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3D EnvironmentalImpact Assessment(EIA)
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Transcript of 3D EnvironmentalImpact Assessment(EIA)
Project WATERMAN Public Lecture Series
3D Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
香港近海水質預報及管理系統 — 公開講座系列
三維環境影響評估
Project WATERMAN Public Lecture SeriesReal-time Beach Water Quality Forecast for Hong Kong香港近海水質預報及管理系統 — 公開講座系列
香港海灘水質實時預報系統
Opening Address 開幕辭
Deputy Director of Environmental Protection, HKSAR香港特別行政區環境保護署副署長
Mr. Benny Wong, JP黃耀錦太平紳士
Project WATERMAN Public Lecture SeriesReal-time Beach Water Quality Forecast for Hong Kong香港近海水質預報及管理系統 — 公開講座系列
香港海灘水質實時預報系統
Lecture Title:
3D Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 講座主題:
三維環境影響評估
Speakers: Prof. Joseph Hun-wei Lee & Prof. Wenping Wang
Principal Investigator and Co-Principal Investigator of Project WATERMAN
講者:
李行偉教授 及 王文平教授Project WATERMAN 項目負責人及副負責人
Outline - 概要
Why environmental impact assessment (EIA)? Why 3DEIA? - 為什麼需要環境影響評估?為什麼三維?
Challenges of quantitative EIA 定量環境影響評估的挑戰
NOVA – a robust tool for 3DEIA三維環境影響評估的可靠工具
Applications and case studies 實際應用
Concluding remarks - 結語
Advanced computer graphics (CG)techniques - 先進的電腦圖形技術
Oyster bed養蠔區
Coral reef珊瑚礁
Wetland濕地
Marine park海岸公園
Habitat of Chinese dolphin
中華白海豚的棲息地Secondary contact
zone 次級康樂活動區
Fish farm海魚養殖區 Beach海灘
Hong Kong’s coastal waters - 豐富的海洋資源
Main pollutant discharges - 主要污染源
Domestic sewage 生活污水
Stormwater 暴雨沖刷 Thermal discharge 冷卻水
Industrial effluent 工業廢水
Discharge from paper mill on Yangtze
Accidental pollutant discharges - 突發污染災難
Pipe damage
Closure of 5 beaches in Tuen Mun July 1997
屯門海底排污管爆裂事件
Chemical spill in Songhuajiang River after an explosion November 2005
Chemical spill
松花江化學原料泄漏事件
Oil spill
78000 m3 of crude oil discharged from ruptured oil well in
Gulf of Mexico April 2010
墨西哥灣原油
泄漏事件
Toxic spill
西江山埃泄漏事件Toxic cyanide spill in
Xijiang River March 1997
Water pollution problems水污染問題
Beach closure海灘關閉
Ecological threat生態破壞
Red tide紅潮
Sewage slick污水擴散
Dissolved oxygen level 含氧量
Unionized ammonia level 非離子氨濃度
Bacteria level 細菌濃度
Toxic organic pollutants 有毒有機物
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds 內分泌干擾物
Examples of Marine Water Quality Objectives (WQOs) - 海水水質指標
Parameter -水質參數 WQO #1
Physical(物理性)
Dissolved oxygen (bottom) 底層溶解氧
> 4 mg/L #2
Biological(生物性)
E. coli 大腸杆菌
< 610 counts/100mL #3
Chemical(化學性)
Unionized ammonia非離子氨
< 0.021 mg/L #4
Nutrient(營養物)
Total inorganic nitrogen 總無機氮
< 0.1 mg/L #4
#1: Tolo Harbour Water Quality Control Zone#2: 90 percentile#3: annual geometric mean#4: annual mean
Why environmental impact assessment (EIA)?為什麼需要環境影響評估?
• Determine and quantify environmental impacts due to development activities - 確定和量化環境污染問題
• Water quality management (standards, regulations) - 水質管理
• Project design and decision making - 項目設計及方案選擇
• Disaster mitigation and response - 災難風險管理
Avoid, minimize and mitigate adverse impacts in a most sustainable and economical manner
用最可持續發展的和最經濟的方式來避免、減小、舒緩環境污染影響
What is EIA ?什麼是環境影響評估?
