BRITISH STANDARD BS EN12697-34:2004Incorporating amendment no. 1

Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt —Part 34: Marshall test

The European Standard EN 12697-34:2004, incorporating amendment A1:2007, has the status of a British Standard

ICS 93.080.20

Lice

nsed

Cop

y: S

HU

Ath

ens,

She

ffiel

d H

alla

m U

nive

rsity

, 23/

11/2

007

09:0

8, U

ncon

trol

led

Cop

y, (

c) B

SI

BS EN 12697-34:2004

This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 7 July 2004

© BSI 2007

ISBN 978 0 580 59824 1

National foreword

This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 12697-34:2004, incorporating amendment A1:2007.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/510, Road materials, to Subcommittee B/510/1, Coated macadam and hot asphalt.A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.

Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No. Date Comments

17288 31 August 2007 Implementation of CEN amendment A1:2007.

Lice

nsed

Cop

y: S

HU

Ath

ens,

She

ffiel

d H

alla

m U

nive

rsity

, 23/

11/2

007

09:0

8, U

ncon

trol

led

Cop

y, (

c) B

SI

EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM

EN 12697-34:2004+A1

July 2007

ICS 93.080.20 Supersedes EN 12697-34:2004

English Version

Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part34: Marshall test

Mélanges bitumineux - Méthodes d'essai pour mélange hydrocarboné à chaud - Partie 34: Essai Marshall

Asphalt - Prüfverfahren für Heißasphalt - Teil 34: Marshall-Prüfung

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 April 2004 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 16 May 2007.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION C O M IT É E U R O P É E N DE N O R M AL IS A T I ONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITE E FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

© 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.

Ref. No. EN 12697-34:2004+A1:2007: E

Lice

nsed

Cop

y: S

HU

Ath

ens,

She

ffiel

d H

alla

m U

nive

rsity

, 23/

11/2

007

09:0

8, U

ncon

trol

led

Cop

y, (

c) B

SI

EN 12697-34:2004+A1:2007 (E)

2

Contents

page

Foreword..............................................................................................................................................................3

1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................6

2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................6

3 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................6

4 Principle..................................................................................................................................................7

5 Apparatus ...............................................................................................................................................7

6 Procedure ...............................................................................................................................................7

7 Expression of results ............................................................................................................................8

8 Test report ..............................................................................................................................................9

9 Precision.................................................................................................................................................9

Annex A (normative) Marshall quotient .........................................................................................................10

Annex B (normative) Testing head.................................................................................................................11

Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................13

Lice

nsed

Cop

y: S

HU

Ath

ens,

She

ffiel

d H

alla

m U

nive

rsity

, 23/

11/2

007

09:0

8, U

ncon

trol

led

Cop

y, (

c) B

SI

EN 12697-34:2004+A1:2007 (E)

3

Foreword

This document (EN 12697-34:2004+A1:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 “Road materials”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2008 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn atthe latest by January 2008.

This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2007-05-16.

This document supersedes EN 12697-34:2004.

The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags!".

This European Standard is one of a series of standards as listed below:

EN 12697-1, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 1: Soluble binder content

EN 12697-2, Bituminous mixtures — Test method for hot mix asphalt — Part 2: Determination of particle size distribution

EN 12697-3, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 3: Bitumen recovery: Rotaryevaporator

EN 12697-4, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 4: Bitumen recovery:Fractionating column

EN 12697-5, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 5: Determination of the maximum density

EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 6: Determination of bulk density of bituminous specimens

EN 12697-7, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 7: Determination of bulk densityof bituminous specimens by gamma rays

EN 12697-8, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 8: Determination of void characteristics of bituminous specimens

EN 12697-9, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 9: Determination of the reference density

EN 12697-10, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 10: Compactibility

EN 12697-11, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 11: Determination of the affinity between aggregate and bitumen

EN 12697-12, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 12: Determination of the watersensitivity of bituminous specimens

EN 12697-13, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 13: Temperaturemeasurement

