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I. Para mejorar el mundo en mi ciudad To better our world in our city 4. Activism In My World Los minusválidos physically challenged Los derechos humanos human rights La discriminación discrimination Los ancianos elderly La solución solution El servicio social social service La gente sin hogar homeless La campaña campaign El/La ciudadano(a) citizen Los jóvenes young people El ser humano human being Los enfermos the sick El prejuicio prejudice La economía economy El concejal councilman La consejala councilwoman El concejo council (govt.) El centro de la comunidad community center El centro de rehabilitación rehabilitation center El comedor de beneficencia soup kitchen Los programas sociales social programs La municipalidad local government El condado county Educar al público to educate the public Participar to participate Hacer un esfuerzo to make an effort Desarrollar to develop Mejorar to improve, get better Lugares, Cosas---Places, Things El desarollo development La industria industry Las fábricas factories Las empresas businesses La pobreza poverty La basura trash El árbol tree La ciudad city El país country El estado state LAS ACCIÓNES --- ACTIONS Juntar fondos to fundraise Pertenecer to belong Votar to vote Sembrar to plant Cuidar de to take care of Recoger to pick up Colaborar con to collaborate with Valorar to value Preservar to preserve Conservar más to conserve more Consumir menos to consume less Trabajar de voluntario to volunteer Convivir to live together, get along Resolver to resolve Luchar contra to fight against Donar to donate Crear to create Permitir to permit / allow Embellecer to beautify Estar en contra de to be against Estar a favor de to be for 1

Transcript of 4. Activism In My Worldcowenti.weebly.com/uploads/3/0/6/3/30638135/spanish_3...word “commands”....

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I. Para mejorar el mundo en mi ciudad To better our world in our city

4. Activism In My World

Los minusválidos ⇔ physically challenged

Los derechos humanos ⇔ human rights

La discriminación ⇔ discrimination

Los ancianos ⇔ elderly

La solución ⇔ solution

El servicio social ⇔ social service

La gente sin hogar ⇔ homeless

La campaña ⇔ campaign

El/La ciudadano(a) ⇔ citizen

Los jóvenes ⇔ young people

El ser humano ⇔ human being

Los enfermos ⇔ the sick

El prejuicio ⇔ prejudice

La economía ⇔ economy

El concejal ⇔ councilman

La consejala ⇔ councilwoman

El concejo ⇔ council (govt.)

El centro de la comunidad ⇔ community center

El centro de rehabilitación ⇔ rehabilitation center

El comedor de beneficencia ⇔ soup kitchen

Los programas sociales ⇔ social programs

La municipalidad ⇔ local government

El condado ⇔ county

Educar al público ⇔ to educate the public

Participar ⇔ to participate

Hacer un esfuerzo ⇔ to make an effort

Desarrollar ⇔ to develop

Mejorar ⇔ to improve, get better

Lugares, Cosas---Places, Things

El desarollo ⇔ development

La industria ⇔ industry

Las fábricas ⇔ factories

Las empresas ⇔ businesses

La pobreza ⇔ poverty

La basura ⇔ trash

El árbol ⇔ tree

La ciudad ⇔city

El país ⇔country

El estado ⇔state

LAS ACCIÓNES --- ACTIONS

Juntar fondos ⇔ to fundraise

Pertenecer ⇔ to belong Votar ⇔ to vote

Sembrar ⇔ to plant

Cuidar de ⇔ to take care of

Recoger ⇔ to pick up

Colaborar con ⇔ to collaborate with

Valorar ⇔ to value

Preservar ⇔ to preserve

Conservar más ⇔ to conserve more

Consumir menos ⇔ to consume less

Trabajar de voluntario ⇔ to volunteer

Convivir ⇔ to live together, get along

Resolver ⇔ to resolve

Luchar contra ⇔ to fight against

Donar ⇔ to donate

Crear ⇔ to create

Permitir ⇔ to permit / allow

Embellecer ⇔ to beautify

Estar en contra de ⇔ to be against

Estar a favor de ⇔ to be for

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LAS instituciones --- Institutions

