCMtc "2. S o thu gom va van chuyen CTRT Tp.HCM" \f C \l 1

Hin nay Cng ty Mi trng th ang chu trch nhim chuyn ch 53% khi lng CTRT ca TpHCM, Hp tc x Cng Nng chuyn ch 17%, phn cn li 30% do cc Cng ty Dch vu Cng ch cc qun huyn chuyn ch.

3. Phn loi, ti sinh, ti chtc "3. Phan loai, tai sinh, tai che" \f C \l 1

4. X ltc "4. X ly" \f C \l 1Hin nay, Tp.HCM ch yu ang p dng bip php chn lp x l CTRT. Trong tng lai khng xa, song song vi hat ng ti cc BCL, Tp.HCM s tin hnh xy dng cc hng mc x l CTRT bng cng ngh mi nhm nng cao hiu qu ca hot ng qun l CTR trn a bn thnh ph ni chung.

Theo S Ti nguyn Mi trng TpHCM, thnh ph ang tin hnh thc hin 14 d n x l CTR. Trong , Cty Mi trng th ang lm ch u t thc hin 4 d n: (1) D n chn lp rc hp v sinh vi cng sut 3000 tn/ngy; (2) xy dng nh my x l rc thi sinh hot 500 tn/ngy thnh compost bng cng ngh thy phn di p sut v nhit cao; (3) xy dng trm x l cht thi cng nghip nguy hi (rc y t) bng cng ngh t thng quay c cng sut 21 tn/ny; (4) xy dng nh my x l CTRSH a Phc c cng sut 800 tn/ngy (200 tn bn hm cu v 600 tn CTRSH), x l bng phng php vi sinh, sn xut compost. Tt c cc d n ny c tng vn u t gn 883 t ng v s a vo hot ng nm 2006.

10 d n x l CTR bng cng ngh mi hin i theo ch trng x hi ho cng tc x l CTR: (1) D n xy dng nh my lin hip x l ton din CTRT Lemna ti TpHCM do Cty Vietstar (Hoa K) u t 19 triu USD; (2) X l rc thnh compost do Cty lin doanh Si Gn Earthcare (Hoa K) u t 12 triu USD; (3) xy dng l t rc y t, cht thi cng nghip do Cty Dung ch (i Loan) u t trn 8 triu USD; (4) Xy dng khu lin hp CTR a Phc do Cty California Waste Solutions, Inc (Hoa K) u t 107 triu USD; (5) Khu lin hp x l CTR W2E do Cty Waste to Energy Pte Ltd (Singapore) u t 9,5 triu USD: (6) t rc thi kt hp pht in ti TpHCM do Cty Fluid Tech (Australia) u t 105 triu USD; (7) t rc pht in ti TpHCM do Cty Keppel (Singapore) u t 120 triu USD; (8) Xy dng nh my x l rc bng phng php nhit phn Entropic do Lin doanh gia Cty i Lm v Cty Entropic Energy (Hoa K) u t 100 triu USD; (9) Nh my x l rc thi sn xut phn bn hu c vi sinh v cc sn phm t rc thi do Cty Nam Thnh Ninh Thun u t 98 t ng; (10) t rc sn xut in do Cty Naanovo (Canada) u t. Trong 10 d n nu trn, hin c 3 d n (do Cty Vietstar, Cty Dung ch, Cty Lin Doanh Si Gn Earthcare u t) c nh nc cp giy php u t, d kin c th a vo hot ng trong nm 2006 v 2007.

CHNG 3

HIN TRNG MI TRNG TI MT S BI CHN LP TRN A BN TP.HCMtc "CHNG 3 HIEN TRANG MOI TRNG TAI MOT SO BAI CHON LAP TREN A BAN TP.HCM" \f C \l 1I. GII THIU CHUNGtc "I. GII THIEU CHUNG" \f C \l 1

Hin nay, TpHCM pht sinh mt lng CTR c tnh khong 5000 6000 tn/ngy. Hu ht lng CTR trn c thu gom v vn chuyn ln cc BCL, k c cht thi nguy hi. Mt phn CTRCN c thu gom, x l v ti sinh ti ch ti mt s cng ty t nhn v c s nh. CTR y t c thu gom v x l bng phng php t Bnh Hng Ha.

