3_FLORENCE BABB_Theorizing Gender Race and Cultural Tourism in LA_ARTICLE

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Theorizing Gender, Race, and CulturalTourism in Latin America

A Vw fm P a Mx

by Florence E. Babb

Theorizations of gender and race in Latin America have led to wide-ranging views concern-ing women and men in subaltern groups, whether indigenous or Afro-descendant, rural orurban. Views are similarly wide-ranging when theorizing turns to the implications of tourismdevelopment for subaltern peoples in the region. Just as it is customary to emphasize the his-torically subordinate status of women and racial minorities in Latin America, so too it is cus-tomary to show that tourism in the neoliberal era has particularly harsh consequences for these

marginalized social sectors. At a time of indigenous mobilization, increasing migration, andurbanization, we must recognize the complex and often surprising ways in which gender, race,and tourism intertwine. Ethnographic cases from Andean Peru and Chiapas, Mexico, suggestthat indigenous women play more or less prominent roles in tourism depending on several

factors, with women who are active in the wider society holding more substantial positions incommunity-based cultural tourism.

Las teorizaciones de género y raza en América Latina han conducido a una gran gamade perspectivas en lo que concierne a las mujeres y los hombres en grupos subalternos, seanestos indígenas o afro-descendientes, rurales or urbanos. Tal como es costumbre enfatizarel papel subordinado de la mujer y el indígena en América Latina, también es costumbredemostrar que el turismo en la era del neoliberalismo tiene consecuencias duras para estossectores marginados. En un tiempo de movilización indígena, aumento en la migración, yurbanización, tenemos que reconocer las maneras complejas y a menudo sorprendentes enque el género, la raza, y el turismo se entrelacen. Casos etnográficos del Perú Andino yChiapas, México, sugieren que las mujeres indígenas toman un papel mas o menos pro-minente en el turismo dependiendo de varios factores, con las mujeres mas activas en lasociedad en general consiguiendo posiciones mas substanciales en el turismo culturalbasado en la comunidad.

Keywords: Gender, Race, Tourism, Peru, Mexico

54560LAPXXX10.1177/0094582X12454560LAtin AmericAn PersPectivesBabb / tho-zg Gd, ra, ad culual tou012

Flo e. Babb h vada All Yoa Pofo of Wo’ sud a h Uy of Floda,wh h alo o h gadua fauly ahopology ad La Aa ud. sh hauho of Between Field and Cooking Pot: The Political Economy of Marketwomen in Peru (1998 [1989]), AfterRevolution: Mapping Gender and Cultural Politics in Neoliberal Nicaragua (2001), ad The TourismEncounter: Fashioning Latin American Nations and Histories (2011). sh hak h ogaz of adpapa h pal fo whh h ay dlopd a h 2008 g of h AaAhopologal Aoao. sh gaful fo o offd by Adw caa, JophFlda, voa ro, taa Wlo, ad Alou Ypj. th wok pa a xo of a

boad opaa poj o ou pooluoay ad poofl aa of La Aaad h cabba dud h 2011 book. sh akowldg h gou ah uppo of h vada All Yoa edow a h Uy of Floda, whh 2005 ha abld h

o pd appoxaly gh oh Pu ad fou oh mxo.

LAtin AmericAn PersPectives, iu 187, vol. 39 no. 6, nob 2012 36-50DOi: 10.1177/0094582X12454560© 2012 La Aa Pp



Babb / Theorizing gender, rAce, And culTurAl TourisM 37

culual ou—ou ha fao ulual ou ad po- a d xp of ulual dff (Baud ad Ypj, 2009: 4)—Ada Pu ad chapa, mxo, ha daw al kg loally“auh” xp wh dgou wo ad . i Pu, ouof d o xp “adoal” ad “o” dgou ou,

whl mxo ha d ay b oupld wh a yag fo “al” olu-oay ulu h chapa go. i boh a, oa o xozdag ay b ud—by h a o by dgou popl hl—o al, who xp o fd ulual dff o po dplay.Dawg o hogaph ah h wo aa 2005 ad foug oa ulual ou, i od whh p of h duably of gd ad aal qual h ohl ga puha bgfal ad dgou a a ul of ulual ou, duao, ad oppou- bough abou hough ubazao ad dgou oal oha a pg fo ga luo ad ulual gh. i ugg ha, whl

uqual oal lao a ll a play, bg dgou ad fal hgo ay pod, o a ga o l x, w ulual apal, ud-ood a qual of h ddual (fo xapl, appaa, d, laguag,a ably, ad yday pa) ha ay b od o ooadaag (Boudu, 1984).

