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7-2008 340 - 1Course Series 340v6.0 (c)2007 Scott Baxter

Background and IntroductionTo 1xEV-DO Technology

Background and IntroductionTo 1xEV-DO Technology

Course 340

This course can be downloaded free from our website:

www.howcdmaworks.com/340.pdf

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Global and US Wireless Subscribers 1Q 2008

Q Total Worldwide Wireless customers surpassed total worldwide landlinecustomers at year-end 2002, with 1,00,080,000 of each.

Q 4/5 of worldwide wireless customers use the GSM technologyQ CDMA is second-most-prevalent with 14.8%

Q In the US, CDMA is the most prevalent technology at 52.5% penetration

Q Both CDMA and GSM are growing in the US

IS-136 TDMA systems were converted to GSM + GPRS + EDGE

Total 3,051,659,279 252,018,131

GSM 2,571,563,279 84.3% 102,200,000 40.6%

CDMA 451,400,000 14.8% 132,243,131 52.5%

IDEN 28,696,000 0.9% 17,575,000 7.0%

Global USA

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World Wireless Subs by Technology 2006

World Wireless Subscribers 14.8% 83.1% 2.1%

Top 21 Operators Only 980.77 145.49 814.98 20.30

Operator Country Subscribers CDMA GSM IDEN

China Mobile China 246.65 246.65

China Unicom China 127.79 27.79 100.00

MTS Russia 58.19 58.19Cingular US 54.1 54.10

Verizon US 51.3 51.30

NTT DoCoMo J apan 50.36 50.36

Sprint Nextel US 45.6 25.30 20.30

Telcel Mexico 33.6 33.60

T-Mobile Germany 29.5 29.50D2 Vodafone Germany 29.16 29.16

Vivo Brazil 28.8 28.80

Turkcell Turkey 27.9 27.90

Telecom Italia Italy 27.25 27.25

T-Mobile USA 21.7 21.70

Orange France 21.67 21.67

KDDI J apan 21.57 21.57

Telefonica Moviles Spain 19.6 19.60

SK Telecom South Korea 19.53 19.53

Vodafone Italy Italy 18.2 18.20

T-Mobile UK 17.2 17.20

Vodafone UK UK 16.325 16.33

Vodafone KK J apan 14.77 14.77

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US Wireless Subs by Technology 2006US Wireless Subscribers 100% 48.4% 41.5% 10.2%

198,444,627 95,963,297 82,336,426 20,144,904

Carrier Subscribers CDMA GSM>WCDMA iDEN

Cingular Wireless 54,100,000 54,100,000

Verizon Wireless 51,300,000 51,300,000

Sprint Nextel 44,304,901 24,459,997 19,844,904

T-Mobile 21,700,000 21,700,000

Al ltel 11,040,000 11,040,000US Cellular 5,500,000 5,500,000

Leap Wireless 1,670,000 1,670,000

Dobson Communications 1,543,000 1,543,000

SunCom 964,824 964,824

Rural Cellular Corp. 705,602 705,602

Centennial Communications 586,000 586,000

Cincinnati Bell 496,000 496,000Ntelos 336,300 336,300

SouthernLinc 300,000 300,000

Alaska Communications 117,000 117,000

Cellular South 670,000 670,000

Commnet Wireless 420,000 420,000

West Coast/SureWest Wireless 350,000 350,000

Meriwether Comms. 300,000 300,000

Ai rad igm 380,000 380,000

Lewis and Clark 370,000 370,000

Clear Talk 520,000 520,000

Entertainment Unlimited 220,000 220,000

Corr Wireless 127,000 127,000

Poplar PCS 190,000 190,000

Edge Wireless 120,000 120,000

Salmon PCS 114,000 114,000

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FOURTH

GENERATION

THIRD

GENERATION

SECOND

GENERATION

A Quick Survey of Wireless Data Technologies

Q This summary is a work-in-progress, tracking latest experiences and reports from all thehigh-tier (provider-network-oriented) 2G, 3G and 4G wireless data technologies

Q Have actual experiences to share, latest announced details, or corrections to the above?Email to [email protected]. Thanks for your comments!

IS-136 TDMA19.2 9.6 kb/s

GSM CSD9.6 4.8 kb/s

GSM HSCSD32 19.2 kb/s

IDEN19.2 19.2kb/s

IS-9514.4 9.6 kb/s

IS-95B64 -32 kb/s

CDPD

19.2 4.8 kb/sdiscontinued

GPRS40 30 kb/s DL

15 kb/s UL

EDGE200 - 90 kb/s DL

45 kb/s UL

1xRTT RC4307.2 144 kb/s

1xEV-DO A3100 800 DL1800 600 UL

WCDMA 0384 250 kb/s

WCDMA 12000 - 800 kb/s

WCDMA HSDPA12000 6000 kb/s

Flarion OFDM1500 900 kb/s

TD-SCDMAIn Development

Mobitex

9.6 4.8 kb/sobsolete

US CDMA ETSI/GSM

CELLULAR

MISC/NEW

1xEV-DV5000 - 1200 DL307 - 153 UL

LTE12000 6000 kb/s

WiMAX12000 6000 kb/s

1xRTT RC3153.6 90 kb/s

2.5G

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The CDMA Migration Path to 3G

1xEV-DO

Rev. AIS-856

1250 kHz.

59 active

users

Higher

data rateson data-

only

CDMA

carrier

3.1 Mb/sDL

1.8 Mb/sUL

RL FLSpectrum

1xEV-DO

Rev. 0IS-856

1250 kHz.

59 active

users

High data

rates ondata-only

CDMA

carrier

2.4 Mb/sDL

153 Kb/sUL

CDMAone CDMA2000 / IS-2000

Technology

Generation

Signal

Bandwidth,

#Users

Features:Incremental

Progress

1G

AMPS

Data

Capabilities

30 kHz.1

First

System,Capacity

&Handoffs

None,2.4K bymodem

2G

IS-95A/

J-Std008

1250 kHz.

20-35

FirstCDMA,

Capacity,

Quality

14.4K

2G

IS-95B

1250 kHz.

25-40

Improved Access

Smarter

Handoffs

64K

2.5G? 3G

IS-2000:

1xRTT

1250 kHz.

50-80 voice

and data

EnhancedAccess

Channel

Structure

153K

307K

230K

3G

1xEV-DV

1xTreme

1250 kHz.

Many packet

users

High data

rates onData-Voice

shared

CDMA

carrier

5 Mb/s

3G

IS-2000:

3xRTT

F: 3x 1250kR: 3687k

120-210 per3 carriers

Faster

data rateson shared

3-carrier

bundle

1.0 Mb/s

RL FLRL FLRL FLRL FLRL FLRL FLRL FL

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Modulation Techniques of 1xEV Technologies

Q 1xEV, 1x Evolution, is a family of alternativefast-data schemes that can be implemented on a1x CDMA carrier.

Q 1xEV DO means 1x Evolution, Data Only,

originally proposed by Qualcomm as High DataRates(HDR).

Up to 2.4576 Mbps forward, 153.6 kbpsreverse

A 1xEV DO carrier holds only packet data,and does not support circuit-switched voice

Commercially available in 2003Q 1xEV DV means 1x Evolution, Data and Voice.

Max throughput of 5 Mbps forward, 307.2kreverse

Backward compatible with IS-95/1xRTTvoice calls on the same carrier as the data

Not yet commercially available; workcontinues

Q All versions of 1xEV use advanced modulationtechniques to achieve high throughputs.

QPSKCDMA IS-95,

IS-2000 1xRTT,and lower ratesof 1xEV-DO, DV

16QAM1xEV-DOat highest

rates

64QAM1xEV-DVat highest

rates

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GSM Technology Migration Path to 3G

Integrated

voice/data(Future ratesto 12 MBPS

using adv.

modulation?)

Technology

Generation

Signal

Bandwidth,

#Users


Progress

1G

various

analog

Data

Capabilities

various

various

various

2G

GSM

200 kHz.7.5 avg.