= Treat the environment like a bucket into which waste may be deposited until it is full?將整個環境當做一個垃圾桶,不斷將污染物掃入,
卻只顧桶內是否還有空間容納“垃圾”
Tolo Harbour Effluent Export Scheme吐露港污水輸出計劃
E. coli level HighLow
Sewage outfall
Tolo Harbour
Kowloon
New Territories
HK Island
Tai Po STW
Sha Tin STW
Victoria Harbour
(After 1998)
Kowloon
Hong Kong Island
Discharge of exported effluent
例子1:Avoidance
Harbour Area Treatment Scheme (HATS)Treatment level and discharge location
淨化海港計劃- 污水處理程度及排污選址
Stage 1:Commenced in December 2001
(Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment)強化一級污水處理
Disinfection (chlorination):
Started in March 2010 污水消毒處理 (氯化)
Stage 2A : Commenced in 2014
例子2:Minimization
Optimisation of disinfection (chlorine) dosage消毒劑(氯)用量的最優化控制
SAL: 10 100 1000 10000E. coli (counts/100 mL)
With disinfection 有消毒
Kowloon
Hong Kong Island
815000 820000 825000 830000 835000
SAL: 10 100 1000 10000E. coli (counts/100 mL)
Without disinfection 無消毒
Kowloon
Hong Kong Island
However, too much chlorine is toxic (有毒) to aquatic life !Chlorination byproducts is carcinogenic (致癌) to humans !Can we real-time control the disinfection dosage?
能否實時控制消毒劑(氯)的用量 ?
例子3:Mitigation
Key concept in EIA: Assimilative Capacity - 環境同化能力
The environment has a self-purification capacity (自淨) by a series of physical, chemical and biological processes.
Physical - 物理淨化(mixing, dispersion,
sedimentation)
Chemical - 化學淨化(oxidation-reduction,
neutralization)
Biological - 生物淨化(die-off, degradation,
decomposition)
Small volume of pollutant
Huge receiving water body
Raw sewage 未處理污水 Secondary
treated 經二級處理後
污水中的細菌含量
Initial dilution 初始稀釋後
Secondary dilution
and decay後續稀釋及衰亡
Natural environment
Treatment level
• Site-specific 因水文及地貌條件而異
• Activity-specific 因活動而異e.g.: Sewage discharge, thermal discharge, reclamation
• Time-dependent 隨季節、潮相、時間而定
Assimilative capacity - 環境同化能力
Kowloon
Hong Kong Island
Tidal flushing Assimilative capacity
ToloHarbour
New Territories
潮汐沖刷 環境同化能力
0.02 -0.03 m/s
月份
River flow河流流量
NH4氨氮
Waste assimilative capacity is dependent on the river flow
Predicted monthly-averaged NH4 levelat Qiaotou, East River
東江橋頭的月平均氨氮含量和河流流量
If the assimilative capacity is exceeded, water pollution problems arise!
當污染物的排放量超過環境同化能力,便會產生水污染問題!
By 2030, 60% of the world’s population will be living in towns and cities - 全球60%為城市人口
Challenges of quantitative EIA 定量環境影響評估的挑戰
Challenges of quantitative EIA 定量環境影響評估的挑戰
• Determination of the impact and the sphere of influence環境影響及其邊界的確定
• Complex marine environment in Hong Kong香港複雜的海洋環境
• Complicated 3D hydrodynamic mixing and transport複雜的污染物環境水流混合機理
• Need for robust modelling tools可靠的評估模型工具
• Effective public engagement有效的公眾參與
典型的旱季
Complicated tidal currents - 複雜的潮汐流
1. Tidal currents 潮流
2. Pearl River discharge 珠江流量
3. Monsoon induced coastal currents 受季候風影響的海洋環流
Factors influence Hong Kong’s hydrography影響香港水文狀況的因素
Environmental discharges in the form of buoyant jets污染物以各種浮射流的形式在水環境中排放