sholaly ao wa f ud o gd ad hy h Aa h 1970, pa a a ul of h f Un cof o Wo, hld mxo cy 1975. A ha , h l w of haply daw bwho who wd dgou La Aa a a ag-old ulual hlad whh gd qualy wa fly hd ad ho who aad

ha gd oplay wa dupd wh euopa oodud w qual fo uba (Bouqu ad Wa, 1981;Ha, 1981; ibll, 1985 [1978]; slbla, 1987). Globalzao ha boughfuh dupo ad boh w hallg ad w oppou fo dg-ou ou. Joh ad Ja coaoff (2009) ha ufully dfd awdpad phoo of ou day a “ehy, i.,” whh “auh”ulual d a oodfd ad agalzd popl ay fd oa-doy opg fo pual u.

Whl w gh ak a yal w of h dlop, h alo a of g dgou oal o, boh h Ada go ad ouh mxo, ad h alozao of ulual dy ha aopauh o o o uh abou oodfao a abou oal ug-gl. idd, wh 2009 h Pua y of Puo playd ho o o 6,000dlga fo 22 ao a h Fouh coal su of idgouPopl, h of wa pdd by a wo-day wo’ u whho ha 2,000 dgou wo ad la ha h o would bhad. i h a i p h w wll ha, whl ual Pua woa lagly bhd h wh gad o loal ou a,wo chapa a o a playg a o gfa pa ouha ay fl h a h go.

naly wo dad ago, af h al dba o La Aa gdad h lao had dd o dff o oplayu qualy, maol d la cada (1995: 343) offd a a of Ada wo ha appad o uppo h la w: “i h ay



38 lATin AMericAn PersPecTiVes

of yday lao h , akpla, ad llag ha pl d-o ad d a ad abou who , ad who o, ida. . . .modzao ha fod h idazao of wo, whl opg hopo of ulual zaj o o .” iagly, h ad, wa “o-o kowldg” ha Ada wo w odd o “ida” ha

h al oupa ad ha a a ul hy uffd fo dp oalqual. mo ly, how, d la cada, wg wh O sa(2007), uggd a uad udadg of dgou l ad ao a global al ha ay odfy h al w. moo, h ad oh,ollaboag a duo of h u ulual pol of dgy Pu, oludd ha dgy pa of a po of dy foao aulao wh la, gd, xualy, ad pla ha hoally po-dud (Gaía, 2008). Oly o obuo, how, offd a lo xaa-o of h o oou laohp bw gd ad dgoupol Pu (Ola, 2008).

i wa o ugg ha w d o xa gd ad dgou d- w way, akg gd a ouly a hy, o wha agay h h -hfg d. A ub of hola ha xa-d h pol of a oloal ad pooloal Pu ad mxo(mallo, 1995; Olo, 1993; Pool, 1994) ad o wdly h Ad admoaa (Gokowz, 2011). sal ha bad a appoah o d-y foao h go ha off a o ubl adg of ulual a-g ad pa olg dff of gd, a, ad pow (caa,2005; Fía, 2005; slga, 2004; Wal, 2001). Y fw ha o-dd h laohp bw gd ad dgy lgh of h hag-

g ulual ad polal ladap ya.th o of gd, a, ad ao a fala fawok fo f-

wokg aoud h glob, ad ha foud odabl apaaog oal aaly ad ulual ho o boadly, bu ha o of

b hozd o a o al h u way whh hag ou. Udh w of gag gg Ada Pu ad chapa, i ug-g, f, ha ou ha bo a paulaly obu fo xaggd ad dgy ad, od, ha wha ha b a oal lably, bgfal ad dgou, a o a a a fo of ulual apal.