Chn lp l cng ngh duy nht cho n nay c s dng x l CTRT ti TpHCM. Cc BCL , ang v s a vo hot ng ti TpHCM c trnh by trong bng sau:

TTTN BCLA IMDIN TCH (ha)Ghi ch

1a PhcX a Phc,

Bnh Chnh73- ang xy dng

- Thi gian hot ng: t 01/2005

- Tng cng sut tip nhn: 909.940 tn

- Cng sut: 2000 3000 tn/ngy

2G CtX Bnh Tr ng,

Bnh Chnh25S ng ca cui 2006

3Phc Hip

(Tam Tn)*C Chi45Bi s 1 ang tip nhn (sp ng ca). Bi 1A ang xy dng. (khu LHXLCTR: x l c CTRCN & CTRT)

4Th ThaLong An1760

5Nhn cNh B100

6Trng ThnhQun 950

7Cn GiCn Gi1

8ng ThnhHc Mn45Ch tip nhn x bn

Trong , cc BCL ang hot ng l G Ct, Phc Hip, ng Thnh.

Chn lp c xem l gii php t tn km trong x l CTRT. Tuy nhin, nguy c gy nhim mi trng l rt cao. Trong nhng nm gn y, cc BCL bc l nhiu nhc im, nh hng n sc khe con ngi v mi trng xung quanh c khi ang vn hnh v cn tc ng mt thi gian di sau khi ng bi.

Mt trong nhng ngun nhim ln nht sinh ra t cc BCL ti TpHCM l nc r rc. Vi din tch chn lp t 16 25 ha, mi BCL c th pht sinh mt lng nc r rc trn di 1000m3/ng vi nng cc cht nhim bn kh cao. Cc kt qu phn tch nc r rc 3 BCL ang vn hnh cho thy COD = 39.614 59.750 mg/L, BOD = 41.456-56.250 mg/L. Trong BCL xut hin cc hot ng phn hy k kh nn pH thp v nng cc cht bo bay hi VFA kh cao: VFA-COD = 20.216 21.611 mg/L. Nng cc hp cht cha Nit kh cao: hm lng nit hu c Org-N = 336 678 mg/L, N-NH3 = 297 790 mg/L, N-NO2- v N-NO3- khng pht hin (do iu kin k kh). Khi thi gian lu tr cng cao, nng N-NH3 s cng cao (c th n 2.044 mg/L) do cc hp cht hu c cha Nit phn hy v chuyn ho thnh. cng cao: Htc= 5.833 9.667 mgCaCO3/L v Ca2+= 1.122 2.739 mg/L. Lng nc r rc vi nng cht nhim cao nh th gy nhim nng n mi trng sng, c bit l nh hng n t, nc ngm, nc mt ca cc vng xung quanh. (TLTK: Phng n xy dng h thng quan trc v gim st cht lng mi trng cc BCL TpHCM UBND TPHCM S Ti nguyn v Mi trng thng 08/2004)Ngun nhim ng k th hai l kh v mi pht sinh t BCL. Kh thi t BCL ch yu l CH4 v CO2 pht sinh vi khi lng ln t qu trnh vn hnh BCL. y l cc loi kh gy hiu ng nh knh, c bit CH4 c kh nng gy hiu ng nh knh gp 20 ln CO2. Nu lng kh ny khng c thu gom v x l hoc ti s dng, chng s gp phn nh hng n s nng ln ca kh hu ton cu. Ngoi ra, mi pht sinh t BCL rt kh chu, ch yu sinh ra t h cha nc r r v sn phn loi, c kh nng nh hng trn phm vi nhiu km xung quanh BCL, nh hng ln n sinh hot v sc kho ngi dn sinh sng quanh y.

Bn cnh , a im xy dng BCL cn nhiu bt hp l. Ch c BCL ng Thnh v G Ct l nm trn vng t cao, cn BCL Phc Hip v cc BCL c chn a im s xy dng trong thi gian ti (Phc Hip giai on 2 88ha, a Phc 73ha, Th Tha 1.760ha) u nm trong vng t yu v ngp nc. Cc bo co a cht v thy vn cho thy, cc vng t ny lp t bn b mt c th dy 14-18m, thm ch cn dy hn. Vo ma l, mc nc khu vc ny thng cao hn mt t t 1,0 1,5m. y l cc vng nhy cm v mi trng, c khuyn co khng nn xy dng BCL (theo Hng dn k thut v quy hoch, thit k v vn hnh cc bi chn lp cht thi rn cc nc thu nhp va v thp Rushbrook & Pugh, 1999 World Bank). Nhng do iu kin v t ai, TpHCM khng th tm c cc a im khc, bt buc phi la chn v xy dng cc BCL trn cc vng t yu v ngp nc.

Ngoi ra cn k n st ln ca BCL sau mt thi gian hot ng nht nh. c tnh sau 5 nm, st ln ca BCL khong 20 40%. K hoch gim st, kim tra st ln ca BCL rt quan trng quyt nh tui th khi thm rc, t vo BCL.

