37231-043-pak-iee.pdf

Initial Environmental Examination August 2012

PAK: Punjab Irrigated Agriculture Investment Program, Tranche 3 Pakpattan Canal and Suleimanki Barrage Improvement Project Prepared by Punjab Irrigation Department, Government of Pakistan for the Asian Development Bank.

Initial Environmental Examination

PAKPATTAN CANAL

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) REPORT

July 2012

Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report

PUNJAB IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE INVESTMENT PROGRAM INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Pakpattan Canal

TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1-1 1.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 PROJECT DETAILS ............................................................................................. 1-1 1.3 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................... 1-1 1.4 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................... 1-2 1.5 PROJECT LOCATION ......................................................................................... 1-2 1.6 PROJECT CATEGORIZATION ............................................................................ 1-3 1.7 OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT ......................................................................... 1-5 1.8 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT ......................................................................... 1-5 1.9 METHDOLOGY OF PERFORMING THE STUDY ................................................ 1-5 1.10 AREA OF RESPONSIBILITIES ........................................................................ 1-6

2. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK POLICY ......................................... 2-1 2.1 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS IN PAKISTAN ................................................ 2-1 2.2 NATIONAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY .......................................................... 2-1 2.3 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT POLICY .................................................................. 2-1 2.4 GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ...................................... 2-2

2.4.1 Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports, Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, 1997 ..................................................................... 2-2 2.4.2 Guidelines of Public Consultation, Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, May, 1997 ................................................................................................................... 2-2

2.5 ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES ................ 2-2 2.5.1 Provincial EPA ............................................................................................... 2-2 2.5.2 Provincial Departments of Forestry and Wildlife ............................................. 2-2 2.5.3 Local Government and Municipalities ............................................................. 2-2 2.5.4 Social & Environmental Management Unit (SEMU) ........................................ 2-3 2.5.5 Environment-Related Statutes ........................................................................ 2-3

2.6 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GUIDELINES ...................................................... 2-4 2.7 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS (NEQS) 2000 ............... 2-5 2.8 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ...................................................................... 2-7

3. THE PROJECT .......................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................ 3-1 3.2 CULTIVATED COMMAND AREA (CCA) .............................................................. 3-1 3.3 PAKPATTAN MAIN CANAL ................................................................................. 3-1 3.4 NEED OF THE PROJECT .................................................................................... 3-2 3.5 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT ............................................................................. 3-2

3.5.1 Proposal for Rehabilitation & Up-grading Works ............................................. 3-2 3.6 WORK BASE AREA ............................................................................................. 3-6 3.7 BORROW AREA .................................................................................................. 3-6 3.8 MATERIAL REQUIREMENT / SOURCE .............................................................. 3-6

4. ENVIORNMENTAL BASE LINE CONDITION ............................................................ 4-1 4.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................ 4-1 4.2 PROJECT AREA OF INFLUENCE (AOI) ............................................................. 4-1 4.3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................ 4-3

4.3.1 Physiography and Soil .................................................................................... 4-3 4.3.2 Soil Types ...................................................................................................... 4-4


4.3.3 Surface Salinity .............................................................................................. 4-4 4.3.4 Seismicity Data .............................................................................................. 4-5

4.4 HYDROLOGY ...................................................................................................... 4-6 4.4.1 Surface Water ................................................................................................ 4-6 4.4.2 Flood Record ................................................................................................. 4-8 4.4.3 Groundwater ................................................................................................ 4-10

4.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................... 4-14 4.5.1 Flora ............................................................................................................. 4-14 4.5.2 Fauna ........................................................................................................... 4-15

4.6 SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITION ...................................................................... 4-19 4.7 SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................................... 4-21 4.8 GENDER ISSUES AND ANALYSIS ................................................................... 4-31

5. STUDY OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES .................................................................... 5-1 5.1 NO PROJECT OPTION (WORST CASE SCENARIO OPTION) ........................... 5-1 5.2 CONSTRUCTING NEW CANAL .......................................................................... 5-2 5.3 REHABILITATION OF EXISTING CANAL SYSTEM (SELECTED OPTION FOR DETAIL DESIGN) ........................................................................................................... 5-2 5.4 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 5-2

6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION ......................................................................................... 6-1 6.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................ 6-1 6.2 CONSULTATION METHODOLOGY .................................................................... 6-1

6.2.1 Stakeholder Identification ............................................................................... 6-1 6.2.2 Consultation Process and Technology ........................................................... 6-2

6.3 OBJECTIVES ACHIEVED WITH THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION ....................... 6-4 6.4 CONSULTATION AND DISCUSSION DURING IMPLEMENTATION................... 6-2

6.4.1 Public Hearing ................................................................................................ 6-2 6.5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT ...................................................................... 6-4

6.5.1 Management Responsibilities ......................................................................... 6-4 6.6 SOCIAL COMPLAINTS REGISTER ..................................................................... 6-7

7. IMPACT ASSESSMENT, MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES ............ 7-8 7.1 POTENTIAL IMPACT SOURCES ........................................................................ 7-8 7.2 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES DURING DESIGN PHASE .............. 7-11

7.2.1 Weed in Canal Water ................................................................................... 7-11 7.2.2 Damage to Canal Banks .............................................................................. 7-11

7.3 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE ... 7-12

7.3.1 Physical Environment ................................................................................... 7-12 7.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................... 7-21

7.4.1 Damage to Biological Resources and Disturbance of Wildlife ....................... 7-21 7.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS .......................................................................... 7-22

7.5.1 Impacts of Land Acquisition.......................................................................... 7-22 7.5.2 Impacts on Local Population due to Migrating Labour from other Parts of the Country 7-23 7.5.3 HIV/AIDS and other Communicable Diseases .............................................. 7-23 7.5.4 Existing Services & Employment (Positive Social Impacts) .......................... 7-24

7.6 OPERATIONAL AND MANAGEMENT (O&M) PHASE ....................................... 7-24 8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................................... 8-1

8.1 MITIGATION PLAN .............................................................................................. 8-1 8.2 MITIGATION OF ADVERSE IMPACTS AT DESIGN PHASE ............................... 8-1 8.3 MITIGATION OF ADVERSE IMPACT AT CONSTRUCTION PHASE .................. 8-2 8.4 MONITORING PLAN ............................................................................................ 8-2 8.5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT ...................................................................... 8-3

8.5.1 Management Responsibilities ......................................................................... 8-3 8.6 COMMUNICATION AND DOCUMENTATION ...................................................... 8-7

8.6.1 Data Recording and Maintenance .................................................................. 8-7


8.6.2 Storage of Information .................................................................................... 8-8 8.6.3 Meetings ........................................................................................................ 8-8 8.6.4 Reports .......................................................................................................... 8-8 8.6.5 Photographic Record of the Project Area ..................................................... 8-10 8.6.6 Record Register ........................................................................................... 8-10

8.7 WASTE DISPOSAL PLAN ................................................................................. 8-11 8.7.1 Domestic Waste ........................................................................................... 8-11

8.8 Construction Waste ............................................................................................ 8-11 8.9 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN ....................................................................... 8-13 8.10 Closure of Roads ............................................................................................ 8-13 8.11 Strengthening Embankments Works ............................................................... 8-14 8.12 Diversion Channels ......................................................................................... 8-14 8.13 OUTLINE OF EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND CONTINGENCY PLAN ........ 8-14 8.14 HEALTH, SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT (HSE) PLAN ...................................... 8-15 8.15 TREE PLANTATION PLAN............................................................................. 8-16 8.16 BORROW AREAS RESTORATION PLAN ..................................................... 8-18 8.17 LAND ACQUISITION PROCEDURE .............................................................. 8-18 8.18 RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN ........................................................................... 8-18 8.19 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT COST .................................................... 8-20


LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Effluent Discharge Standards Applicable to the Works

Table 2.2: Gaseous Emission Levels

Table 2.3: Noise Emission Levels

Table 3.1: Source of Raw Material

Table 4.1: Percentage Surface Salinity Statistics

Table 4.2: Water Quality Parameters (WAPDA STANDARD)

Table 4.3: Peak Discharge of Prominent Years in River Sutlej at Suleimanki Barrage

Table 4.4: Shallow Groundwater Quality

Table 4.5: Respondents Family Members

Table 4.6: Respondents Age Group

Table 4.7: Housing Characteristic of the Respondent

Table 4.8: Access to Education Facilities

Table 4.9: Social Amenities

Table 4.10: Profession/Business

Table 4.11: Household Income

Table 4.12 Household Expenditures

Table 4.13 Average Land Holding Size of the Family

Table 4.14 Cultivator Status

Table 4.15 Respondents age group

Table 4.16 Respondents language

Table 4.17 Marital Status

Table 4.18 Respondents Educational Level

Table 4.19 Source of Water for Domestic Use

Table 6.1 List of Officials Contacted

Table 6.2 Grievance Resolution Process

Table 7.1 Evaluation of Environmental & Social Impacts

Table 8.1 Environment & Management Cost


LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Pakpattan Canal Command Area Location Map

Figure 4.1: Overall Environmental Study Area Map

Figure 4.2: Physiography of Canal Command Area

Figure 4.3: Seismic Zones of Pakistan

Figure 4.4: Flood Inundated Area near the Canal Head Regulator

Figure 6.1: Cities and Towns along the Pakpattan Canal LIST OF PLATES Plate 4.1: Existing Livestock Pond along the Canal

Plate 4.2: Livestock Damage the Canal Banks

Plate 4.3: Occasional Finding of Fruit Trees (above is Mango Tree)

Plate 4.4: Fishing Contractor Catching Fish in Upper Pakpattan Canal

Plate 4.5: Meeting with the Officials of NGO in Vehari

Plate 4.6: A View of meeting with the cotton pickers

Plate 5.1: Public Consultation along Khadir Branch (near town Sahka)

Plate 5.2: Stakeholder Consultation at Water Management Office, Vehari

Plate 6.1: Public Consultation along Khadir Baranch (near town Sahka)

Plate 6.2: Stakeholder Consultation at Water Management Office Vehari

LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 4.1: Environmental Test Results

Appendix 7.1: ABDs Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist


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ABBREVIATION

ADB Asian Development Bank

AOI Area of Influence

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand

CCA Cultivable Command Area

CMS Conservation of Migratory Species

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

COSHH Control of Substances Hazardous to Health

EC Electrical Conductivity

EMMP Environmental Management & Monitoring Plan

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

EPAs Environmental Protection Agencies

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

GCA Gross Cultivated Area

GRC Grievance Redress Committee

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

IWT Indus Water Treaty

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

NCS National Conservation Strategy

NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards

NOC No-Objection Certificate

O&M Operation and Maintenance

PCIP Pakpattan Canal Improvement Project

PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act

PEPC

PHS

Pakistan Environmental Protections Council

Public Health and Safety

PID Punjab Irrigation Department

PMO Project Management Office

PMU Project Management Unit

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

RSC Residual Sodium Carbonate

SAR Sodium Adsorption Ratio

SCARP Salinity Control and Reclamation Project


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SEMU Social & Environmental Management Unit

SFA Social Frame Work Agreement

SMO SCARPS Monitoring Organization

SOP Survey of Pakistan

SSOP Soil Survey of Pakistan

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

US-EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority

WHO World Health Organization

WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction For Pakpattan Canal Improvement Project (PCIP) an Environmental Assessment (EA)

Report has been prepared to ensure the following objectives:

ADBs Environment Safeguards Policy Statement

The applicable environmental administrative and legal frame work on the project

Environmental & social base line data of the project area of influence (AOI)

Assessment of potential environmental impacts and determining mitigation measures

of expected adverse impacts

A basic Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Framework (inclusive of all major

environmental aspects and risk based assessment plan) has been developed and the

envisaged EMP implementation cost estimated. The EMP will be revised, upgraded and

further details will be provided for each construction contract of the canal rehabilitation and

upgrading work.

The base line data was developed and analyzed to identify potential environmental impacts

of the project. An Environmental Assessment Checklist methodology was adopted to identify

the high risk activities and suggest their mitigation measures. Where possible, eliminating

the risk by altering the scope or method of execution of work was preferred rather than

minimizing the risk with control measures.

Legal and Administration Framework Policy

Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 is the primary legislation which applies to

environmental assessment studies in Pakistan. Under section 12 of the Act, a project

falling under any category specified in Schedule II (SRO 339(1)/2000) requires the

proponent to file an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) with the concerned

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which in case of Pakpattan Canal is EPA

Punjab.

Pakpattan canal passes through mainly agricultural lands and does not pass through any

environmentally sensitive area along the canal in respect of the sensitive habitat, wildlife or

cultural heritage. The nature and scope of the construction works and the environmental

setting of the Project are such that no permanent adverse environmental impacts are

anticipated. According to ADB Environment Policy the project is categorized as category B

project. However, because the canal system serves more than 15,000 ha, the EIA (As per

section 12 of PEPA 1997) is mandatory for this project. All project activities should be compliant

with NEQS and should establish monitoring and evaluation systems.

Description of Project The project envisages mainly the raising and strengthening of banks, rehabilitation of

bridges and other hydraulic structures along the canal. This project is not a construction of


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new canal but a rehabilitation work leading to rehabilitation of Pakpattan Canal ultimately

leading to optional and judicious water supply to agricultural fields.

Description of the Environment

Baseline Conditions of the area of influence (AOI) have been established considering the

current and proposed development activities as well as the direct and indirect activities

connected with the AOI. The information utilized for the IEE was collected by using GIS

technology, collection of primary data (air, water and soil), stakeholder consultation including

Wildlife, Fishery, Forestry Departments, field visits carried out by the environment team and

review of environmental data of previous projects carried out in the area.

A strip of Punjab Irrigation Department (PID) land is available along both banks of the canal

which would be utilized for Contractors facilities (contractor camp, plant & equipment yard,

work base area etc). The ambient air quality was analyzed and is found to be reasonably

clean and no obvious source of the air pollution is identified during site visits. The climate of

the area is arid characterized by long hot summers and short mild winters.

Most of the canal banks length is planted with trees. Kiker (Acacia Nilotica) and Shesham

(Dalbergia Sissoo) are the main species of trees found along the canal. The canal command

area is famous for producing valuable crops (wheat, cotton etc) and fruits (mango, guava,

water melon etc).

The species of birds found in the area include pigeon, dove, egret, quail etc. Common wild

mammals of the area include jungle cat, mongoose, jackal, porcupine etc. some species of

reptiles and amphibians are found in the area e.g. snakes, variety of lizards, frogs, and

toads,

The Socio Economic Survey was conducted with the objectives to assess prevailing socio-

economic conditions of the related communities and to predict the effects of the proposed

different alternatives of rehabilitation works. The canal command area falls into four districts;

Okara, Pakpattan, Vehari and Lodhran. Approximately 80 % of Canal command area falls

into two districts; Pakpattan and Vehari. Total of 400 respondents i.e., 200 males for socio-

economic survey and 200 females for gender development study, were selected from

different project villages. The secondary data was collected from available documents i.e.

District Population Census Report 1998 of four districts of the project and maps related to

project area prepared by various Organizations / Departments. The occupational /

professional status of the respondents of the project area has been classified mainly into two

groups such as agricultural household and non-agricultural household. The members of non

farm community were generally doing labour work, shop keeping, government / private

employee, livestock, rearing business enterprises and receiving some remittances from

abroad.


