33339614 Proposal Writing
-
Upload
mohammad-naeem -
Category
Documents
-
view
107 -
download
1
description
Transcript of 33339614 Proposal Writing
Proposal Writing i
HU-202 | Technical Business Writing
Semester Project
PROPOSAL WRITI�G
Prepared for
Mr. Khalid Mehmood
International Islamic University, Islamabad
Prepared by
Osama Hasan, Muhammad Ahmed, Zainab Mazhar,
Ammar Hussain, Khwaja Ameer Hamza Waqar
ChE-01-A
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME)
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)
H-12 Campus, Islamabad
June 20, 2010
Proposal Writing ii
1 Transmittal Letter
Student Affairs Office School of Chemical and Materials Engineering
(SCME)
National University of Sciences and Technology
(NUST)
H-12, Islamabad
Phone: 051-9085 5107 Case: HU-202 Transmittal Letter/01
June 2010
Mr. Khalid Mehmood
International Islamic University
Sector H-10, Islamabad
Dear Mr. Khalid:
The semester project for HU-202 “Technical/Business Writing” Course offered to
Undergraduate Batch-01 in Spring ’10 at School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, NUST
has successfully been completed by the following students, within the assigned time:
1. Osama Hasan 2008-NUST-BE-CHEM-27 ChE-01-A
2. Muhammad Ahmed 2008-NUST-BE-CHEM-37 ChE-01-A
3. Zainab Mazhar 2008-NUST-BE-CHEM- 164 ChE-01-A
4. Ammar Hussain 2008-NUST-BE-CHEM-07 ChE-01-A
5. Khwaja Ameer Hamza Waqar 2008-NUST-BE-CHEM-22 ChE-01-A
The topic of their semester project is “Proposal Writing”, submitted in long report format.
Students have made a good effort and have successfully reflected classroom learning in their
group work.
Regards
Proposal Writing iii
2 Declaration
June 20, 2010
Mr. Khalid Mehmood
International Islamic University
Sector H-12, Islamabad
Dear Sir:
Submitted for your review is our semester project for Technical/Business Writing Course entitled
“Proposal Writing”, duly completed within the deadline.
We hereby declare that the report is submitted in long report format, as per the guidelines and is
based on peer reviewed information available on internet and literature. All references are cited
and sources are mentioned.
Regards
Osama Hasan, Muhammad Ahmed, Zainab Mazhar,
Ammar Hussain, Khwaja Ameer Hamza Waqar
ChE-01-A
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME)
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)
H-12 Campus, Islamabad
Enclosure: Proposal
Proposal Writing iv
3 Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Almighty Allah for His unlimited blessings and bounties;
for keeping us sane, sound and successful,
Our parents for all their support and trust in us,
Our Instructor Mr. Khalid Mehmood, for all his guidance and help,
and our teachers, friends and colleagues
for their help in completion of this report
Proposal Writing v
4 Table of Contents
1 Transmittal Letter .................................................................................................................... ii
2 Declaration .............................................................................................................................. iii
3 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................ iv
4 Table of Contents..................................................................................................................... v
5 Table of Figures ...................................................................................................................... vi
6 Abstract .................................................................................................................................. vii
7 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1
8 Literature Review .................................................................................................................... 2
8.1 Business Proposal ............................................................................................................. 2
8.2 Research Proposal ............................................................................................................ 4
8.3 Purpose of a Proposal ....................................................................................................... 6
8.3.1 Types of Purpose....................................................................................................... 6
8.3.2 Purpose and Strategies .............................................................................................. 7
8.3.3 How Audience Affects Purpose ................................................................................ 9
8.4 The Elements Of A Proposal .......................................................................................... 10
8.4.1 Introduction and Theoretical Framework ............................................................... 10
8.4.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................ 11
8.4.3 Purpose of Study ..................................................................................................... 12
8.4.4 Review of the Literature ......................................................................................... 12
8.4.5 Questions and/or Hypotheses .................................................................................. 13
8.4.6 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 14
8.4.7 Limitations and Delimitations ................................................................................. 16
8.4.8 Significance of the Study ........................................................................................ 17
9 Proposal Writing .................................................................................................................... 18
9.1 The Writing Process ....................................................................................................... 18
9.1.1 Prewriting ................................................................................................................ 18
9.1.2 Writing .................................................................................................................... 19
9.1.3 REWRITING .......................................................................................................... 21