Europesfirst Digitalwireless

none

2.5G or 3?

GPRS

200 kHz.Many

Pkt. users

Packet IP

accessMultipleattached

users

9-160 Kb/s(conditionsdetermine)

3G

EDGE

200 kHz.fast data

many users

8PSK for3x Fasterdata ratesthan GPRS

384 Kb/smobile user

3G

UMTS

UTRAWCDMA

3.84 MHz.up to 200+voice usersand data

2Mb/sstatic user

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TDMA IS-136 Technology Migration Path to 3G

2G

CDPD

30 kHz.Many

Pkt Usrs

19.2kbps

US

PacketDataSvc.

Technology

Generation

Signal

Bandwidth,

#Users


Progress

Data

Capabilities

2G

TDMA

IS-54IS-136

30 kHz.3 users

USAs

firstDigital

wireless

none

2.5G or 3?

GPRS

200 kHz.Many

Pkt. users

Packet IP

accessMultipleattached

users

9-160 Kb/s(conditionsdetermine)

3G

EDGE

200 kHz.fast data

many users

8PSK for

3x Fasterdata ratesthan GPRS

384 Kb/smobile user

3G

UMTS

UTRAWCDMA

3.84 MHz.up to 200+voice usersand data

Integrated

voice/data(Future ratesto 12 MBPS

using adv.

modulation?)

1G

AMPS

30 kHz.1

First

System,Capacity

&Handoffs

None,2.4K bymodem

2Mb/sstatic user

2G

GSM

200 kHz.7.5 avg.

Europes

firstDigital

wireless

none

the familiar GSM path!

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SPEED: 1xEV-DOs PurposeDifferences from CDMA2000 1xRTT

SPEED: 1xEV-DOs Purpose

Differences from CDMA2000 1xRTT

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Why 1xEV-DO?

QTo satisfy the ITU 3G vision of four radio environments:

9600 bps megacells met by satellite-based systems

144 kbps macrocells met by CDMA2000 1xRTT RC3 384 kbps microcells met by CDMA2000 1xRTT RC4 (307k)

2 mbps picocells met by 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV

QTo provide new applications for CDMA2000 users

high speed data access and web applications in the mobileenvironment

speeds up to 2.4 mbps

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Why Cant 1xRTT do high speeds?

Q RF channel conditions change much faster than 1xRTT can track

this causes 1xRTT to mis-estimate the feasible data speed

which can be used for a burst of data sometimes conditions are worse than expected at the time

of a burst, and the burst is received with severe errors

other times the conditions are better than expected at thetime of a burst, and the burst transmitted more slowly thanactually could have been received

Q Bursts in 1xRTT are so long that substantial latency is introducedinto error correction and packet repetition schemes

Q For all these reasons, something more nimble is needed

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Mobile RF Channel Conditions Change Rapidly

Q Radio Transmission Technologies must be nimbleenough to quicklyadapt for best results during changing channel conditions

in choosing what data rate to transmit

in power control of the forward and reverse links

PathLoss

,relativedB+6

+4

+2

+0

-2

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Time, Seconds

Path Loss, db

Slow Fadingdue toobstructions and user

motion

Fast Fadingdue touser motion through

multipath fading

standing-wave pattern

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DATA BURST

ACTUALLY OCCURS

NOW

DAT

ARATEDE

CISION

Fixed Rate!

1xRTT Data Burst Control Lags RF Conditions

BTS

MOBILE

T

seconds

F-SCH

F-FCH

R-FCH

R-SCH

0 0.50.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

SCH-Assignment Msg.

F-SCH Burst

Setup Time

PathLoss

,relativedB

Eb/Nt,dB

Path Loss, db

GOOD CONDITIONS

BAD CONDITIONS

+6

+4

+2

+0

-2

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Time, Seconds

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1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT at the Same Time-Scale

T

0 0.50.1 0.2 0.3 0.4Time, Seconds

AP

Traffic

DRC

Setup time can be less than 10 ms., depending on traffic loading.AT

1xEV-DO Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.

BTS

MOBILE

F-SCH

F-FCH

R-FCH

R-SCH

SCH-Request Msg.

SCH-Assignment Msg.

F-SCH Burst

Setup Time Fixed Rate!1xRTT

Thoughput: 0.15 or 0.31 Mb/s max, 0.06 Mb/s typ.

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1xEV-DO Handles Data at the level of

Packets and Subpackets

Q Each forward traffic channel subpacket is only 1.67 ms long

The flow of subpackets is stopped immediately when successful

decoding is achieved.The reaction to channel conditions is effectively instantaneous,with no wasted excess energy!

Q Short preambles and embedded MAC bits identify the destinationmobile

No time is wasted sending layer-3 messages to control packet flowQ Each mobile DRC request is based on latest channel condition

ACK/NAK commands can stop unneeded subpacket repetitions inless than 5 ms.!

AP

Traffic

DRC

Setup time can be less than 10 ms., depending on traffic loading.AT

1xEV-DO Thoughput: 2.4 Mb/s max, 0.6 Mb/s typ.

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The Key Features

and Structure of 1xEV-DO

The Key Features

and Structure of 1xEV-DO

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Channel Structure of 1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT

CHANNEL STRUCTURE

Q IS-95 and 1xRTT many simultaneous users, each

with steady forward and reversetraffic channels

transmissions arranged,requested, confirmed by layer-3messages with some delay

Q 1xEV-DO -- Very Different: Forward Link goes to one user at a

time like TDMA! users are rapidly time-multiplexed,

each receives fair share ofavailable sector time

instant preference given to user

with ideal receiving conditions, tomaximize average throughput transmissions arranged and

requested via steady MAC-layerwalsh streams very immediate!

BTS

IS-95 AND 1xRTTMany users simultaneous forward

and reverse traffic channelsW0

W32W1

W17W25

W41

W3

W53

PILOTSYNC

PAGING

F-FCH1

F-FCH2

F-FCH3

F-SCH

F-FCH4

AP

1xEV-DO AP(Access Point)

ATs(Access Terminals)

1xEV-DO Forward Link

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Power Management of 1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT

POWER MANAGEMENT

Q IS-95 and 1xRTT:

sectors adjust each userschannel power to maintain apreset target FER

Q 1xEV-DO IS-856:

sectors always operate atmaximum power

sector output is time-multiplexed, with only oneuser served at any instant

The transmission data rate isset to the maximum speedthe user can receive at thatmoment

PILOT

PAGINGSYNC

Maximum Sector Transmit Power

User 12

34

55

56 7

8

time

power

IS-95: VARIABLE POWERTO MAINTAIN USER FER

time

power

1xEV-DO: MAX POWER ALWAYS,DATA RATE OPTIMIZED

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Some EV-DO Terminology

Phone,Mobile,

Handset, or

Subscriber

Terminal

ATAccess

Terminal

Base Station,

BTS,

Cell Site

APAccess

Point

IS-95, IS-2000, 1xRTT EV-DO

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1xEV-DO Technical DetailsData Flow and Channels1xEV-DO Technical Details

Data Flow and Channels

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1xEV-DO Transmission TimingForward Link

Q All members of the CDMA family - IS-95, IS-95B,1xRTT, 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV transmitFrames

IS-95, IS-95B, 1xRTT frames are usually 20

ms. long 1xEV-DO frames are 26-2/3 ms. long

same length as the short PN code

each 1xEV-DO frame is divided into1/16ths, called slots

Q The Slot is the basic timing unit of 1xEV-DOforward link transmission

Each slot is directed toward somebody andholds a subpacket of information for them

Some slots are used to carry the control

channel for everyone to hear; most slots areintended for individual users or private groups

Q Users dont ownlong continuing series of slotslike in TDMA or GSM; instead, each slot or smallstring of slots is dynamically addressed towhoever needs it at the moment

One 1xEV-DO Frame

One Slot

One Cycle of PN Short Code

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Whats In a Slot?