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The population of project area is totally based on rural setup. Average farm size in the canal

command is 2.7 ha (6.8 acres). The villages are formed of permanent settlements.

Habitation was classified according to the type of structure into three categories, i.e. Pacca

(concrete or brick structure), Kacha (Mud houses) Semi Pacca (mixed structure). A

significant majority of project households have electricity at their homes and only 2 percent

community has landline telephone facility. Use of mobile phones has greatly increased as a

way of communication. None of respondents was enjoying the facilities of Sui Gas and

drainage system in project area. Hand pumps are the major source of water in villages and

farmhouses, while the water supply systems are provided in cities.

The average literacy ratio in the project area analyzed from survey findings was 54% and the

literacy rate among the male members was higher (59 percent) than the females (41

percent) of the study area.

The PCIP will (i) ensure that the water supply to the distribution system in the entire canal

command area is secure; and the project will result in an 8.6% increase in farm income as a

result of the proposed intervention. A total of about 189,503 farm families or almost 2 million

people will benefit from the PCIP.

Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Most of the adverse environmental and social impacts of the Project will be associated with

the construction phase. Except for temporary resettlement during construction no permanent

resettlement is needed. Other impacts associated with the construction phase will be

temporary, reversible, phased over a period of time, localized and manageable.

Most of the length of canal bank (path along the canal) and access roads in the project area

are unpaved and may cause dust pollution during traffic movement. Air quality shall be

controlled by regular spraying of water on unpaved paths. All vehicles, machinery,

equipment and generators used during construction activities will be kept in good working

condition to minimize the exhaust emissions. Cutting & burning trees and shrubs as a fuel

shall be prohibited and clean source of energy would be provided at the contractors camp

e.g. gas cylinders etc. Noise, air quality and water sources shall be monitored periodically,

as specified in IEE report. All the work activities should be restricted within the allowed

working hours.

No designated environmentally protected or archaeological site falls within the direct project

area of influence or along the canal banks. The Project will not have any significant impact

on fish, fishermen communities, wildlife and wildlife habitat. However, monitoring measures

have been recommended to ensure that any unforeseen impacts can be identified,

compared with baseline and mitigated during the implementation stage. All forest, wildlife

and fisheries laws should be fully respected and abided by the contractor and his work force.

No fire arms should be carried out by the contractors work force.Tree cutting may require


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the construction of diversion channels or escape channels. Every tree cut on site for the

execution of work shall be replaced with plantation of minimum five new trees. The new

plantation would be protected during the contract implementation from animals and daily

routine activities. Public parks will be developed along the canal at suitable locations (away

from existing settlements, if any). This will raise the aesthetic value of the area and provide a

picnic spot to the local community.

During construction, the Contactors work force is expected to be largely available from the

local population, which will enhance the economic opportunities for the locals of working age

group. Socio-economic conditions of the project area will generally have positive impact due

to the project implementation entailing availability of jobs during construction phase.

The Project will also improve some of the social infrastructure as part of the repair and

rehabilitation of the irrigation structures and will reduce the exposure of local communities to

flooding events and the associated social and economic damages. The livelihoods of

farming communities will also improve through increased and equitable canal water

availability and improved agricultural productivity through improved agricultural practices and

road crossings. The representation of women and other vulnerable groups will be ensured in

the Project benefits.

The noticeable adverse impact of the Project will be temporary resettlement of affected

communities and relocation of some of the cultural sties that lie within the canal right of way

(ROW). Detailed resettlement action plans to mitigate these impacts will be prepared and

implemented before commencing the work on site. Resettlement Framework and

representative Resettlement Action Plans have been prepared as part of the feasibility study.

It is very important to protect the water sources during the construction phase from

accidental spills of diesel or any chemical, as any spill could percolate to the groundwater

through the sandy stratum at site. All the solid waste and wastewater generated from the

project activities and contractor camp are to be disposed of according to the waste disposal

plan, which would be a component of the EMP. If the groundwater is to be used for the water

supply in the contractors camp then it would be required to abstract water from sufficient

depth and confirm that it meets the WHO standards.

The EMP will also ensure reporting of all non-conformances and their rectification within a

specified period of time

The proposed project will bring about net-positive benefits in terms of improved water

resource management through assured water availability from the Pakpattan Main Canal

and will increase agricultural production from the project area.


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Continuous environmental monitoring will be carried out for the entire construction phase, to

ensure due diligence of environmental performance.

Conclusion It is anticipated that all environmental and social issues involved during the construction and

operational phase of the project are manageable, therefore it is concluded that the project is

environmentally friendly, financially viable, economically sustainable, generally neutral and

pro-poverty alleviation.


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL The province of Punjab is only one fourth of the total area of Pakistan, yet its fertile land

yields are more than 50% of the total national agricultural produce. One of the reasons for

such high agricultural production is the efficient use of water resources through Punjabs

irrigation network. The Punjab irrigation network comprises 24 canals fed by 14

barrages/headworks and 9 major inter-river link canals, irrigating more than 21 million acres

of land. Pakpattan Canal off takes from Sutlej River at Suleimanki Barrage. There are two

barrages on Sutlej River; Suleimanki and Islam Barrage. Suleimanki is the first barrage on

Sutlej after it enters into Pakistan.

Asian Development Bank (ADB) is providing assistance to improve the management of

Punjab Water Resources and increase the agricultural productivity of the province under the

Punjab Irrigation Agriculture Investment Program (PIAIP).

1.2 PROJECT DETAILS Punjab Irrigation Department (PID) is the executing agency of the Punjab Irrigated

Agriculture Investment Program (PIAIP). Pakpattan Canal Rehabilitation & Up-grading

(R&U) will be carried out under PIAIP. The consultancy of the project including feasibility and

detailed design work was awarded to a joint venture of NESPAK, AAB and DMC in April

2009.

This report comprises the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study of the R&U of

Pakpattan Canal System. The IEE study takes into account the natural environment (air,

water, land, flora & fauna), human health and safety. This study evaluates the projects

potential environmental risks and impacts in its areas of influence and outlines planning,

designing and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating or compensating for

adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts throughout project

implementation.

The Social Assessment (SA) has been conducted to evaluate the projects potential positive

and adverse effects on the affected people and to examine project alternatives where

adverse effects may be significant. The breadth, depth and type of analysis in the social

assessment are proportional to the nature of the project and scale of its potential effects,

positive or adverse, on the affected people.

1.3 BACKGROUND Pakpattan Canal and distribution network was completed in June 1926. The canals design

discharge is 6,594 cusecs at head regulator built on the right flank of Sulemanki Barrage.

Pakpattan Canal irrigates land in the districts of Okara, Pakpattan, Vehari, and Lohdran on


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the right side of the river Sutlej. The main Pakpattan Canal is perennial and ceases to

operate for annual maintaining requirement during December/January. The total gross

command area is about 1.4 million acres.

In 1960, under the Indus Water Treaty, India was given the rights of the eastern rivers water,

including Ravi, Sutlej and Beas. Consequently upon the construction of Bhakra/Nangal Dam

on river Sutlej and Pandoh & Pong Dam on Beas, discharge in Sutlej was reduced

significantly. This entailed a significant work for conveying water from western rivers through

link canals to overcome the shortfall in the eastern rivers. Balloki-Suleimanki Link canal (B.S

Link) brings about 25,000 cusecs from Balloki barrage to feed the canals off taking from the

Suleimanki Barrage.

With the construction of Sidhni Mailsi Bahawal Link (SMB Link) canal Pakpattan main canal

was split into two parts i.e. Pakpattan Canal Upper (PC (U)) from RD 0-567 and Pakpattan

Canal Lower (PC (L)) from RD 568 to 667. Due to bifurcation, PC (L) now draws its supplies

from SMB Link with a new head regulator at RD 195+171/R of SMB Link.