Cho n nay, cc BCL hp v sinh u c lp lt y, h thng thu gom v x l nc r rc v h thng thu gom kh thi. Tuy nhin vn cha x l trit do nng cc cht hu c, v c thay i rt khc bit trong thi gian hot ng, gy nhim mi trng cng nh sinh hot v sc kho ca c dn sinh sng quanh khu vc BCL.

II. BI CHN LP NG THNH HC MNtc "II. BAI CHON LAP ONG THANH HOC MON" \f C \l 11. Hin trng hot ngtc "1. Hien trang hoat ong" \f C \l 1

- Thi gian hot ng: 1991 2002

- Din tch: 45 ha

- Tng cng sut tip nhn: 10.800.000 tn

- Hin nay khng tip nhn CTRSH, ch tip nhn x bn (1000 tn/ngy)Bi chn lp ng Thnh c hnh thnh t pht t nm 1991 v l bi CTRSH ln nht ti TpHCM trong thi gian vi cng sut ln n 2.000-2.500 tn/ngy. Cho n cui nm 2002, BCL ng Thnh chn lp c hn 10 triu tn rc. y l BCL khng v sinh nn khng c h thng lp lt y, h thng thu gom nc r r, kh bi chn lp v h thng x l nc r rc. Nc r rc chy trn ra ngoi ti bt c v tr no trong BCL c vt nt. Mt phn nc r rc c thu gom ti mng h bao xung quanh di chn BCL v dn v cc h cha.

2. Cc tc nhn nhim quan trng ti BCLtc "2. Cac tac nhan o nhiem quan tr?ng tai BCL" \f C \l 1

2.1. Nc r rctc "2.1. Nc r rac" \f C \l 1Thnh phn nc r rc ca BCL ng Thnh khi cn hot ng v sau khi ng bi thay i rt ln v rt a dng

2.1.1. Thnh phn nc r rc ca BCL ng Thnh khi ang hot ngtc "2.1.1. Thanh phan nc r rac cua BCL ong Thanh khi ang hoat ong" \f C \l 1Thnh phn nc r rc BCL ng Thnh ly mu ma kh (2002):

Thnh phnGi tr, mg/L (tr pH)

M1M2M3M4M5M6M7M8

Ph67,328,117,997,898,248,178,16

TDS1500015900158001535015250142501385011150

BOD556250335714400178672100022412794-

COD6533338500100002428626666860074002507

SS12803270-----243

VSS7702220-----227

N-NO3-2,92,52,132,4-2,34,8

N-NH314452044237425702195-16021977

Org-N470196319231258-202230

Phosphorus14,921,542,229,317,5-26,69,6

Htc(mgCaCO3/L)606744678671533230012336671867

Ca2+18441122214187527240200134

Mg2+3564058125923915440373

Fe tng710173--100--89

(Ngun: Cc bin php gim thiu nhim t cc BCL c v ti s dng sn phm phn hy cho nng nghip Trung tm cng ngh v qun l mi trng CENTEMA Thng 12/2003)

Ghi ch:

M1: ly cch nh ca che ph I 5m theo chiu cao

M2: ly cch nh ca che ph I 10m theo chiu cao

M3: ly cch nh ca che ph I 15m theo chiu cao

M4: ly cch nh ca che ph I 20m theo chiu cao

M5: ly cch nh ca che ph I 25m theo chiu cao, mu gp chung ca nhiu dng nc r rc

M6,M7: ly cch nh ca che ph II 20m theo chiu cao

M8: ly trong h cha s 7 tn ng lu ngy.

Nhn xt:

Mu c ly t nhiu cao khc nhau trn chn lp. Kt qu phn tch nc r rc cho thy:

Vi chn lp s I, hu nh theo khong cch cng xa nh theo chiu xung mt t ca ang chn lp rc th nng cht hu c cng gim, COD gim t 65.335 ppm xung 10.000 ppm. Do chn lp c thc hin chn lp t di ln trn nn cng gn nh nc r r cng mi, mc nhim bn cng cao. Tng ng t s BOD/COD gim t 86% xung 73,6% v 44% (t s 44% xut hin ngu nhin 1 mu trn xc sut 5 mu). Ngc li gi tr pH tng dn t 6 n 8,2. Hin tng nng cht hu c gim dn, t l BOD/COD gim dn, pH tng dn theo chiu t nh chn lp tr xung l do bn thn BCL cng l mt thit b x l sinh hc t nhin, nhng hp cht hu c no c kh nng phn hy sinh hc t phn hy theo thi gian chn lp. Nng cc hp cht cha nit kh cao, nu xt theo chiu nh trn th hm lng nit hu c gim t 470 ppm xung 202 ppm; N-NH3 tng t 1445 ppm ln 2570 ppm v N-NO3- khng ng k so vi nit hu c v N-NH3. Khi thi gian lu tr cng lu nng N-NH3 cng cao, nit hu c cng thp do nit hu c b thy phn v chuyn ha thnh N-NH3. Cng xt cng chiu nh trn, thnh phn cng tng cng v Ca2+ ca mu r r mi nht l cao nht do pH tng ln 7,3-8,2 v CO2 sinh ra trong qu trnh phn hy t nhin l mi trng thch hp cc cation ha tr II (gy nn cng) kt ta, phn no bm dnh li trn vt liu ph. Bn cnh cng cao, hm lng TDS cao dao ng 15.000-15.900 ppm th nng cc hp cht cha phospho thp gy kh khn cho qu trnh thm thu ca cc cht qua mng t bo trong qu trnh trao i cht.