El gobierno estatal ⇔ state government

Las universidades ⇔ colleges

Las prisiones ⇔ prisons

Las corporaciones ⇔ corporations

Las agencias de aseguro ⇔ insurance agencies

Las cortes ⇔ courts

Las instituciones culturales⇔ cultural institutions

Los museos ⇔ museums

Los hospitales ⇔ hospitals

La industria de entretenimiento ⇔ entertainment

industry

Los problemas --- problems

La discriminación por edad ⇔Ageism

La igualdad de salaries ⇔Equal pay

Acceso igual ⇔ Equal access : ramps

El costo de la educación ⇔ Cost of education

Las prisiones ⇔Prisions : crime, over crowded

El medio ambiente ⇔Environment : Koch/Greenpeace

Las noticias falsas ⇔Fake news : propaganda

El acoso cibernético ⇔Cyber bullying

El voto popular ⇔ Popular vote

El colegio electoral ⇔ Electoral college

El acceso a seguro médico ⇔Access to medical insurance

El derecho al voto ⇔Voting rights

Acceso a la salud ⇔ Healthcare access

La pensión ⇔Pension

La industria agrícola ⇔agricultural industry

Los politicos ⇔politicians

La ciudad ⇔ city

El condado ⇔county

El distrito ⇔ district

Los suburbios ⇔suburbs

La densidad ⇔ density (population)

La educación ⇔ education

La transportación ⇔ transportation

Comercial ⇔commercial

Industrial ⇔ industrial

Residencial ⇔ residential

El centro ⇔ downtown

La subdivisión ⇔ subdivision

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II. Para mejorar el mundo en mi estado To better our world in my state

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Las modalidades--- modalities

Las marchas ⇔Marches

La publicidad ⇔Advertising

Boicotear ⇔To boycott

Ir de huelga ⇔To strike

La fuerza laboral ⇔Labor force

Las pensiones ⇔Pensions

El editorial ⇔Editorials

Una cartelera ⇔Billboards

Hacer una sentada ⇔Sit-ins

Las demostraciones ⇔Demonstrations

El comercio justo ⇔Fair trade

El financiamiento colectivo ⇔Crowdfunding

Las protestas ⇔Protests

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II. Con’t : Para mejorar el mundo en mi estado To better our world in

our state

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Las modalidades---

La desobediencia civil ⇔Civil disobedience

La guardia military ⇔Guard/military

Una contribución política ⇔Political contributions

Ejercer presión política ⇔To lobby

Los levantamientos ⇔Uprisings

Correr para puesto ⇔Running for office

Las demostraciones ⇔Demonstrations

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III. Para mejorar el mundo en mi país To better our world in our country

Las Instituciones---

El gobierno federal ⇔federal government

La presidencia ⇔ presidency

La corte suprema ⇔la corte suprema

El centro para el control y la prevención de enfermedades ⇔ Center for disease control (CDC)

La Cruz Roja ⇔ red cross

Las instituciones financieras ⇔ financial industries

La organización nacional de vivienda ⇔National Housing Organization

Los problemas---

La libertad de expression ⇔Freedom of expression

Los derechos humanos ⇔Human rights

La solidaridad ⇔Solidarity

Los refugiados ⇔Refugees

Los inmigrantes ⇔Immigrants

La seguridad cibernética ⇔Cyber security

El acoso cibernético ⇔Cyber bulling

Los refugiados ⇔Refugies

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Un día en la ciudad

La ciudad ⇔ city

El condado ⇔ county

El distrito ⇔ district

La metrópoli ⇔ metropolis

El municipio ⇔ municipality

Los suburbios ⇔suburbs

La densidad ⇔ density

(population)