1.4 PROJECT OBJECTIVES The system at present is facing many maintenance problems like deteriorated condition of

80 years old structures with upstream and downstream erosion, bermless reaches with

eroded banks and reduced free board. The system cannot take its authorized discharge

safely and is being run by adopting a rotational program.

The project aims to upgrade water resources and irrigation infrastructure of Pakpattan Canal

System and address the following main problems in this project:

The decks of most of the road bridges on the canal have deteriorated and are risky for

present traffic requirements.

Repair of regulation machinery and other hydraulic structure for smooth operation of

the canals.

Raising & strengthening of banks.

Improve the efficiency of canal system ensuring fulfillment of water requirement at the

tail end area.

1.5 PROJECT LOCATION Pakpattan canal off takes from river Sutlej at right side of Suleimanki Headworks. Its

command area lies between 29o51 to 30o27 latitudes north and 72o12 to 73o38 longitudes

east. The canal command area is bounded by river Sutlej in the south-east, boundary of

Lower Bari Doab Canal in the north and river Chenab in the west. Approximately one million

acres of the canal command area falls in south-eastern part of Punjab Province as shown in

Figure 1.1.


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1.6 PROJECT CATEGORIZATION According to ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 and Environment Policy 2002

guidelines, projects are to be categorized into three environmental categories; A, B, or C. All

the anticipated adverse environmental impacts of the project are mitigable, temporary,

nature and localized. Also there is no environmentally sensitive or archeological site falling

within project area of influence; therefore the project is classified as Category B. This report

comprises the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of the proposed project to fulfill the

requirements according to ADBs, Safeguard Policy Statement 2009.


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Figure 1.1: Pakpattan Canal Command Area Location Map


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1.7 OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT The main objectives of the report are as follows:

The application of environmental administrative and legal frame work on the project

Develop Environmental Baseline Data for the project Area of Influence (AOI), derive

land use and environmental maps.

Assessment of potential environmental Impacts and development of mitigation

measures to cater for adverse impacts.

Preparation of framework of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and envisaged

EMP implementation cost for this project.

1.8 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT This report is divided into following chapters:

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Legal and Administrative Framework Policy

Chapter 3 The Project

Chapter 4 Environmental Baseline Conditions

Chapter 5 Study of Project Alternatives

Chapter 6 Public Consultation

Chapter 7 Impact Assessment, Mitigation and Enhancement Measures

Chapter 8 Environmental Management Plan

Appendices

1.9 METHDOLOGY OF PERFORMING THE STUDY The environmental and social data were collected and analyzed for the overall

environmental study area. Data was collected during site visits and stakeholder consultation

works. The concerned departments and institutions consulted are Wildlife, Forestry &

Fishery Department, Water Management Office, Irrigation, SMO, SEMU and Land

Reclamation Directorate of PID etc.

The base line data was developed and analyzed to identify potential environmental impacts

of the Project. A risk based methodology was adopted to identify the high risk activities and

suggest their mitigation measures. Where possible, eliminating the risk by altering the scope

or method of execution of work was preferred rather than minimizing the risk with control

measures. Public consultations were also undertaken including a gender study to take into

account the public point of view about the project.


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1.10 AREA OF RESPONSIBILITIES The following experts were involved for the preparation of this Initial Environmental

Examination Report:

Project Manager Tariq Altaf

Deputy Team Leader (Canals) Ehsan Ullah Sardar

Sub-Team Leader Mukhtar Ahmad

Environmental Specialist Ahsan Bela

Rural Sociologist Abdul Hameed


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2. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK POLICY This chapter provides an overview of the policy framework and national legislation that

applies to the proposed Project. The Project is expected to comply with all national

legislations and Asian Bank Guidelines relating to environmental and social issues, and all

the required regulatory clearances will be obtained.

The environmental study includes primarily Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997

(PEPA 1997), Pakistan IEE and EIA review regulations (2000) and Asian Development Bank

SPS. All other laws and guidelines relevant to the project have also been reviewed.

Synopses of relevant laws and guidelines are provided in this chapter.

2.1 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS IN PAKISTAN Under section 12 (with subsequent amendment) of the 1997 Act, a project falling under any

category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339(1)/2000), requires the proponent to file an IEE with

concerned federal agency (Pak-EPA). Projects falling under any category specified in schedule

II require the proponent to file an EIA with the federal agency. Within ten working days of the

lodging of IEE or EIA, the federal agency will confirm that the document submitted is complete

for the purpose of review.

2.2 NATIONAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (NCS) was approved by federal cabinet in March

1992 and is the principal policy document on environmental issues in the country. The NCS

outlines the countrys primary approaches towards encouraging sustainable development,

conserving natural resources and managing resources. The NCS has 68 specific programs in

14 core areas in which policy intervention is considered crucial for the preservation of

Pakistans natural and physical environment. The core areas that are relevant in the context of

the proposed Project are pollution prevention and abatement, conserving biodiversity and

preservation of cultural heritage.

2.3 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT POLICY The National Environmental Policy provides an overarching framework for addressing the

environmental issues facing Pakistan, particularly pollution of fresh water bodies and coastal

waters, air pollution, lack of proper waste management, deforestation, loss of biodiversity,

desertification, natural disasters and climate change. It also gives directions for addressing the

cross sectoral issues elaborating the underlying causes of environmental degradation and

international obligations. The policy provides broad guidelines to the Federal Government,

Provincial Government, Federally Administrated Territories and Local Government for

addressing environmental concerns and ensuring effective management of their environmental

resources.


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2.4 GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT The Pak-EPA has published set of environmental guideline for conducting environmental

assessment and the environmental management of different types of development projects.

The guidelines relevant to the proposed Project are listed below.

2.4.1 Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports, Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, 1997

The guidelines, targeted at project proponents, specify:

The nature of the information to be included in environmental reports

The minimum qualification of the IEE/EIA conductors appointed

The need to incorporate suitable mitigation measures during project implementation

The need to specify monitoring procedures

The report must contain baseline data relating to the project area, an interpretation of the data

and mitigation measures.

2.4.2 Guidelines of Public Consultation, Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, May, 1997

These guidelines deal with possible approaches to public consultation and techniques for

designing an effective program of consultation that reaches out to all major stakeholders and

ensure that their concerns are incorporated in any impact assessment study.

2.5 ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES

2.5.1 Provincial EPA The Punjab Irrigation Department (PID) will be responsible for providing the complete

environmental documentation required by the provincial EPA and remain committed to the

approved project design. No deviation is permitted during project implementation without the

prior and explicit permission of the EPA.

2.5.2 Provincial Departments of Forestry and Wildlife The rehabilitation works are expected to involve some clearing of vegetation that exists on

government land where labour camp and batching plants are to be installed. Widening and

strengthening of the embankments may also involve some uprooting of trees. All the trees

along the canal belong to Forest department. Plantation at the irrigation rest houses and at the

barrages belongs to irrigation department. Wildlife department nominates any sensitive wildlife

area as game reserve or highly sensitive area as wildlife sanctuary. A competent person should

manage the work activities in wildlife sensitive areas to minimize any adverse impacts on

wildlife habitat. However no environmentally sensitive area has been identified within the direct

influence of the project activities.

2.5.3 Local Government and Municipalities The PID and its contractors must ensure that the project meets the criteria of district

governments as related to the establishment of construction camps and plants, and the safe


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disposal of wastewater, solid waste and toxic materials. The PID will coordinate and monitor

environment-related issues.

