Index

AAbdul Kalam, ABJ, 9, 10Accenture, 620Acoustic energy, 303Act East Policy, 629Age

and reproductive healthcare, 543influence on energy-efficient lighting,

286–287, 287tAge–sex structure, at slums, 709, 709tAhluwalia, Isher Judge, 27Ahmadabad

size of population, 46tzone of influence, 51f, 54t

Air pollution, in Lucknow, 681–697Air quality guidance (AQG) values, 695tAir quality index, 29tAirborne Electronic Hardware (AEH), 317Airports Authority of India (AAI), 586Alchem International Ltd., 97Allahabad, 123–141, 128t, 129t

disaster management, 132t, 134–135, 135feducation, 133t, 137–138health, 132t, 136–147municipal corporation, 133t, 138, 138fpower supply, 130–134, 131tpublic safety, 131t, 134sustainability, 133t, 139–140, 139f, 140ftransport, 132t, 135–136, 136f, 137fwater, 131t, 134

Alma Ata Declaration, 534Alpine wetland, 353–366Amazon.com, 74Ambient energy, 298, 299fAmerican Planning Organisation (APA), 97Amsterdam, 2, 4Analysis of variance (ANOVA), 287Andhra Pradesh

coal reserves, 323renewable energy potential, 331, 331f

Annual family income, influence onenergy-efficient lighting, 288, 289t

Anthropogenic stress, 386–387ANYLOGIC software, 267, 267f, 268fApex Committee, 37Apple, 75Aquifers, 201ArcGIS explorer, 204, 218–219, 219f, 224ArcPad, 215–216Artificial neural network (ANN), 359, 360,

363, 365Asia Brown Boveri Group, 91Assam Industrial Development Corporation

Limited (AIDCL), 629Attitudinal and behavioural change, 292Auckland, 5Australia, 2

Green Star, 422Automated mapping/facilities management

(AM/FM), 214, 215Automated teller machine (ATM), 119, 214Awareness of e-waste, 433–440

BBachat Lamp Yojna (BLY), 280–281Badarpur flyover, 99Banaras Milk Cooperative Society, 43Bangalore

electricity parameters of, 326, 326tenvironmental challenges, 29population growth in, 496tsize of population, 46tspatial units and water bodies, 495fwater sustainability in, 493–513water resources, 497fzone of influence, 50f, 54t

Note: Page numbers followed by f and t indicate figures and tables respectively.

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017P. Sharma and S. Rajput (eds.), Sustainable Smart Cities in India,The Urban Book Series, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-47145-7

789

Bangalore MahanagaraPalike (BMP), 495Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development

Authority, 44–45Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board

(BWSSB), 497, 506, 509, 511, 512Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar (BCIM),

630Barcelona, 4Baroda, 43Bata India Ltd., 97Battery changing process, circuit diagram for,

307fBharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), 643Bihar

family planning campaign, 278health status of, 536, 537t

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 355, 650Biodiversity, 652fBiogas plants, 106Bio-medical waste, 775–776Birth order of children, and reproductive

healthcare, 548Blended or Hybrid Open Online Education

System (BOOCs), 786distance learning education system through,

modernization in, 721–730admission, 727–728, 728fassessment of, 728–729examination, 729suggestions for, 729–730transfer of credits, 728

Blumenthal, Neil, 75Boatmen, 645–647Body Shop, 278Bombay, 43Boston, 1, 5Boundaries, 44Brahmaputra Cracker and Polymer Limited

(BCPL), 629Brazil, 2Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), 435Bruhat Bangalore MahanagaraPalike (BBMP,

Greater Bangalore City Corporation), 495Build, Own and Operate (BOO), 330Building materials efficiency, of green

buildings, 418–419Building Research Establishment

Environmental Assessment Method(BREEAM), 422

Build-Operate-Transfer (BoT), 120Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), 279,

280–281, 425Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 425,

506–507

Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS), 634Bus Terminal (BT), 586

CCanada, 2Carbon credits, 260Carbon dioxide (CO2), 370, 375tCarbon emissions, 374–378, 375–377f, 375t

recommendations and suggestions for,380–381

Carbon footprints, 369–381in green buildings, 426t, 427t

Carbon monoxide (CO), 682, 692–693Castrol Ltd., 91Census of India (2011), 26Central Board of Senior Secondary education

(CBSE), 725Central Business District (CBD), 587Central Electricity Authority (CEA), 323, 324Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), 347,

348, 506Central Ordnance Depot (C.O.D.), 519Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), 96,

363, 365, 456t, 467, 650Central Public Health and Environmental

Engineering Organization (CPHEEO), 460Centre for Development of Advanced

Computing, 37Centre for Environmental Sciences and

Engineering Building, IIT, Kanpur, 426tCentre for Planning Health and Environmental

Engineering Organization (CPHEEO),503–505, 505f, 508t

Centre for Science and Environment (CSE),201, 451t, 456t

Centre for Smart Cities Bangalore, 37Certified Emission Rights (CER), 281Change detection analysis, 166–170, 170tCheap electricity, 272Chemical oxygen demand (COD), 355Chennai

electricity parameters of, 326, 326tenvironmental challenges, 30regional workshops under NUIS scheme,

65Chennai Urban Development Authority, 34Cheung, Adora, 75Chhattisgarh, coal reserves, 323Chicago, 5Chief executive officer (CEO), 75Chloride (Cl), 355Chronological changes, in methodology, 43–45CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre,

Hyderabad, 426t

790 Index

Cisco, 19, 620Citizen Services, 18City development program (CDP), 643City Industrial Development Corporation, 34City Mayors Foundation, 91City Municipal Councils (CMCs), 510City(ies), 1. See also Smart City(ies)Civic amenities, in Nainital, 389–390Civic amenities system, management of,

767–777Classified Land Cover (CLC), 187Closed circuit television (CCTV), 106Cloudbursts, in Shimla Himalaya, 407, 408tCoal, 323–324Coca-Cola, 278Community awareness/partnership, in Nainital,

392–393Community participation, for water

management, 512–513Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), 276–277,

279–281Bachat Lamp Yojna and, 280–281Bureau of Energy Efficiency and, 279,

280–281difference of opinions of users and

non-users of, 290–291, 291telements of marketing, 292lack of awareness, 292motivating factors, 283–284, 284tnot applying social marketing strategy, 291number of users and non-users, 282, 282tpopularity of, 285, 285tpreventing factors, 284, 284tprices, ranges of, 283, 283tpsychological cost or fear, 292social marketing, implications ofdistribution strategy, 293partnership, 293policy, 294price, 293product design, 293promotional strategy, 293public opinion, 293purse strings, 295social marketing mix, developing, 292socio-economic variables, influence of,

285–290, 286–290tsocio-economic variables, weak influence

of, 292age, 286–287, 287tannual family income, 288, 289teducation, 287, 288tlocation, 288, 290, 290tmarital status, 286, 286t

occupation, 287–288, 289tsex, 285–286, 286tsources of information for, 283, 283t

Companies Act 2013, 36Compound annual growth rate (CAGR), 118tComprehensive Assessment System for

Building Environmental Efficiency(CASBEE), 6, 422

Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index(CEPI), 96

Comprehensive Mobility Plan Draft Report(CMP), 587

Connectivity, 596, 596fConstruction sites, 760f, 760tConstruction workers, 758, 759f

demographic profile of, 761, 761tgender and, 761–763, 762tinitial staying arrangement to, 763, 763tliving arrangements, 764, 764t

Consumption pattern, e-waste, 438Contracting, 763Conversion, practical methods of, 304–307Copenhagen, 4Corporate social responsibility (CSR), 277Cost efficient, of green buildings, 421Council for the Indian School Certificate