Proposal Writing vi
9.2 The Writing Format ........................................................................................................ 24
9.2.1 TITLE PAGE .......................................................................................................... 24
9.2.2 COVER LETTER ................................................................................................... 25
9.2.3 TABLE OF CONENTS .......................................................................................... 26
9.2.4 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ 27
9.2.5 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 29
9.2.6 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................... 31
9.2.7 Conclusion/Recommendations ............................................................................... 32
9.2.8 GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................... 33
9.2.9 References ............................................................................................................... 33
9.2.10 Appendix ................................................................................................................. 34
10 Critical Analysis................................................................................................................. 35
11 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 36
12 References .......................................................................................................................... 37
13 Appendix ............................................................................................................................ 39
5 Table of Figures
Figure 1Title Page (Associates A. B., 20110) .............................................................................. 25
Figure 2 Cover Letter (America, 2010) ........................................................................................ 26
Figure 3 Table of Contents (Associates C. B., 2008) ................................................................... 27
Figure 4 Abstract (Curriculum Designers, 2007) ......................................................................... 28
Figure 5 Introduction (Bail, 1995) ................................................................................................ 30
Figure 6 Glossary (Inc, 2001) ....................................................................................................... 33
Figure 7 References (M.A., 2008) ............................................................................................... 34
Proposal Writing vii
6 Abstract
The project produces a peer based review and learning outcome on Report Writing skills for an
engineer / entrepreneur. Proposal writing is a key step in technical/business/official/managerial
communication in careers and is highly important for new horizons of development.
There are two types of proposals, for business and for research. Both have sub categories of
solicited (written in response) and unsolicited (written for marketing) proposals. Proposals are
always written while keeping in mind the audience because the objective is to propose the topic
and get consent on it from stake holders. Facts of interest to audience are much highlighted to
gain wide acceptance and achieve the set targets.
The report discuses the writing process and method for proposal drafting, as standardized
through use by huge market holders.
Proposal Writing 1
7 Introduction
Proposal is a formal description of the creation, modification or termination of a contract. A
proposal may serve as the blueprint for a future agreement and may be accepted or rejected by
the entity or entities that receive it. (WebFinance, 2010)
A proposal primary objective is to persuade your target audience to take specific action. Whether
you work for an organization or you are self employed, proposal writing often presents a key
opportunity for you to stand out from the crowd. A poorly written proposal can quickly kick out
your chances; a good one can influence. That is why proposal has to be as good as it can be. Not
only should it be clear and concise, but it must be persuasive and tailored for the potential user.
Proposal writing is widely adopted in organizations varying from NGOs to Government
Bureaucracy, Academic councils to Loan sanctioning, Business Initiatives and relationships to
research funding.
Every business man, entrepreneur, employee, scientific researcher, organizer, manager,
departmental Head, Chair and officer has to submit a proposal one way or the other at least once
or at most infinity times in his career.
The project discusses the writing guidelines of proposal writing and its particulars. Literature
review has been referenced and used for improved perception and achieving perfection.
Proposal Writing 2
8 Literature Review
A proposal is a description of the work you will complete on a project. The details included in a
proposal depend on the project's scope and who will read the document. Typically, organizations
advertise a need for proposals and consulting engineers respond to the need. However, as an
engineer, you may determine that a problem exists, and therefore, propose solutions to an
organization. In this case, you must first convince the agency that the problem exists before
proposing your solutions. (Writing@CSU, 1993)
The two types of proposals are:
1. Business Proposal
2. Research Proposal
8.1 Business Proposal
A business proposal is a written offer from a seller to a prospective buyer. Business proposals are
often a key step in the complex sales process--i.e., whenever a buyer considers more than price
in a purchase. (Newman, 2006)
There are three distinct categories of business proposals: - formally solicited - informally
solicited - unsolicited.
Solicited proposals are written in response to published requirements, contained in a Request for
Proposal (RFP), Request for Quotation (RFQ), or an Invitation For Bid (IFB). RFPs provide
detailed specifications of what the customers wants to buy and sometimes include directions for
preparing the proposal, as well as evaluation criteria the customer will use to evaluate offers.