2.5.4 Social & Environmental Management Unit (SEMU) Punjab Irrigation Department (PID), under Punjab Irrigation and Drainage Authority (PIDA),

established the Social and Environmental Management Unit (SEMU) in December 2006 to

enable it to address the environmental and social issues in a timely and effective manner during

operation, maintenance, rehabilitation, construction of new canals and drains etc. SEMU has

developed checklists for canal rehabilitation works covering construction or remodeling of J-

Head Spur / Dike / Flood Bund / Training Works, new canals, new distributaries or lining of any

channel. SEMU may also be involved as an independent environmental monitoring

organization during construction phase of this Project.

2.5.5 Environment-Related Statutes This section outlines statutes apart from the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997,

which are relevant to the project.

The Forest Act, 1927 (and Provincial Acts and Rules)

The Act, inter alia, deals with the matters related with protection and conservation of natural

vegetation/habitats. It empowers the concerned agency to declare protected and reserved

forest areas and their maintaining. In spite of the fact that it recognizes the right of people for

access to the natural resources for their household use, it prohibits unlawful cutting of trees and

other vegetation from forest reserve area. The permission is required prior to undertake any

tree cutting from the Forest Department of Punjab province. The contractor will inform formally

to the Punjab Forest Department and PID at-least 1 month before cutting any tree on site.

Provincial Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management) Act,

Ordinances and Rules

In addition to empowering provincial wildlife department to establish game reserves, parks, and

wildlife sanctuaries, these acts regulate the hunting and disturbance of wildlife. This law will

help in eliminating any trespassing into protected areas.

Antiquities Act, 1975

The Antiquities Act relates to the protection, preservation and conservation of

archaeological/historical sites and monuments. There are no archeological site(s) or cultural

heritage site inside or in the AOI of the project. Nevertheless if there is chance find during the

construction phase this law would provide due guidance.

Provincial Local Government Ordinances, 2001

These ordinances, issued following the devolution process, establish regulations for land use,

conservation of natural vegetation, air, water, and land pollution, the disposal of solid waste and

wastewater effluents, as well as matters related to public health and safety. This law will help as

and when participatory management of irrigation system becomes the order of the day.


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Factories Act, 1934

The clauses relevant to the project are those that are related with the health, safety and welfare

of workers, disposal of solid waste and effluent, and damage to private and public property.

The Factories Act also provides regulations for handling and disposing of toxic and hazardous

materials. There are no factories / industries inside the project area.

Land Acquisition Act 1894

Land Acquisition Act (LAA), 1894 is the primary law governing land acquisition in Pakistan. For

the acquisition of land, the above-mentioned Act, rules and regulations are followed whether

the acquisition is for Government of Punjab or any other agency. Up to this stage no permanent

land acquisition has been anticipated in the design of the project. Should there be a need for

temporary acquisition, this law would be helpful.

2.6 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GUIDELINES The Asian Development Banks Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 and Environmental

Policy 2002 require that environmental considerations be incorporated in to ADBs funded

project to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impact and be

environmentally sound. Occupational health & safety of the local population should also be

addressed as well as the project workers as stated in SPS. A Grievance Redress

Mechanism to receive application and facilitate resolution of affected peoples concerns,

complaints, and grievances about the projects environmental performance is also

established and provided in chapter-6.

Environmental Category

According to ADB guidelines, projects are to be categorized in to the following environmental

categories; A, B, or C as given in the table below. Once the project has been categorized,

the chief compliance officer must confirm it at the management review meeting. At any stage

the category can be changed with the approval of the chief compliance officer if further

studies and investigations reveal that the projects potential impacts are worse, minimal or

negligible.

ADB Environmental Categories

Category A:

Criterion

Projects with potential for significant adverse environmental impacts.

This is applicable in case of mega projects causing global or at least regional impacts.

This types of project require a first class EIA to be produced and implemented.

It is not applicable on this project.


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Category B:

Criterion

Projects judged to have some adverse environmental impacts, but of lesser degree

and/or significance than those for category A projects.

This is applicable in case of projects with localized and mitigable impacts. Rehabilitation

& Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal is a Category B project. The project involves

rehabilitation and repair of an already existing structure without causing any permanent

change in the surrounding environment. All impacts shall be localised, limited and

mitigable. Such projects according to ADB require an IEE and EMP only.

Category C:

Criterion

Projects unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. It is not applicable on this

project

2.7 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS (NEQS) 2000 The NEQS 2000 specify the following standards:

1. Maximum allowable concentration of the Pollutants, (32 parameters) in emission and

liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland water.

2. Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (two parameters) in gaseous

emission from vehicle exhaust and noise emission from vehicles.

3. Maximum allowable noise level from vehicles

4. Maximum allowable limits for Drinking Water

5. Maximum allowable limit for Ambient Air Quality

These standards apply to the gaseous emission and liquid effluents discharged by campsite

and construction machinery. The standards for vehicles will apply during the construction as

well as operation phase of the project. Precise standards for air quality are not available

under NEQS, 2000. The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) 2000 specify the

following standards:

1. Discharge to inland waters:

The standard prescribes the maximum allowable concentration for 32 contaminants in the

municipal and liquid industrial effluents being discharged to the environment.


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Determinants which will be relevant to the contractors activity and discharges into inland

waters and their limits are listed in the following Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Effluent Discharge Standards Applicable to the Works

Determinant Limit

Temperature 40oC =


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There are no prescribed limits for the concentrations of microbiological determinants which

will be required to be met by any wastewater discharged from the contractors work camps.

Appropriate international standards will be considered in the Environmental Management

Plan.

2. Gaseous emission from industrial sources:

Maximum allowable concentrations of air based pollutants at construction site are given in

Table 2.2:

Table 2.2: Gaseous Emission Levels

Determinant Limit

Carbon Monoxide (CO) 9 ppm (8 hours)

35 ppm (1 hour)

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 140 ug/m3

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 100 ug/m3

3. Environmental Noise Levels

While no environmental noise levels are currently in place, values have been submitted to

the Expert Advisory Committee on NEQS for consideration. The levels which are being

proposed are summarized in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3: Noise Emission Levels

Category Daytime dB(A) (06:00 21:00) Night-time dB(A) (21:00 06:00)

Residential Area 55 45

Commercial Area 65 55

Industrial Area 75 70

Silence Zone 50 40

The Standard prescribed for maximum allowable noise levels for road vehicles and

construction machinery is 85 dB (measured 7.5m from vehicle/machinery).

2.8 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS Pakistan is signatory to a number of International Conventions, Protocols and

Understandings relating to the environment. Those relevant to the project are described in

the following paragraphs.


2-8

Convention on Biological Diversity

The Convention of Biological Diversity was the outcome of the Earth Summit held in Rio-

de-Janeiro in 1992. The Convention binds the signatories to respect, protect and conserve

the earth environment and bio-diversity through sustainable use of natural resources. In all

development projects in Pakistan the protocols of this convention are respected in letter and

spirit.

Ramsar Convention

The Convention on Wetland of International Importance, especially on Waterfowl Habitats

held in Iran in 1972 at village Ramsar in Iran, places an obligation on the signatories to

protect habitats of migratory waterfowl. There is no Ramsar site within the canal command

area and AOI of the project.


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3. THE PROJECT

3.1 GENERAL Pakpattan canal off takes from right side of Suleimanki Barrage with design discharge of

6594 cusec. With the construction of Sidhnai-Mailsi Bahawal Link (SMB Link), the main

canal was split into two parts viz Pakpattan Canal Upper from RD 0+000 to 567+372 and

Pakpattan Canal Lower from RD 568+000 to RD 667+000. Pakpattan canal lower draws its

supplies from Sidhnai Mailsi Bahawal (SMB) link with a new head regulator at RD 195+171 /

R of SMB Link. Gross Command Area (GCA) of Pakpattan canal is 1.4 lac acres whereas

Cultivated Command Area (CCA) is 1.29 lac acres which fall, mainly in Pakpattan and

Vehari districts.