Lice

nsed

Cop

y: S

HU

Ath

ens,

She

ffiel

d H

alla

m U

nive

rsity

, 23/

11/2

007

09:0

8, U

ncon

trol

led

Cop

y, (

c) B

SI

EN 12697-34:2004+A1:2007 (E)

4

EN 12697-14, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 14: Water content

EN 12697-15, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 15: Determination of the segregation sensitivity

EN 12697-16, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 16: Abrasion by studded tyres

EN 12697-17, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 17: Partial loss of porousasphalt specimen

prEN 12697-18, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 18: Binder drainage

EN 12697-19, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 19: Permeability of specimen

EN 12697-20, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 20: Indentation using cube orMarshall specimens

EN 12697-21, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 21: Indentation using plate specimens

EN 12697-22, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 22: Wheel tracking

EN 12697-23, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 23: Determination of the indirect tensile strength of bituminous specimens

EN 12697-24, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 24: Resistance to fatigue

EN 12697-25, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 25: Cyclic compression test

EN 12697-26, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 26: Stiffness

EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 27: Sampling

EN 12697-28, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 28: Preparation of samples fordetermining binder content, water content and grading

EN 12697-29, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 29: Determination of the dimensions of a bituminous specimen

EN 12697-30, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 30: Specimen preparation by impact compactor

EN 12697-31, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 31: Specimen preparation by gyratory compactor

EN 12697-32, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 32: Laboratory compaction ofbituminous mixtures by vibratory compactor

EN 12697-33, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 33: Specimen prepared byroller compactor

EN 12697-34, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 34: Marshall test

EN 12697-35, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 35: Laboratory mixing

EN 12697-36, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 36: Determination of the thickness of a bituminous pavement

Lice

nsed

Cop

y: S

HU

Ath

ens,

She

ffiel

d H

alla

m U

nive

rsity

, 23/

11/2

007

09:0

8, U

ncon

trol

led

Cop

y, (

c) B

SI

EN 12697-34:2004+A1:2007 (E)

5

EN 12697-37, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 37: Hot sand test for theadhesivity of binder on pre-coated chippings for HRA

EN 12697-38, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 38: Common equipment andcalibration

EN 12697-39, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 39: Binder content by ignition

EN 12697-40, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 40: In situ drainability

EN 12697-41, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 41: Resistance to deicing fluids

EN 12697-42, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 42: Amount of coarse foreignmatters in reclaimed asphalt

EN 12697-43, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 43: Resistance to fuel

The annexes A and B are normative.

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the followingcountries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

Lice

nsed

Cop

y: S

HU

Ath

ens,

She

ffiel

d H

alla

m U

nive

rsity

, 23/

11/2

007

09:0

8, U

ncon

trol

led

Cop

y, (

c) B

SI

EN 12697-34:2004+A1:2007 (E)

6

1 Scope

This European Standard specifies a test method for determining the stability, flow and the Marshall Quotientvalues of specimens of bituminous mixtures mixed according to!EN 12697-35:2004+A1" and prepared using the impact compactor method of test!EN 12697-30:2004+A1". It is limited to dense graded asphaltconcrete and hot rolled asphalt.

2 Normative references

This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply tothis European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).

EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 6: Determination of bulk densityof bituminous specimens

EN 12697-29, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 29: Determination of the dimensions of a bituminous specimen

!EN 12697-30:2004+A1", Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 30: Specimenpreparation by impact compactor

EN ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials — Verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part 1:Tension/compression testing machines (ISO 7500-1:1999)

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1stability Smaximum resistance to deformation, in kilonewtons (kN), of a moulded asphalt specimen

3.2flowFdeformation of the moulded specimen in millimetres (mm) at maximum load less the nominal deformationobtained by extrapolation the tangent of the graph of load against deformation back to zero load (A to M’ inannex A)