Customers issue RFPs when their needs cannot be met with generally available products or
services. Proposals in response to RFPs are seldom less than 10 pages and sometimes reach
1,000's of pages, without cost data. (Newman, 2006)
Proposal Writing 3
Customers issue RFQs when they want to buy large amounts of a commodity and price is not the
only issue--for example, when availability or delivering or service are considerations. RFQs can
be very detailed, so proposals written to RFQs can be lengthy but generally much shorter than an
RFP-proposal. (Newman, 2006) RFQ proposals consist primarily of cost data, with small
narratives addressing customer issues, such as quality control.
Customers issue IFBs when they are buying some service, such as construction. The
requirements are detailed, but the primary consideration is price. For example, a customer
provides architectural blueprints for contractors to bid on. These proposals can be lengthy but
most of the length comes from cost-estimating data and detailed schedules. (Newman, 2006)
Sometimes before a customer issues an RFP or RFQ or IFB, the customer will issue a Request
for Information (RFI). The purpose of the RFI is to gain "marketing intelligence" about what
products, services, and vendors are available. RFIs are used to shape final RFPs, RFQs, and
IFBs, so potential vendors take great care in responding to these requests, hoping to shape the
eventual formal solicitation toward their products or services. (Newman, 2006)
Informally solicited proposals are typically the result of conversations held between a vendor and
a prospective customer. The customer is interested enough in a product or service to ask for a
proposal. Typically, the customer does not ask for competing proposals from other vendors. This
type of proposal is known as a sole-source proposal. There are no formal requirements to
respond to, just the information gleaned from customer meetings. These proposals are typically
less than 25-pages, with many less than 5 pages. (Newman, 2006)
Unsolicited proposals are marketing brochures. They are always generic, with no direct
connection between customer needs or specified requirements. Vendors use them to introduce a
product or service to a prospective customer. They are often used as "leave-behinds" at the end
Proposal Writing 4
of initial meetings with customers or "give-aways" at trade shows or other public meetings. They
are not designed to close a sale, just introduce the possibility of a sale.
A proposal puts the buyer's requirements in a context that favors the sellers’ products and
services, and educates the buyer about the capabilities of the seller in satisfying their needs. A
successful proposal results in a sale, where both parties get what they want, a win-win situation.
8.2 Research Proposal
A research proposal is a document written by a scientist that describes in details the program for
a proposed scientific investigation.
Research proposals are written for various reasons, such as budget request for the research they
describe, certification requirements for research (e.g. from an ethics committee if the experiment
is to be done on human beings or animals protected by animal rights laws), as a task in tertiary
education (e.g. before performing research for a dissertation), or as a condition for employment
at a research institution (which usually requires sponsor-approved research proposals).
The phrasing of research proposals has many similarities to that of scientific articles. Of course,
research proposals are written in future tense and have different points of emphasis. Like
scientific articles, research proposals have sections describing the research background,
significance, methods, and references. The method section of research proposals is far more
detailed than those of scientific articles, allowing profound understanding of the price and risks
of the study and the plans for reducing them. Instead of a section describing the results, research
proposals have a section describing the hypotheses or the expected results. A typical research
proposal includes an extensive but focused literature review. A research proposal may also
include preliminary results.
Proposal Writing 5
As opposed to scientific articles, research proposals usually contain the curriculum vitaes of the
researchers. The curriculum vitaes are required for proving that the personnel asking to conduct
the research are capable of doing so. For example, a research proposal for a study including
injections would be expected to name at least one researcher qualified to inject human beings.
Similarly, a research proposal in biology is not likely to receive funding when the entire staff
consists of mathematicians only. In some academic institutes, a detailed resume of the thesis
mentor is required on the research proposal in order to show that the mentor can help the student
with the subject of the thesis.
Research sponsors publish calls for research proposals, specifying the topics into which they
fund research and their detailed format requirements. Those sponsors may be governmental,
nonprofit or business research foundations. (Wikipedia, 2004)
A research proposal is similar in a number of ways to a project proposal; however, a research
proposal addresses a particular project: academic or scientific research. The forms and
procedures for such research are well defined by the field of study, so guidelines for research
proposals are generally more exacting than less formal project proposals. Research proposals
contain extensive literature reviews and must offer convincing support of need for the research
study being proposed. Doctoral dissertations begin with research proposal; the proposal must be
accepted by a panel of experts (usually professors) before the actual research can begin. In
addition to providing rationale for the proposed research, the proposal must describe a detailed
methodology for conducting the research--a methodology consistent with requirements of the
professional or academic field. (The Writing Center, 2004)
Proposal Writing 6
8.3 Purpose of a Proposal
Purpose is the reason why you are writing. You may write a grocery list in order to remember
what you need to buy. You may write a laboratory report in order to carefully describe a
chemistry experiment. You may write an argumentative essay in order to persuade someone to
change the parking rules on campus. You may write a letter to a friend to express your
excitement about her new job.