3.2 CULTIVATED COMMAND AREA (CCA) The Pakpattan Canal command is located between River Sutlej on its south and Old Sukh

Beas Nallah running along boundary of Lower Bari Doab Canal in its north. In the eastern

side it starts from the edge of the eastern border of Pakistan with India at Suleimanki

Barrage. The total length is approximately 134 miles extending up to Lodhran district from

the Suleimanki Barrage. The command area width varies and at places reaches up to 26

miles. The 90% command area falls in districts Pakpattan and Vehari. The remaining 10 %

area is in Okara and Lodhra districts.

3.3 PAKPATTAN MAIN CANAL The whole main canal is divided into two parts viz Pakpattan Canal Upper from RD 0 to 568

and Pakpattan Canal Lower from RD 568 to 667. The upper canal and its associated

distribution system feed from Suleimanki Barrage and Lower section draws its supplies from

SMB Link with a new head regulator at RD 195 of SMB Link. The design discharge of

Pakpattan canal lower is 940 cusecs. Due to addition of additional area the canal was

allowed to run with a discharge of 1160 cusecs.

Khadir branch is the main branch off taking from Pakpattan upper at RD 112 with design

discharge of 2230 cusecs and irrigates area falling namely in Pakpattan and Vehari districts.

Two Link Canals are connected with Pakpattan Upper Canal. MP (Motgomery Pakpattan)

Link was constructed to deliver 1000 cusecs of supplies from LBDC (Lower Bari Doab

Canal) to Pakpattan Canal at RD 266. Water is run up to RD 406 Pakpattan Canal Upper,

from where it passes into Pakpattan-Islam Link for use at Islam Barrage i.e. non-perennial

feeding to Upper Bahawal Canal and Qaim Canal.


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3.4 NEED OF THE PROJECT The system at present is facing many maintenance problems like deteriorated condition of

80 years old structures with upstream and downstream erosion, bermless reaches, eroded

banks, insufficient free board, vulnerability to breaches, accumulation of silt and debris and

water storage at tails etc. The damages mainly occurred due to the event of 1988 flood. The

flood caused breaching in RMB at Suleimanki Barrage and flows routed back to the river

through breaches in Pakpattan Canal, which resulted in uncontrolled supplies in the canal.

Due to this excessive discharge, serious damages mainly downstream of all the

falls/regulators and other structures have taken place. No major rehabilitation works were

carried out during the life time, consequently the main canal has become less efficient.

Pakpattan Main Canal is unable to run with its authorized discharge safely and is being run

by adopting a rotational program.

It is proposed under PIAIP Project to rehabilitate and upgrade the Pakpattan Canal System.

3.5 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT The project envisages mainly the raising and strengthening of banks, rehabilitation of

bridges and other hydraulic structures along the canal. This project is not a construction of

new canal but a rehabilitation work leading to rehabilitation of Pakpattan Canal ultimately

leading to optional and judicious water supply to agricultural fields.

3.5.1 Proposal for Rehabilitation & Up-grading Works

- Structures in dilapidated condition to be reconstructed, while others to be

rehabilitated.

- Stilling basin for fall structures to be reconstructed to dissipate energy properly.

- To restore PC (U) section, studs/spurs are to be constructed where channel

banks are eroded and section widened.

- New VR Bridges to facilitate local peoples of the area when required.

- Foot Bridges will be constructed when required.

- Outlets in bad condition to be reconstructed/ rehabilitated.

- Banks of channels to be raised to cater for required free board.

- Cattle Ghats to be rehabilitated in order to protect channel section in the area

having substantive number of cattle.

- To minimize embayment near structures brick masonry protection to be provided

u/s & d/s of structures.

- Defective and worn out gates and hoisting arrangement to be replaced.


3-3

- Gates will be provided at Head of distributaries and minors where they do not

exist.

- New distribution complex to be constructed at the tail of PC upper for efficient

feeding of the tail distributaries.

- The analysis accommodation facilities along the canal for the irrigation staff and

Rest Houses need renovation.

- Operator / Gauge Reader Huts need renovation or rehabilitation.

The works include civil, mechanical and electrical works. The possible components of the

works are as follow: -

Hydraulic Design of Main Canal

Pakpattan Canal Upper was originally designed for a discharge of 6594 cusecs by Kennedy

Theory with bed width 180 ft, FSD 12 ft which was revised in 1972, and designed by lacey

theory having bed width 195 ft, FSD 10 ft using Lacey silt factor of 0.86. It is proposed to

tighten the section of the canal from last design 195 ft bed width to its original bed width 180

ft, and an increase in water depth by 2 ft. It will help to remove the silt bed to its original

level.

Falls and Cross Regulators on Pakpattan Canal

In order to reduce the D/S embayment and erosions consultants will check the structure

hydraulically and modify according to the design requirements during detail design stage. All

fall / x-regulator will be redesigned to control the flow conditions. Step drop structures are

proposed to be replaced with glacis type fall structure and stilling basin.

Embayment Down Stream of Structure

Bank erosion and embayment downstream of structures is a common problem of Pakpattan

Canal System. Previously stone pitching was provided on the eroded bank to restrict further

embayment. However bank erosion shifted to the end of stone pitching and canal

embayment moved further. In order to restrict turbulent wave formation, proper transition is

being proposed to protect canal banks from erosion.

Cattle Ghats on Pakpattan Main Canal

Mostly banks are eroded due to trespassing where there is populated area near the canal.

Previously to protect banks from erosion, cattle ghats were constructed which are in bad

shape. Therefore, to protect banks from erosion it is proposed to rehabilitate the existing

cattle ghats.


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Head Regulators of Distributaries

Gates and hoisting arrangement need to be repaired for the proper functioning of the canal

system. Therefore it is proposed to construct/rehabilitate the head regulators and where ever

required gates and hoisting arrangement will be replaced.

Bank Strengthening

Bank strengthening is required in various reaches of Pakpattan Canal. Most of the channels

in the distribution system have insufficient free board. Therefore, it is proposed to attain

proper shape of the channel prism and strengthening of channel banks.

Protection Down Stream and Upstream of Structures

During condition survey it was found that embayment exists upstream and downstream of

structures in main canal as well as in distributaries and minors. It is proposed to provide

brick side protection works in the canal prism near structures as per requirements.

Platforms for Regulation at Head Regulators

Most of the channels head regulators need deck platforms with railing and stairs; platforms

will be constructed of appropriate width and height where required. Slab widths at some

head regulators of the distributaries with already are to be increased for proper regulation.

Killa Bushing

Killa bushing will be provided to convert the channel section to its design parameters. Berms

developed by the Killa bushing will also increase the safety of canal.

Removal of Sarkanda

Sarkanda growth is common along the main canal and causes obstruction to flow. For

altering smooth flow in channel, sarkanda is proposed to be removed.

Tail Reach of Pakpattan Canal (Upper)

Due to split-up of PC discharge is reduced in tail reach of PC(U) and the channel is

meandering in wider section. To attain proper shape of the channel section it is proposed to

be redesigned and straightened for the actual flow.

Tail Distribution Complex

Four distributaries 9L, 7R, 6R and 10L off-take from PC(U) at RD 546+830, 547+475,

547+581 and 567+382 respectively. As per discussion with field supervisory staff and

concerned officials, regulation problems exist there. It is proposed to construct a combined

distribution complex at RD 546+830 on PC (U) to regulate flows into distributaries.

