4 2 Senzori i Aktuatori
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Transcript of 4 2 Senzori i Aktuatori
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Senzori i aktuatoriSenzori i aktuatoriKljučna uloga u sistemima za kontroluKritične komponenteRaspoloživost senzora i aktuatora i struktura kontrolnog sistemaMasovna proizvodnja, isplativost razvoja senzora
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Merene veličineProtok vazduha – MAFKoncentracija izduvnih gasova – EGOUgaona pozicija leptira – TPSUgaona pozicija i brzina radiliceTemperatura rashladne tečnostiTempratura vazduha u usisnoj graniApsolutni pritisak u usisnoj grani – MAPDiferencijalni pritisak izduvnih gasovaBrzina vozilaPozicija menjača brzina
Status vozilaAktiviranost uređaja za klimatizacijuAktiviranost kočnicaPotpuno otvoren leptirPotpuno zatvoren leptir
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Senzor protoka vazduha – Mass Air Flow rate sensor
Ispravan rad motora uz kontrolisanu emisiju izduvnih gasova.Prvi senzori (1990.) kao sastavni deo filtera za vazduh.
Varijanta klasičnog senzora za brzinu vetra (hot vire anemometer)Hot film struktura montirana na substat.
Zagrevanje elementa na konstantnu temperaturu iznad temperaturedolazećeg vazduha (merenje temperature).
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Strujni VFC
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VFC sa balansiranom količinom elektriciteta
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Sinhroni VFC
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Teorijske osnove merenja protoka vazduhahot-wire metodom
Rad u režimu konstantne temperature Top
Otpor žice proporcionalan temperaturi R=Ro(1+ a(T-To))Kontrola otpornosti senzor tako da je R=Rop Balans energije P = Area ( QH + Q*) (convective, radiative heat flux)QH = h(u) (Top-Tv), h(u)= a + b u½ (a, b konstante – kalibracija)P = (V-)2/Rop = Vo
2 G, G =Rop/(Rop+R2)2
Vo2 G / (Top - Tv) = h(u) = a + b u½
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Vane Air Flow Meter
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“Karman Vortex” merač protoka vazduha
Princip vazdušnog vrtloga.Frekvencija pojave vrtloga funkcija brzine usisnog vazduha.Detekcija pomoću ogledala – metalne folije.
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Inderektno merenje protoka vazduha
Izračunavanje na osnovu:pritiska, MAP
broja obrtaja motora, RPMtemperature.
MAP senzorPomeraj membrane (displacement)Sa mernom trakom (Strain gauge)Piezo-otporni (piezoresistivity)
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Instrumentacioni pojačavač sa dva OP
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Senzori RPM-a i ugaone pozicije radilice
Merenje bez mehaničkog kontakta sa osovinom koja se obrće.OptičkiMagnetni (ulje, prljavština, ...)
Klipovi direktno vrte radilicu.Ventile i razvodnik paljenja vrti bregasta osovina.Radilica : bregasta = 2 : 1
Merenje na radilici ili bregastoj !
Metode merenja:Magnetna Optička
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Senzor pozicije na principu magnetne provodnosti
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Promena u mag. FluksuIndukuje napon
Nemogućnost statičkogodređivanja tajminga
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Senzor na bazi holovog efekta (Hall-Effect)
Mogućnost statičkog merenja.
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Metalni zub štiti senzor od magnetnog polja
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Optička detekcija pozicije
Zahtev za čistom okolinom
Zaštita od ulja i prljavština
Detekcija u statičkim uslovima
Konstantna izlazna amplituda
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Detekcija ugla otvorenosti leptira (Thorttle angle)
V(a)=ka
Analogni izlaz, AD konvetror
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Senzori temperature
Temperatura rashladne tečnostiTemperatura usisnog vazduhaTemperatura senzora kiseonika u izduvnim gasovima
TERMISTOR
Nelinearni pp
Aproksimacija:
0
0
11exp
TTRRt
Veće , veća strmina
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Greška aproksimacije
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in
XT
Tout V
RR
RV
0
0
11exp
TTRRt