QThe main cargoin a slot is the DATA being sent to a user

Q But all users need to get continuous timing and administrativeinformation, even when all the slots are going to somebody else

QTwice in every slot there is regularly-scheduled burst of timing andadministrative information for everyone to use

MAC (Media Access Control) information such as powercontrol bits

a burst of pure Pilot

allows new mobiles to acquire the cell and decide to use it keeps existing user mobiles exactly on sector time

mobiles use it to decide which sector should send themtheir next forward link packet

SLOT DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA

400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chips

Slot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips

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empty empty empty empty

What if theres No Data to Send?

Q Sometimes there may be no data waiting to be sent on a sectorsforward link

When theres no data to transmit on a slot, transmitting can be

suspended during the data portions of that slot But---the MAC and PILOT must be transmitted!!

New and existing mobiles on this sector and surroundingsectors need to monitor the relative strength of all the sectorsand decide which one to use next, so they need the pilot

Mobiles TRANSMITTING data to the sector on the reverse linkneed power control bits

So MAC and PILOT are always transmitted, even in an emptyslot

SLOTMAC

PILOT

MAC

MAC

PILOT

MAC



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Slot

Slots and Frames

SLOT

FRAME

1 Frame =16 slots 32k chips 26-2/3 ms

DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA



QTwo Half-Slots make a Slot

Q 16 Slots make a frame

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Frames and Control Channel Cycles

Q A Control Channel Cycle is 16 frames (thats 426-2/3 ms, about 1/2second)

Q The first half of the first frame has all of its slots reserved for possible usecarrying Control Channel packets

Q The last half of the first frame, and all of the remaining 15 frames, havetheir slots available for ordinary use transmitting subpackets to users

FRAME


16 Frames 524k chips 426-2/3 ms

CONTROL

CHANNELUSER(S) DATA CHANNEL

16-FRAME

CONTROL CHANNELCYCLE

Slot

Thats a lot of slots!

16 x 16 = 256

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Forward Link Frame and Slot Structure: Big Picture Summary

Q Slots make Frames and Frames make Control Channel Cycles!

SLOT

FRAME


16 Frames 524k chips 426-2/3 ms

CONTROL

CHANNELUSER(S) DATA CHANNEL

16-FRAME

CONTROL CHANNELCYCLE

DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA



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Reverse Link Frame and Slot Structure: Big Picture Summary

Q Reverse Link frames are the same length as forward link frames

QThe mobile does not include separate MAC and Pilot bursts

Its MAC and pilot functions are carried inside its signal bysimultaneous walsh codes

QThere is no need for slots for dedicated control purposes since themobile can transmit on the access channel whenever it needs

SLOT

FRAME


DATA


1 Subframeholds

1 SubpacketSubframe Subframe Subframe

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Rev. A Reverse Channel Sub-Frame Structure

QThe mobile transmits sub-packets occupying four reverse link

slots, called a reverse link sub-frame.Q If multiple subpackets are required to deliver a packet, the

additional subpackets are spaced in every third subframe untildone

RRI

ACK DSC ACK DSC ACK DSC ACK DSC

DATA CHANNEL

DRC CHANNEL

AUXILIARY PILOT CHANNEL

PILOT CHANNEL

1 Sub-Frame

1 Slot 1 Slot 1 Slot 1 Slot

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EV-DO Rev. A Channels

QThe channels are not continuous like ordinary 1xRTT CDMAQ Notice the differences between the MAC channels and the Rev. 0

MAC channels these are the heart of the Rev. 0/A differences

IN THE WORLD OF CODES

Secto

rhasaShortPN

Offset

justlikeIS-95

Access

LongPNoffse

t

PublicorP

rivate

LongPNoffset

ACCESS

FORWARD CHANNELS

Access

Point(AP)

REVERSE CHANNELS

TRAFFIC

Pilot

Data

Primary Pilot

Data

ACK

Pilot

Control

Traffic

MAC

MAC

FORWARD

Rev Activi ty

DRCLockRPC

RRI

W 64

W264

W064

Wx16

Wx16

W1232

W12

W416

W016

W24

W016

MAC

Access

Terminal

(UserTerminal)

Walshcode

Walshcode

Access Channel

for session setup

from Idle Mode

Traffic Channelas used during

a data session

ARQ Auxi liary Pi lot

DRC

DSC

W2832

W816

W1232

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Secto

rhasaShortPN

Offset

justlikeIS-95

FORWARDCHANNELS

Access

Point(AP)

Pilot

Control

Traffic

MAC

Rev Activi ty

DRCLockRPC

W 64

W264

W064

Wx16

Wx16

MAC

Walshcode

ARQ

Functions of Rev. A Forward Channels

Access terminals watch the Pilot to selectthe strongest sector and choose burst speeds

The Reverse Activi ty Channel tellsATs If the reverse link loading is

too high, requiring rate reduction

Each connected AT has MAC channel:

DRCLock indication if sector busyRPC (Reverse Power Control)

ARQ to halt reverse link subpackets assoon as complete packet is recovered

The Control channel carriesoverhead messages for idle ATs

but can also carry user traffic

Traffic channelscarry user data to

one user at a time

DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA



Forward Link Slot Structure (16 slots in a 26-2/3 ms. frame)

AP

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Auxiliary Pilot on traffic channelallows synchronous detectionduring high data rates

Access

LongPNoffse

t

PublicorP

rivate

LongPNoffset

ACCESS

REVERSE CHANNELS

TRAFFIC

Pilot

Data

Primary Pilot

Data

ACK

MAC

RRI

W24

W016

Access

Terminal

(UserTerminal)

Walshcode

Access Channel

for session setup

from Idle Mode


a data session

Auxi liary Pi lot

DRC

DSC

Functions of Rev. A Reverse Channels

The Pilot is used as a preambleduring access probes

Data channel dur ing accesscarries mobile requests

Primary Pilot on traffic channelallows synchronous detectionand also carries the RRI channel

RRI reverse rate indicatortellsAP what rate is being sent by AT

DRC Data Rate Control channeltells desired downlink speed

ACK channel allows AT to signalsuccessful reception of a packet

DATA channel during trafficcarries the ATs traffic bits

DSC Data Source Control channeltells which sector will send burst

W1232

W12

W416

W016

W2832

W816

W1232

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Rev. A MAC Index Values and Their Uses

Q 114 MAC indices are available for regular single-user packets

Q 3 MAC indices are earmarked for control channel packets

Q 5 MAC indices are reserved for mult-user packets

Q 1 MAC index is reserved for broadcast packets, or single-users

Q 4 MAC indices are not used due to conflicts with multiplexing patterns

MAC INDEX MAC CHANNEL USE PREAMBLE USE PREAMBLE LENGTH

0, 1 Not Used Not Used N/A

2 Not Used Control 76.8 kbps 512

3 Not Used Control 38.4 kbps 1024

4 RA Channel Not Used N/A

5 RPC, DRC LOCK, ARQ Fwd TC if no Bcst Variable64 and 65 Not Used Not Used N/A

66 Not Used Multi-User 128, 256, 512, 1024 256

67 Not Used Multi-User 2048 128

68 Not Used Multi-user 3072 64

69 Not Used Multi-User 4096 64

70 Not Used Multi-User 5120 6471 Not Used Control 19.2, 38.4, 76.8 1024

6-63 and 72-127 RPC, DRC LOCK, ARQ Fwd TC, Single User Variable

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Rev. A MAC Index and I/Q Channel Contents

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The 1xEV-DO Rev. 0 Channels

Q These channels are NOT CONTINUOUS like IS-95 or 1xRTT!