Vi chn lp s II, vo thi im ly mu BCL ng Thnh vn ang chn lp rc mi nhng khng c nc r r mi t cc v tr gn nh m ch c rt t nc r r t dng bn di cch nh khong 20m. Do vy nc r r thuc loi c c nng COD l 7400-8600 ppm, t s BOD/COD thp (t 26-38%) rt kh x l theo phng php sinh hc. Vi nc r r rt c b tn ng lu ngy trong h th hu nh cc ch tiu phn tch cng tng gim tng t nh so snh trn (gia nc r r c v mi), c bit nng COD gim ch cn 2507 ppm. Hm lng cng tng cng v Ca2+ nh hn ng k so vi nc r r mi v mt phn cc ion gy cng v Ca2+ to kt ta b gi li trn ng i v lng xung y h.

Thnh phn nc r rc BCL ng Thnh ly mu u ma ma (2002):

Thnh phnGi tr, mg/L (tr pH)

M.IM.IIM.IIIM.IVM.VM.VI

pH8,228,178,268,047,798,21

TDS150001520013350132501580015100

BOD5-750026395000127505227

COD781814072703684692293211335

SS--447793700-

VSS--445413440-

N-NO3-------

N-NH3--168320942346-

Org-N---162291-

Phosphorus--2318,820,2-

Htc(mgCaCO3/L)40013502672533500700

Ca2+941404045410780

Mg2+402424134057121

Fe tng--11795134-

(Ngun: Cc bin php gim thiu nhim t cc BCL c v ti s dng sn phm phn hy cho nng nghip Trung tm cng ngh v qun l mi trng CENTEMA Thng 12/2003)

Ghi ch:

M.I, M.II, M.III, M.IV: ly theo hng dng chy

M.V: cng v tr ca M2

M.VI: ly trn dng chy nhp chung t hai nhnh thuc hai hng ca chn lp I

Nhn xt:

Cc mu nc r r ly ln 2 vo u ma ma, do vy b pha long vi nc ma nn nng cht hu c khng qu cao (COD=7.036-22.932 ppm), tng ng t s BOD/COD= 37,5-59%. Do ly mu theo dng chy nn mu nc r r thc cht l nc r r c v mi nhp chung. iu gii thch v sao t s BOD/COD khng cao. Cc ch tiu khc cng dao ng tng t nh mu ly ln 1.

Nhn chung, kt qu phn tch ca c hai ln ly mu (ma kh v u ma ma) cho thy, nng cc cht nhim trong nc r rc l rt cao. R rng rng, nu lng nc r r ny khng c thu gom v x l trit th y l mi nguy hi rt ln cho mi trng, c bit l mi trng nc ti y.

2.1.2. Thnh phn nc r rc ca BCL ng Thnh sau khi ng bi:tc "2.1.2. Thanh phan nc r rac cua BCL ong Thanh sau khi ong bai:" \f C \l 1Thnh phnGi tr

mg/L (tr pH)Thnh phnGi tr, mg/L

pH8-8,2Phospho tng4,7-9,5

TDS9100-11100Nit tng600-2190

Htc1520-1860N-NH3520-1970

Ca2+134-140Fe tng64-120

SS169-240Zn4,4-4,8

COD916-1702Cr tng0-0,05

BOD243-615Cu1,41-1,8

Humic (mgC/L)317-378Pb0,2-0,25

Lignin36,2-52,6Cd0-0,02

Du tng40-460Mn0,66-0,73

Phenol0,32-0,6Ni0,65-1,18

Cht hot ng b mt0,17-0,24Hg0,01-0,04

TetrachlorethylenKPHAs0,01-0,022

Trichlorethylen KPHSn2,2-2,5

(Ngun: CENTEMA 2003)

Nhn xt:

Thnh phn nc r rc bin i rt nhiu theo thi gian ngay c khi BCL ang hot ng, c bit l nng cc hp cht hu c (COD) gim dn theo thi gian. Trong thi gian CTR va c chn lp, nc r rc sinh ra c nng cc cht bn cao (COD=25610-63333 ppm, BOD=23750-56250 ppm). Khi BCL giai on hot ng n nh, nc r rc c nng cc cht bn gim ng k (COD = 1079-2507 ppm, BOD = 235-735 ppm). Hin nay, BCL ng Thnh ng ca, nc r rc c hm lng COD dao ng t 916-1702 ppm, BOD dao ng t 243-615 ppm. Trong hm lng cht hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc BOD chim khong 27-36% so vi COD. T l BOD/COD thp, iu ny cho thy rng nc r r c cha cc hp cht hu c kh phn hy sinh hc m c bit l lignin v humic. Hm lng humic dao ng t 317-378 mgC/L v lignin dao ng t 36,2-52,6 ppm, tng ng chim khong 22,2-34,6% v 3,1-4% so vi COD.

i vi nc r rc mi, COD dao ng t 50574-57325 mg/L th humic l 1150-1933 mgC/L v lignin l 1083-1420 ppm, tng ng humic chim khong 2,8 3,8% v lignin chim khong 2- 2,5% so vi COD. iu ny cho thy rng vi nc r r cng c th COD thp nhng t l cc hp cht hu c kh phn hy sinh hc nh humic v lignin cng cao. T l ny cng cao l do qu trnh t phn hy sinh hc xy ra trong BCL theo thi gian tch to ra mt s cc sn phm cui kh phn hy sinh hc. Hm lng nit ca nc r r cao (600-2190 ppm) v y cng l mt thnh phn cn phi c x l v vi hm lng nit cao, c th gy nh hng n hiu qu ca qu trnh x l sinh hc v n thy sinh ti khu vc.

2.2. Kh pht sinh t bi chn lptc "2.2. Kh phat sinh t bai chon lap" \f C \l 1Thnh phn cc kh ch yu sinh ra t BCL bao gm: NH3, CO2, CO, H2, H2S, CH4, N2 v O2. Kh CH4 v kh CO2 l cc kh chnh sinh ra t qu trnh phn hy k kh cc cht hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc trong rc. Nu kh CH4 tn ti trong khng kh nng t 5-15% s pht n. Do hm lng O2 tn ti trong BCL t nn khi nng kh CH4 t ngng ti hn vn t c kh nng gy n BCL. Tuy nhin, nu cc kh BCL thot ra bn ngoi v tip xc vi khng kh, c kh nng hnh thnh hn hp kh methane gii hn gy n. Cc kh ny cng tn ti trong nc r rc vi nng ty thuc vo nng ca chng trong pha kh khi tip xc vi nc r rc.

Kt qu quan trc cc cht nhim khng kh ti BCL ng Thnh trc khi ng bi:

Cht nhim

(mg/m3)BiSO2NO2NH3H2SMercaptanCH4 (ppm)

KV chn lp-0.250.182.12.8-2650

KV vng m-0.20.171.40.14-320

TCVN 5937-19950.30.50.40.20.008--

(Ngun: Cc bin php gim thiu nhim t cc BCL c v ti s dng sn phm phn hy cho nng nghip CENTEMA Thng 12/2003)

Kt qu quan trc cht lng mi trng khng kh ti BCL ng Thnh sau khi ng bi: (Ngun: CENTEMA, 2003)Cht nhim

(mg/m3)CO2

(%)SO2NO2NH3H2SVi sinh

(KL/m3)CH4

K10.06Vt0.040.94KPH722621

K20.09Vt0.040.43KPH778528

K30.04Vt0.110.69KPH222682

K40.03Vt0.040.81KPH472173

K50.07Vt0.040.61KPH611-

K60.050.090.070.54KPH55617

K70.040.110.100.56KPH1250-

K80.030.060.080.36KPH528-

K90.04Vt0.040.46KPH1000-

TCVN 5937-1995-0.50.40.20.008--

Ghi ch:

-KPH: Khng pht hin

-K1: Gia nh BCL

-K2: nh u hng gi

-K3: nh cui hng gi

-K4: Chn BCL (trm x l nc r rc)

-K5: Chn BCL (i din trm x l)

-K6: 51 p 7, x ng Thnh (cch BCL 500m, cui hng gi)

-K7: 15 p 7, x ngThnh (cch BCL 1000m, cui hng gi)

-K8: p 3, x ng Thnh (cch BCL 500m, u hng gi)

-K9: m ly (cch BCL 200m)

Nhn xt:

K t thi gian sau khi ng ca BCL, nng cc cht nhim gy mi nh: H2S, NH4, CH4 gim i r. Nng kh methane gim i r nht.