Single jet 單孔排放
Dense jet 海水化淡廠鹽水 Sediment jet 泥沙排放
Multiple jet 多孔排放
• 在許多情況下,我們需要對污染排放的危害作出評估,以確定某一指定水域的水質是否達到指標。
• 排放物在渦流作用下被不斷地混合、稀釋和分解, 混合的情況決定於污水出流特性(污水量、密度、排放速度和方向、擴散器的設計)和環境條件(密度、流速、流向和鹽度及溫度的垂直分佈)。
• 適當的污水處理和排污的設計和選址,可以充分利用環境的
自然淨化能力,從而降低對環境的影響。
Scientific management of water quality relies on quantitative EIA
科學化水質管理有賴於定量環境影響評估
Near field + Intermediate field 近場 + 中場 Far field 遠場
Length: km
Time: hr
Length:10-500m
Time: min
Side view
Plan view
Mixing processes - 污染物與環境水流的混合機理
污染帶深海排污口環境水流
污染帶
海灘
海灘
卷吸
不同長度及時間比尺
湍流擴散 細菌衰減
Tidal current transporting pollutants to nearby beaches
Far field transport - 遠場輸送
Spreading of bottom density current 海水化淡廠高濃度鹽水在海床的浮力擴散
Ambient current
Near field 近場 ~ 10m Intermediate field 中場 ~ 100m
NOVA – a robust tool for 3DEIA三維環境影響評估的可靠工具
Near-far field coupling近場-遠場無縫耦合
Hydrodynamic and transport model三維水動力模型
Project WATERMAN 三維環境影響評估系統
General Lagrangian 3D buoyant jet model- JETLAG/VISJET 通用的近場浮射流模型
NOVA地理信息系統和可視化技術
1
2
3
JETLAG/VISJET - 近場浮射流模型
Experiments 實驗 + numerical modeling 數值模型
PIV LIF CFDVisualization
Extensive laboratory and field validation 大量基礎研究 、實驗及實地驗証
Vortex pairAdvected line thermal
DESA prediction模擬結果
GIS-based
Seamless and robust 3D prediction from near to far field 可靠及無縫的從污染近場至遠場的三維模擬
Full integration with GIS data and advanced visualization 結合地理信息系統和先進可視化技術
Effective communication and public engagement 有效的溝通及公眾參與
NOVA – Project WATERMAN 3DEIA system
Internet-based
Numerical harbour
Laboratory observation實驗觀測
3D Digital Terrain Model and GIS 三維數值地形模型及地理信息系統
Applications and case studies 實際應用
Application Examples - 實際應用
• Prediction of water quality at the locations of sensitive receivers 預報敏感受納水體的水質
• Determination of mixing zones界定污染物的混合區
• Submarine outfall design設計深海排污系統
• Estimation of the environmental risks估計環境風險
• Unraveling the causes of accidental pollution disasters解構突發污染災難的原因
1. Defining the initial mixing zone of wastewater discharges界定污染物的初始混合區
Length of initial mixing zone =190m
Ua = 0.4m/s
Length of initial mixing zone = 20m
Ua = 0.15m/s
Multiple discharges from a rosette diffuser
The length of initial mixing zone?
多個浮射流的玫瑰流擴散器
2. Impact of Sai Kung increased sewage discharge on seawater salinity
西貢污水處理廠第二期改善工程(增加污水排放量)對附近海水鹽度的影響
Will salinity drop significantly?
Will fish production be reduced?
Sai Kung outfall西貢排污口
Ma Nam Wat麻南笏
Kiu Tsui橋咀
Hap Mun廈門灣
Fish farm 海魚養殖區 Beach 海灘
Trio三星灣
PM3
PM2
Marine water quality monitoring 水質監測站
牛尾海
Sai Kung outfall
Ma Nan Wat
Kiu Tsui
Salinity (ppt)
32 33 34 35313029
Outfall 污水排放口
Salinity (ppt)Salinity at Ma Nam Wat
麻南笏海魚養殖區
海水鹽度
Salinity (ppt)
Salinity at water surface of the outfall 污水排放口正上方的海水鹽度
麻南笏
西貢排污口
橋咀
1 – 2 pptdifference only!
Outfall (Option B)
In more open water (existing site)
3. Sai Kung Secondary Sewage Treatment WorksOptimizing the outfall location - 排污選址
E. coli level (counts/100 mL)
E. coli level
HighLow
100 times higher bacteria level!!