Examinations (CISCE), 728Creative Cities, 23Crime, 731–752

deployment of police and, 746–749incidence of, 735, 735trate of, 735–736

CRISIL House, Hiranandani Gardens,Mumbai, 426t

Crude birth rate (CBR), 536in Bihar, 537t

Crude death rate (CDR), 536in Bihar, 537t

Cybercity, 245Cybertown, 245

DDakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam

(DHBVN), 96Darjeeling

scenario, 356socio-economic state of, 356

DashashvamedhaGhat, 639, 642, 651fData logger (power predictor) system, 268,

268f, 269f, 269tDecentralization, 32Delhi Development Authority (DDA), 34, 157,

341, 704

Index 791

Delhi Jal Board (DJB), 347, 348, 449, 450,451t, 453

Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), 29, 31,262, 263f, 269

Delhi Metropolitan Area (DMA), 44, 98Delhi Urban Area (DUA), 44Delivery type, and reproductive healthcare, 547Demand–supply gap, 331–332Density of Uttar Pradesh, 659–660, 660fDepartment of Energy (DOE), 317Department of Environment and Scientific

Technology (DEST), 411Department of Space (DOS), 67Depth penetrating radars (DPR), 245Determinants of health, 552Detroit, 87Developing economies, 332Dharavi

environmental challenges, 31–32urban infrastructure, 26

Diffusion, 42Digital city, 2, 245Digital elevation model (DEM), 245, 247Digital surface model (DSM), 245Digital Urban Information System, 71Direct current (DC), 273, 298Disaster management, in Allahabad, 132t,

134–135, 135fDissolved oxygen (DO), 355, 357Distance learning education system, through

BOOCs, 721–730admission, 727–728, 728fassessment of, 728–729examination, 729suggestions for, 729–730transfer of credits, 728

District Development Plans (DDPs), 33District Industrial Centre (DIC), 91District Planning Committees (DPCs), 33Domes, 648Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme

(DELP), 281, 282Domestic water use assessment, 445–457.

See also Waterdaily consumption, 451–452, 452tdemand and consumption pattern, 449–451,

449–451tgender and, 454pricing, 453–454quality, 455, 455trainwater harvesting, 456wastewater and sanitation problems, 455,

456twater sources, 452, 453t

Dongtan City, China, 381Drainage

problems, in Guwahati, 113, 114fsystem, at slums, 711

Drinking waterfor houseless population, typesand sources of, 520–522, 521t, 522f

Druk White Lotus School, Ladakh, 426t

EEarly delivery complication, and reproductive

healthcare, 548–549Earnings, and reproductive healthcare, 545Earthquakes, in Shimla Himalaya, 404, 406tEastern Peripheral Expressway, 99ECO (Emerging Cities Outlook), 6–7Eco-friendly metro projects, in Faridabad,

99–100Eco-friendly mode of education, 726, 727Ecological footprints, 261–262, 371–372Ecologically sensitive area, 390Economic and Political Weekly (EPW), 682Economic aspirations, at slums, 716Economic Commission for Latin America and

the Caribbean (ECLAC), 682Economic function, 643Economy in transformation, 96–97Ecosystem functions, defined, 335Ecosystem services (ES), 334–336E-governance, 18, 62, 64Eicher Motors Ltd., 91Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), 434Electrical energy, 297–299, 317Electricity

production, sound energy utilization for,316–317

at slums, 713Electromagnetic (EM) energy, 299, 300Electrostatic (ES) energy, 299Employment opportunities, in Tinsukia, 632f,

632–633Energy, 321–332. See also Energy-efficient

lighting, social acceptability ofacoustic, 303ambient, 298, 299fconsumption, in New Delhi, 343–344efficiency, of green buildings, 419–420electrical, 297–299, 317electromagnetic, 299, 300electrostatic, 299green, 301harvesting (see Energy harvesting)installed power generation capacity,

324–325, 324f, 325f, 326tlight, 300

792 Index

management, 18, 261, 328–331, 329fenergy deficit, alternative for, 329–330renewable energy potential, 331, 331fultra mega power projects, 330, 330tmechanical, 300national energy consumption pattern,

326–327, 327f, 328fnatural, 299parameters, of megacities, 326, 326tpiezoelectric, 299power generation, 323–326, 324f, 325f,

326tscavenging (see Energy harvesting)smart choices, 105–106solar, 272–274, 296, 380sound, 300–301, 316–317thermal, 300

Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL),281

Energy-efficient lighting, social acceptabilityof, 275–294difference of opinions of users and

non-users of, 290–291, 291telements of marketing, 292green marketing, 277–278lack of awareness, 292motivating factors, 283–284, 284tnot applying social marketing strategy, 291number of users and non-users, 282, 282tpopularity of, 285, 285tpreventing factors, 284, 284tprices, ranges of, 283, 283tpsychological cost or fear, 292social marketing, implications of, 278,

292–295distribution strategy, 293partnership, 293policy, 294price, 293product design, 293promotional strategy, 293public opinion, 293purse strings, 295social marketing mix, developing, 292socio-economic variables, influence of,

285–290, 286–290tsocio-economic variables, weak influence

of, 292age, 286–287, 287tannual family income, 288, 289teducation, 287, 288tlocation, 288, 290, 290tmarital status, 286, 286toccupation, 287–288, 289t

sex, 285–286, 286tsources of information for, 283, 283tstakeholders’ interaction, 280–281

Energy harvesting, 298–303overview of, 299–300by pressure, 301–303, 302fby sound energy, 300–301from speed breaker, 303f

Energy plus weather (EPW), data format, 249Energy Star, 419Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM), 164Enrolment in secondary education, 722, 723fEntrepreneurial City, 23Environment, 63

smart, 36Environmental challenges, 28–32, 29t, 30fEnvironmental hazards, in Nainital, 391Environmental impact assessment (EIA), 36Environmental pollution, e-waste, 434–435,

438, 438tEnvironmental Protection Act, 36Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 97,

416, 417Environmental stress, in Nainital, 386–387Environmental Systems Research Institute

(ESRI), 180Environmental threat, 363, 391Environmental Transport Association (ETA),

310Escorts group, 91Escorts Ltd., 97Europe, 2European Commission, 1, 110Even-handed reforms, 34, 35E-waste, awareness and sensitivity of, 433–440

FFacebook, 74, 75Facility Information Management System

(FIMS), 215Facility management system, 213–224

flowchart of, 218fFaecal coliform (FC), 359Family planning campaign, 278Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, 305Faridabad, 85–107

economy in transformation, 96–97e-waste, 435–439, 437f, 438–440tgrowth directions of, 100–101, 100finclusive growth, 97–98as industrial hub, genesis of, 90–91Industrial Model Township, 102–103, 103f,

104fpost-industrial, 91

Index 793

Faridabad (cont.)pre-industrial, 90real estate, 101–102, 102frecommendations for, 103–108market places, revitalizing, 105safe city, 106smart energy choices, 105–106smart mobility, 105smart solutions, 108tactical urbanism, 104–105Wi-Fi zones, 106resettlement of refugee, 90slow growth, 95–96smart growth, 97–98trajectory of growth, 90f, 92–95gross domestic product, 92–93, 93fhuman development index, 94, 94flevel of urbanization, 94–95, 95fper capita income, 93, 93ftransport corridors, 98–100Badarpur flyover, 99Eastern Peripheral Expressway, 99eco-friendly metro projects, 99–100six laning of NH-2, 99Western Peripheral Expressways, 99worker force participation rate, 92, 92t

Faridabad–Ballabhgarh Complex, 91Fast line-of-sight atmospheric analysis of

hypercubes (FLAASH), 149Fifth Assessment Report of the

Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange, 111

Final Report of the Working Group onFinancing Urban Infrastructure, 26–27

Financial issues, in Guwahati, 116, 117tFlanking paths, 303Flash floods, in Shimla Himalaya, 407, 408tFlipkart, 76Flipped classroom, 724, 725Focused group discussion (FGD), 464, 640Foreign direct investment (FDI), 652Foreign institution investment (FII), 652Forest fires, in Shimla Himalaya, 407–409,