La educación ⇔ education

El tráfico ⇔ traffic

La transportación ⇔ transportation

Comercial ⇔commercial

Industrial ⇔ industrial

Residencial ⇔ residential

El centro ⇔ downtown

La subdivisión ⇔ subdivision

El callejón ⇔ alley

El cruce ⇔ crossing

El pasaje ⇔ passage

El túnel ⇔ tunnel

El aeropuerto ⇔ airport

El casino ⇔ casino

El museo ⇔ museum

El club nocturno ⇔ nightclub

El apartamento ⇔ apartment

El condominio ⇔ condominium

El orfanato ⇔ orphanage

La residencia ⇔ residence

La fuente ⇔ fountain

La clínica ⇔ clinic

El garaje ⇔ garage

La estación ⇔ station

El autobús ⇔ bus

El metro ⇔ metro

El taxi ⇔ taxi

El tren ⇔ train

El trole ⇔ trolley

El monorriel ⇔ monorail

El/La policía ⇔ police officer

El residente ⇔ resident

El/La taxista ⇔ taxi driver

El/La turista ⇔ tourist

Vocabulario Extra

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En el museo...

El arte ⇔ art

auténtico ⇔ authentic

La colección ⇔ collection

El color ⇔ color

La copia ⇔ copy

El diseño ⇔ design

La expresión ⇔ expression

La figura ⇔ figure

El medio ⇔ medium

El objeto ⇔ object

El original ⇔ original

La pieza ⇔ piece

La representación ⇔ representation

El estilo ⇔ style

El símbolo ⇔ symbol

La litografía ⇔ lithography

La ceramica ⇔ ceramics

La pintura ⇔ painting

La fotografía ⇔ photography

La escultura ⇔ sculpture

El tapiz ⇔ tapestry

La taxidermia ⇔ taxidermy

La acuarela ⇔ watercolor

La caricatura ⇔ caricature

El collage ⇔ collage

La figura ⇔ figure (figurine)

El fresco ⇔ fresco

La ilustración ⇔ illustration

La mascara ⇔ mask

El mosaic ⇔ mosaic

El mural ⇔ mural

La réplica ⇔ replica

La estatua ⇔ statue

La silueta ⇔ silhouette

La simetría ⇔ symmetry

La textura ⇔ texture

El/La maniquí ⇔ mannequin

La galería ⇔ gallery

El museo ⇔ museum

El salón ⇔ salon

El studio ⇔ studio

Los Estilos y Los Géneros

abstracto ⇔ abstract

barroco ⇔baroque

contemporáneo ⇔ contemporary

el cubismo ⇔ cubism

gótico ⇔ Gothic

arte popular ⇔ pop art

pre-colombino ⇔pre-Columbian

El Renacimiento ⇔ Renaissance

El surrealismo ⇔ surrealism

Las Personas

El/La animador(a) ⇔ animator

El/La artista ⇔ artist

El/La diseñador (a) ⇔ designer

El / La ilustrador(a) ⇔ illustrator

El/ La pintor(a) ⇔ painter

El/La escultor(a) ⇔ sculptor

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Vocabulario Extra

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B. Formation of the negative informal tú commands:

A. Formation of the positive informal tú commands:

If you want to tell ONE person to do something, you use the “ÉL/ELLA” form of

the PRESENT tense. Por ejemplo:

¡HABLA ESPAÑOL! SPEAK SPANISH!

¡COME TU FRUTA! EAT YOUR FRUIT!

¡ESCRIBE EN ESPAÑOL WRITE IN SPANISH!

If you want to tell ONE person what NOT to do, you follow these steps:

1. Find the “yo” form of the verb in the present tense: HABLO

2. Drop the “-o” HABLO HABL___

3. Add the OPPOSITE tú ending:

for an “-AR” verb, add “-ES” NO HABLES

for an “-ER” verb, add “-AS” NO BEBAS

for an “-IR” verb, add “-AS” NO VIVAS

4. Don’t forget to add NO in front of the verb

Por ejemplo:

¡NO HABLES INGLÉS! DON’T SPEAK ENGLISH!

¡NO COMAS MIS GALLETAS! DON’T EAT MY COOKIES!