III. BI CHN LP G CT BNH CHNHtc "III. BAI CHON LAP GO CAT BNH CHANH" \f C \l 11. Hin trng hot ngtc "1. Hien trang hoat ong" \f C \l 11.1. Gii thiutc "1.1. Gii thieu" \f C \l 1

- a im: Phng Bnh Hng Ha, Qun Bnh Tn, TpHCM

- Thi gian hot ng: 19/01/2001 19/01/2006

- Din tch: 25 ha

- Tng cng sut tip nhn: 3.750.000 tn

- Cng sut: 2000 tn/ngy

- Cng ngh x l: chn lp hp v sinh

- Khi lng CTR chn tnh n 30/09/2003: 1.429.140 tn

Rc c chn trong h c su m 7m so vi mt t. rc thnh 9 lp, mi lp dy 2,2m, c ngn cch bi 8 lp t ph trung gian, mi lp c chiu dy 0,15m, lp ph trn cng dy 1,3m, lp lt y dy 0,5m bao gm: lp nha HDPE, ct, h thng thu gom nc thi, x bn c tc dng khng cho nc rc thm vo t. Tng chiu cao ca n rc sau khi l 13m (cao 16m so vi mt t).

Ni dung u t chnh bao gm: tm lt HDPE, h thng thu gom x l nc thi, h thng thu gom kh biogas chuyn ha thnh in nng, sn trung chuyn, trang thit b chuyn dng, h thng cu cn v ra xe, h thng tng ro bao che cao 6m v cc hng mc xy dng khc.

1.2. Quy trnh k thut x l rctc "1.2. Quy trnh ky thuat x ly rac" \f C \l 11.2.1. Cng tc chn lp rc:tc "1.2.1. Cong tac chon lap rac:" \f C \l 1Hng ngy, CTRSH trong thnh ph c cc n v vn chuyn n cng trng x l rc G Ct, sau khi qua cu cn, s c ti sn kim tra phn loi rc.

- Qua kim tra (ch yu bng cm quan), nu pht hin cc loi rc khng hoc cha c php chn lp s c vn chuyn em n ni x l khc theo quy nh.

- Ch cc loi rc c php chn lp s c xe xc, xc t sn phn loi ln xe ti ben chuyn dng, vn chuyn n vo chn rc c lt y bng tm nha HDPE v lp t ng PE thu gom nc rc.

- Ti mi chn rc, rc c san phng thnh tng lp c chiu dy khng vt qu 60cm ( t c m nn ti a) v c m nn k bng xe chuyn dng Landfill Compactor 826G CAT (s ln m nn rc t 6-8 ln qua 1 im) m bo t trng ti thiu sau m nn 0,75 tn/m3.

- Sau mi ngy hot ng tip nhn rc, chiu dy rc sau m nn t 2,2m s c ph mt lp t trung gian dy 15cm ( c m cht). Dng xe ti ben vn chuyn t t bi d tr (cch 500m) n chn rc, dng xe i san phng t, lu ln, to dc thot nc ma.

- Mi chn rc s c 9 lp rc (mi lp dy 2,2m). Trn lp rc sau cng s c hon thin theo th t: ph lp t st dy 30cm tm nha VLDPE dy 1,5mm lp ct tiu dy 20cm lp t trn cng dy 80cm trng cy xanh. dc t chn nh bi tng dn t 3 5% lun m bo thot nc tt v khng trt l, st ln.

- Trong qu trnh chn lp rc, s tin hnh ng thi ni cao ging ng, lp t lp lc v ng ng PE thu kh bi rc. Cc ng dn thu gas theo hng nm ngang s c ni vo cc ng ng ny dn v nh my x l.

- Lm ng tm v bi xe tm xe ch rc vo mi chn rc m khng lm hng lp mng chng thm HDPE ( dc ti a 10%), dm v, duy tu bo dng ng hng ngy.

1.2.2. V sinh cng trngtc "1.2.2. Ve sinh cong trng" \f C \l 1- Hng ngy vt bn t, rc vng vi ti cc mng rnh, ming h ga, h ga, cng thot nc trong ton b phm vi BCL

- Tt c cc xe vn chuyn rc trc khi ra khi BCL G Ct phi li qua b ra xe lm sch bnh xe.

- Sau mi ngy hot ng tip nhn rc, qut dn v ra sch mt ng t ng 3 v hai pha ca Quc L 1 trong phm vi 500m mi pha, cng tc ny c hon tt trc 6 gi sng hng ngy.

- Qut dn v ra sch ng t Quc l 1 vo cu cn, ng ni b, cu cn, sn phn loi rc.