409tFrance, 125Fuel consumption, in New Delhi, 343–344Fuel loss estimation, during idling of vehicles

at signals, 344, 344t

GGallon per capita per day (GPCD), 449Ganga Action Plan, 641Ganga River, 639Ganga Sewa Nidhi (GSN), 642

Genderand construction work, 761–763, 762t, 764,

764tand water consumption, 454

Geographic Information System (GIS), 62, 70,75, 187, 201, 204, 214, 215, 229–230, 245,246, 783, 784

Geospatial technique, 145–159, 162Germany, 125Ghats

DashashvamedhaGhat, 639, 642, 651feconomy, 637–653tourism impact on, 648–649historical backdrop of, 639–640ManikarnikaGhat, 639–640, 642–643, 651foccupational structures on Ghats, 645–648,

646fboatmen, 645–647domes, 648guides, 648priests, 647–648shopkeepers, 647

Gini index, 5GKN Invel Transmission Ltd., 91Global City Index, 6Global City Outlook, 6Global City Report, 6–7Global horizontal irradiation (GHI), 250Global positioning system (GPS), 210, 215,

784Global Sustainable Development Report, 30Global visualisation viewer (GLOVIS), 147,

180Good governance, 61, 469–470

characteristics of, 470fGoodyear Company, 91Google, 74, 75Governance, 63

challenges, 27, 32–34defined, 469e-governance (see E-governance)good, 61, 469–470, 470fissues in urban water supply, 469–473matrix, 472tsmart, 36–37

Government of India (GOI). See IndiaGreat Lakes Institute of Management, Chennai,

428tGreen area density (GD), 190Green Building Council of Australia, 422Green buildings, 380, 415–431

barriers to adopting, 430fbuilding materials efficiency, 418–419cost efficient, 421

794 Index

design of, 416, 423energy efficiency, 419–420environmental impact of, 424in India, 425–430, 426–428t, 429f, 430findoor environmental quality enhancement,

421–422operations and maintenance optimization,

422siting and structure design efficiency,

417–418water efficiency and waste reduction,

420–421movement, 422, 423

Green city, 2“Green Delhi” campaign, 157Green energy, 301Green index (GI), 189, 195Green Mark, 422Green marketing, 277–278Green Power Network (GPN), 381Green Rating for Integrated Habitat

Assessment (GRIHA), 423, 424–425Green spaces, 369–381

in Jaipureconomic and aesthetic benefits, 177environmental benefits, 176–177social and psychological benefits, 177–178for sustainability, optimising, 182–183in Kalaburagi, 185–196

Green Star, 422Greenhouse gases (GHG), 370, 371, 374

emissions, 375fGross domestic product (GDP), 125, 200, 638,

669of Faridabad, 92–93, 93f

Gross national product (GNP), 638Ground penetrating radar (GPR), 70Groundwater

in Bangalore, 499quality of, 506–507resource base of, 498source, status of, 499t, 501–502reserves, 202

Groundwater Department, 457Growing Smart, 97Growth Pole Theory, 83Guides, 648Gujarat

renewable energy potential, 331, 331furban fringe of, 44

Gujarat International Finance Tec-City, 620Gulbarga MahanagaraPalike (GMP), 190, 191Gurgaon, 87Guru Govind Singh College and Hospital, 538

Guwahati, 109–121, 112fdrainage problems in, 113, 114feconomic aspects and solid waste

management, 114–115, 115tfinancial issues in, 116, 117thousing problems in, 117–118, 118tindustrial capacity building problems in,

117natural hazards in, 115–116, 116tsanitation and sewerage problems in,

113–114technical constraints in, 117

Guwahati Metropolitan Area (G.M.A.), 118Guwahati Municipal Corporation Area (G.M.

C.A.), 118t

HHamburg, 4Hardware (HW) configuration, 71Haryana. See also Faridabad

migration, 341renewable energy potential, 331

Haryana State Industrial and InfrastructureDevelopment Corporation LTD (HSIIDC),91, 102–103

Haryana Urban Development Authority, 34Health, defined, 552Health facility, at slums, 714, 714tHealth sector, in Allahabad, 132t, 136–147Health status

and healthcare facilities, relation between,567–570, 569f, 570f

in Western Uttar Pradesh, 554, 560, 567,566f

Healthcare facilitiesand health status, relation between,

567–570, 569f, 570fand morbidity rate, relation between,

563–567, 563fand mortality rate, relation between,

570–571, 570fin Western Uttar Pradesh, 555–560, 557f,

558–559t, 560fHeating, ventilation and air conditioning

(HVAC), 419, 421Helsinki, 4High Powered Committee (HPC), 404Himachal Pradesh, 607f. See also Shimla

hydro electricity, 324renewable energy potential, 331transport infrastructure and urban

development, 603–616indicators of, 605non-tribal region, 606

Index 795

Himachal Pradesh (cont.)recommendation and suggestions for, 613smart development of, 613–614spatio-temporal pattern of, 609–615,

610–612ftrends in, 606, 608–609, 608t

HIS technologies, 2Hong Kong, 5Horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT), 265,

266ffive-bladed, 266–267, 266f

Hospital type, and reproductive healthcare, 548Household income. See IncomeHouseless population, water accessibility for,

515–530bathing places, sources of, 525–527, 526ttravel distance for, 527–529, 528tdrinking water, types and sources of,

520–522, 521t, 522ftravel distance for, 522–524, 523tsuggestions for, 529–520

House ownership, and reproductive healthcare,546

Housing, 63problems, in Guwahati, 117–118, 118tat slums, 711–712, 712t

Housing.com, 76HPL Additives Ltd., 97Hudhud, 281Human Development Index (HDI), 44

of Faridabad, 94, 94fHuman Development Report, 755Human dimensions, of Smart City, 2Human need of water supply, 467Hyderabad, 43

electricity parameters of, 326, 326turban planning in, 243–256, 247fshadow analysis, 249, 252–254solar radiation model, 248–249, 251–252,

252–253fsurface area to volume ratio, 249–250, 254,

254fHydroelectricity, 324Hydrologic engineering center (HEC), 359,

360, 365Hydrologic modelling system (HMS), 360, 365

IIBM, 19, 618

Smart City, 20–23, 21–22tSmart City Council, 5Smart City Readiness Guide, 5–6Smarter Planet, 20

Inclusive growth, 97–98

Inclusivity, 18Income

and reproductive healthcare, 546at slums, 708t, 709, 709fand water consumption, 482–483, 482f,

483f, 482tIndia. See also individual states and cities

Act East Policy, 629green buildings in, 425–430, 426–428t,

429f, 430fgreen rating system in, 423–425, 424fLook East Policy, 629Statistics related to Climate Change-India,

30–31Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), 423Indian Institute of Information Technology

(IIIT), 74, 76, 78Indian Institute of Management (IIM), 74, 76,

78Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), 74, 76, 78,

80Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR),

690Indian Oil Corporation (I.O.C.), 113Indian smart cities, challenges to, 23–34

environmental challenges, 28–32, 29t, 30fgovernance challenges, 32–34urban infrastructure, 25–28, 25f

Indicatorsdefined, 245scales for extracting, 246

Indoor air quality (IAQ), 421Indoor environmental quality (IEQ), 424

enhancement, of green buildings, 421–422Industrial capacity building problems, in

Guwahati, 117Industrial Development Corporation, 457Industrial Model Township (IMT), 102–103,

103f, 104fIndustrial Revolution, 29Industrial Training Institute (ITI), 631Infant mortality rate (IMR), 535–536

in Bihar, 537tInfinity Benchmark, Salt Lake City, Kolkata,

428tInformal sector, 757Information and communication technologies

(ICT), 22, 64, 74–77, 83, 127, 400, 620,630, 633, 634, 726, 777in Faridabad, 102in Guwahati, 110, 120