Notice that selecting the form for your writing (list, report, essay, and letter) is one of your
choices that helps you achieve your purpose. You also have choices about style, organization;
kinds of evidence that help you achieve your purpose
Focusing on your purpose as you begin writing helps you know what form to choose, how to
focus and organize your writing, what kinds of evidence to cite, how formal or informal your
style should be, and how much you should write. (Writing@CSU, 1993)
8.3.1 Types of Purpose
When we communicate with other people, we are usually guided by some purpose, goal, or aim.
We may want to express our feelings. We may want simply to explore an idea or perhaps
entertain or amuse our listeners or readers. We may wish to inform people or explain an idea. We
may wish to argue for or against an idea in order to persuade others to believe or act in a certain
way. We make special kinds of arguments when we are evaluating or problem solving. Finally,
we may wish to mediate or negotiate a solution in a tense or difficult situation.
Remember, however, that often writers combine purposes in a single piece of writing. Thus, we
may, in a business report, begin by informing readers of the economic facts before we try to
persuade them to take a certain course of action. (Writing@CSU, 1993)
Proposal Writing 7
8.3.2 Purpose and Strategies
A purpose is the aim or goal of the writer or the written product; a strategy is a means of
achieving that purpose. For example, our purpose may be to explain something, but we may use
definitions, examples, descriptions, and analysis in order to make our explanation clearer. A
variety of strategies are available for writers to help them find ways to achieve their purpose(s).
(Writing@CSU, 1993)
8.3.2.1 Process Analysis
Process analysis is analyzing the chronological steps in any operation. A recipe contains process
analysis. First, sift the flour. Next, mix the eggs, milk, and oil. Then fold in the flour with the
eggs, milk and oil. Then add baking soda, salt and spices. Finally, pour the pancake batter onto
the griddle.
8.3.2.2 Cause/Effect Analysis
In cause and effect analysis, you map out possible causes and effects. Two patterns for doing
cause/effect analysis are as follows:
Several causes leading to single effect: Cause 1 + Cause 2 + Cause 3 . . . => Effect
One cause leading to multiple effects: Cause => Effect 1 + Effect 2 + Effect 3
8.3.2.3 Illustration and Example
Examples and illustrations are a basic kind of evidence and support in expository and
argumentative writing.
In her essay about anorexia nervosa, student writer Nancie Brosseau uses several examples to
develop a paragraph:
Proposal Writing 8
Another problem, lying, occurred most often when my parents tried to force me to eat. Because I
was at the gym until around eight o'clock every night, I told my mother not to save me dinner. I
would come home and make a sandwich and feed it to my dog. I lied to my parents every day
about eating lunch at school. For example, I would bring a sack lunch and sell it to someone and
use the money to buy diet pills. I always told my parents that I ate my own lunch.
8.3.2.4 Comparison and Contrast
Comparison and contrast can be used to organize an essay. Consider whether either of the
following two outlines would help you organize your comparison essay.
Block Comparison of A and B
• Intro and Thesis
• Description of A
• Description of B (and how B is similar to/different from A)
• Conclusion
Alternating Comparison of A and B
• Intro and Thesis
• Aspect One: Comparison/contrast of A and B
• Aspect Two: Comparison/contrast of A and B
• Aspect Three: Comparison/contrast of A and B
8.3.2.5 Description
Although we usually think of description as visual, we may also use other senses--hearing, touch,
feeling, smell-- in our attempt to describe something for our readers.
Notice how student writer Stephen White uses multiple senses to describe Anasazi Indian ruins
at Mesa Verde:
Proposal Writing 9
I awoke this morning with a sense of unexplainable anticipation gnawing away at the back of my
mind, that this chilly, leaden day at Mesa Verde would bring something new . . .. They are a
haunting sight, these broken houses, clustered together down in the gloom of the canyon. The
silence is broken only by the rush of the wind in the trees and the trickling of a tiny stream of
melting snow springing from ledge to ledge. This small, abandoned village of tiny houses seems
almost as the Indians left it, reduced by the passage of nearly a thousand years to piles of rubble
through which protrude broken red adobe walls surrounding ghostly jet black openings,
undisturbed by modern man.