Close to a public pier
E. coli level (counts/100 mL)
Outfall (Option A)
水質監測站
E. coli level (counts/100 mL)
180WQO
E. coli level (counts/100 mL)
WQO 610
E. coli level
HighLow
Kiu Tsui
Sai Kung outfall
Impact of secondary treated sewage discharge upon a beach based on E. coli排放二級處理後的污水對附近海灘水質的影響
PM3
Beach 海灘
Marine water quality monitoring 水質監測站
橋咀
西貢排污口
Time (day)
Sur
face
sal
inity
(ppt
)麻南笏海魚養殖區
海水鹽度
Riv
er d
isch
arge
(m3 /s
)Time (day)
4. Impact of rain storm event - 暴雨帶來的環境影響
Time (day)
E. c
oli (
coun
ts/1
00 m
L)
Salinity (ppt)
32 33 34 35
三星灣海灘大腸桿菌濃度
5. Pillar Point sewage outfall damaged by a dredger - 望后石海底排污管爆裂 (1997)
• ~3-4 am on 8 July: a dredger damaged the outfall pipeline挖泥船鑿穿海底排污管
• ~11-12 am on 8 July: extremely high E. coli level was measured at nearby beaches屯門海灘大腸桿菌濃度超標
• 11 July: beach closure 海灘關閉
Damaged Pillar Point Outfall爆裂的海底排污管
Normal operating condition 正常狀況(70 vertical jets, total flow = 1.46 m3/s, depth 10 m)
Damaged outfall
pipeline near shore
近岸爆裂的兩個大孔
Two large punctured holes in outfall pipe (depth 5 m, total flow = 0.98 m3/s)
Is the high bacteria level caused by the dredger? 挖泥船鑿穿海底排污管是否導致細菌濃度上升的原因?
24
180
610
1
10
100
1000
10000
5-Jul 6-Jul 7-Jul 8-Jul 9-Jul 10-Jul 11-Jul
NormalBroken
.co (cou ts/ 00 ) Go de
After damage 爆裂後
E. coli level at Golden Beach
黃金泳灘的大腸杆菌濃度
(counts/100 mL)
正常
爆裂
6. Real-time control of disinfection dosage; Harbour Area Treatment Scheme實時控制消毒劑量 – 淨化海港計劃
Fate and transport from the submarine outfall to sensitive receivers
消毒 消毒消毒
潮位
HATS outfall
6h
停止 停止
6h
Optimal real-time controlled chlorine dosage最佳實時控制消毒劑(氯)用量
Can we work with nature to optimize chlorine dosage
while still protectingTsuen Wan beaches?
我們能否充分利用環境的自然淨化能力來實時控制氯的用量,同時保護荃灣海灘
的水質?
過量的氯毒害海洋生物氯的副產品致癌
漲潮
退潮
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
9-Jun 11-Jun 13-Jun 15-Jun 17-Jun 19-Jun
Full DisinfectionNo DisinfectionIntermittent Operation
E.coli (counts/100mL)
610
180
24
WQO
Predicted E. coli level at Gemini Beach 雙仙灣的大腸杆菌濃度
With a careful control of disinfection dosage, beach water quality can meet WQO practically all of the time 利用海流特性進行間歇性消毒,從而舒緩消毒劑對環境的影響
Over-protectionPoor water quality
Summary (1)
• Assimilative capacity of water bodies depends significantly on environmental conditions 環境同化能力隨自然環境變化
• EIA requires fundamental scientific research that spans several disciplines環境影響評估基於大量可靠的跨學科研究、理論和實驗
• The NOVA system crystallizes from decades of work in environmental hydraulics and computational engineering. It has been thoroughly validated against laboratory and field data.基於多年來先進的環境水力學和電腦圖形技術,Project WATERMAN 開發了一個可靠的三維環境影響評估工具NOVA (大量基礎研究、實
驗及實地驗証)
• Combining with an advanced GIS system, NOVA provides,– a powerful tool for quantifying, and hence, the avoidance,
minimization and mitigation of different forms of pollution in water bodies
– effective communication to decision-makers, engineering professions and general public the risks and management of water pollution and thereby raising their understanding and appreciation for EIA as a valuable tool to protect the environment
結合了地理信息系統和互聯網技術,NOVA提供有效的公眾參與,從而實現“避免,減小,舒緩”的環境影響評估精神
Summary (2)
Advanced computer graphics(CG) techniques
先進的電腦圖形技術
Advanced Computer Graphics (CG)Techniques - 先進的電腦圖形技術
• There are 2 systems– NOVA: a 3D GIS-integrated software running
on a single computer, for 3D EIA– Internet EIA: a web-based delivery system for
NOVA’s scenarios, for public engagement• Challenges
– Both systems deal with visualization of huge GIS-data as well as simulation results in 3D
– Different challenges, different approaches
Data to Visualize 需要可視化的數據
Terrain (tens of gigabytes)
Far-field Simulation Results(up to a few gigabytes)
Near-field jets(up to a few hundred megabytes)
The NOVA Software, NOVA 軟件
• NOVA is a software used mainly by professionals using high performance computers
• Like a CAD software, but operates in full 3D• Terrain data cannot be fitted into the memory so
it must first be simplified for efficient display. Some details are lost in the process.