Discharge D/S of RD 546+830 is reduced to 12.04 cusecs, it is proposed that the tail of the

PC (U) be curtailed at this point and a distributor complex be constructed and it may be

renamed as 10L Disty instead of PC (U)


3-5

Proposed Plan for Tail Distributor Complex to Cater Regulation Problem at Tail of PC (U)

Village Road Bridges

Village Road Bridges, which are damaged or in dilapidated condition on Pakpattan Main

Canal and will be reconstructed/rehabilitated. New Village Road Bridges are also proposed

to be constructed to facilitate local people and avoid damage to the canal system.

Rehabilitation of Gauge Reader Huts

In order to increase the work efficiency and facilitate the irrigation staff, Gauge Reader Huts

are proposed to be reconstructed / rehabilitated. Presently most of the huts are not in livable

condition.

Renovation of Rest Houses and Residences of Field Staff

Most of the Rest Houses and residences for the field staff were constructed during 1st and

2nd quarter of 20th century. No major rehabilitation work has been undertaken since then.

Most of these rest houses are not in satisfaction condition. To facilitate the supervisory staff

these rest houses/residences are proposed to be rehabilitated under PIAIP Project. These

rest houses can be used as FOs headquarter or meeting point in future. Boundary walls are

proposed to be constructed to ensure security as most of the rest houses do not have

boundary walls.

Diversion Channels

Diversion channels will be constructed (where required) to maintain the routine canal flows.

PID land is available along the canal and no private land will be acquired for this activity. The

excavated material will be back filled at the completion of project and land will be restored to

its original condition.


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3.6 WORK BASE AREA The work base area and all the access roads will be located within the PIDs land. Therefore

no private land acquisition is required to establish the work base area and access roads.

Modification and maintenance of the surface of the bunds and access roads will be

undertaken to ensure dust free environment of the area.

3.7 BORROW AREA PID owned and private land may be required for the contractors facilities (offices, residential

areas, material/plant/equipment yard, batching plant (if required) etc). The locations of these

facilities will be suggested during detail design stage according to environmental point of

view. A strip of land, approximately 50 ft. wide, along the canal belongs to PID. This land

should be preferred for developing contractors facilities. Irrigation rest houses are located

along the canal, which could be developed and utilized by the contractor.

It is envisaged that private land may also be required to obtain some fill material. Most of the

land found along the canal is agricultural land and may be used borrow area, if required,

after obtain Engineers approval. However the land would be restored for agricultural or other

desirable purpose at the completion of the project.

3.8 MATERIAL REQUIREMENT / SOURCE The civil works will require the following materials

Cement, Crush, Sand, Plastisizer, Air Entraining Agents, Steel Reinforcement, Epoxy and

Grouting material, and earth work.

The material associated with Mechanical Works of the Project is Gates, Hoisting System, Cables, Motors, Gear Box and Welding Materials

Table 3.1: Source of Raw Material

Sr. No. Raw Material Availability Source

1 Earth Material (soil) Available locally, borrowed from the lands temporarily acquired for the purpose.

2 Aggregate (crush) Available at many sources, such as: Quarries at Sakhi Sarwar (160 miles), Margalla Hills (320* miles) and Sikhanwali (220* miles), Sargodha (230* miles). The choice will however will depend upon the quality and suitability of the rock material of the construction of the hydraulic structures.

3 Rip-rap material Available from the three locations indicated above.

4 Sand Though available locally, the construction grade would need to be acquired from Chenab River bed (100* miles) or other approved site.

5 Water for preparation of Ample useable (at most of the locations)


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Sr. No. Raw Material Availability Source

concrete groundwater aquifer is available along the canal. The contractor will install tube well within PID land at the agreed location with consultants environmentalist and Project Management Staff.

6 Water for compaction of embankments

Canal water can be used for this purpose with the permission of regulating authorities and supervision consultants

7 Cement Portland cement is locally available from the two factories situated at Daud Khel (250* miles). However, the cement of other grades is available within the country for the factories at D.G.Khan (260* miles), Karachi (800* miles), Chakwal (300* miles), Islamabad (281* miles), Wah (365* mile) etc.

8 Reinforcement steel Available from re-rolling mills at Lahore (94* miles).

9 Mechanical parts of the Gates

Could be manufactured at Heavy Mechanical Complex at Taxilla (365* miles), Factories at Lahore (94* miles) and Gujranwala (160* miles) and /or imported from abroad.

* All distances are given from Pakpattan Canal Head Regulator.


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4. ENVIORNMENTAL BASE LINE CONDITION

4.1 GENERAL The data were collected regarding the physical environment, biological environment and

social aspects of the study area during stakeholder consultation and technical visits

conducted by the environment team.

4.2 PROJECT AREA OF INFLUENCE (AOI) The area of project influence referred as Area of Influence (AOI) is the area likely to be

affected by the project, including all its ancillary aspects such as canals, sites for proposed

diversion channel(s), escape channel(s), relocation and access roads, borrow and waste

disposal areas and labour camps as well as unplanned developments induced by the

project.

Although the major construction activities remain restricted to the construction site which is

along the canal and its distributaries, yet the situation in which construction related activities

could extend beyond the construction site include:

a) The Labour camp site, batching plant, material storage depots, equipment

and machinery yards

b) Borrow areas for soil materials

c) Construction of haul tracks in order to transport construction material

d) Impact of accidental canal closure on canal command area

The canal command area falls in four districts; Okara, Pakpattan, Vehari and Lodhran out of

which the major part is covered in districts Pakpattan and Vehari. Other main cities/towns

located along the canal are Arifwala, Burewala, Mailsi, Luddan, Tibba Sultanpur, Gaggo,

Sahuka, Machiwal, Karampur, Shaikh Fazal and Thingi.

Overall environmental study area map is given in Figure 4.1.


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Figure 4.1: Overall Environmental Study Area Map


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4.3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Physical environment consists of the environmental parameters covering physiography and

soil condition, water quality (surface and groundwater), ambient air quality and climate.

4.3.1 Physiography and Soil

The physiography of the canal command area is indicated on Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2: Physiography of Canal Command Area

H I N D

U

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S H

RA N

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K A R AK O R A M

R A

D E O SA I

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M A K R A N K O S T R A. H A

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MILES 50 0 50 100 150 MILES

S C A L E

MOUNTAIN RANGE

DESERT

L E G E N D

INDUS PLAINS

A f

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Disputed TerritoryJammu & KashmirIslamabad

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Project Area


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The main land form units which exist in the Pakpattan canal command area are:

- Recent Flood Plain

- Sub-Recent Flood Plain

- Miscellaneous Land Types

Recent Flood Plain covers about 12% of canal command area. It is further spilt into category

level plains (about 9%), bars and levees (about 3%). It lies along the right bank of river Sutlej

as a continuous strip and along the left bank of Sukh Beas in discontinuous patches. It is

partly subjected to inundation during high floods. Sub-Recent plain lies between recent flood

plain and Pleistocene river terrace. It occupies approximately 80% of the canal command

area and consists of level plain bar and levees. The remaining miscellaneous land consists

of roads, cities, industry, built-up area, canals etc.

4.3.2 Soil Types

The proposed Project area forms a part of the vast Indus plain, which is a part of the Indo-

Gangetic depression. This depression is of a synclinal nature. Synclinorium depression is a

fore deep downward of the Himalayan foreland of variable depth, converted into flat plains

by the simple process of alluviation. The alluvial deposits are underlain by rocks of

Precambrian age. The soil of the level area is generally medium to coarse texture. Bar and

levees have medium to coarse material. In sub-recent flood plain the soils of the bar and

levees are relatively coarser while those of channels / basin are predominantly clayey1.

4.3.3 Surface Salinity

SCARPS Monitoring Organization (SMO) undertakes the study to identify the saline area in

Pakpattan canal command area. Portable digital conductivity meter was used to measure

the EC of 0-15cm soil. A total of 746 surface samples were tested for salinity categorization.