8.3.2.6 *arration
Narration is possibly the most effective strategy essay writers can use. Readers are quickly
caught up in reading any story, no matter how short it is. Writers of exposition and argument
should consider where a short narrative might enliven their essay. Typically, this narrative can
relate some of your own experiences with the subject of your essay.
8.3.3 How Audience Affects Purpose
All readers have expectations. They assume what they read will meet their expectations. As a
writer, your job is to make sure those expectations are met, while at the same time, fulfilling the
purpose of your writing.
Once you have determined what type of purpose best conveys your motivations, you will then
need to examine how this will affect your readers. Perhaps you are explaining your topic when
you really should be convincing readers to see your point. Writers and readers may approach a
topic with conflicting purposes. Your job, as a writer, is to make sure both are being met.
Proposal Writing 10
8.4 The Elements Of A Proposal
8.4.1 Introduction and Theoretical Framework
“The introduction is the part of the paper that provides readers with the background information
for the research reported in the paper. Its purpose is to establish a framework for the research, so
that readers can understand how it is related to other research” (Wilkinson, 1991)
In an introduction, the writer should:
• Create reader interest in the topic,
• Lay the broad foundation for the problem that leads to the study,
• Place the study within the larger context of the scholarly literature, and
• Reach out to a specific audience. (Creswell, 1994)
If a researcher is working within a particular theoretical framework/line of inquiry, the theory or
line of inquiry should be introduced and discussed early, preferably in the introduction or
literature review. Remember that the theory/line of inquiry selected will inform the statement of
the problem, rationale for the study, questions and hypotheses, selection of instruments, and
choice of methods. Ultimately, findings will be discussed in terms of how they relate to the
theory/line of inquiry that undergirds the study.
Theories, theoretical frameworks, and lines of inquiry may be differently handled in quantitative and
qualitative endeavors.
• “In quantitative studies, one uses theory deductively and places it toward the beginning
of the plan for a study. The objective is to test or verify theory. One thus begins the study
advancing a theory, collects data to test it, and reflects on whether the theory was
confirmed or disconfirmed by the results in the study. The theory becomes a framework
Proposal Writing 11
for the entire study, an organizing model for the research questions or hypotheses for the
data collection procedure” (Creswell, 1994)
• In qualitative inquiry, the use of theory and of a line of inquiry depends on the nature of
the investigation. In studies aiming at “grounded theory,” for example, theory and
theoretical tenets emerge from findings. Much qualitative inquiry, however, also aims to
test or verify theory, hence in these cases the theoretical framework, as in quantitative
efforts, should be identified and discussed early on.
8.4.2 Statement of the Problem
The problem statement describes the context for the study and it also identifies the general analysis
approach (Wiersma, 1995). A problem might be defined as the issue that exists in the literature,
theory, or practice that leads to a need for the study (Creswell, 1994). It is important in a proposal
that the problem stand out—that the reader can easily recognize it. Sometimes, obscure and poorly
formulated problems are masked in an extended discussion. In such cases, reviewers and/or
committee members will have difficulty recognizing the problem. A problem statement should be
presented within a context, and that context should be provided and briefly explained, including
a discussion of the conceptual or theoretical framework in which it is embedded. Clearly and
succinctly identify and explain the problem within the framework of the theory or line of inquiry
that undergirds the study. This is of major importance in nearly all proposals and requires careful
attention. It is a key element that associations such as AERA and APA look for in proposals. It is
essential in all quantitative research and much qualitative research. State the problem in terms
intelligible to someone who is generally sophisticated but who is relatively uninformed in the area of
your investigation. Effective problem statements answer the question “Why does this research need
to be conducted.” If a researcher is unable to answer this question clearly and succinctly, and without
Proposal Writing 12
resorting to hyperspeaking (i.e., focusing on problems of macro or global proportions that certainly
will not be informed or alleviated by the study), then the statement of the problem will come off as
ambiguous and diffuse. For conference proposals, the statement of the problem is generally
incorporated into the introduction; academic proposals for theses or dissertations should have
this as a separate section. (Pajares, 2007)
8.4.3 Purpose of Study
The purpose statement should provide a specific and accurate synopsis of the overall purpose of
the study (Locke, 1987). If the purpose is not clear to the writer, it cannot be clear to the
reader. Foreshadow the hypotheses to be tested or the questions to be raised, as well as the
significance of the study. These will require specific elaboration in subsequent sections. The
purpose statement can also incorporate the rationale for the study. Some committees prefer that the
purpose and rationale be provided in separate sections, however. Key points to keep in mind when
preparing a purpose statement.