They are made up of SLOTS carrying data subpackets to individualusers or control channel subpackets for everyone to monitor

Regardless of who ownsa SLOT, the slot also carries two smallgeneric bursts containing PILOT and MAC information everyone canmonitor

IN THE WORLD OF CODES

Secto

rhasaShortPN

Offset

justlikeIS-95

Access

LongPNoffs

et

PublicorP

rivate

LongPNoffset

ACCESS

FORWARD CHANNELS

Access

Point(AP)

REVERSE CHANNELS

TRAFFIC

Pilot

Data

Pilot

Data

ACK

Pilot

Control

Traffic

MAC

MAC

FORWARD

Rev Activi ty

DRCLockRPC

DRC

RRI

W 64

W264

W064

Wx16

Wx16

W48

W24

W816

W016

W24

W016

MAC

W0 W4

W1 W5

W2 W6

W3 W7

Access

Terminal

(UserTerminal)

Walshcode

Walshcode

Access Channel

for session setup

from Idle Mode


a data session

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Functions of Rev. 0 Forward Channels

Secto

rhasaShortPN

Offset

FORWARD CHANNELS

Pilot

Control

Traffic

MAC

Rev Activi ty

DRCLockRPC

W 64

W264

W064

Wx16

Wx16

MAC

Access

Point(AP)

Access terminals watch the Pilot to selectthe strongest sector and choose burst speeds

The Reverse Activi ty Channel tellsATs If the reverse link loading is

too high, requiring rate reduction

Each AT with open connection has aMAC channel including DRCLock and

RPC (Reverse Power Control) muxed

using the same MAC index 5-63.

The Control channel carriesoverhead messages for idle ATs

but can also carry user traffic

Traffic channelscarry user data to

one user at a time

IN THE WORLD OF TIME

DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA



Forward Link Slot Structure (16 slots in a 26-2/3 ms. frame)

AP

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Functions of Rev. 0 Reverse Channels

Access

LongPNoffs

et

PublicorP

rivate

LongPNoffset

ACCESS

REVERSE CHANNELS

Pilot

Data

Pilot

Data

ACK

MAC DRC

RRI

W48

W24

W816

W016

W24

W016

W0 W4

W1 W5

W2 W6

W3 W7

Access

Terminal

(UserTerminal)

The Pilot is used as a preambleduring access probes

Data channel dur ing accesscarries mobile requests

Pilot during traffic channelallows synchronous detection

and also carries the RRI channel

RRI reverse rate indicatortellsthe AP the ATs desired rate forreverse link data channel

DRC Data Rate Control channelasks a specific sector to transmit

to the AT at a specific rate

ACK channel allows AT to signalsuccessful reception of a packet

DATA channel during trafficcarries the ATs traffic bits

TRAFFIC

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The Rev. 0 MAC Index

Q Each active user on a sector is assigned aunique 7-bit MAC index (64 MACs possible)

Q Each data packet begins with a preamble,using the MAC index of the intended recipient

Q Five values of MAC indices are reserved formulti-userpackets

packets intended for reception by a group

for example, control channels mobiles may have individual MAC indices

AND be simultaneously in various groups

this trickkeeps payload size low evenfor transmissions to groups

MAC Channel Use Preamble Use

Not Used Not Used

Not Used 76.8 kbps CCH

Not Used 38.4 kbps CCH

RA Channel Not Used

Available for RPCand DRCLockChannel

Transmissions

Available forForwardTraffic ChannelTransmissions

MACIndex

0 and 1

2

3

4

5-63MA

CIndex

WalshCode

P

hase

32 16 I

MA

CIndex

WalshCode

P

hase

1 32 Q

34 17 I 3 33 Q

36 18 I 5 34 Q

38 19 I 7 35 Q

40 20 I 9 36 Q42 21 I 11 37 Q

44 22 I 13 38 Q

46 23 I 15 39 Q

48 24 I 17 40 Q

50 25 I 19 41 Q

52 26 I 21 42 Q54 27 I 23 43 Q

56 28 I 25 44 Q

58 29 I 27 45 Q

60 30 I 29 46 Q

62 31 I 31 47 Q

MA

CIndex

WalshCode

P

hase

0 0 I

2 1 I

4 2 I

6 3 I

8 4 I10 5 I

12 6 I

14 7 I

16 8 I

18 9 I

20 10 I22 11 I

24 12 I

26 13 I

28 14 I

30 15 I

MA

CIndex

WalshCode

P

hase

33 48 Q

35 49 Q

37 50 Q

39 51 Q

41 52 Q43 53 Q

45 54 Q

47 55 Q

49 56 Q

51 57 Q

53 58 Q55 59 Q

57 60 Q

59 61 Q

61 62 Q

63 63 Q

AP

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Forward Link Data TransmissionDuring an Established Connection

Forward Link Data Transmission

During an Established Connection

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Information Flow Over 1xEV-DO

Q The system notifies a mobile when data for it is waiting to be sent

Q

The mobile chooses which sector it hears best at that instant, and requeststhe sector to send it a packet

Q there are 16 possible transmission formats the mobile may request, calledDRC Indices. Each DRC Index value is really a combined specificationincluding specific values for:

what data speed will be transmitted

how big a chunkof waiting data will be sent (that amount of data will becut of the front of the waiting data stream and will be the Packettransmitted)

what kind of encoding will be done to protect the data (3x Turbo, 5xTurbo, etc.) and the symbol repetition, if any

after the symbols are formed, how many SUBpackets they will bedivided into

Q Then, the sector starts transmitting the SUBpackets in SLOTS on theforward link

Q The first slot will begin with a header that the mobile will recognize so it can

begin the receiving process

AP

Data Ready

DRC: 5

Data from PDSN for the Mobile

MP3, web page, or other content

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Transmission of a Packet over EV-DO

AP

Data Ready

A user has in it iated a1xEV-DO data session on their AT,

accessing a favorite website.

The requested page has just been received by the PDSN.

The PDSN and Radio Network Controller send a Data

Ready message to let the AT know it has data waiting.



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AP

Data Ready

A user has in it iated a1xEV-DO data session on their AT,

accessing a favorite website.

The requested page has just been received by the PDSN.

The PDSN and Radio Network Controller send a Data

Ready message to let the AT know it has data waiting.

The AT quickly determines which of its active sectors is the

strongest. On the ATs DRC channel it asks that sector to

send it a packet at speed DRC Index 5 .

The mobi les choice, DRC Index 5, determines everything:

The raw bit speed is 307.2 kb/s.

The packet wil l have 2048 bits.

There will be 4 subpackets (in slots 4 apart).

The firs t subpacket wi ll begin with a 128 chip preamble.

DRC: 5

DRCIndex Slots

PreambleChips

PayloadBits

Rawkb/s

0x0 n/a n/a 0 null rate0x1 16 1024 1024 38.40x2 8 512 1024 76.80x3 4 256 1024 153.60x4 2 128 1024 307.20x5 4 128 2048 307.20x6 1 64 1024 614.40x7 2 64 2048 614.4

0x8 2 64 3072 921.60x9 1 64 2048 1,228.80xa 2 64 4096 1,228.80xb 1 64 3072 1,843.20xc 1 64 4096 2,457.60xd 2 64 5120 1,536.00xe 1 64 5120 3,072.0

C/Idb

n/a-11.5-9.2-6.5-3.5

-3.5-0.6-0.5

+2.2+3.9+4.0+8.0+10.3

in Rev. Ain Rev. A

Modu-lation

QPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSKQPSK

QPSKQPSK16QAM8PSK

16QAM16QAM16QAM



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MP3, web page, or other content AP

Data Ready

DRC: 5

2048 bits

Interleaver

+ D+

+D D

+

+ +

+

+ D+

+D D

++ +

+

Turbo Coder

PACKET

Symbols

Using the specifications for

the mobi les requested DRC

index, the correct-size packet

of bits is fed into the turbo

coder and the right number of

symbols are created.

DRCIndex Slots

PreambleChips

PayloadBits

Rawkb/s


0x8 2 64 3072 921.60x9 1 64 2048 1,228.80xa 2 64 4096 1,228.80xb 1 64 3072 1,843.20xc 1 64 4096 2,457.60xd 2 64 5120 1,536.00xe 1 64 5120 3,072.0

C/Idb

n/a-11.5-9.2-6.5-3.5

-3.5-0.6-0.5

+2.2+3.9+4.0+8.0+10.3

in Rev. Ain Rev. A

Modu-lation


QPSKQPSK16QAM8PSK

16QAM16QAM16QAM

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Data Ready

DRC: 5

2048 bits

Interleaver

+ D+

+D D

+

+ +

+

+ D+

+D D

++ +

+

Turbo Coder

Block Interleaver

PACKET

Symbols

Interleaved Symbols







To guard against bursty errors

in transmission, the symbols

are completely stirred up ina block interleaver.