Four categories namely, non-saline (S1 (EC up to 4dS/m)), slightly saline (S2(EC between 4

to 8dS/m)), moderately saline (S3(EC between 8-15dS/m)) and strongly saline (S4(EC above

15dS/m)) were recognized and mapped. The percentage of saline area found within the

canal command area is summarized in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1: Percentage Surface Salinity Statistics

1 data obtained from Reconnaissance Soil Survey Report of Sahiwal and Multan areas prepared by Soil Survey of Pakistan

Class Percentage

Non Saline (S1) 90

Slightly Saline(S2) 1

Moderately Saline (S3) 1

Strongly Saline (S4) Negligible

Miscellaneous Land Type 8


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4.3.4 Seismicity Data

Earthquake in non-cohesive soil may cause serious problems. In extreme cases liquefaction

can occur if

Relative density is low

Initial confining pressure (overburden) is low

Earthquake intensity is high

Duration of ground shaking is long

National Seismic Monitoring Centre of Pakistan issued the seismic zone map for Pakistan,

as shown in Figure 4.3. Pakpattan canal command area falls in low hazard area and low risk

associated with the infrastructure found in this area.

Figure 4.3: Seismic Zones of Pakistan


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4.4 HYDROLOGY The main source of water within the AOI can be divided into surface water and groundwater. 4.4.1 Surface Water

Pakpattan canal system is the main source of the surface water within the canal command

area. There are some seasonal nallahs which run during the monsoon period but due to lack

of any collection and storage infrastructure, it is too scant and unreliable to be of any

agricultural or other use. Pakpattan canal is a perennial canal and closes only for cleaning

purpose. The main canal is divided into two parts; Upper Pakpattan and Lower Pakpattan

canal. The Upper canal off-takes from river Sutlej at Suleimanki Barrage and Lower canal

feed through SMB Link canal. M.P Link canal is another source of upper Pakpattan canal

and brings about 1000 cusecs of water from L.B.D.C. Pakpattan-Islam Link canal off-take

from upper Pakpattan at RD 406 and takes about 1000 cusecs of Upper Pakpattan canal

water to Islam Barrage to accommodate the discharge of Upper Bahawal and Qaim Canal.

The discharge capacity of the Upper Pakpattan canal at the head regulator (Suleimanki

Barrage) is 6,594 cusecs.

Irrigation Standards Guideline of FAO Paper 29, Hanson et al., 1999 and WAPDA, are used to interpret

infiltration issues resulting from the use of Pakpattan Canal waters for irrigation. FAO has

defined infiltration as a function of both Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Electrical

Conductivity (EC) whereas WAPDA Standards (described in table 4.2) define infiltration as a

function of SAR and or Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) only.

Table 4.2: Water Quality Parameters (WAPDA STANDARD)

Human Consumption The canal water analysis indicates that water quality does not meet the WHO drinking water

standards and is not fit for human consumption for drinking without any treatment (results

attached in appendix 4.1)

Recreation Use The canal can be used for recreational activities i.e. bathing, water sports etc as the canal

water quality meets the available standard for recreational purposes (results included in

appendix 4.1) USA Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2003 defines maximum limit

of E-coil equal to 126 per 100ml for freshwater for recreational use.

Symbols Usable Marginal Hazardous

EC x 106 S/cm 0 1500 1500 3000 > 3000

RSC (meq/l) 0 2.5 2.5 5.0 > 5.0

SAR (mg/l) 0 10 10 18 > 18


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Water Pond for Livestock Lined ponds recently constructed along Pakpattan Upper are not working properly. The

ponds were designed to accommodate the livestock and minimize canals bank damage

from the livestock. The pond water is supposed to be replaced with the canal water through

the installed pipe work on regular basis. But it seems that the pipes are blocked or were

wrongly designed. The ponds remain filled with dirty water and add the nuisance to the local

environment e.g. odor, mosquitoes breeding place etc. Also, in some cases, the pond water

escaped to the adjacent agricultural land through the cracks in the structure and damaged

the crop. Most of the ponds are damaged and not safe to be used by livestock.

Plate 4.1: Existing Livestock Pond along the Canal

As the constructed ponds do not serve the purpose, animals use the canal water and

damage the canal banks.


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Plate 4.2: Livestock Damage the Canal Banks

4.4.2 Flood Record

Under Second Flood Protection Sector Project (FPSP-II), flood risk maps for 5 year and 50

year return period were developed for Sutlej River; part of the map shown in Figure 4.4. The

map indicates the potential area inundated during flood. This information will be used to

prepare the flood protection plan and contractors facilities set up e.g. labour camp, batching

plant, plant & equipment yard etc during detailed design and project implementation phase.

Five (5) years and fifty (50) years flood calculated at Suleimanki barrage from the statistical

analysis are approximately 125,000 cusecs and 350,000 cusecs respectively. The historical

record of major flood pass through the Suleimanki barrage is summarized in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3: Peak Discharge of Prominent Years in River Sutlej at Suleimanki Barrage

Years Discharge through

weir (Cusecs) Through Breaches in Flood Embankment

Total (Cusecs)

1942 325,000 Nil 325,000 1943 309,000 Nil 309,000 1947 360,000 Nil 360,000 1950 332,000 Nil 332,000 1955 422,000 175,000 597,000 1988 400,000 100,000 500,000 1995 302,000 Nil 302,000

The most recent flood that caused breach in RMB at Suleimanki barrage and damaged

Pakpattan upper and Khadir branch occurred in 1988. There was no flood in 2010 as the

flood only occurred in western rivers (Rivers Sindh, Jehlum and Chenab).


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Figure 4.4: Flood Inundated Area near the Canal Head Regulator

Legend


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4.4.3 Groundwater

Unconfined aquifer can be found as shallow as five 5m depth from ground level at some

places along the canal. The aquifer constitutes loose sand of high permeability. Hand pumps

and tubewells are the two most common sources of groundwater within the canal command

area. Groundwater is mainly used for drinking and agriculture purposes.

Groundwater Quality in Canals Command Area The secondary data for groundwater quality has been collected from Directorate of Land

Reclamation and SMO offices for canals command area. The groundwater was classified on

the basis of laboratory analysis arranged by SMO for Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sodium

Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) during 2003-04. For ease in

description, the groundwater has been expressed as usable, marginal and hazardous for

irrigation as determined by the adverse value of any of the above mentioned three

parameters. The classification criteria used is not intended to be strict in relation to the

effects of irrigation water on soil and crop growth which can be truly adjusted according to

environmental factors such as climate, type of soil, crops grown and management practices.

SMO also carried out testing for pH and EC in the field by using digital portable pH and EC

meters and sent all the water samples to the laboratory for detailed chemical analysis. The

samples were analyzed for pH, soluble cations, soluble anions, dissolved salts, EC, SAR

and RSC. These parameters are used for the classification of water as usable, marginal and

hazardous. The parameters associated with these classifications are as follow:

Usable EC < 1500 S/cm; SAR 18mg/l; RSC >5 meq/l

Using the above parameters, 609 water samples were collected out of which 345 were from

hand pumps and 264 from shallow tubewells (SMOs publication No. 29). The results are

summarized in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4: Shallow Groundwater Quality

Source Shallow Water Quality

Usable (%) Marginal (%) Hazardous (%)

Hand pumps 61 30 9

Tubewells 75 21 4

Water quality of tubewells is relatively better than that of hand pumps mainly because the

depth of extraction is deeper in case of tubewells.


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Depth of Water Table SCAPRs Monitoring Organization (SMO) is engaged in monitoring the water table depth in

Indus Plain bi-annually i.e. during pre-monsoon and post- monsoon through a network of

piezometers and tubewells. On the basis of data collected by SMO during 2002-03, it was

found that water table was not encountered within 300cm of depth from grou

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