1. Try to incorporate a sentence that begins with “The purpose of this study is . . .”
This will clarify your own mind as to the purpose and it will inform the reader directly
and explicitly.
2. Clearly identify and define the central concepts or ideas of the study. Some committee
Chairs prefer a separate section to this end. When defining terms, make a judicious
choice between using descriptive or operational definitions.
3. Identify the specific method of inquiry to be used.
4. Identify the unit of analysis in the study.
(Pajares, 2007)
8.4.4 Review of the Literature
Proposal Writing 13
The review of the literature provides the background and context for the research problem. It
should establish the need for the research and indicate that the writer is knowledgeable about the
area (Wiersma, 1995). The literature review accomplishes several important things.
1. It shares with the reader the results of other studies that are closely related to the study
being reported. (Fraenkel, 1990)
2. It relates a study to the larger, ongoing dialogue in the literature about a topic, filling in gaps
and extending prior studies. (Marshall, 1989)
3. It provides a framework for establishing the importance of the study, as well as a
benchmark for comparing the results of a study with other findings.
4. It “frames” the problem earlier identified.
8.4.5 Questions and/or Hypotheses
Questions are relevant to normative or census type research (How many of them are there? Is
there a relationship between them?). They are most often used in qualitative inquiry, although
their use in quantitative inquiry is becoming more prominent. Hypotheses are relevant to
theoretical research and are typically used only in quantitative inquiry. When a writer states
hypotheses, the reader is entitled to have an exposition of the theory that lead to them (and of the
assumptions underlying the theory). Just as conclusions must be grounded in the data,
hypotheses must be grounded in the theoretical framework.
A research question poses a relationship between two or more variables but phrases the relationship
as a question; a hypothesis represents a declarative statement of the relations between two or more
variables. (Kerlinger, 1979) (Krathwohl, 1988)
Hypotheses can be couched in four kinds of statements.
1. Literary null—a “no difference” form in terms of theoretical constructs. For example,
“There is no relationship between support services and academic persistence of
Proposal Writing 14
nontraditional-aged college women.” Or, “There is no difference in school achievement
for high and low self-regulated students.”
2. Operational null—a “no difference” form in terms of the operation required to test the
hypothesis. For example, “There is no relationship between the number of hours
nontraditional-aged college women use the student union and their persistence at the
college after their freshman year.” Or, “There is no difference between the mean grade
point averages achieved by students in the upper and lower quartiles of the distribution of
the Self-regulated Inventory.” The operational null is generally the preferred form of
hypothesis-writing.
3. Literary alternative—a form that states the hypothesis you will accept if the null
hypothesis is rejected, stated in terms of theoretical constructs. In other words, this is
usually what you hope the results will show. For example, “The more that nontraditional-
aged women use support services, the more they will persist academically.” Or, “High
self-regulated students will achieve more in their classes than low self-regulated
students.”
4. Operational alternative—Similar to the literary alternative except that the operations
are specified. For example, “The more that nontraditional-aged college women use the
student union, the more they will persist at the college after their freshman year.” Or,
“Students in the upper quartile of the Self-regulated Inventory distribution achieve
significantly higher grade point averages than do students in the lower quartile.”
8.4.6 Methodology
Te methods or procedures section is really the heart of the research proposal. The activities
should be described with as much detail as possible, and the continuity between them should be
apparent (Wiersma, 1995). Indicate the methodological steps you will take to answer every question
Proposal Writing 15
or to test every hypothesis illustrated in the Questions/Hypotheses section. All research is plagued
by the presence of confounding variables (the noise that covers up the information you would
like to have). Confounding variables should be minimized by various kinds of controls or be
estimated and taken into account by randomization processes (Guba, 1961). In the design section,
indicate:
1. The variables you propose to control and how you propose to control them,
experimentally or statistically, and
2. The variables you propose to randomize, and the nature of the randomizing unit
(students, grades, schools, etc.).