The re-ordered stream of

symbols is now ready to

transmit.

DRCIndex Slots

PreambleChips

PayloadBits

Rawkb/s


0x8 2 64 3072 921.60x9 1 64 2048 1,228.80xa 2 64 4096 1,228.80xb 1 64 3072 1,843.20xc 1 64 4096 2,457.60xd 2 64 5120 1,536.00xe 1 64 5120 3,072.0

C/Idb

n/a-11.5-9.2-6.5-3.5

-3.5-0.6-0.5

+2.2+3.9+4.0+8.0+10.3

in Rev. Ain Rev. A

Modu-lation


QPSKQPSK16QAM8PSK

16QAM16QAM16QAM

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Data Ready

DRC: 5

2048 bits

Interleaver

+ D+

+D D

+

+ +

+

+ D+

+D D

++ +

+

Turbo Coder

Block Interleaver

PACKET

Symbols

Interleaved Symbols







To guard against bursty errors

in transmission, the symbols

are completely stirred up in

a block interleaver.The re-ordered stream of

symbols is now ready to

transmit. The symbols are

divided into the correct

number of subpackets, which

will occupy the same number

of t ransmission slots, spaced

four apart.

Its up to the AP to decide

when it will start transmitting

the stream, taking into account

any other pending subpackets

for other users, and

proportional fairness . Subpacket1

Subpacket2

Subpacket3

Subpacket4

DRCIndex Slots

PreambleChips

PayloadBits

Rawkb/s


0x8 2 64 3072 921.60x9 1 64 2048 1,228.80xa 2 64 4096 1,228.80xb 1 64 3072 1,843.20xc 1 64 4096 2,457.60xd 2 64 5120 1,536.00xe 1 64 5120 3,072.0

C/Idb

n/a-11.5-9.2-6.5-3.5

-3.5-0.6-0.5

+2.2+3.9+4.0+8.0+10.3

in Rev. Ain Rev. A

Modu-lation


QPSKQPSK16QAM8PSK

16QAM16QAM16QAM

T i i f P k t EV DO

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Data Ready

DRC: 5

2048 bits

1 2 3 4

Interleaver

+ D+

+D D

+

+ +

+

+ D+

+D D

++ +

+

Turbo Coder

Block Interleaver

PACKET

SLOTS

Symbols

Interleaved Symbols

When the AP is ready, the first

subpacket is actually

transmitted in a slot.

The first subpacket begins with

a preamble carrying the

users MAC index, so the

user knows this is the

start of its sequence of

subpackets, and how

many subpackets are inthe sequence..

The user keeps collecting

subpackets until either:

1) it has been able to

reverse-turbo decode the

packet contents early, or

2) the whole schedule of

subpackets has been

transmitted.

Subpackets

DRCIndex Slots

PreambleChips

PayloadBits

Rawkb/s


0x8 2 64 3072 921.60x9 1 64 2048 1,228.80xa 2 64 4096 1,228.80xb 1 64 3072 1,843.20xc 1 64 4096 2,457.60xd 2 64 5120 1,536.00xe 1 64 5120 3,072.0

C/Idb

n/a-11.5-9.2-6.5-3.5

-3.5-0.6-0.5

+2.2+3.9+4.0+8.0+10.3

in Rev. Ain Rev. A

Modu-lation


QPSKQPSK16QAM8PSK

16QAM16QAM16QAM

E /I d C/I

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Ec/Io and C/I

Q There are two main ways of expressingsignal quality in 1xEV-DO

Q C/I is the ratio of serving sector power toeverything else

C/I determines the forward data rate mobiles measure C/I during the pilot

burst period, then from it decide whatdata rate to request on the DRC

Q Ec/Io is the ratio of one sectors pilot power tothe total received power

the mobile uses Ec/Io to choose whichsectors to request for its active set

Q Ec/Io and C/I are related, and one can be

calculated from the otherQ EVDO Ec/Io is close to 0 db near a sector,

and ranges down to -10 at a cells edge

Q EVDO C/I can be above +10 db near asector, and -20 or lower at the edge

AP

Relationship ofC/I and Ec/Io

For EV-DO Signals

Io

Power fromServing Sector

I Interference Powerfrom other cells

EcC

0

mobile receive power

C/I, db-30 -20 -10 0 +10 +20

Ec/Io,

db

-30

-20

-10

0

R l ti hi f E /I d C/I i 1 EV DO S t

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-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

C/I, db

Ec/Io,

db

Relationship of Ec/Io and C/I in 1xEV-DO Systems

Ec/Io,

db

C/I,

db

-0.04 20

-0.14 15

-0.17 14

-0.21 13-0.27 12

-0.33 11

-0.41 10

-0.51 9

-0.64 8

-0.79 7

-0.97 6

-1.19 5

-1.46 4

-1.76 3

-2.12 2

-2.54 1

-3.01 0

-3.54 -1

-4.12 -2-4.76 -3

-5.46 -4

-6.97 -6

-8.64 -8

-10.41 -10

-12.27 -12

1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingA

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1xEV DO Active Set and Forward BurstingAnimation - Proportional Fairness

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Node

(UserTerminal)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

DO-RNC

Access

Point

(AP)

NEIGHBOR


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gAnimation - Proportional Fairness

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Node

(UserTerminal)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

NEIGHBOR NEIGHBOR

ACTIVENEIGHBOR

NEIGHBOR

NEIGHBOR

Route Update

DO-RNC


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Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Node

(UserTerminal)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVE ACTIVE

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

NEIGHBOR

These sectors are your ACTIVE SET.You may send DRC requests to any of them anytime.

Maybe youl l get some data in response!

DO-RNC


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Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Node

(UserTerminal)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVE ACTIVE

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

NEIGHBOR

DRC

Good Signal!

PACKET PLEASE!@ x speed

DO-RNC


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Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Node

(UserTerminal)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVE ACTIVE

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

NEIGHBOR

DRC

FOR YOU!

DO-RNC


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Animation - Proportional Fairness

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Node

(UserTerminal)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVE ACTIVE

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

NEIGHBOR

DRC

Good Signal!

PACKET PLEASE!@ y speed

DO-RNC


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Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Node

(UserTerminal)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVE ACTIVE

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

NEIGHBOR

DRC

FOR YOU!

DO-RNC

1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingA i i P i l F i

A

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Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Node

(UserTerminal)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVE ACTIVE

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

NEIGHBOR

DRC

Good Signal!

PACKET PLEASE!@ z speed

DO-RNC

1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingA i ti P ti l F i

A

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Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Node

(UserTerminal)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVE ACTIVE

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

NEIGHBOR

DRC

This isnt one of hisbetter receiving

moments. I think Illserve somebodybetter this time.

DO-RNC


A

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Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Node

(UserTerminal)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVE ACTIVE

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

NEIGHBOR

Nothingdid it forget

me?

DO-RNC


A

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Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Node

(UserTerminal)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVE ACTIVE

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

NEIGHBOR

DRC

Good Signal!


DO-RNC

1xEV-DO Active Set and Forward BurstingAnimation Proportional Fairness

A

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Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Node

(UserTerminal)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVE ACTIVE

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

NEIGHBOR

DRC

FOR YOU!

DO-RNC


A

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Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Node

(UserTerminal)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVE ACTIVE

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

NEIGHBOR

DRC

Good Signal!


DO-RNC


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Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Node

(UserTerminal)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

Access

Point

(AP)

ACTIVE ACTIVE

ACTIVEACTIVE

NEIGHBOR

NEIGHBOR

DRC

THIS IS

FOR YOU!