3.3tangential flowFtnominal deformation of the moulded specimen, in millimetres (mm) obtained by extrapolation the tangent of the graph of load against deformation forward to the stability load less the nominal deformation obtained byextrapolation the tangent back to zero load (A to B’ in annex A)

3.4Marshall quotient ratio of the stability, S, to the flow, F, S/F, see annex A

Lice

nsed

Cop

y: S

HU

Ath

ens,

She

ffiel

d H

alla

m U

nive

rsity

, 23/

11/2

007

09:0

8, U

ncon

trol

led

Cop

y, (

c) B

SI

EN 12697-34:2004+A1:2007 (E)

7

4 Principle

Marshall specimens are compacted in accordance with!EN 12697-30:2004+A1". The Marshall stability,flow and quotient are subsequently determined on these specimens using defined procedures and reportedalong with the bulk density of the specimen.

5 Apparatus

5.1 Compression testing machine of Grade 2 or better according to EN ISO 7500-.1 having arecommended minimum capacity of 28 kN and capable of applying loads to test specimens at a constant rateof deformation of (50 ± 2) mm/min after a transitory period less than 20 % of the loading time. The rate ofdeformation is to be maintained.

5.2 A flow!measuring" device capable of determining deformation to an accuracy of ± 0,1 mm.

5.3 Graphical plotter: device for evaluating the curve of force versus flow, e.g. graphical plotter, striprecorder or software program.

5.4 Testing head: upper and lower breaking heads with the dimensions given in annex B.

5.5 Water bath, at least 150 mm deep and capable of thermostatically maintaining the water at atemperature of (60 ± 1) °C. This bath shall have a perforated false bottom or shelf that can suspend the testspecimens at least 25 mm above the bottom of the bath, and allow at least 25 mm depth of water above thespecimens. The size of the bath shall allow specimens to be placed face down and not in contact with one another. A device to ensure continuous circulation of water shall also be fitted.

5.6 Thermometer, capable of measuring a temperature of 60 °C accurate to 0,5 °C.

5.7 Oven, capable of maintaining temperature of (110 ± 5) °C.

6 Procedure

6.1 Specimen preparation

6.1.1 Specimens shall be compacted in accordance with !EN 12697-30:2004+A1" ensuring that 50 blows are applied to each side within the acceptable temperature range given.

6.1.2 The compacted specimens shall be demoulded ensuring that they are cooled in air to avoid any dangerof deformation and tested in accordance with section 6.5 to 6.7. After demoulding wait at least 4 h before further testing begins. All tests shall be complete within 32 h of demoulding.

The bulk density of each specimen shall be determined in accordance with EN 12697-6.

6.1.3 The height of each specimen shall be measured in accordance with EN 12697-29, or the volume shall be calculated from the bulk density measurement.

6.1.4 Immerse the cylindrical specimens, on their flat surface, in the water bath for at least 40 min and not longer than 60 min. Maintain the temperature of the water in the bath at (60 ± 1) °C.

6.2 Test procedure

6.2.1 Thoroughly clean the guide rods and the inside surfaces of the test heads. Lubricate the guide rods toensure that the upper test head slides freely over them.

Lice

nsed

Cop

y: S

HU

Ath

ens,

She

ffiel

d H

alla

m U

nive

rsity

, 23/

11/2

007

09:0

8, U

ncon

trol

led

Cop

y, (

c) B

SI

EN 12697-34:2004+A1:2007 (E)

8

6.2.2 Prepare the test head by preheating for at least 30 min at (60 ± 1) °C in the water bath or for 1 h in theoven.

This action shall be undertaken at the start of testing of a batch of specimens not greater than twelve innumber. In the event of a delay of more than 3 min between the testing of each specimen the test head shall be heated in a suitable oven or water-bath maintained at the specified test temperature. The minimumreheating period shall be the lesser of the delay encountered and 30 minutes when heated in a water bath, ordouble that when heated in an oven.

6.2.3 Remove the test specimen from the water bath and place it centrally on its side in the test headensuring good surface contact between the specimen and the test head. Place the complete assemblycentrally on the testing machine.