i h ollo o gd, dgy, ad h a h Ad, Adwcaa (2005: 4) o ha “‘h ida’ ha bo a aoal ood-y, ad ida a wdly ogzd aoud h glob fo h ‘adoal’lfyl ad a guada of h aual o.” A alzdoo of dgou popl ay b a fo of Oal (sad, 2003 [1978])o pal oalga (roaldo, 1989: 69–74) pod fo oud. How,ud h of aoal ou dgou wo ad h-l dploy oo of “adoal” o “auh” ulual dff a aagy o aa o ou. i o a hy ay dfy ooalxpao ad dplay o bllou d, whh ay alo daw aou h ak. thu al o od h a way whhdgou popl o h ag bo akhold h ow dyouo. Wo, oably hough h u of d ad laguag, oaga a how o b h ppal gf of adoal ulu, h dg-ou, ad h “Oh.”




Followg pod of polal uphaal Ada Pu ad chapa, hha b a ou al h go. Wll-ablhd ou duw hald fo a dad by y dff polal o h aa— Pu dug h 1980 ad o h 1990 by h uhl fo of sdoLuoo (shg Pah) ad h lay ad ouh mxo by h a-

globalzao Zapaa upg ha ufad 1994. now ou a-g o aga a ofl ha ubdd ad h wo ao ha ough opoo oo dlop ad faho goal ad aoal d.togh, h go p o akd hoal la, bu hdff haa of h ofl p ah dff popfo dgou wo ad old ou.

i wha follow, i od how dlop lag o ulu,polal ooy, ad ou poofl Ada Pu ad chapa afld by a ad gd. i du way whh loal ulu ad ou- du h go ak dgou dy ad gd dff-

, o buldg o hoal pa o dolog ad oakg uabahd u of oyp of h “Oh.” i off xapl of hpa h ouy of vo, Pu, ad Zapaa ad Laadó o-u chapa. th o o ay ha o balad ad op xhag

bw loal populao ad ou a ukow bu ah o ugg haou ou h go a lwh a haly fghd whdff ad pow.

Gender, race, and Tourism in The Peruvian andes

s h pod of ol ad ofl wh shg Pah la fadoff wh h lay, ou ha ud o Pu. spfally, ulual ouha gd, aag o wh h po of xpou o oly opaula g ad ahaologal wod bu o a ouwh ual ad dgou Ada. Whl hola ha ufully oddal’ oazao of ual Ada ad h pual oo oh aual ad upaual wold (Hll, 2008; a d Bgh ad FloOhoa, 2000), gd dffao h ou ou l ofxad (mh, 2002; Zo, 2004).

copad wh h uao oh aa wh i ha ad ou aho ou (cuba ad naagua), x ad oa ou o a palo a wdly kow, alhough ya Pua ha xpd o- abou h p of x ou h Aazo aa, pally aoudiquo. moo, aa of hay ou, pally cuzo, youg kg ou fal ou fo a fdhp ad oa, kow abricheros, ha bo oopla. A o pa of h cabba, h“Ada lo” pf h a of duo of gringas, of by xaggagqual of dgou dff, wag h ha log, playg adoalflu, ad adopg a d yl oa of “ia” ulu. tou a ado d h agd Ada kowldg ad xp. i o a,wo aad o h “auhy” of bho (who aually wok had opak euopa laguag ad adop a a ha plag o ou) ay h o la h ouy wh h. th Pua hola vío




vh (2006: 191–194) po o h gdd ad aalzd do of ha ou ad agu ha h bho ad fo h ao hopoay olbal wold, whh h ao up fo al. th ou’d fo h fgu, a o folklo ad oa, who appa lokd , h od y of cuzo.

“Ggoa,” lub wh loal fog wo ad , podoppou fo xual ou ad aal adaag h fo of éo o u a wll a al, gf, ad al. Ada wo, l of ha, a alo bf fo laohp wh ou, gally o a a xplfo of x wok bu a dag o oa ou. th aao of Pua oaoal al ad of ou o Ada dff uffly wllkow o b h ubj of duo o aou wb , ludg o fo xpa-a ad al o Pu (hp://www.xpapu.o).