Good Signal!


DO-RNC

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1xEV-DO Forward Link Details1xEV-DO Forward Link Details

1xEV-DO Protective Coding

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Q Turbo coding is the defaultencoding method for 1xEV-DO onboth forward and reverse link

Q The code rate is determined by: input bit rate

effective turbo coder rate,including number of coderoutputs and symbol puncturing

Q The data rate and number of slotsused per packet determine theother forward link variables asshown in the table at right

Data Total Bits Bits/Pkt Symbols

Rate Slots Code per - Tail per

(kbps) Used Rate Packet Field Packet

38.4 16 1/5 1,024 1,018 5,120

76.8 8 1/5 1,024 1,018 5,120153.6 4 1/5 1,024 1,018 5,120

307.2 2 1/5 1,024 1,018 5,120

614.4 1 1/3 1,024 1,018 3,072

307.2 4 1/3 2,048 2,042 6,144

614.4 2 1/3 2,048 2,042 6,144

1,228.8 8 1/3 2,048 2,042 6,144921.6 2 1/3 3,072 3,066 9,216

1,843.2 2 1/3 3,072 3,066 9,216

1,228.8 8 1/3 4,096 4,090 12,2882,457.6 8 1/3 4,096 4,090 12,288

Discard

6-bit

Encoder

Tail Field

TurboEncoderwith an

Internally-generated

tail

Data

Packet

Encoding

and

Scrambling

Inter-

leaving

bits symbols

Forward Traffic Channel Packetsor Control Channel Packets

CodeSymbols

Data Scrambling in 1xEV-DO

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Q IS-95 and 1xRTT use data scrambling on the forward link the scrambling sequence is a decimated version of the long PN

code from the previous frame

the purpose is to randomize the waveforms of multiple users sothat the composite transmitted waveform has a low peak-to-

average ratio and effectively uses power amplifier capability a secondary purpose is to provide enhanced privacy

Q 1xEV-DO uses data scrambling on both links to randomize thedata and avoid unbalanced waveforms

the scrambling sequence is generic, not unique per user security is already provided in a standard-defined layer

the generic scrambling register coefficients are specified in thestandard

TurboEncoding &Puncturing

Data

Scrambling

BlockInterleaving

Data Bits

Symbols

ready to

Transmit

One Slot on the Forward Traffic Channel

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DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA

336 chips 64 96 64 400 chips 400 chips 64 96 64 400 chipsSlot 1024 chips Slot 1024 chips

PRBL

64

Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot , 614.4 Kb/s)

1/3 or 1/5

encoder

scrambler

Channel

Interleaver

QPSK/8PSK16QAM

Modulator

SequenceRepetition,

SignalPuncturing

Symbol

DEMUX

1 to 16

16-ary

Walsh

Covers

Walsh

Channel

Gain

Walsh

Chip Level

Summer

Data(modulation

symbols)

Sequence

Repetition0

I

Q

I

Q

32-symbol bi-OrthogonalMAC cover

SignalPoint

Mapping

Sequence

Repetition(factor=4)

I

Q

Walsh

Chip LevelSummer Q

RAchannel

gain

SignalPoint

Mapping

BitRepetition(xRAB len)

MACchannelRA bits

DRC LockChannel

Gain

RPCChannel

Gain

SignalPoint

Mapping

SignalPoint

Mapping

BitRepetition

(xDRCLlen)

Walsh Cover W264

MAC Index Walsh Cover

MAC RPC bits A

MAC channelDRC Lock symbols

0

I

Q

Walsh Cover 0

SignalPoint

MappingPilot Channel (all 0s)

TDMT

imeDivisionMu

ltiplexer

ToQuadratu

reSpreadingan

dModulation

IWalshChannels

QWa

lshChannels

I

Preamble

1. Data SubPacket is Ready to SendA

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1/3 or 1/5

encoder

scrambler

Channel

Interleaver

QPSK/8PSK16QAM

Modulator

SequenceRepetition,

SignalPuncturing

Symbol

DEMUX

1 to 16

16-ary

Walsh

Covers

Walsh

Channel

Gain

Walsh

Chip Level

Summer

Sequence

Repetition0

I

Q

I

Q


SignalPoint

Mapping

Sequence


I

Q

Walsh

Chip LevelSummer Q

RAchannel

gain

SignalPoint

Mapping


DRC LockChannel

Gain

RPCChannel

Gain

SignalPoint

Mapping

SignalPoint

Mapping

BitRepetition

(xDRCLlen)

Walsh Cover W264


0

I

Q

Walsh Cover 0

SignalPoint

Mapping

TDMT

imeDivisionMu

ltiplexer

ToQuadratu

reSpreadingan

dModulation

IWalshChannels

QWa

lshChannels

DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATAPRBL

Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot, 614.4 Kb/s)

I

Data(modulation

symbols)

MACchannelRA bits

MAC RPC bits A


Pilot Channel (all 0s)

Preamble


64

2. Send Preamble to Notify Destination MobileA

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1/3 or 1/5

encoder

scrambler

Channel

Interleaver

QPSK/8PSK16QAM

Modulator

SequenceRepetition,

SignalPuncturing

Symbol

DEMUX

1 to 16

16-ary

Walsh

Covers

Walsh

Channel

Gain

Walsh

Chip Level

Summer

Sequence

Repetition0

I

Q

I

Q


SignalPoint

Mapping

Sequence


I

Q

Walsh

Chip LevelSummer Q

RAchannel

gain

SignalPoint

Mapping


DRC LockChannel

Gain

RPCChannel

Gain

SignalPoint

Mapping

SignalPoint

Mapping

BitRepetition

(xDRCLlen)

Walsh Cover W264


0

I

Q

Walsh Cover 0

SignalPoint

Mapping

TDMT

imeDivisionMu

ltiplexer

ToQuadratu

reSpreadingan

dModulation

IWalshChannels

QWa

lshChannels

DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATAPRBL


I

Data(modulation

symbols)

MACchannelRA bits

MAC RPC bits A



Preamble


64

3. Send First 336 Data SymbolsA

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1/3 or 1/5

encoder

scrambler

Channel

Interleaver

QPSK/8PSK16QAM

Modulator

SequenceRepetition,

SignalPuncturing

Symbol

DEMUX

1 to 16

16-ary

Walsh

Covers

Walsh

Channel

Gain

Walsh

Chip Level

Summer

Sequence

Repetition0

I

Q

I

Q


SignalPoint

Mapping

Sequence


I

Q

Walsh

Chip LevelSummer Q

RAchannel

gain

SignalPoint

Mapping


DRC LockChannel

Gain

RPCChannel

Gain

SignalPoint

Mapping

SignalPoint

Mapping

BitRepetition

(xDRCLlen)

Walsh Cover W264


0

I

Q

Walsh Cover 0

SignalPoint

Mapping

TDMT

imeDivisionMultiplexer

ToQuadratu

reSpreadingan

dModulation

IWalshChannels

QWa

lshChannels

DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATAPRBL

I


Data(modulation

symbols)

MACchannelRA bits

MAC RPC bits A



Preamble


64

4. Send MAC Channel Part 1A

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1/3 or 1/5

encoder

scrambler

Channel

Interleaver

QPSK/8PSK16QAM

Modulator

SequenceRepetition,

SignalPuncturing

Symbol

DEMUX

1 to 16

16-ary

Walsh

Covers

Walsh

Channel

Gain

Walsh

Chip Level

Summer

Sequence

Repetition0

I

Q

I

Q


SignalPoint

Mapping

Sequence


I

Q

Walsh

Chip LevelSummer Q

RAchannel

gain

SignalPoint

Mapping


DRC LockChannel

Gain

RPCChannel

Gain

SignalPoint

Mapping

SignalPoint

Mapping

BitRepetition

(xDRCLlen)

Walsh Cover W264


0

I

Q

Walsh Cover 0

SignalPoint

Mapping

TDMT


ToQuadratu

reSpreadingan

dModulation

IWalshChannels

QWa

lshChannels

DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATAPRBL

I


Data(modulation

symbols)

