3B - Life Structure, Function and Control (Cell Parts, Functions and Types)

Biology 1 Topic 3B- Life Structure,

Function and Control (Cell Parts,

Functions and Types)

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Topic 3B- Life Structure, Function and Control (Cell Parts, Functions and Types)

D. Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

E. Types of Cell, Tissue, Organ and Organ System

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Parts of a Cell and Their Functions

The Cells The Animal Cell

The Plant CellParts of a Cell and Their Functions

1. PLASMA MEMBRANE

Functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes.




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Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings


1. PLASMA MEMBRANE


2. NUCLEUS

Contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell.

Includes DNA and associated proteins organized into chromatin, which coil up during cell division to become chromosomes.

Also includes the nucleolus where ribosomes are assembled.


2. NUCLEUS

DNA/Chromatin/Chromosome


3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

Manufactures membranes, proteins and lipids

Accounts for nearly half the membranes in a cell



3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

Smooth ER

No ribosomes

Rough ER

With ribosomes

Manufactures proteins

Contains catalytic enzymesProduces oils, phospholipids, and steroids




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4. GOLGI APPARATUS

Many transport vesicles from the ER travel to the Golgi apparatus for modification of their contents.

Center of manufacturing, warehousing, sortingand shipping.



4. GOLGI APPARATUS


5. LYSOSOME

A membrane-bound sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digests macromolecules.

Lysosomal enzymes can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides and nucleic acids.



5. LYSOSOME

Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food

1 m

Plasma

membrane

Food vacuole

Lysosome

Nucleus

Digestive

enzymes

Digestion

Lysosome

Lysosome containsactive hydrolyticenzymes

Food vacuolefuses withlysosome

Hydrolyticenzymes digestfood particles

Autophagy: lysosome breaking down damaged organelle

1 m

Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion

Mitochondrionfragment

Lysosome containingtwo damaged organelles

Digestion

Lysosome

Lysosome fuses withvesicle containingdamaged organelle

Peroxisomefragment

Hydrolytic enzymesdigest organellecomponents




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6. VACUOLE

A membrane-bound sac with varied functions.

a. food vacuole

from phagocytosis, fuse with lysosomes.


6. VACUOLE

b. contractile vacuole

Found in freshwater protozoans, pump excess water out of the cell.


6. VACUOLE

c. central vacuole

Found in many mature plant cells.

For stockpiling proteins or inorganic ions, depositing metabolic byproducts, storingpigments, and storing defensive compounds against herbivores.


6. VACUOLE

c. central vacuole


7. PEROXISOME

Contains enzymes with varied functions.

Converts hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water.

Breaks fatty acids into smaller molecules.

Detoxifies alcohol and other harmful compounds.


7. PEROXISOME




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8. MITOCHONDRION

The site of cellular respiration, generating ATPfrom the catabolism of sugars, fats, and other fuels in the presence of oxygen.

Has a smooth outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane, the crista.


8. MITOCHONDRION


9. CHLOROPLAST

Found in plants and eukaryotic algae.

Converts solar energy to chemical energy and synthesize new organic compounds from CO2 and H2O through the process of photosynthesis.

Inside is an inner membrane enclosing a fluid-filled space, the stroma, in which floats membranous sacs, the thylakoids.



9. CHLOROPLAST


10. CYTOSKELETON

A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm.

Provides mechanical support and maintains shape of the cell.



10. CYTOSKELETON




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Roles of the Cytoskeleton

helps to support the cell and maintain its shape

interacts with motor proteins to produce motility

vesicles can travel along monorails provided by the cytoskeleton

may help regulate biochemical activities

Vesicle

Receptor for

motor protein

Microtubule

of cytoskeleton

Motor protein

(ATP powered)

ATP

0.25 mMicrotubule Vesicles


11. CELL WALL

Found in plant cells; protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water.

Consists of cellulose embedded in a matrix of proteins and other polysaccharides.

With an outer cell wall, inner cell wall and middle lamella.



11. CELL WALL


11. CELL WALL

Also found in bacteria and fungi.

Bacteria made up of peptidoglycan

Fungi made up of chitin




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Types of Cell, Tissue, Organ and Organ System

TYPES OF PLANT CELL

Plant Form, Function & Organization

Types of PLANT TISSUES

1. Simple tissue consists of a single cell type

2. Complex tissue consists of more than 1 cell type


Types of PLANT TISSUE SYSTEMS

1. Dermal tissue system- outermost layer

2. Vascular tissue system- tubes throughout plant

3. Ground tissue system- between dermal and vascular tissues


Types of PLANT TISSUE SYSTEMS


PLANT ORGANS

1. Roots- anchor plants; absorb water & nutrients

2. Stems- support leaves; transport water & minerals

3. Leaves- capture sunlight for photosynthesis; store food and water

4. Flowers- sexual reproductive organs of plants




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ANIMAL CELL

TYPES OF ANIMAL CELL

Animal Form, Function & Organization

Types of Animal Tissues

1. Epithelial Tissue- Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body

2. Connective Tissue- bind and support other tissues

3. Muscular Tissue- composed of long cells called muscle fibers

4. Nervous Tissue- senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of the animal to another

The Animal Organs

The Animal Organ Systems

1. Integumentary System- outermost layer

2. Digestive System- food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)

3. Skeletal System- body support and protection of internal organs

4. Muscular System- movement and locomotion

5. Respiratory System- gas exchange

6. Circulatory System- internal distribution of materials (e.g. oxygen, digested food)

The Animal Organ Systems

7. Lymphatic System- return of some tissue fluid to the blood; immunity

8. Nervous System- detection of external and internal stimuli

9. Endocrine System- hormonal control of body functioning

10. Excretory System- removes metabolic wastes from the blood stream

11. Reproductive System- carry out reproduction

3B - Life Structure, Function and Control (Cell Parts, Functions and Types)

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