Information cities, 2, 23Information technology (IT), 120Infosys Limited, Mysore, 427t

796 Index

Infrastructure, 63of Nainital, 388smart, 35–36urban, challenges of, 25–28, 25f

Innovation, 74, 77Installed power generation capacity, 324–325,

324f, 325f, 326tInstitute of Information Sciences, Shanghai, 7Institute of Town Planners of India (ITPI), 34Institutional dimensions, of Smart City, 2Insurance information, and reproductive

healthcare, 546Integrated Low Cost Sanitation scheme, 35–36Intel, 75Intelligent city, 2Intelligent Community Forum (ICF), 2International Conference on Population and

Development (ICPD), 534International Day of Action, 512International Energy Agency (IEA), 323International norms for urban green space

(INUGS), 194tInternet of everything (IOE), 106Irrigation Department, 457ITC Hotels, 427t

JJagoBenaras, 671Jaipur, 175–183, 179f

built-up area, 182fgreen cover, 181fgreen spaces for sustainability, optimising,

182–183green spaces, need ofeconomic and aesthetic benefits, 177environmental benefits, 176–177social and psychological benefits, 177–178

Jaipur Development Authority, 34Jal Nigam, 673Jalori gate junction, Jodhpur, 597–598,

599–601fJammu and Kashmir (J&K), 770f

civic amenities system, management of,767–777

bio-medical waste, 775–776challenges to, 776–777collection, transportation and disposal

mechanism, 775sanitation and sewerage, 773–774solid waste disposal on land, environmental

impact of, 776solid waste management, 774–775, 774tsuggestions for, 777urinals distribution, 771–772, 771f

Yellow Bins distribution, 772–773, 772 fhydro electricity, 324

Jammu Municipal Corporation (JMC), 776,777

Japan, 125Japan Sustainable Building Consortium, 422Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal

Mission (JNNURM), 88, 581Jharkhand, coal reserves, 323–324Job nature, and reproductive healthcare,

545–546Jodhpur

decadal population, 580f, 581fregional connectivity of, 580ftransport accessibility, 577–602urban area evolution of, 581fvehicle registration, 584f

Jodhpur Development Authority (JoDA), 592

KK-12 education, 725Kalaburagi, green spaces in, 185–196, 189f

green spaceand population, spatial proximity

distribution of, 190extraction, 188–189proximity green index, calculation of, 189at zone level, 193–194, 194f, 194t

Kanpur, 518fhouseless population, water accessibility

for, 515–530Karnataka. See also Bangalore; Kalaburagi,

green spaces inrenewable energy potential, 331, 331f

Kerala, renewable energy potential, 331Kerala State Electricity Board, 281Khan Academy, 725Knowledge city, 2Kobe, 5Kolkata

air quality index, 29telectricity parameters of, 326tsize of population, 46tzone of influence, 48f, 53t

Kolkata Metropolitan Area, 45Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority,

45Kour, Mandeep, 777Kundali-Ghaziabad-Palwal (KGP), 99Kundali-Manesar-Palwal (KMP), 99Kyoto Protocol, 1

LLake Development Authority (LDA), 395, 497

Index 797

Lakh kilo liter daily (LKLD), 345, 346tLand surface temperature, urbanisation impact

on, 227–240assessment of, 233spatial analysis of, 233–235, 236–238f,

236–238tLand use/land cover (LULC), 350

changes in Delhi, 341–342, 342t, 343tJaipur, 180in Nagpur, 228–230, 233–235NCT of Delhi, 146, 147, 338–339, 338t,

339tin 1977, 2003 and 2014, 151, 152faccuracy assessment of, 151–152, 153tcompared with peri-urban area, 153–154,

154f, 154t, 155fspatio-temporal change detectionduring 1977–2003, 155–156, 156f, 156tduring 2003–2014, 156–157, 157t, 158fspatial analysis of, 233–235Thoubal, 167–170f

Land use factors, and transport accessibility,589–595, 590–595foutskirts roads, 591–594semi-circumferential roadway, 594–595

Land use plan (LUP), 590fLandslides, in Shimla Himalaya, 404–406,

407tLanguage, of slums, 707, 707fLarsen & Toubro, 91Layers of smartness, 18Lead zirconatetitanate (PZT), 310, 310f, 311Leadership in Energy and Environmental

Design (LEED), 422Learning city, 2LEED India, 423–424, 424fLevel of detail (LOD), 245Level of education

in Allahabad, 133t, 137–138influence on energy-efficient lighting, 287,

288tand reproductive healthcare, 544–545at slums, 709–710, 712t, 714

Life expectancy at birth (LEB), 94Life expectancy rate (LER), 536Light amplification by stimulated emission of

radiation (LASER), 245Light detection and ranging (LiDAR0), 255Light-emitting diodes (LED), 276–277,

279–281Bachat Lamp Yojna and, 280–281Bureau of Energy Efficiency and, 279,

280–281motivating factors, 283–284, 284t

number of users and non-users, 282, 282tpsychological cost or fear, 292popularity of, 285, 285tpreventing factors, 284, 284tprices, ranges of, 283, 283tsocial marketing, implications ofdistribution strategy, 293partnership, 293policy, 294price, 293product design, 293promotional strategy, 293public opinion, 293purse strings, 295social marketing mix, developing, 292socio-economic variables, influence of,

285–290, 286–290tage, 286–287, 287tannual family income, 288, 289teducation, 287, 288tlocation, 288, 290, 290tmarital status, 286, 286toccupation, 287–288, 289tsex, 285–286, 286tsources of information for, 283, 283t

Light-emitting diodes (LED), 381Light energy, 300Light rotor turbines, 270–271, 271fLinear spectral unmixing (LSU), 147Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), 273, 344, 378Literacy, at slums, 707–708, 708tLitres per capita per day (LPCD), 449t, 451,

451t, 452, 452t, 455Bangalore, 503, 504, 504f, 508t, 509–510,

513Pune, 477, 481, 490Varanasi, 460–463, 467

Location, influence on energy-efficient lighting,288, 290, 290t

Location Quotient method, 553–554Lokvidya, 637London, 4, 6Look East Policy, 629Lucknow, 681–697

air pollutioneffects of, 693–696, 694f, 695t, 696tnitrogen oxide, 691t, 691respirable suspended particulate matter,

689–690, 689t, 690tsuggestions for, 696–697sulphur oxide, 690, 690ttrends and deteriorating air quality,

686–693decadal growth of, 684t

798 Index

registered vehicles in, 688tsize of population, 46ttrend of urbanization, 683, 685–686, 685f,

685t, 686furban expansion in, 687fzone of influence, 51f, 55t

MMadhya Pradesh

coal reserves, 323renewable energy potential, 331

Madras, 43. See also ChennaiMaharashtra. See also Nagpur; Pune

coal reserves, 323renewable energy potential, 331

Managementautomated mapping/facilities, 214, 215civic amenities system, 767–777disaster, 132t, 134–135, 135fenergy management, 18, 18, 261, 328–331,

329f, 330t, 331fsolid waste, 114–115, 115ttransportation demand, 595, 597transportation system, 595–596waste, 18water, 18

Manikarnika Ghat, 639–640, 642–643, 651fManual scavenging, 35–36Marital status, influence on energy-efficient

lighting, 286, 286tMarketing

green, 277–278mix, 278, 292social, 278

Marketplaces, revitalizing, 105Masdar City, UAE, 381, 620Mass effect, 304Mass Rapid Transit System, 594, 602Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), 724,

726, 727, 786Master Development Plan (MDP), 586, 594f,

596Master Plan (MP), 594fMaternal mortality rate (MMR), 536McKinsey Global Institute, 23, 24, 27Mean sea level (MSL), 356, 365Mechanical energy, 300Medium and small enterprises (MSE), 626–627Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik (MSK) scale,