Gd dff appa h pfoa ad dly of o ad-oal ou Ada Pu. Ja H (2002) xad how

ou dlop, ulual hag, ad loal ooy pa wo,paulaly wh h akg of adoal a ad pa wd a aky o “odzao.” elay Zo’ (2004) wok o taqul ilad Puoffd a a xapl of ouy-bad ou ha wh o alyu. igly, whl w ally old apog ou- o h lad, wo had a qually poa ol a h a poduof h lbad xl o al o o. Wo w po oalad oo xhag wh ou, wh h obud o oha gd bw taqul ad wo o a o ou’ b-f. i h d, how, wa opo fo zo apo ha

ld o loal ’ dpla fo h bu of ou, odg h o-uaa poj. Ju a Wal Ll (2004) dod Guaala, ul-ual ou h bul o oo of dgou ad fal dff, adwo o of ha pd hl a indígenas. Loal dy,akd by d, laguag, ad dao ad ogly fld by gd,ha b a al fao Pu’ ou dlop.

th lo oo of gd ad a o hy h Ad la d la cada’ wok a ouy a cuzo, wh h pod h p-po ha “wo a o ida” (1995: 329). sh foud ha “gd wh au o uu ad lga h qualy wh houy ad wh houhold.” sh oludd ha whl boh ad wo gh aqu “od” kll ad b pd a l ida ado zo, fo wo h adaag o b gad fo h wa o od-. th quo aag y wok whh h u oday o whh o a dgou wo ha a adaag lao o hal oupa.

my ah o Pua ou ha foud o ulual ad xpalou (kow loally a turismo vivencial) h calljó d Huayla oh-al Pu, a aa b kow fo adu al ad ouag.rpo o y w h aa dad ha a ajoy of alo o h go fo ulual ad oou. A a spah ah fo hUd sa wo, h wa o upd “ha laly auh—hough i’ oly b h oh o fa. th apo a’ wha ixpd—pog h qua d fo a ol. iad hy o paly




dal wh ou ou p pyg o h uo—whh a o agd.”A ial a who a o Pu followg h lay apud hl ha dw h o h ouy: “Bauful y, aazg popl,ad a a bakpak, ’ ah hap.” may a uk by wha a Fhwoa dbd a “h kd of popl ad how hlpful hy a. th

way hy’ lg wh h u ad o b happ ha popllk u, who ha yhg o aly.” slaly, a a fo h nhladappad “h dl olday ad cariño [affo] of h poo popl.”

Whl i ha b bad o h ya h y of Huaaz, apal of hdpa of Aah, i ha obd al houghou h calljó go.i paula, i fou o vo, a Ada ouy ha wll kow hhoy of appld ahopology coll Uy ad h vooa half uy ago o bo h ow of h fo-hada lad (Doby,Doughy, ad Lawll, 1971 [1964]; s, 2003). rly, vo ha lauhda all ou poj wh h aa of aby ogoal oga-

zao (nGO). i ha ad ho o vo o h dad ad aydh fo al day 2006 ad aga 2010 a a gu od o la oabou how a hadful of fal wh uppo o buld gu lodg ha fad lauhg h poj. tho aquad wh h coll-Pu Poj of h1950 ad 1960 ay ogz h p a a logal xo of dlop- a of h pa. By ow, how, voo hl a k-g o aag h bu of dawg al, lagly fo h Ud saad h nhlad, fo ay of a fw day o o dug whh hy pa-pa h yday a of h ual, agulual ouy. A ll-g po fo poal o h oppouy o g o kow abou h l

ad ulu of a adoal, dgou Quhua-pakg popl. to ha d,h ouy ha hfd fo agulual odzao o odzao

bad o ulual dff.Hag odud ahal ah o gd lao vo dug h

of h coll-Pu Poj (Babb, 1985), i wa ag o how vo o-uy b w appoahg ou a a w a fo oodlop. i Huaaz, a nGO uppog vo’ ou poj, hmoua iu, had podud a aa bohu ha o opop ad u o o “a d xp wh fal ha l h Ada oua.” iag ad x off a bf hoy of vo foh wh wa “a ypal Ada hada” (1611–1952) o h of h coll-Pu Poj. th p dbd by f o h ou-g body ad adoal ulu h go. Wha ao ah phoo ad dpo of h gh ho of ou hoay ad ohd of vo. All of h ho ad oh loal pal a , ad hdpo phaz wha ou wll xp by ayg wh o -g a afa, a bkp, a ua, a wa, o a oolak—all .Wo a kgly ab fo h poayal of yday lf vo.