MACchannelRA bits

MAC RPC bits A



Preamble


64

5. Send Pilot First Half SlotA

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1/3 or 1/5

encoder

scrambler

Channel

Interleaver

QPSK/8PSK16QAM

Modulator

SequenceRepetition,

SignalPuncturing

Symbol

DEMUX

1 to 16

16-ary

Walsh

Covers

Walsh

Channel

Gain

Walsh

Chip Level

Summer

Sequence

Repetition0

I

Q

I

Q


SignalPoint

Mapping

Sequence


I

Q

Walsh

Chip LevelSummer Q

RAchannel

gain

SignalPoint

Mapping


DRC LockChannel

Gain

RPCChannel

Gain

SignalPoint

Mapping

SignalPoint

Mapping

BitRepetition

(xDRCLlen)

Walsh Cover W264


0

I

Q

Walsh Cover 0

SignalPoint

Mapping

TDMT


ToQuadratu

reSpreadingan

dModulation

IWalshChannels

QWa

lshChannels

DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATAPRBL

I


Data(modulation

symbols)

MACchannelRA bits

MAC RPC bits A



Preamble


64

6. Send MAC Channel - Second PartA

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1/3 or 1/5

encoder

scrambler

Channel

Interleaver

QPSK/8PSK16QAM

Modulator

SequenceRepetition,

SignalPuncturing

Symbol

DEMUX

1 to 16

16-ary

Walsh

Covers

Walsh

Channel

Gain

Walsh

Chip Level

Summer

Sequence

Repetition0

I

Q

I

Q


SignalPoint

Mapping

Sequence


I

Q

Walsh

Chip LevelSummer Q

RAchannel

gain

SignalPoint

Mapping


DRC LockChannel

Gain

RPCChannel

Gain

SignalPoint

Mapping

SignalPoint

Mapping

BitRepetition

(xDRCLlen)

Walsh Cover W264


0

I

Q

Walsh Cover 0

SignalPoint

Mapping

TDMT


ToQuadratu

reSpreadingan

dModulation

IWalshChan

nels

QWa

lshChannels

DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATAPRBL

I


Data(modulation

symbols)

MACchannelRA bits

MAC RPC bits A



Preamble


64

7. Send Next 800 Data SymbolsA

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1/3 or 1/5

encoder

scrambler

Channel

Interleaver

QPSK/8PSK16QAM

Modulator

SequenceRepetition,

SignalPuncturing

Symbol

DEMUX

1 to 16

16-ary

Walsh

Covers

Walsh

Channel

Gain

Walsh

Chip Level

Summer

Sequence

Repetition0

I

Q

I

Q


SignalPoint

Mapping

SequenceRepetition(factor=4)

I

Q

WalshChip LevelSummer Q

RAchannel

gain

SignalPoint

Mapping


DRC LockChannel

Gain

RPCChannel

Gain

SignalPoint

Mapping

SignalPoint

Mapping

BitRepetition

(xDRCLlen)

Walsh Cover W264


0

I

Q

Walsh Cover 0

SignalPoint

Mapping

TDMT


ToQuadratu

reSpreadingan

dModulation

IWalshChan

nels

QWa

lshChannels

DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATAPRBL

I


Data(modulation

symbols)

MACchannelRA bits

MAC RPC bits A



Preamble


64

8. Send MAC Channel Third PartA

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1/3 or 1/5

encoder

scrambler

Channel

Interleaver

QPSK/8PSK16QAM

Modulator

SequenceRepetition,

SignalPuncturing

Symbol

DEMUX

1 to 16

16-ary

Walsh

Covers

Walsh

Channel

Gain

Walsh

Chip Level

Summer

Sequence

Repetition0

I

Q

I

Q


SignalPoint

Mapping


I

Q


RAchannel

gain

SignalPoint

Mapping


DRC LockChannel

Gain

RPCChannel

Gain

SignalPoint

Mapping

SignalPoint

Mapping

BitRepetition

(xDRCLlen)

Walsh Cover W264


0

I

Q

Walsh Cover 0

SignalPoint

Mapping

TDMTimeDivisionMultiplexer

ToQuadratu

reSpreadingan

dModulation

IWalshChan

nels

QWa

lshChannels

DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATAPRBL

I


Data(modulation

symbols)

MACchannelRA bits

MAC RPC bits A



Preamble


64

9. Send Pilot Second Half-SlotA

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1/3 or 1/5

encoder

scrambler

Channel

Interleaver

QPSK/8PSK16QAM

Modulator

SequenceRepetition,

SignalPuncturing

Symbol

DEMUX

1 to 16

16-ary

Walsh

Covers

Walsh

Channel

Gain

Walsh

Chip Level

Summer

Sequence

Repetition0

I

Q

I

Q


SignalPoint

Mapping


I

Q


RAchannel

gain

SignalPoint

Mapping


DRC LockChannel

Gain

RPCChannel

Gain

SignalPoint

Mapping

SignalPoint

Mapping

BitRepetition

(xDRCLlen)

Walsh Cover W264


0

I

Q

Walsh Cover 0

SignalPoint

Mapping


ToQuadratu

reSpreadingan

dModulation

IWalshChan

nels

QWa

lshChannels

DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATAPRBL

I


Data(modulation

symbols)

MACchannelRA bits

MAC RPC bits A



Preamble


64

10. Send MAC Channel Fourth PartA

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1/3 or 1/5

encoder

scrambler

Channel

Interleaver

QPSK/8PSK16QAM

Modulator

SequenceRepetition,

SignalPuncturing

Symbol

DEMUX

1 to 16

16-ary

Walsh

Covers

Walsh

Channel

Gain

Walsh

Chip Level

Summer

Sequence

Repetition0

I

Q

I

Q


SignalPoint

Mapping


I

Q


RAchannel

gain

SignalPoint

Mapping


DRC LockChannel

Gain

RPCChannel

Gain

SignalPoint

Mapping

SignalPoint

Mapping

BitRepetition

(xDRCLlen)

Walsh Cover W264


0

I

Q

Walsh Cover 0

SignalPoint

Mapping


ToQuadratu

reSpreadingan

dModulation

IWalshChan

nels

QWa

lshChannels

DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATAPRBL

I


Data(modulation

symbols)

MACchannelRA bits

MAC RPC bits A



Preamble


64

11. Send Last 400 Data SymbolsA

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1/3 or 1/5

encoder

scrambler

Channel

Interleaver

QPSK/8PSK16QAM

Modulator

SequenceRepetition,

SignalPuncturing

Symbol

DEMUX

1 to 16

16-ary

Walsh

Covers

Walsh

Channel

Gain

Walsh

Chip Level

Summer

Sequence

Repetition0

I

Q

I

Q


SignalPoint

Mapping


I

Q


RAchannel

gain

SignalPoint

Mapping


DRC LockChannel

Gain

RPCChannel

Gain

SignalPoint

Mapping

SignalPoint

Mapping

BitRepetition

(xDRCLlen)

Walsh Cover W264


0

I

Q

Walsh Cover 0

SignalPoint

Mapping


ToQuadratu

reSpreadingan

dModulation

IWalshChan

nels

QWa

lshChannels

DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATAPRBL

I


Data(modulation

symbols)

MACchannelRA bits

MAC RPC bits A



Preamble


64

One Slot on the Forward Traffic ChannelA

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DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA DATAMAC

PILOT

MAC

DATA


PRBL

64

Example Subpacket: 1536 Data Modulation Symbols (1 slot , 614.4 Kb/s)

1/3 or 1/5

encoder

scrambler

Channel

Interleaver

QPSK/8PSK16QAM

Modulator

SequenceRepetition,

SignalPuncturing

Symbol

DEMUX

1 to 16

16-ary

Walsh

Covers

Walsh

Channel

Gain

Walsh

Chip Level

Summer

Data(modulation

symbols)