401, 404Memorandum of understanding (MOU), 70,

125Methodological issues, 41–56

chronological changes, 43–45

selection of indicators, 47zone of influence, demarcation of, 46–47,

48–52f, 53–55tMetro Rail Projects, 88Metro trains, 262–263, 263–264fMICE tourism, 785Micro electromechanical sensors (MEMS), 298Migration

internal, 756at slumscauses of, 707, 708tperiod of, 708, 708t

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 334,534, 701

Millennium Ecosystem Assessments (MEA),334

Million gallons per day (MGD), 347, 348,348t, 449, 451, 455

Million liters per day (MLD), 449, 451t,461–463, 481, 505, 650

Ministry of Commerce and Industry, 76Ministry of Development of North Eastern

Region (DONER), 629Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF),

425, 434Ministry of Housing and Poverty Alleviation,

Integrated Low Cost Sanitation scheme,35–36

Ministry of Human Resource Development(MHRD), 725

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy(MNRE), 96, 106

Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources,425

Ministry of Power (MOP), 327f, 330Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), 9,

62, 67, 125, 477, 632, 633, 641, 656Swachh Bharat Mission, 35, 38

Mirik Lake, West Bengal, 353–366bathymetric profile of, 356, 357fenvironmental status of, 357, 358frestorationoff-site constructed wetlands, 364on-site wetland treatment, 364subsurface wetlands, 364wastewater treatment technologies, 364runoff for, 359–361stream flow of, 361–362waste volume in, 361, 362twastewater channels and sampling

locations of, 358–359wastewater sampling of, 359, 360fwater quality monitoring, 362–363, 363t

Mitigation, of Shimla Himalaya

Index 799

Mitigation, of Shimla Himalaya (cont.)construction work, 410land use planning and regulations, 412repair and maintenance, 410–411research and technology transfer, 411resources for, 412risk assessment and vulnerability analysis,

409–410training and capacity building, 411–412

Mobile GIS, 215, 217Mobility, 584–585, 585f

substitutes, 589Montreal, 5Morbidity rate

and healthcare facilities, relation between,567–570, 568f

and morbidity rate, relation between, 567,568f

in Western Uttar Pradesh, 555, 562–563,563f

Mortality rateand healthcare facilities, relation between,

565–566, 565fand mortality rate, relation between, 571,

568fin Western Uttar Pradesh, 555, 561–563,

561t, 562fMuktaVidya Vani, 726Multiblade mass airflow collection equipment

(MACE), 270, 270fMulti-criteria decision analysis, 128–129Multinational Company (MNC), 91Mumbai. See also Dharavi

air quality index, 29telectricity parameters of, 326tenvironmental challenges, 29, 30power grid system, 332size of population, 46tslums, 699–718, 705fage–sex structure, 709, 709tcauses of migration, 707, 708tdrainage system, 713economic aspirations, 716education facility, 714electricity, 713health facility, 714, 714thousehold income, 710t, 711, 711fhousing and household amenities, 711–712,

712tliteracy and education level, 709–710, 710tmain activity at native place, 708, 708fmother tongue/language, 707, 707fper capital income, 711period of migration, 708, 708t

physical condition, 715place of origin, 706–707, 706treligion, 707sewerage disposal, 713solid needs, 715–716solid waste disposal, 713toilet facility, 712–713, 713twater supply, 712, 713twork participation rate, 710, 710turban infrastructure, 26, 28zone of influence, 49f, 53t

Municipal Corporation of Allahabad, 133t,138, 138f

Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), 447Municipality Act, 466Municipal solid waste (MSW), 389

NNagpur

land use/land cover, spatial analysis of,233–235, 234f, 234t, 235t

urbanisation on land surface temperature in,impact of, 227–240

assessment of, 233change detection, 232spatial analysis of, 233–235, 236–238f,

236–238tNagpur Municipal Corporation (NMC), 230,

231f, 232Nainital, 383–397, 385f

challenges to sustainable tourism, 393–397sustainable development in, 386–393civic amenities, 389–390community awareness and partnership,

392–393environmental and anthropogenic stress,

386–387environmental hazards, 391heritage resources, in absence of protection

and conservation measures, 391–392infrastructure, 388urban growth with physical expansion,

390–391Nainital Lake Region Special Area

Development Authority (NLRSADA),390–391, 395

Nainital Municipal Board, 384Nainital Nagar PalikaParishad (NNPP), 395Nalanda Medical College and Hospital

(NMCH), 538National Ambient Air Quality Standards

(NAAQS), 682, 689t, 690t, 692, 694National Australian Built Environment Rating

System (NABERS), 422

800 Index

National Capital Region (NCR), 44, 87, 91,202, 280, 334

National Capital Territory (NCT), 336, 338,447–448, 457

National Conclave on Building Smart Cities,110–111

National Council for Applied EconomicResearch (NCAER), 44

National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), 736National energy consumption pattern,

326–327, 327f, 328fNational industrial township (NIT), 90, 100National Informative Centre (NIC), 67National Institute of Information Technology

(NIIT), 76, 78National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS),

724–729National Land Use Classification (NLUC), 341National Open School (NOS), 725National Policy on Education, 725National Power Highway, 332National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), 67National Renewable Energy Laboratory

(NREL), 251tNational Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO),

701National Urban Databank and Indicators

(NUDB&I), 64, 70National Urban Information System (NUIS),

62, 64–66as basis of Smart City development, 71local and national challenges for

implementation of, 66–67milestones of, 70–71Scheme Standards Committee (NSC), 67

National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM),516, 517

National Urban Sanitation Policy, 38Natural energy, 299Natural hazards, in Guwahati, 115–116, 116tNatural waterbody, 386, 387Navchetna Trust, 105NCT of Delhi, 150f, 337f, 350

land use/land cover, 146, 147, 338–339,338t, 339t

in 1977, 2003 and 2014, 151, 152faccuracy assessment of, 151–152, 153tcompared with peri-urban area, 153–154,

154f, 154t, 155frecommendations for, 158spatio-temporal change in, 145–159spatio-temporal change detectionduring 1977–2003, 155–156, 156f, 156tduring 2003–2014, 156–157, 157t, 158f

urban dynamics, 338Neoliberal City, 23Network analysis, 219New Delhi, 28, 43

air quality index, 29tcarbon emissions in, 374sector-wise analysis of, 378–379, 379f, 380fin urban green spaces, 375–378, 376f, 377fconstruction workers, 758, 759fdistance learning education system through

BOOCs, modernization in, 721–730admission, 727–728, 728fassessment of, 728–729examination, 729suggestions for, 729–730transfer of credits, 728electricity parameters of, 326, 326tenergy consumption in, 343–344energy-efficient lighting in, 282–291motivating factors, 283–284, 284tnumber of users and non-users, 282, 282tpopularity of, 285, 285tpreventing factors, 284, 284tprices, ranges of, 283, 283tsocio-economic variables, influence of,

285–290, 286–290tsources of information for, 283, 283tenvironmental challenges, 31, 32fuel consumption in, 343–344fuel loss estimation during idling of

vehicles at signals, 344, 344tgeographical perspective of crime in,

731–752Green Delhi campaign, 157infrastructural realities of, 739–740, 740fland use/land cover changes in, 341–342,

342t, 343tmobile phone consumers on e-waste,

awareness and sensitivity of, 433–440NCT of Delhi (see NCT of Delhi)police stations in, 751–752policing in, 740–742, 741–746fpopulation growth of, 339–341, 340t, 341t,

739–740, 740frainwater harvesting, 456slums, 699–718, 705fage–sex structure, 709, 709tcauses of migration, 707, 708tdrainage system, 713economic aspirations, 716education facility, 714electricity, 713health facility, 714, 714thousehold income, 708t, 709, 709f