my o vo bough o lgh h gdd ad aalzd au of hxp, uggg ha h oal o ou o b al, a hya lwh, ad ha ou dlop ffo ha dffal o-qu fo wo ad h ouy. i pa, h ay ul foh ga dffuly wo ha pakg spah, g pa pa of dg o o hool o h lay whl daugh ad a ho. i




ay alo fo h ppo dfd by d la cada (1995) ha ualwo a “o ida” ad l od, l abl o fulfll ky po-

bl ou dlop, hough, a i ha how, lwh hcalljó d Huayla wo play a ol h loal ooy (Babb, 1998[1989]).

Oly voo ad h ou wokhop, o talleres, Huaaz.th hy a g ad o how o gu ad a wh h,ludg h uggo ha faly b hould a ogh ad offoa o how hg w do h pa ad how ado aoug h p. O of y ho, who i all “toá,” xpladha lag o ou wa w o h ad ha fo h wf, “Doa,” po-dud odabl axy, h spah wa y ld ad h wao u how h would aag. Whl gh b ad ha wo a hppal oao of ulu ad ado vo, a h o whoa xpd o pa h kowldg o o h gu. toá pok fquly

ad ally of h of h gadpa, ad a h ado o tvplayd loudly h phazd ha hg w uh h a ow a hpa. A h al had of houhold, h playd ho whl Doa podd hal ad labo- of ppag h gu qua ad al.

Dug h , Doa ad lagly bhd h whl toáad wh dly. H alld o al ha h had ppad,xp h a of h pachamanca, h adoal Ada babu o yla day, whh wa ppad by voo ad h d by h wo.H od o a loal wddg, ad h jod u oly af ayg ouwok a ho. Whl h dld a ph a h of y dpau, h

wa hy ad a. Boh w kd ad hopabl, bu toá pfod hol of gaou ho ad faly pokpo. Wo vo ay b plyoo buy wh houhold pobl o play a o a pa h ou- poj, bu h ado of h ou poj ay wll b pagh pa of pa o vo ha gld ou fo oodlop poj (Babb, 1985; Ga, Bolo, ad Zapaa, 2011).

O aoh i wd wo a h log-adg o aaoopad by h vo ouy, h hal bah ad hol a chao.voa a uh o d h chao p, playg a g-fa pa h opao of h bah, u hol, all aua, adak all ha a oad alog h qu oad ha lad o vo.th wo do ad aua wok i pok o w o ofoabl spah ha ay oh voa; ho i pok o old ha hy wo fala wh h ou poj, hough hy w d hagabou . thy w gadd a cholas, wo bag haa of bohapa ad za who had adapd o h wold of uba oad ad wh a wd oal wok.

tou o o vo o ida ladg “adoal” l, o aywo bagag wh buy h ak. i o lag ow ad lk Huaaz ha ou go o buy ak ad haggl o p. iuh ow h o dy, ad oal dff ad ou haplf. th dff bw ual ou ad o uba ga apud goal popula ulu. A faag ou dplay of hoag poal Ada ad l ulu Pu foud h al of




kok-off Bab hadad ouf dfd a “hola” (ubazd ida)ad “d La” (fo h apal y). i vo, how, ulual oodfa-o b oald ha ald, ad h ll d fo ah dug aou’ ay ul o g a ho a all aou o puha oa lafo a Ada ual—ul h d of h , wh h a quk aou-

g of h pay du. tou a pad lag of fal’ ug dfo ah fo hld’ hool uppl, houhold , o apoao oaby ow ad of wo’ al ol aagg houhold budg.

i a o b how ou wll fa vo ad how adwo wll ollaboa h a. Alhough i ha od ha ah dgad ho ad play h ladg publ ol xpal ou h ouy, wo a ally poa o u. th opl-ay of gd ol vo aguably a appa oday a wa 30 yaago. Ju a h gfa pa of wo h ouy ludd h appldahopolog o dad bak, h uppo of h ou a

ay alo b olookg h ky ol playd by wo. Wh toá old of h wf’ ou abou h bog a b of h poj, i blha h wa alo galg h ow axy ha whou h full uppo hould o ak a go of . A wd ogo of h gfa of wo h poj ad o gally vo gh ha po ff gog

byod h ou poj.

race, Gender, and Tourism in chiaPas

s h Zapaa bllo aly wo dad ago, h ha b wdaoal ao o chapa—alhough ahopolog lk Ju nahad ho h Haad chapa Poj foud lo ao o ulualhoy bgg a half uy ago (nah, 2001; vog, 1994). Joual ada w h f o a o h 1994, bu aa ouud la h dad, ad oday h a buy ou ao ado o houghou h ya.