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Commands #1 Tú (+/-):

Remember in Spanish we have 3 distinct moods. We have reviewed the indicative mood

(present, preterite, imperfect, etc.), the subjunctive mood, and now we will focus on the 3rd

mood: the imperative. Another way to remember the imperative mood is by the English

word “commands”. In Spanish we have three types of commands that fall under the

imperative mood: informal (tú), formal (Ud. /Uds.), and nosotros (Let’s…). See the

instructions below on how to form all the different commands in Spanish.

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A. Formation of the positive formal usted (Ud.) commands:

1. Put the verb in the “yo” form of the present tense.

2. Drop the “o”.

3. Add the opposite ending OF THE INFINITIVE.

-AR verbs -ER,IR verbs

-e -a

Por ejemplo,

hablar hablo habl hable

comer como com coma

vivir vivo viv viva

C The following verbs have irregular

AFFIRMATIVE tú commands:

INFINITIVE POSITIVE COMMAND

VENIR VEN

TENER TEN

PONER PON

SALIR SAL

DECIR DI

IR VE

HACER HAZ

SER

-GO v

erb

s

The following verbs are the IRREGULARS for

NOT ONLY THE NEGATIVE tú commands but

also for ALL OTHER COMMANDS AS WELL!:

-

INFINITIVE NEGATIVE COMMAND

DAR NO DES

IR NO VAYAS

SABER NO SEPAS

HABER NO HAYAS

ESTAR

SER

NO ESTÉS

NO SEAS

C. Formation of the IRREGULAR informal tú commands:

Do you

remember

“DISHES”?

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Commands #2 and #3 Usted / Ustedes (+/-):

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B. Formation of the positive formal ustedes (Uds.) commands:

1. Put the verb in the “yo” form of the present tense.

2. Drop the “o”.

3. Add the opposite ending OF THE INFINITIVE PLUS an “n”.

-AR verbs -ER,IR verbs

-en -an

Por ejemplo,

hablar hablo habl hablen

comer como com coman

vivir vivo viv vivan

C. Formation of the NEGATIVE formal usted/ustedes (Ud. / Uds.) commands:

Simply add the Word “NO” in front of the command.

No hable(n) No coma(n) No escriba(n)

D. Irregular +/- Usted and Ustedes Commands:

The irregular Ud./Uds. commands are the same as the 1st and 3rd form of the present

subjunctive. Rember- to make these commands negative, place a “NO” in front of them.

dar estar ir saber ser

usted dé esté vaya sepa sea

ustedes den estén vayan sepan sean

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Command forms of verbs ending in -CAR, -GAR, & -ZAR (except tú +)

Verbs ending in -CAR, -GAR, & -ZAR require spelling changes in order to keep the

pronunciation.

-CAR: C changes to QU -GAR: G changes to GU -ZAR: Z changes to C

TRY THESE:

(tú -) Don’t play the piano! ¡No ___________________________ (tocar) el piano!

(ud +/-) Don’t arrive late! ¡(No) ___________________________ (llegar) tarde!

(uds +/-)Don’t eat lunch without me! ¡(No) ______________________ (almorzar) sin mí!

1) -car, -gar, -zar verbs: *These rules apply ONLY to: – tú, +/- Ud./Uds., and +/- nosotros (or the commands that use the SUBJUNCTIVE)*

Commands #4 Nosotros (+/-):

The nosotros commands and the subjunctive mood are formed the same way.

1. Put the verb in the “yo” form of the present tense.

2. Drop the “o”.

3. Add the opposite ending OF THE INFINITIVE PLUS an “MOS”.

In other words, use the same endings as you do with the nosotros form of the subjunctive.

For –ar verbs: For –er and –ir verbs:

-e + mos -a + mos

Hablar ¡Hablemos!

Comer ¡Comamos!

Escribir ¡Escribamos!