Prior to testing each specimen the test head shall be cleaned as required. An environmentally suitable solventmay be used for cleaning and a silicone spray applied to prevent specimens adhering to the test head.

6.2.4 Apply the load to the test specimen to achieve a constant rate of deformation of (50 ± 2) mm/minallowing for the transitory period. Continue the application of this load until the maximum reading is obtained on the load measuring device. Record the load indicated. This section of the test shall be carried out within40 s of removal of the test specimen from the water bath.

Also measure the distance to ±0,5 mm, from the intersection of the tangent and the base line, A, to the pointwhere the maximum load is achieved, M.

6.2.5 Carry out the stability and flow tests on a set of four specimens.

7 Expression of results

7.1 The maximum load attained represents the stability of the mix only if the specimen height equals the required 63,5 mm. A corrected stability shall be reported by multiplying the maximum load with the correction factor calculated from the following equations using the volume of the specimen as determined in accordancewith 6.2:

!

vh eec6102,30258,0 24,524,5

−×−− ==

where

c is the correction factor;

h is the height of the specimen (in millimetres);

v is the volume of the specimen determined in 6.2 (in millilitres)."

The stability, S, is reported to the nearest 0,1 kN.

NOTE Corrections outside the range of specimen heights from 60,5 mm to 66,5 mm can lead to inaccurate results.

7.2 Record the flow values, F and Ft, obtained to the nearest 0,1 mm.

7.3 !Test results shall be considered reliable if both the variation in stability between specimens, VS, is less than 15 % and the variation in flow between specimens, Vf, is less than 20 %. Reject the test specimen with thelargest variation and obtain the average value of the other specimens if either:

Lice

nsed

Cop

y: S

HU

Ath

ens,

She

ffiel

d H

alla

m U

nive

rsity

, 23/

11/2

007

09:0

8, U

ncon

trol

led

Cop

y, (

c) B

SI

EN 12697-34:2004+A1:2007 (E)

9

the stability value from one or more specimens differ from the average stability by more than 15 %, or

the flow value from one or more specimens differ from the average flow by more than 20 %.

Furthermore, if any value differs from the new average by more than 15 % for stability or 20 % for flow, repeatthe test."

7.4 The Marshall quotient shall be obtained by calculation S/F and reporting the value obtained to 0,1 kN/mm.

8 Test report

The test report shall include the following information:

a) the average results F, Ft, S and Marshall quotient for each set of specimens;

b) the average bulk density of the specimen set;

!deleted text"

c) the number and date of this European Standard.

9 Precision

Table 1 — Asphalt concrete

Repeatability ReproducibilityMarshall Standard deviation,

σrRepeatability, r

Standard deviation,σR

Reproducibility, R

Stability (kN) 0,61 1,7 0,78 2,2

Flow (mm) 0,25 0,7 0,29 0,8

The precision data are estimated from DIN 1996/11 and NL-Standard for asphalt concrete- 2000 Standard RAWBepalingen.

Table 2 — Hot rolled asphalt

Repeatability ReproducibilityMarshall Standard deviation,

σrRepeatability, r

Standard deviation,σR

Reproducibility, R

Stability (kN) 0,36 1,0 0,78 2,2

Flow (mm) 0,21 0,6 0,46 1,3

The precision data are estimated from TRRL Research report 281.

Lice

nsed

Cop

y: S

HU

Ath

ens,

She

ffiel

d H

alla

m U

nive

rsity

, 23/

11/2

007

09:0

8, U

ncon

trol

led

Cop

y, (

c) B

SI

EN 12697-34:2004+A1:2007 (E)

10

Annex A(normative)

Marshall quotient

Figure A.1 is a graphical representation of the definitions for stability, S, flow, F, and tangential flow, Ft, contained in clause 3.