A h a of Ada Pu, chapa wll kow fo ual ad dg-ou populao. culual o “h” ou (a d Bgh, 1994) a poo h boad appal of adoal maya popl ad ulu, ad ay alak h u (rua maya) ha lud h Yuaa, Oaxaa, chapa, ad,ao h bod, Guaala. th fa ha bl chapa ad hadl whh noh Aa F tad Ag w o ff o Jauay 1, 1994,add o h allu fo o who wh o h pla wh dgou popl oup oppoo o f-ad au ha hy lad would fuh agal-z h mxa oy. A h off qua oloal ow, adoalou, ahaologal ad jugl ou, ad a polzd la whhak do off h ubquou Zapaa had. Wha ou do oof ogz h dy of h go’ dgou popl (eb ad Ko,2003; Gl, 1999; roa, 1997; sph, 2002), wg h ad a alzdida. th h d of olday ou o ha a ouwh dalzd dgou Zapaa ad of oh ou o puha xlad by auh ida who pf ulual d a ukow oh.




rah ad o ou ha, how, dod h gd dff- ha x chapa, ad o ha od dgou wo’ o. maywo ha b powd hough ogazg aa oopa whhhy ool poduo ad akg. maya wo who ha bo old Zapaa a ha pok up abou h xa bud hy hould a

ho ad oy, wh hay faly pobl ad of uqual ao duao ad oh ou. thy ha addd do abu, podu- gh, ad h oal dao hy fa a boh wo ad dgoupopl—ag h ddual ad oll gh (spd, Hádzcallo, ad sph, 2006). th ogazg a wo ad a Zapaa owwdly ogzd, ad al comandantas ha bo lbad fgu hoal o. th Zapaa’ all fo dgou gh lud paulaao o wo’ gh, ad h “Wo’ roluoay Law” o of hoo of h polal plafo.

Hádz callo (2005) ha dud h ag al of maya

wo a who a bag h dal of gd oplay whl akowldgg u gd qual. A ulual pol of l-

bag gd dff alog wh maya pualy ad woldw ooly abl h o hold h al oupa o a hgh adad bupoo h o b ulual adad ba. Wo papag hou ooy ha h fuh adaag of bg dd by oud o

b adoal ad auh maya, bodyg ulual hag ad aalkowldg ad a o h hoogzg fo of globalzao.

i h ou of y ah h go, i jod al goup of olda-y ou h ulual O Zapaa oy. W wh

b of h Zapaa’ good-go oul, ad ah h waa la o woa p aog h dgou ladhp, f h waa qu b of h goup (hag l fluy spah). i h way,wo w bl o ou ad bok wh adoal gd do chapa. th of i add alog wh uou aoal a- alo ad gd u al fau o h agda. i wokhopad pal, dgou wo ad h uppo dud a lago wo ad halh, duao, ad llhood.

th o Zapaa wo bad ad badaa ado h o popula old o boh olday ad aa ou, ludg t-h, po-, ad ahay. Alo abuda upply a al ad fal dollwag wool u ad ak ybolzg h a; boh gdha adogyou fo ad ay fl. Fal Zapaa a pd adff fo al by h addo of log bad d wh oloful ya ad o a by all wappd budl aahd o h bak, of whakd fa pkg ou. A w o h “ug” doll ad

by Zapaa wo of h goal Wo fo Dgy oll; h a-a u maya xl dgd h ou o d lag pluhfgu faug ap o had ha lk ogh, ad ap o ah bao jo ug bab o h doll. Alog wh bad ad ak, h loao daw odabl fo ou gud by wo’pla Zapaa polal ulu.