• Far-field and near-field jet data are rendered directly. Programmable display card (GPU) is used for efficient interpolation, which is vital to smooth animation.
NOVA in Action, NOVA 的操作
CG Challenges in Internet EIA,電腦圖形技術在互聯網 EIA 上的挑戰
• Used by the public with different kinds of computers so high performance computer is not guaranteed
• Need to support most visualization functions in NOVA, like full 3D GIS integration, interactive viewing, data-interrogation etc.
• Gigabyte size data is not practical to be distributed directly via the Internet
CG Solution for Internet EIA互聯網 EIA上電腦圖形技術方案
• Separate handling for static and dynamic data– Static data – GIS/Terrain data– Dynamic data – Far-field concentration field data
and near-field jet data
• Static Data – Server-assisted rendering
• Dynamic Data – Video streaming
Internet EIA Schematics互聯網 EIA 技術方案結構圖
MultipleRenderingServers
ImageCompositing
Server
Clients
Partial images
VideoStreaming
ServerMovie filesSim. Results
Conversion
INTERNET
Video stream
Whole image
ControlServer
On-demandData
Data Interrogation Service
Static Data
Dynamic Data
Whole image
Server-assisted Rendering伺服器協助式渲染
• Client does not require high-res terrain data• Server renders image directly for client for each
“steady” viewpoint• Only images are transmitted to client• No excess terrain details are transmitted• Rendered image is usually returned within 1 sec• Complex render algorithms are implemented in
servers only so client is very light weight
Video Streaming for Visualization用於可視化上的視頻流
• Accurate dataset is down-sampled to perception level accuracy. i.e. only to maintain a correct perceived color coding at a pre-defined resolution. Data size is greatly reduced.
• Accurate data is only sent during data interrogation.• Using video compression to further reduce file size.• Using streaming technology to send data at a
steady rate to prevent sudden network traffic surge.
Internet EIA Characteristics互聯網 EIA 的特點
• Bandwidth requirement similar to watching Youtube video, i.e. no large file download
• Instantaneous high resolution terrain display• Higher terrain quality than local visualization• Very low client computation power requirement
Internet EIA
NOVA
Internet EIA in Action,互聯網 EIA 的操作
• As illustrated by the applications examples, a robust 3Dwater quality forecast and visualization system has beendeveloped to quantify the impacts and environmental risksof Infrastructure projects and communicate the predictedimpact to the stakeholders effectively.
• It includes two key components:1) the modelling and visualization system (NOVA) serves
as an EIA tool for professionals;2) the internet-based interactive visualization system that
delivers realistic 3D visualization of simulated resultsover the Internet for easy public access.
Concluding Remarks - 結語
To treasure our coastal water resourcesby first understanding them
Please visit our WATERMAN webpagewww.waterman.hku.hk
for more details
Project WATERMAN Public Lecture SeriesReal-time Beach Water Quality Forecast for Hong Kong香港近海水質預報及管理系統 — 公開講座系列
香港海灘水質實時預報系統
Q and A 問答環節
Project WATERMAN Public Lecture SeriesReal-time Beach Water Quality Forecast for Hong Kong香港近海水質預報及管理系統 — 公開講座系列
香港海灘水質實時預報系統
Souvenir Presentation 致送紀念品
Project WATERMAN Public Lecture Series
3D Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
香港近海水質預報及管理系統 — 公開講座系列
三維環境影響評估