Index 801

New Delhi (cont.)housing and household amenities, 711–712,712tliteracy and education level, 709–710, 710tmain activity at native place, 708, 708fmother tongue/language, 707, 707fper capital income, 711period of migration, 708, 708tphysical condition, 715place of origin, 706–707, 706treligion, 707sewerage disposal, 713solid needs, 715–716solid waste disposal, 713toilet facility, 712–713, 713twater supply, 712, 713twork participation rate, 710, 710tsocial network, 755–765transportation, 30furban infrastructure, 28challenges of, 27water consumption/scarcity in, 345–349,

346f, 346t, 347t, 348tNew Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC),

447New Economic Policy of 1991, 42New South Wales (NSW), Department of

Environment and Climate Change, 422New Urbanism, 23New York, 1, 5New Zealand Green Building Council, 422Nitrate nitrogen (NO3), 359Nitrogen oxide (NOX), 680, 688tNoida, 87

e-waste, 435–439, 437f, 438–440tNoise energy generating device, 306fNoise pollution, 295–318

case studies, 315–316conversion, practical methods of, 304–307data collection, criteria and requirement for,

311–312energy harvesting and, 298–303, 302f, 303ffuture scope of, 318piezoelectric crystal, 309–311, 310f, 311fpiezoelectric effect, 307–309, 307fsound attenuation through structures,

303–304sound energyas alternative energy, 317utilization for electricity production,

316–317Non-governmental organization (NGO), 201,

294, 640–641

Non-Lapsable Central Pool of Resources(NLCPR), 116

Non-motorized transport, 594, 602Non-residential Indians (NRI), 652Non-revenue water (NRW), 477Normalised difference built-up index (NDBI),

180, 232Normalised difference vegetation index

(NDVI), 180, 181, 187–191, 191f, 232Normalised difference water index (NDWI),

232North America, 5North Eastern Region (NER), 621, 622, 631Nuchem Ltd., 91

OOccupation, influence on energy-efficient

lighting, 287–288, 289tOdisha (Orissa)

coal reserves, 323, 324renewable energy potential, 331

Open School System, 725–726Open source software, 75Operations and maintenance (O&M)

optimization, 422Optimization, 182–183Ordinary least-squares (OLS), 537Organizational capacity, challenges to enhance,

66Organization for Economic Co-operation and

Development (OECD), 434, 452Origin–destination (OD) matrix, 220Osaka, 5Other community facilities (OCF), 590fOut-of-pocket health expenditure (OOP), 535Outskirts roads, 591–594Over urbanization, 703Ozone (O3), 695t

PPakistan refugee resettlement project (PRRP),

90Pallavpuramarea in Meerut, 202

open spaces of, 207frainwater harvesting, 199–210, 203froof catchments of, 205f, 206f

Paris, 4, 6Paris Agreement, 28Parking, 587, 588fParticipatory rural appraisal (PRA), 464, 472Particulate matter (PM), 682Patna Medical College and Hospital (PMCH),

538

802 Index

Patna, reproductive healthcare services,533–549, 539–540t

Patni Knowledge Center, Noida, 428tPeople public private partnership (PPPP), 652Per capita energy consumption (PEC), 327,

327fPer capita green space, 190Per capita income

of Faridabad, 93, 93fat slums, 711

Personal contact programmes (PCPs), 728Person-related reforms, 34, 35Philadelphia, 1Philips (India), 280, 281Phononspropagation, in sound, 297fPhotovoltaic (PV) system, 272, 273Physical condition, at slums, 715Piezoelectric crystal, 309–311, 310f, 311fPiezoelectric effect, 307–309, 307fPiezoelectric energy, 299Piezoelectric materials, 301, 301f, 306, 307f

applications of, 309strain and voltage output, relationship

between, 308, 308fPittsburgh, 87Plan IT Valley, Portugal, 620Planning, 62Planning Commission of India, 323, 460Planning Department of Delhi, 450Plant Load Factor (PLF), 328Plastic Park, 630Police/policing, 740–742, 741–746f

deployment of, and crime rate, 744–749Police stations, 751–752Pollution

in New Delhi, 335, 336, 338, 343, 345, 350noise, 295–318

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 435Portland, 5Post-industrial society, defined, 92Power density of energy source methods,

comparison of, 300tPower Finance Corporation (PFC), 330Power generation, 264–265, 323–326, 324f,

325f, 326tPower grid system, 322Power harvesting. See Energy harvestingPower supply, in Allahabad, 130–134, 131tPradhan MantriGraminSadakYojna (PMGSY),

615Pressure, energy harvesting by, 301–303, 302fPricewaterhouseCoopers, 6, 128, 129

Pricing, water, 510Priests, 647–648

Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 149,605–606

Prioritization, and transport accessibility,597–598

PROJECT Agastya, 512–513Proximity analysis, 220–221, 221–223fPseudo urbanization, 703Public open space (POS), 187Public–private partnership (PPP), 63, 623, 633,

635Public safety, in Allahabad, 131t, 134Public stand post (PSP), 712Public Work Department (PWD), 605Pune

air quality index, 29turban fringe of, 44water consumption at household level,

475–491average water consumption, 481–482, 481tbehavioural assessment, 485–486, 486fcompared with income, 482–483, 482f,

483f, 482tlevel of education, 484–485, 485frainwater harvesting, 486–489, 486–489fstorage and treatment, 484, 484f, 485f

Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC), 478water supply in, 479–481, 479f, 480f

Punjabmigration, 341renewable energy potential, 331, 331f

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), 94Purposive random sampling (PRS), 640

QQuality Neighbourhood Park Criteria (QNPC),

187Quality of life, 463Quantum geographical information system

(QGIS), 75

RRadiation point, 250Radio frequency (RF), 298, 299Railway over bridges (ROB), 581Rainwater harvesting, 199–210

in Bangalore, 511in Delhi, 456in Pune, 486–489, 486–489f

Rajasthan. See also Jaipur; Jodhpurmigration, 341renewable energy potential, 331, 331f

Raj, Baldev, 96Random axes, 45, 47–49, 53–55t, 56Rayton Solar, 273–274

Index 803

Real estate, 101–102, 102fReflected sound, 303Religion, slums, 707Regional Transport Office (RTO), 683Remote sensing (RS), 229–230, 239, 783Renewable energy potential, 331, 331fRenewable sources, 260Reproductive healthcare, 533–549

socio-economic determinants of, 543–549total actual cost of, 537–542, 539–540t, 547

Re-radiated noise, 303Research and development (R&D), 97Resident welfare associations (RWAs), 293Resonant frequency, 312t, 313tRespirable suspended particulate matter

(RSPM), 689–690, 689t, 690t, 692, 694,696

Revanchist City, 23Reverse osmosis (RO), 530, 643, 786Richter scale, 404Right to Education (RTE), 728Right to Pee, 26Roof catchments, 205f, 206fRunoff coefficient, 208–209, 208tRural peripheries, 42, 43, 45, 50–52, 55

SSafe city, 106San Francisco, 5Sanitation, 26, 27

in Jammu and Kashmir, 773–774problemsin domestic water use, 455in Guwahati, 113–114

Sardarpura, 589–595, 590–595fSave Arkavathy River, 512Save Cubbon Park Campaign, 512Sawai Jai Singh II, 178Sayeed, Mufti Mohammad, 777Seattle, 5Semi-arid region, 447Semi-circumferential roadway, 594–595Sen, Amartya, 34Seoul, 5Service delivery, 63Service Level Benchmarking (SLB), 477Setis-EU, 174th Amendment to the Constitution of India,

32–33Sewage treatment plants (STPs), 347, 350Sewerage

disposal, at slums, 713Jammu and Kashmir, 773–774problems, in Guwahati, 113–114

Sexinfluence on energy-efficient lighting,

285–286, 286tof child born, and reproductive healthcare,

548Shadow analysis, 249, 252–254Shannon entropy analysis, 164–166, 170–173,

171f, 171t, 172f, 173tShimla, 399–413, 403f

disasters in, 404–409, 405fcloudbursts in, 407, 408tearthquakes, 404, 406tflash floods in, 407, 408tforest fires, 407–409, 409tlandslides, 404–406, 407tmitigation ofconstruction work, 410land use planning and regulations, 412repair and maintenance, 410–411research and technology transfer, 411resources for, 412risk assessment and vulnerability analysis,