Hag dbd h laly po ol of wo chapa’ pol-al ulu, i hould alo o ha pla lk sa cóbal d la caa,




wh h a hay oao of ou, dgou wo ay bdd aly bl—folklo bu boho—a hy o houghh y llg af o ak a lg. A Ll (2004) howd fo Agua,Guaala, wo h dgou d chapa a wd a hpoo of ulual ado ad ay b h pfd do of ha

ou d, bu ou of pa h by ad pay hgh p yhop wh hy judg h qualy of h wag ad adoal al of lohg o b hgh.

A xapl of gd ad dgou dff o dplay bu alybl pla gh ould b o of h hop gg h afé adulual tAdo. i a pa wh a all quay of adoalxl fo al, wo wo adoal d w g o h floo alkgquly whl o wo o a bakap loo. th wa ll ohough h aa, wh h wo wokd a pa of h aa oopaWo fo Dgy; hy w aod h a a o of “lg hoy” ul-

ual pfoa fo h a ou who wadd o h hop fo hyb-afé. Fo , h alld h way ha wo ad hld po o hoadd fo ou o Ada Pua u ad baby alpaa a bougho hgh-d bouqu La o boo al of lohg.

Ll ha b w abou wo ad gd h Laadó juglaa, a poa of aly lzao ad h adl of Zapaa polalogazg. tal go h ppally o ahaologal ad h

jugl, wh loal a gally h o who apo ad gud -o whl wo a buy bhd h ppag lodgg ad al. myay a loal ouy ag o ou h jugl ald gfa

la o h gd do of labo ouy-bad ou vo. th jugl ou i ook, ld by a youg a a gud, wa h o u-ad pod fo o a aquaa wh a b of h Laadóouy; wo, i wa old, aly d a gud. i dd o k ou afw wo o alk o, ohg ha would b dfful fo al who doo pak spah.

Dug y ay a h ap a Laajá, i pok wh a all goup of wowho w laxg wh h hld haok oud h ho. All wb of h a lag faly, whh had al ap wh hod -o. th wo old ha ou had hlpd h by ablg h o llaf h ap’ hop. How, a old woa aog h lad hayoug wo w o log wag adoal d, uggg ha h wadu o h flu of oud ad h ulual pa. naby, h loali pla wa opad by a Laadó a ad h wf, who wa foOaxaa ad odgou. sh xpd dffuly a o of oly a fw o-Laadó wo h ouy bau popl h gally pok hmaya laguag ad o spah. sh wa ohl pa of h oally dfab of h ouy, whh agly wa akd by dff of ag,laguag u, gd, ad oo oppouy.

Of x ad oa ou, h ll a p chapa. th pouoha x dd aly o loal o o old (Klly, 2008), who dugh go’ lazao ha b kow o daw loal wo o o-alzd x. Pouly ukow ay dgou ou, pou-o ay b lad o faly ol ad abu of alohol (eb ad Ko, 2003:




12). rlaohp o fo bw al ad loal ad wo,ad i had o aou fo a euopa woa who a fo a fw day ad a a who h ad; h ha ld sa cóbal fo o ya ow,wokg alog wh h hubad a a ou gud a ladg ou off.How, a a al dao chapa do o aa h o of x o oa

ou foud mxo’ o loao.A Ada Pu, h wg of gd ad a h l of dg-

ou wo chapa oplx ad oadoy. Gao of uboda-o o ho of hgh oooo la ad aal au ad, of, o of h ow ou ha pu h wo a a dadaag wh gad oduao, ploy, ad oal poo. mzo boh go ou olook dow o apo ad dgou popl ad o h -bw agoyof “odzg” ida; wo aog h goup ay b h obj of pa-ula o. tou ay podu daoy pa wh, o a, h fgu of h dgou woa badd a dabl a-

kg adoal o ao. th o woa pg ya hAd o wag o a bakap loo chapa a b a llg po ad apaulaly aug ag of ulual ouy pla ly akd byofl. th wo a awa of h pow of pao ou aday k o g ahad by hag h ag a auh dgou wo, o a ug wb ad oh akg d o ouag ouo h d al of af . i oa o a ho ago, wh wa af ooal o’ dgou dy, ow a po of pd fo o, a la hal of ou. i h a of chapa, h dgou uggl fo hua gh haazd by wo playg a gfa ol a o ou loal- a

wll a aoal-ll ju (spd, 2008), ad h appa o ay o o hpapao ou.