- Ht bn t, thay nc b ra xe hng ngy.

- Vo nhng ngy hanh, kh phun nc to m trong phm vi BCL nhm hn ch bi pht tn ra cc khu vc ln cn.

1.2.3. Cng tc x l mi hitc "1.2.3. Cong tac x ly mui hoi" \f C \l 1Ch yu s dng ch phm EM (Effective Micro-organism) v Bokashi

Phun EM th cp (EEM), pha long vi nc sch phun theo t l: 1:200 (ma kh) v 1:50 1:100 (ma ma). Dng xe bn 16m3 pha trn v phun u EM trn rc lin tc trong sut thi gian xe vn chuyn, rc xung sn phn loi, kim tra.

Hng ngy, phun b sung EM trn din tch mi rc, phn din tch chn rc cha qu 2 thng v cc khu vc pht sinh mi hi. Tu tnh hnh pht sinh mi hi trn mi chn rc m tng hoc gim s ln phun b sung ban ngy t yu cu. B sung ri Bokashi gim mi hi vo ma ma.

1.2.4. Cng tc x l chy ntc "1.2.4. Cong tac x ly chay no" \f C \l 1Lng kh gy chy n (ch yu l kh CH4) s c thu gom bng h thng ng t trong mi chn rc v dn v h thng x l.

1.2.5. Cng tc x l nc r rctc "1.2.5. Cong tac x ly nc r rac" \f C \l 1Nc r rc cc chn t chy v h t nc, c bm chuyn tp trung v nh my x l nc r rc. Nc r rc sau khi x l, qua kim tra t tiu chun x thi s c x vo Rch Nc en pha sau BCL G Ct theo hng dn ca S Nng Nghip v Pht Trin Nng Thn.

1.2.6. Kim sot mm bnhtc "1.2.6. Kiem soat mam benh" \f C \l 1- Phun thuc dit rui, mui v cc cn trng c tim nng gy bnh theo hng dn ca Trung tm Y t D phng. S ln phun cn c vo mc pht trin ca cn trng.

- Hng ngy phun thuc dit rui vo cu cn, sn phn loi rc, ng ni t Quc l 1 vo cu cn, khu vc chn rc, bn trong tng ro, cho nh dn trong phm vi 300m tnh t tng ro ca BCL

- Hp ng vi trung tm y t hoc bnh vin khm sc khe nh k 6 thng/ln cho cn b cng nhn vin ang vn hnh BCL v nhn dn trong phm vi 300m tnh t tng ro BCL.

1.2.7. Duy tu bo dngtc "1.2.7. Duy tu bao dng" \f C \l 1- Kim tra h thng in chiu sng, my pht in d phng v h thng tng ro bao quanh.

- Kim tra boulon, loadcell, chm du m cc v tr cn thit ca hai cu cn in t hng ngy.

- Duy tu, bo dng, nh k bm nc rc, my x l nc r rc, trm thu gom v x l gas, nh my pht in (t gas) theo hng dn ca chuyn gia.

- Duy tu, bo dng nh k cc xe chuyn dng x l rc theo quy nh ca nh nc.

- Chm sc, bo dng thm cy xanh cch ly, cy cnh, dy leo, thm c

- Duy tu sa cha thng xuyn ng vn chuyn rc t sn phn loi n mi chn rc.

- Kim tra, duy tu cc khu vc b st ln (do rc phn hy) trn ton b BCL.

1.2.8. Quan trc mi trngtc "1.2.8. Quan trac moi trng" \f C \l 1Hp ng vi cc n v chuyn ngnh mi trng thc hin cng tc quan trc mi trng, ly mu th nghim, lp bo co mi trng nh k theo quy nh ca c quan qun l mi trng.

+ Mi trng nc:

- Nc mt:

Lu lng 2 thng/ln.

Thnh phn ha hc: 10 mu/ln x 4 ln/nm.

- Nc ngm:

1 mu/ging x 14 ging/ln x 4 ln/nm.

Quan trc c trong i khng kh v i bo ha nc.

- Nc r rc:

Lu lng 2 thng/ln.

Thnh phn ha hc: 4 thng/ln

+ Mi trng khng kh:- Chu k quan trc: 18 mu/ln x 6 ln/nm

- Thng s o: bi, ting n, nhit , kh pht thi.

+ Quan trc kim tra dc, ln sp, lp ph v thm thc vt.: chu k quan trc 2 ln/nm

+ Phn tch thnh phn rc, m : 15 mu/ln x 4 ln/nm

Cc ch tiu phn tch thm (ngoi vic phn loi bnh thng):

T trng ca rc (kg/m3)

m ca rc (%)

T l rc c th ti ch (%)

T l rc cc loi khc (%)

T l rc c th lm compost (%)

T l rc c th t chy (%)

Kch c cc loi rc.