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ORTHOGRAPHIC VERBS: 4 TYPES (the orthographic changes are applied to

the commands that use the subjunctive {tú -, ud/uds +/- & nosotros +/-})

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For stem-changing –ar and –er verbs:

Tú Uds Nosotros

Volver ¡Vuelve/No vuelvas! ¡Vuelvan/No vuelvan! ¡Volvamos/No Volvamos!

Cerrar ¡Cierra/No cierres! ¡Cierren/No cierren! ¡Cerremos/No cerremos!

For stem-changing –ir verbs, there is a stem change from e

to i (not ie) or from o to u (not ue) in the “we” form:

Tú Uds Nosotros

Sentir ¡Siente/No sientas! ¡Sientan/No sientan! ¡Sintamos/No sintamos!

Dormir ¡Duerme/No duermas ¡Duerman/No duerman! ¡Durmamos/No durmamos!

If the verb is used reflexively, ADD the appropriate reflexive

pronoun (te/se/nos) to the affirmative (+) command BUT put the

appropriate reflexive pronoun (te/se/nos) infront of the negative

(-) command form.

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Other orthographic changers:

2) -cer / -cir verbs change the c to zc before the -a ending.

3) –ger,-gir & -guir verbs change the g to a j before the -a ending & gu to

g before the -a.

4) –uir verbs take a “y” before the -a

Stem-Changers

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Special note on the “nosotros” commands: Drop “s” in “-

mos” before adding “-nos”

Sentarse ¡Sentémonos!

Ducharse ¡Duchémonos!

** The word “monos” should be spelled at the end of the relfexive nosotros commands if

done properly! **

¡Vamos! Drop the “s” add “nos”

¡Vámonos!

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Add accent to maintain stressed syllable

The nosotros command of the verb IR is ¡Vamos!

= monos!

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3. RID rule (Reflexive, IDOP, DOP)

When you have two object pronouns in a sentence, these pronouns

always appear in the RID order. Because two is the maximum number of

pronouns that can appear together, the possible combinations are:

RD – reflexive – direct Me lo compro.

- I buy it for myself

Tu pelo es magnífico.

¿Te lo lavas mucho? - Your hair is magnificent.

Do you wash it often?

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2. Place the pronoun IN FRONT of NEGATIVE COMMANDs.

Por ejemplo:

¡NO ME HABLES EN INGLÉS! DON’T SPEAK TO ME IN ENGLISH!

¡NO LES DIGAS! DON’T TELL THEM!

¡NO NOS TEXTEES EN CLASE! DON’T TEXT US IN CLASS!

Since no syllables were added to these commands, NO ACCENTS will be added!

ID – indirect – direct Yo te la escribo.

- I write it to you.

Ella me las vende.

- She sells them to me.

1. ATTACH the pronoun to an AFFIRMATIVE COMMAND.

Por ejemplo:

¡HÁBLAME EN ESPAÑOL! SPEAK TO ME IN SPANISH!

¡DILES! TELL THEM!

¡TEXTÉANOS EN CLASE! TEXT US IN CLASS!

ACCENTS will be placed on the syllable stressed before the pronoun was added. Add an

accent when the command and pronoun become 3 syllables or longer.

Commands with Pronoun Placement:

There are THREE simple rules regarding pronoun placement when it comes to

commands. If you have a direct object pronoun (DOP), an indirect object pronoun

(IDOP), or a reflexive pronoun, you will:

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PRONOUN PLACEMENT REVIEW:

PRONOUNS…

go in front of… are attached to…

1. conjugated verbs 3. infinitives

2. negative commands 4. present participles (gerunds)

5. affirmative commands

Por ejemplo:

1. le compré un carro. me baño todos los días.

2. no le compres un carro. no te bañes todos los días.

3. voy a comprarle un carro. voy a bañarme mañana.

4. estoy comprándole un carro. estoy bañándome.

5. ¡cómprale un carro! ¡báñate!

** remember when you complete a double object pronoun- you can never have

two “l’s”

next to each other—“You can’t lay low”--- So change the first pronoun to a “SE”.**

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