indiGenous Women and Tourism

How do ou, ad paulaly ulual ou, aff h bala of gd lao aog dgou popl Ada Pu ad chapa?Wh d la cada dbd Ada wo a “o ida,” h padway wh aaly who phazd haoy ad oplay aogAda wo ad . sh akowldgd ha wo who gad xp- a ak w alady aqug h od uba kll ha ghabl h o appa l ida ad o zo, bu h lad ha loal ad wo dalud uh ay a “o ally wok” (1995: 330).Whh o o Ada ufoly hold ha w, w gh ak whh hyw wok ou a agful ad wohy. W ha ha dg-ou wo a of wd a h o ulually auh b of h ou ad a uh ay ha a oo adaag ouwh hy podu ad ll o h publ o a oh way whou. Do h ul hgh au fo h loal ou? Doakg h dy a adoal o dgou bf h ohway?

r ah h cuzo aa uppo h w ha wo a fdgw way o ak h d a wll a h podu h ou




ooy. Fo xapl, wo ad hld who po fo phoo, ugfolklo d ad o o alpaa o a o ou pf,ha bo oopla ough ha ddual g a odl afd o a sácamefotos (ak-y-pu). How, a do h bho whok wo’ affo h ou ak, h wo ga w ou

of o whou aly gag p faly ad ouy; hwok o gadd a wohy h way ha h wok of aa (so,2009). i uh a, gd ad aal dy a pu o wok way haul dply abal ouo a h loal ll.

Log- ah a a o-lodg h ouha Aazo aa howha opo fo ou u ha uld loal o o afdgou dy ad ulu. i h aa, haazd by xd “aou,” gd appa o b l gfa ha h dy. ia o b o wha dg ou a bf, offg w ooou ad aldao fo dgou dy, ad o wha dg ay

poo w qual a boh poal o ad h dy bood . i a o w ha all h ou poj vo, a hAazoa ouy k “od” pog “odg h po-

bly ha a u o h pa [lag ado, o of laguag add] ay b h b pah o a popou fuu” (soza, 2008: 251).

rah o dgou wo La Aa ugg ha wo’poo ay udgo h ga hag aa wh hy papa loal wo’ o o dgou o ha off ubaalao o gd ju ad k o oo (spd, Hádzcallo, ad sph, 2006). th ould aou fo h ga bly of

wo Zapaa ou ha oh aa of chapa o AdaPu. i ay alo hlp xpla h a pa ogazg aa oopa- ha d h al o h ou ak (Oz, 2001). i adpla wh wo ogz h d o a h gh, hy laly do ha a o po ol boh polal oblzao ad oudlop. tou hl of k oppou o a whdgou wo, ad h ay o daw wo o o agag wh ou. to b u, a wo papa o ouhy ay lo o of h appa auhy ha o aa ou h f pla. my wok pd h uppo h w ha al oo hough h way whh d a hfg po o boh whallg ad w oppou fo ho who ha b agalzd h-oally. Fo dgou wo who full zhp gh ha b dd h pa, ho- ga ay b ud agally o ada hddual ad oll .

Popl ad ao ha agly look o ou fo oo adpolal ablzao fquly faho h ulual d ad hoo daw al. th g of dgou oal o ouhmxo ad ou lk euado ad Bola ad, o a l dg, Puha h doubl adaag of ag gh a h aoal ll ad apugh of aoal al ad uppo. chapa ad h Adago hu ha a hgh pofl fo ho odg h opo fo aldao. thy ha h ah of hag ly ad aoal had-l ad h uy of hag gd fo dp ofl. Wo, whh




xozd fo h ulual dff o ply add fo h aa kllad w-foud a, a og o play a o poa pa h ou- ou h poofl ad aoal o. Bg “oida” a bo a ou of ulual apal. th wo’ gowg -

bly, h oal ad polal papao, ad h akg of

Zapaa doll ad hola Bab, ugg ha o a wo a ak-g ga ud h w of gag wh ou.

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3_FLORENCE BABB_Theorizing Gender Race and Cultural Tourism in LA_ARTICLE

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