2. Hin trng mi trng trc khi BCL i vo hot ngtc "2. Hien trang moi trng trc khi BCL i vao hoat ong" \f C \l 1Theo u t nng cp cht lng cng trng x l rc G Ct - S Giao Thng Cng Chnh TpHCM, hin trng mi trng trc khi BCL G Ct i vo hot ng nh sau:2.1. Hin trng mi trng khng kh khu vc BCLtc "2.1. Hien trang moi trng khong kh khu vc BCL" \f C \l 1

V tr ly mu khng kh v ting n ti khu vc BCL G Ct:

K hiu muV tr

A1Khu vc trong bi rc G Ct gn ni ang cht thi thu sn

A2Khu vc trong bi rc G Ct gn khu vc 1 nh dn v h nc

A3Khu vc trong bi rc G Ct gn ra

A4Ng ba ng vo bi rc v xa l i Hn

A5Xa l i Hn cch A4 500m

A6Xa l i Hn cch A4 500m

A7i din vi A5 (bn kia quc l) hng trn gi, cch xa l 50m

A8Ngoi bi rc, cui hng gi, khu dn c cch bi rc 70m

2.1.1. iu kin vi kh hu mi trng khu vc BCL G Cttc "2.1.1. ieu kien vi kh hau moi trng khu vc BCL Go Cat" \f C \l 1im ly mu Nhit (0C) m (%)Tc gi (m/s)

A130,160,2 62,41,4

A229,070,3 71,51,8

A328,770,4 75,51,9

A429,565,2 74,01,7

A529,565,2 74,01,7

A6---

A7---

A830.668 - 720.8

2.1.2. Cht lng khng khtc "2.1.2. Chat lng khong kh" \f C \l 1

Do khu vc BCL nm gn ng giao thng nn mi trng khng kh phn gip ranh ca khu t b nh hng bi khng kh nhim trn quc l 1A. Kt qu kho st lu lng xe lu thng trn on ng ny cng cho thy mt xe rt ng (10.000 16.000 xe cc loi/h), hu ht u l xe c ng c, gy n sut c ngy ln m v sinh ra lng ln kh thi cng nh khi bi rt ln.

Kt qu kho st cht lng khng kh ti cc v tr A4, A5, A6 nm gn ng giao thng c mc n kh cao (63 88 dB). Nng bi dao ng trong khong 1,32 1,56 mg/m3 vt tiu chun cho php trong mi trng kh xung quanh hn 5 ln (nng cho php trung bnh 1 gi l 0,3 mg/m3). Cc v tr A4, A5 l nhng im nm gn ng giao thng, cui hng gi nn c nng bi kh cao, cc v tr cn li u c gi tr nng bi nm trong tiu chun cho php. iu ny cho thy ti khu vc BCL, ch yu ngun gy nhim l t giao thng trn quc l 1A.

Lu lng xe giao thng qua quc l 1A gn khu vc BCL:

Thi imLu lng xe trung bnh (chic/gi)

Xe myXe du lchXe khchXe ti

Quc l 1A - 19/8/2000 (Khu vc gn BCL)

6h 6.7051596672

11h12.109183262784

16h14.111382141512

21h9.66021640405

Quc l 1A - 21/8/2000 (khu vc gn bi chn)

6h 8.9252015787

11h14.121276169773

16h15.016413151659

21h8.90120542312

Mt s ch tiu cht lng khng kh nh SO2 cao hn tiu chun (0,55 0,78 mg/L) v NOx xp x mc tiu chun cho thy khng kh khu vc ny b nhim, ch yu do hot ng ca cc xe c lu thng trn quc l 1A gy ra. Gi tr SO2 o c dao ng trong khong 0 0,8 mg/m3, nu so snh vi tiu chun nng cho php trung bnh 1 gi l 0,5 mg/m3, cc im kho st A1, A4, A5 c mt s gi tr vt tiu chun cho php.

Kt qu kho st ting n:

imThi gian

9h00 10h0020h 21h4h30 5h30

TBMaxMinTBMaxMinTBMaxMin

A462785163784545,25039

A258764761764442,74938

A557725057705044,54840

A670876268885852,37840

A772886170876051,48042

A852634250644542,25140

Cht lng mi trng khng kh trong trong khu t (v tr A1, A2, A3) cng c du hiu nhim bi mt s thnh phn kh NH3, NOx, H2S v vi sinh vt trong khng kh cao hn tiu chun. Gi tr CH4 trung bnh dao ng trong khong