Sequence

Repetition0

I

Q

I

Q


SignalPoint

Mapping


I

Q


RAchannel

gain

SignalPoint

Mapping


MACchannelRA bits

DRC LockChannel

Gain

RPCChannel

Gain

SignalPoint

Mapping

SignalPoint

Mapping

BitRepetition

(xDRCLlen)

Walsh Cover W264


MAC RPC bits A


0

I

Q

Walsh Cover 0

SignalPoint

MappingPilot Channel (all 0s)


ToQuadratu

reSpreadingan

dModulation

IWalshChan

nels

QWa

lshChannels

I

Preamble

Forward MAC ContentsAP

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Q RA: Reverse Activity

The AP must manage its reverse traffic loading to keep the noiselevel manageable

Reverse noise is directly proportional to the speed at whichmobiles transmit on the reverse link

When noise is too high, the AP can throttle back all the ATs

Q DRC Lock

This forward channel contains a stream of bits indicating whether

the network currently will allow the mobile to transmit requests onthe reverse DRC channel; timing and signal quality conditionalparameters are also involved

The DRC Lock bits and DRC Lock state is independent persector. A mobile should not transmit DRC requests to a sector

sending DRC Lock indication, but may transmit DRC requests toother sectors in its active set

Q RPC: Reverse Power Control bits instruct the mobile to increase ordecrease its transmit power by a programmable increment, in muchthe same way as in IS-2000. The rate is 600 bps.

Reverse MAC Channel Contents

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QThe Reverse MAC channel contains two streams of information

Q DRC Data Rate Control channel is used by the AT to request thedata rate and desired sector

Data rate is requested using 8-ary bi-orthogonal coding Desired sector is requested using 8-ary Walsh cover

Each DRC channel slot contains 1024 chips to facilitate reliabledetection

DRC messages start at the center of a slot to minimize thedelay between C/I estimation and the start of AP transmission

Q RRI Reverse Rate Indicator channel identifies up to 8 differentdesired reverse data transmission rates

8-ary orthogonal code is used to indicate rates

The RRI symbol is transmitted 32 times in each frame RRI symbols are inverted in the last half of the frame to make

synchronization easier

How the DRC Channel Operates

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QThe AT estimates the forward channel C/I and identifies thefeasible data rate and the requested sector to be used

QThe AT sends this information to the AP on the DRC channel

Q Only the requested sector will transmit packets to this AT

QThe requested sector sends a data packet including preamble tothe AT at the rate requested by the DRC in the immediatelypreceding slot

Q After the packet transmission is initiated, it must be continued untilthe payload has been fully transmitted

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Hybrid ARQ:

Hybrid Repeat-Request Protocol

Hybrid ARQ:

Hybrid Repeat-Request Protocol

The Hybrid ARQ Process

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Q In 1xRTT, retransmission protocolstypically work at the link layer

Radio Link Protocol (RLP)

communicates usingsignaling packets

lost data packets arentrecognized and arediscarded at the decoder

Q This method is slow and wasteful!

SYSTEM

MAClayer

Physicallayer

RLP RadioLink Protocol

Appl ication layer

LAC layer

MAClayer

Physicallayer

RLP RadioLink Protocol

CDMA2000 1xRTT

F-FCHR-FCH

Appl ication layer

LAC layer

Appl ication layer

Stream layer

Session layer

Connection layer

Security layer

MAC layer

Physicallayer

HARQprotocol

AP Access Point AT Access TerminalCDMA2000 1xEV-DO

Physicallayer

HARQprotocol

R-ACK

Appl ication layer

Stream layer

Session layer

Connection layer

Security layer

MAC layer

F-TFC repeats

Q In 1xEV-DO, RLP functions arereplicated at the physical layer

HARQ Hybrid Repeat Request Protocol

fast physical layer ACK bits

Chase Combining of multiple

repeats unneeded repeats pre-empted

by positive ACK

Q This method is fast and efficient!

The Hybrid ARQ Process

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Q Each physical layer data packet is encoded into subpackets

as long as the receiver does not send back anacknowledgment, the transmitter keeps sending moresubpackets, up to the maximum of the current configuration

The identity of the subpackets is known by the receiver, so itcan combine the subpackets for better decoding

Q each additional subpacket in essence contributes additional signalpower to aid in the detection of its parent packet

its hard to predict the exact power necessary for successfuldecoding in systems without HARQ

the channel changes rapidly during transmission

various estimation errors (noise, bias, etc.)

exact needed SNR is stochastic, even on a static channel!Q In effect, HARQ sends progressively more energy until there is just

enough and the packet is successfully decoded

Construction of a Forward Link Packet

bit b l

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Q Physical Layer Packets encoded, interleaved, broken into subpackets

each subpacket is a unique coded representation of the packet

Q Each subpacket is sent independently during one slot

Subpackets are sent in sequential order with a three-slot gap betweensuccessive subpackets

Sub-packet

0

Sub-packet

1

Sub-packet

2

Sub-packet

3

Sub-packet

0

Data

PacketEncoding

Inter-

leaving

bits symbols

PacketSubpacket

00

otherpkts

01

02

03

10

otherpkts

otherpkts.

otherpkts.

otherpkts.

otherpkts.

otherpkts.

otherpkts

otherpkts

otherpkts

otherpkts

otherpkts

One Slot

Forward

ChannelTraffic

QThe receiver combines successive subpackets until it finally decodes thecomplete packet contents

then sends an ACKto cancel any remaining unneeded subpackets

this Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) process gives incremental redundancy

Multislot Packet Timing, Normal Termination

User A diff A A A Adiff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diffAP

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Q AT selects sector, sends request for data

Q AP starts sending next packet, one subpacket at a time

Q After each subpacket, AT either NAKs or AKs on ACK channel

Q In this example,

AP transmits all 4 scheduled subpackets of packet #0 beforethe AT is finally able to decode correctly and send AK

then the AP can begin packet #1, first subpacket

One Slot

UserPacketSubpacket

A00

diff.user

A01

A02

A03

A10

R-DRC

F-Traffic

R-ACK

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

NAK NAK NAK AK!

AP

AT1/2 Slotoffset

decode

decide

prepare

NAK

decode

decide

prepare

NAK

decode

decide

prepare

NAK

decode

decide

prepare

NAK

Multislot Packet Timing, Early Termination

UserP k t A0 diff A0 A1 A1 A2diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diffAP UserP k t A0 diff A0diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff diff

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Q AT selects sector, sends request for dataQ AP starts sending next packet, one subpacket at a time

Q After each subpacket, AT either NAKs or AKs on ACK channel

Q In this example,

AT is able to successfully decode packet #0 after receivingonly the first two subpackets

AT sends ACK. AP now continues with first subpacket ofpacket #1

NAK NAK AK!

UserPacketSubpacket

A00

diff.user

A01

A10

A11

A20

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

AK!

AP

AT

One Slot

UserPacketSubpacket

A00

diff.user

A01

R-DRC

F-Traffic

R-ACK

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

diff.user

NAK NAK AK!

1/2 Slotoffset

decode

decide

prepare

NAK

decode

decide

prepare

NAK

decode

decide

prepare

NAK

decode

decide

prepare

NAK

Packet 0

Multiple ARQ Instances

bits symbols

A

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Packet 0Subpackets

Q Definition: Number of ARQ Instances the maximum number of packets that may be in transit simultaneously

sometimes also called the number of ARQ channels

QThis figure and the preceding page appear to show 4 ARQ instances

Q Packets in the different ARQ instances may be for the same user (the most common situation)

may be for different users (determined by QOS and scheduling)

Q Destination mobile knows its packets by their preamble

0 1 2 3

Data

Packets

Encoding

and

Scrambling

Inter-

leaving

bits symbols

PacketSubpacket

00

1.0

01

02

03

2.0

3.0

1.1

2.1

3.1

1.2

2.2

3.2

1.3

2.3

3.3

One Slot

Forward

ChannelTraffic

Packet 0

Multiple ARQ Instances

bits symbols

Packet 1

A

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