409–410training and capacity building, 411–412regional workshops under NUIS Scheme,

65risk zones, 401

Shopkeepers, 647Singapore, 5, 6, 125

Green Mark, 422Siting of green buildings, 417–418Sky scrapers, 767Slow growth, 95–96Slums, 699–718, 705f

causes of evolution, 701–702defined, 703economic aspirations, 716education facility, 714health facility, 714, 714thousehold profile ofcauses of migration, 707, 707tmain activity at native place, 708, 708fmother tongue/language, 707, 707fperiod of migration, 707, 707tplace of origin, 706–707, 706treligion, 707physical condition, 715socio-economic profile ofage–sex structure, 709, 709tdrainage system, 713electricity, 713household income, 711t, 711, 712fhousing and household amenities, 711–712,

712t

804 Index

literacy and education level, 709–710, 710tper capital income, 711sewerage disposal, 713solid waste disposal, 713toilet facility, 712–713, 713twater supply, 712, 713twork participation rate, 710, 710tsolid needs, 715–716

Small hydro projects (SHP), 331Smart care, adoption of, 105Smart City(ies), 3f, 6t, 781–783. See also

individual entriesaxes of, 19characteristics of, 21–22tdefined, 2, 19–23, 126–127dimensions of, 2global perspectives of, 3–7, 4tin India, 7–11, 10–11t, 34–37

Smart City Mission, 18–19, 24, 34–37, 110,656

Smart City Mission Transform-Nation, 18Smart City Solutions, 18Smart community, 2Smart energy choices, 105–106Smart environment, 36Smart governance, 36–37Smart green city planning, 195Smart growth, 23, 88, 97–98Smart infrastructure, 35–36Smart mobility, 105Smart National Urban Information System

(SNUIS), 71Smarter Planet, 20Snapdeal, 76Social marketing, 278Social network, 755–765Software (SW) configuration, 71Solar energy, 296, 380

principle of operation of, 273recent advancements in, 273–274solar electricity, 272

Solar photovoltaic (SPV) system, 273, 300Solar radiation model, 248–249, 251–252,

252–253fSolaroad, 106Solid needs, at slums, 715–716Solid waste disposal

on land, environmental impact of, 776at slums, 713

Solid waste management, in Guwahati,114–115, 115t

Songdo in South Korea, 620Sound attenuation through structures, 303–304Sound energy

as alternative energy, 317energy harvesting by, 300–301utilization, for electricity production,

316–317Spatial database, 68f

inconsistent mapping, dilemma of, 67–68interagency collaboration, 69–70statement of quality, creating and

upholding, 69Special Accredited Institutions for Education of

the Disadvantaged (SAIED), 729Special economic zone (SEZ), 101Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), 36–37Speed breaker, energy harvesting by, 303fSrinagar, urban fringe of, 45Stakeholders, 473

interaction, 280–281Startup, defined, 75Startup cities, 73–84

at global level, distribution of, 75–76, 76tin India, 76–82number of, 79, 80f, 81f, 81tregional distribution of, 79, 79fspatial distribution of, 77–78, 78ftypes of, 81–82, 82f

State Coordination Committee (SCC), 68, 71State Disaster Management Authority

(SDMA), 412State Disaster Mitigation Fund (SDMF), 412State Electricity Boards (SEBs), 328–329State Finance Commissions (SFCs), 33State Finance Corporation, 457State highways (SH), 591State level Electricity Distribution Companies

(DISCOMs), 281State Nodal Agency (SNA), 70State Urban Development Authority (SUDA),

463Steering Committee on Urban Development

and Management (Twelfth Five Year Plan),27

Stiffness effect, 304Stilwell Road, 629, 630Stockholm, 6Structure design efficiency, of green buildings,

417–418Subsistence urbanization, 703Sulphate (SO4), 359Sulphur oxide (SO2), 682, 690tSupport vector machines (SVMs), 147, 152Surface area to volume (S/V) ratio, 249–250,

254, 254fSurface water, in Bangalore, 498

quality of, 506

Index 805

Surface water, in Bangalore (cont.)resource base of, 498sources, expanding, 499–501, 499t, 500t

Surveye-waste, 435–436reproductive healthcare, 537–538

Survey of India (SOI), 67Sustainability, 18, 133t, 139–140, 139f, 140f,

335green spaces for, optimising, 182–183water (see Water sustainability)

Sustainable city, 2Sustainable development, 246, 386–393

in Nainital, 386–393Sustainable environment, 36Sustainable tourism, in Nainital, challenges to,

393–397Suzlon One Earth, Pune, 427tSwachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA), 776, 777Swachh Bharat Mission, 35, 38SWAJAL project, 454Sydney, 5, 6System-on-a-chip (SoC), 316

TTactical urbanism, 104–105Taiwan, 2Tamil Nadu, renewable energy potential, 331,

331fTCS Technopark and Grundfos Pumps,

Chennai, 428tTechies, 84Technical Advisory Committee (TAC), 67, 71Technical constraints, in Guwahati, 117Technological dimensions, of Smart City, 2Technology intervention, in Allahabad, 129,

130, 140Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

(TRAI), 435Tele-Medicine, 18Temperature–depth (T–D) profile, 357Tenth Five Year Plan, 62Terminals, 587The Energy and Research Institute (TERI), 37,

418, 424Thematic Mapper (TM), 164, 229, 232, 239Thermal energy, 300Thorat, Vimal, 28Thoubal, 161–174, 163fThousand million cubic feet (TMC), 4813D city model, 243–256Tinsukia, 619–635, 622f

economic potentiality and development,626–633, 627f, 627t, 628t

employment opportunities, 632–633, 632fsmart city status in economic growth,

significance of, 631–632smart city, significance of economy in

developing, 630–631, 631tsuggestion and recommendations for,

633–634population of, 622ttrade and commerce, 626transportation, 623–625, 624fsuggestion and recommendations for,

633–635urban mobility, 624–625, 625f, 626f, 627t

Toilet facility, at slums, 712–713, 713tTokya, 5Toronto, 5Total Actual Cost of Reproductive Healthcare

Services (TACRHCS), 537–542, 539–540t,547

Total coliform (TC), 355Total fertility rate (TFR), 535

in Bihar, 537tTotal phosphate (PO4), 355Total suspended solids (TSS), 364Tourism

destination, 385, 395impact on Ghats’ economy, 648–649, 650fMICE, 785

Town and Country Planning Organization(TCPO), 65, 67

Town Municipal Council (TMC), 510Transfer of credits, 728Transmission and distribution (T&D) losses,

328, 329Transmitted sound, 303–304Transport acceptability, 582Transport accessibility, 577–602

factors affecting, 583faffordability, 582, 588–589connectivity, 596, 596t, 597fintegration, terminals and parking, 587,

588fland use factors, 589–595, 590–595fmobility, 582–583, 583fmobility substitutes, 589options of transportation, 585–587, 586fprioritization, 597–598, 599–601ftransport demand, 582–584, 584ftransportation system management,

595–596user information, 587value of inaccessibility, 598recommendations for, 601–602

Transport affordability, 582, 588–589

806 Index

Transport availability, 582Transport corridors, in Faridabad, 98–100Transport demand, 582–584, 584fTransport infrastructure, of Himachal Pradesh,

603–616indicators of, 605non-tribal region, 606recommendation and suggestions for, 615smart development of, 615–616spatio-temporal pattern of, 610–612fareas with high composite index, 613areas with low composite index, 614areas with moderate composite index,

613–614areas with very high composite index,

609–612areas with very low composite index,

614–615trends in, 606, 608–609, 608t

Transportation, 29, 30f, 733in Allahabad, 132t, 135–136, 136f, 137fin Jammu and Kashmir, 775