Key

1 Stability S2 Tangent3 Flow F

Figure A.1 — Marshall quotient

Lice

nsed

Cop

y: S

HU

Ath

ens,

She

ffiel

d H

alla

m U

nive

rsity

, 23/

11/2

007

09:0

8, U

ncon

trol

led

Cop

y, (

c) B

SI

EN 12697-34:2004+A1:2007 (E)

11

Annex B(normative)

Testing head

Figure B.1 illustrates the essential dimensions of a suitable breaking head for use in this test. This testinghead is used in conjunction with the compression testing machine to determine the stability and flow of the moulded specimens.

Lice

nsed

Cop

y: S

HU

Ath

ens,

She

ffiel

d H

alla

m U

nive

rsity

, 23/

11/2

007

09:0

8, U

ncon

trol

led

Cop

y, (

c) B

SI

EN 12697-34:2004+A1:2007 (E)

12

Dimensions in millimetres

The radius shall be the same for both upper and lower segments.

Key

1 Upper testing head 2 Lower testing head

Figure B.1 — Testing head

Lice

nsed

Cop

y: S

HU

Ath

ens,

She

ffiel

d H

alla

m U

nive

rsity

, 23/

11/2

007

09:0

8, U

ncon

trol

led

Cop

y, (

c) B

SI

EN 12697-34:2004+A1:2007 (E)

13

Bibliography

!EN 12697-35:2004+A1", Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 35: Laboratory mixing

DIN 1996/11, Testing of bituminous materials for road building and related purposes: Determination ofMarshall stability and of Marshall flow value

NL Standard for Asphalt concrete — 2000 Standard RAW Bepalingen

TRRL Research Report 281: Precision of tests used in the design of rolled asphalt

Lice

nsed

Cop

y: S

HU

Ath

ens,

She

ffiel

d H

alla

m U

nive

rsity

, 23/

11/2

007

09:0

8, U

ncon

trol

led

Cop

y, (

c) B

SI

BS EN 12697-34:2004

BSI389 Chiswick High RoadLondonW4 4AL

BSI — British Standards InstitutionBSI is the independent national body responsible for preparingBritish Standards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. It is incorporated by Royal Charter.

RevisionsBritish Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of British Standards should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or editions.It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services. We would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this British Standard would inform the Secretary of the technical committee responsible, the identity of which can be found on the inside front cover.Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9000. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7400.BSI offers members an individual updating service called PLUS which ensures that subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards.

Buying standardsOrders for all BSI, international and foreign standards publications should be addressed to Customer Services. Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9001. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7001. Email: orders@bsi-global.com. Standards are also available from the BSI website at http://www.bsi-global.com.In response to orders for international standards, it is BSI policy to supply the BSI implementation of those that have been published as British Standards, unless otherwise requested.

Information on standardsBSI provides a wide range of information on national, European and international standards through its Library and its Technical Help to Exporters Service. Various BSI electronic information services are also available which givedetails on all its products and services. Contact the Information Centre. Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7111. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7048. Email: info@bsi-global.com.Subscribing members of BSI are kept up to date with standards developmentsand receive substantial discounts on the purchase price of standards. For details of these and other benefits contact Membership Administration. Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7002. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7001. Email: membership@bsi-global.com.Information regarding online access to British Standards via British Standards Online can be found at http://www.bsi-global.com/bsonline.Further information about BSI is available on the BSI website athttp://www.bsi-global.com.

CopyrightCopyright subsists in all BSI publications. BSI also holds the copyright, in the UK, of the publications of the international standardization bodies. Except aspermitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 no extract may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by anymeans – electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without prior written permission from BSI.This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard,of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these details are to be used for any other purpose than implementation then the prior written permission of BSI must be obtained.Details and advice can be obtained from the Copyright & Licensing Manager. Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 7070. Fax: +44 (0)20 8996 7553. Email: copyright@bsi-global.com.

Lice

nsed

Cop

y: S

HU

Ath

ens,

She

ffiel

d H

alla

m U

nive

rsity

, 23/

11/2

007

09:0

8, U

ncon

trol

led

Cop

y, (

c) B

SI