Transportation demand management (TDM),595, 597

Transportation system management, 595–596Turbine

light rotor, 270–271, 271fwind, 262, 270, 270f, 272f

Turbo Energy Limited, Chennai, 428tTurkmenistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India

(TAPI), 330Tutor Marked Assignments (TMAs), 728, 730Twelfth Five Year Plan: 2012–2017, 26, 98

Steering Committee on Urban Developmentand Management, 27

Twitter, 75

UUbiquitous city, 2Ulsoor Lake, 506Ultra mega power projects (UMPPs), 330,

330t, 331Union Territories (UTs), 400United Kingdom (UK), 125

Building Research EstablishmentEnvironmental Assessment Method,422

Department of Energy and Climate Change,378

United Nations (UN), 124United Nations, 1

General Assembly, 516UN Habitat, 37, 701, 731

Millennium Development Goals, 334, 534,701

UNICEF, 460United Nations Educational, Scientific, and

Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 652United Nations Environment Programme

(UNEP), 693United Nations Human Settlement Program,

732United Nations Industrial Development

Organization, 513United States, 2, 125

Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 694

Leadership in Energy and EnvironmentalDesign, 422

United States Geological Survey (USGS), 180United States Green Building Council

(USGBC), 422United States Trade and Development Agency,

125Universal transverse Mercator coordinate

system (UTM), 217Urban agglomeration (UA), 518–519, 686fUrban Development Plan Formulation and

Implementation (UDPFI), 477Urban Environmental Quality Indicators

(UEQI’s), 246, 248–249, 255, 784Urban environment quality (UEQ), 245, 255Urban green space resource (UGSR), 371–373,

372f, 373fUrban growth with physical expansion, in

Nainital, 390–391Urban heat island (UHI), 186Urban household level, water consumption

assessment at, 475–491average water consumption, 481–482, 481tbehavioural assessment, 485–486, 486fcompared with income, 482–483, 482f,

483f, 482tlevel of education, 484–485, 485frainwater harvesting, 486–489, 486–489fstorage and treatment, 484, 484f, 485f

Urban Information and KnowledgeManagement (UIKM)implementation challenges to, 59–72National Urban Information System

Scheme, 66–67organizational capacity, 66

Urban infrastructure, challenges of, 25–28, 25fUrban local bodies (ULBs), 60, 62, 64–66, 70,

117, 464Urban mobility, 18, 29, 35

Index 807

Urban Neighbourhood Green Index (UNGI),187

Urban residence, at Uttar Pradesh, 660–661,663–664t

Urban Spatial Information System (USIS), 64Urban sustainability, of Varanasi, 667–679

comprehensive evaluation of, 677, 677t,678f

criterion for, 674tecological stability and management, 676,

677feconomic growth and prosperity, 675–676,

676findicator system development, 673–674social progress and welfare, 675, 675furban sustainability indicator value,

formulation of, 674Urban sustainability indicator (USI) value

method, 674, 677t, 679Urban water supply, 459–473

governance issues in, 469–473, 471t, 472tinside the house, 465–466norms for, 460–461through stand post, 467–469, 468f

Urbanism, tactical, 104–105Urbanization, 1, 19, 551

impact on land surface temperature,227–240

level of, 94–95, 95fin New Delhi, 335, 339, 342, 345overurbanization, 703pseudourbanization, 703Pune, 476subsistence, 703

Urinals distribution, 771–772, 771fUser information, and transport accessibility,

587Uttarakhand. See also Nainital

hydro electricity, 324Uttar Pradesh. See also Allahabad; Ghats;

Kanpur; Lucknow;Pallavpuramarea inMeerut; Varanasi; Western Uttar PradeshMaster Plan 2021, 685migration, 341renewable energy potential, 331, 331furbanisation level of, 655–664demographic characteristics, 656density, 659–660, 660fpercentage of population, 657–659, 658f,

658trate of, 659residence, 660–661, 663–664t

VVadodara Urban Development Authority, 44Vancouver, 5Varanasi, 641f, 670–671, 671f

growth trend of, 462tprofile of, 644fcentral city, 645occupational structures on Ghats, 645–648,

646fold city, 643–644peripheral areas, 645tourism impact on Ghats’ economy,

648–649, 650fsustainable urban development through

Ghats, 637–653urban sustainability, measurement,

667–678comprehensive evaluation of, 677, 677t,

678fcriterion for, 674tecological stability and management, 676,

677feconomic growth and prosperity, 675–676,

676findicator system development, 673–674social progress and welfare, 675, 675furban sustainability indicator value,

formulation of, 674water supply system of, 459–473, 463finside the house, 465–466through stand post, 467–469, 468f

Varanasi Development Authority (VDA), 641,673

Varanasi Municipal Corporation (VMC), 461,462f, 673

Variance inflation factor (VIF), 534Vegitecture, 418Vetiver Grass Technology (VGT), 365Vienna, 4VikashBhavan, 673Virtual city, 2, 245Virtual Open Schooling (VOS), 726Virtual reality modeling language (VRML),

249Vishakhapatnam, as energy-efficient lighting

district, 281–282Vision Kashi 2020, 673Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 421Vulnerability, 338

of Shimla Himalaya, 409–410

WWalt Disney World, 278Washington D.C., 5

808 Index

Waste from electrical and electronic equipment(WEEE), 434

Waste Management, 18Waste reduction, green buildings and, 420–421Wastewater

problems, in domestic water use, 455, 456treuse, in Bangalore, 511–512

Water. See also Domestic water useassessment; Urban household level, waterconsumption assessment at; Urban watersupply; Water sustainabilityaccessibility, for houseless population,

515–530demand, 449–451, 449–451tefficiency, of green buildings, 420–421management, 18pollution, 32pricing, 453–454scarcity, 345–349, 346f, 346t, 347t, 348tsupplyin Allahabad, 131t, 134at slums, 712, 713t

Water sustainabilityin Bangalore, 493–513availability indicators, 508t, 509tefficiency indicators, 508t, 509tequity indicators, 508t, 509tgroundwater resource base, 499groundwater source, status of, 499t,

501–502management strategies, 510–513measurement of, 507–510, 508t, 509tquality, deteriorating, 505–507supply–demand gap, 502–505, 504f, 505fsurface water resource base, 498surface water sources, expanding, 499–501,

499t, 500twater demand, rising trends of, 503tin Pune, 476, 478, 483, 489, 490

Water treatment plant (WTP), 451tWeather files, in Ecotect, 249Web-based teaching, consequences of, 726West Bengal. See also Mirik Lake, West

Bengal

coal reserves, 323renewable energy potential, 331

Western Peripheral Expressways, 99Western Uttar Pradesh, 551–575, 553f

health status, 554, 560, 567, 564fhealthcare facilities, 554, 555–560, 557f,

558–559t, 560fand health status, relation between,

572–573, 569f, 570fand morbidity rate, relation between,

570–571, 566fand mortality rate, relation between,

567–570, 565fmorbidity rate, 554, 563–567, 563fand mortality rate, relation between,

571–572, 568fmortality rate, 554, 561–563, 561t, 562foverall relationship, 573–574urbanization in, 556t

Whirlpool Corporation, 91Wi-Fi zones, 106Wind power, 262

applications in smart cities, 271Wind turbines, 262, 270, 270f, 272fWind velocity, 264–265Woodward Governor Company, 91Work participation rate, at slums, 710, 710tWorld Bank, 24, 37World Commission on Environment and

Development (WCED), 386, 666World geodetic system 1984 (WGS84), 217World Health Organization (WHO), 4, 190,

192–193t, 456, 460, 496, 690, 692, 693t

YYellow Bins distribution, 772–773, 772fYMCA, 97

ZZakaria Committee, 460Zone of influence, demarcation of, 46–47

Index 809