8.4.6.1 Sampling
The key reason for being concerned with sampling is that of validity—the extent to which the
interpretations of the results of the study follow from the study itself and the extent to which
results may be generalized to other situations with other people (Shavelson, 1988). Sampling is
critical to external validity—the extent to which findings of a study can be generalized to people
or situations other than those observed in the study. To generalize validly the findings from a
sample to some defined population requires that the sample has been drawn from that population
according to one of several probability sampling plans. By a probability sample is meant that the
probability of inclusion in the sample of any element in the population must be given a priori. All
probability samples involve the idea of random sampling at some stage (Shavelson, 1988). In
experimentation, two distinct steps are involved:
• Random selection—participants to be included in the sample have been chosen at
random from the same population. Define the population and indicate the sampling plan
in detail.
• Random assignment—participants for the sample have been assigned at random to one
of the experimental conditions.
Proposal Writing 16
8.4.6.2 Instrumentation
Outline the instruments you propose to use (surveys, scales, interview protocols, observation
grids). If instruments have previously been used, identify previous studies and findings related to
reliability and validity. If instruments have not previously been used, outline procedures you will
follow to develop and test their reliability and validity. In the latter case, a pilot study is nearly
essential.
Because selection of instruments in most cases provides the operational definition of constructs, this
is a crucial step in the proposal. For example, it is at this step that a literary conception such as “self-
efficacy is related to school achievement” becomes “scores on the Mathematics Self-Efficacy Scale
are related to Grade Point Average.” Strictly speaking, results of your study will be directly relevant
only to the instrumental or operational statements (Guba, 1961).
8.4.6.3 Data Collection
Outline the general plan for collecting the data. This may include survey administration
procedures, interview or observation procedures. Include an explicit statement covering the field
controls to be employed. If appropriate, discuss how you obtained entré.
8.4.6.4 Data Analysis
Specify the procedures you will use, and label them accurately. If coding procedures are to be
used, describe in reasonable detail. If you triangulated, carefully explain how you went about it.
Communicate your precise intentions and reasons for these intentions to the reader. This helps
you and the reader evaluate the choices you made and procedures you followed.
Indicate briefly any analytic tools you will have available and expect to use.
8.4.7 Limitations and Delimitations
Proposal Writing 17
A limitation identifies potential weaknesses of the study. Think about your analysis, the nature of
self-report, your instruments, the sample. Think about threats to internal validity that may have
been impossible to avoid or minimize
A delimitation addresses how a study will be narrowed in scope, that is, how it is bounded. This
is the place to explain the things that you are not doing and why you have chosen not to do
them—the literature you will not review (and why not), the population you are not studying (and
why not), the methodological procedures you will not use (and why you will not use them).
Limit your delimitations to the things that a reader might reasonably expect you to do but that
you, for clearly explained reasons, have decided not to do. (Pajares, 2007)
8.4.8 Significance of the Study
Indicate how your research will refine, revise, or extend existing knowledge in the area under
investigation. Note that such refinements, revisions, or extensions may have either substantive,
theoretical, or methodological significance. Think pragmatically (i.e., cash value).
Most studies have two potential audiences: practitioners and professional peers. Statements relating
the research to both groups are in order.
This can be a difficult section to write. Think about implications—how results of the study may
affect scholarly research, theory, practice, educational interventions, curricula, counseling,
policy. (Pajares, 2007)
Proposal Writing 18
9 Proposal Writing
9.1 The Writing Process
Proposals which include descriptions, instructions, cost analyses, scheduling assessments and
personnel considerations, are more demanding than other kinds of technical correspondence.
Therefore, writing according to process approach is even more important. For our proposal, we
will have to gather more data, more information to organize, and more text to revise. To help you
tackle these tasks,
• Pre-write
• Write
• Rewrite
Remember that the writing process is dynamic and these steps often overlap.
9.1.1 Prewriting
Pre writing involves:
• Brainstorming to outline the key components of our proposal or for our technical
description.
• Reporter’s questions (who, what, when, where, why and how) to help us gather data for
any of the sections in our proposal.
Prewriting
Writing
Rewriting
Proposal Writing 19
• Branching and mind mapping to organize our managerial sections (organizational charts
for chains of command, personnel responsibilities, etc)
In addition to these prewriting techniques we might need to perform research prior to writing.
For instance, let’s say our engineering firm is submitting a proposal to an out of state
corporation. Prior to bidding on the job, you will need to find out what kind of certifications or
licenses this state requires. To do so, we have to research the state’s requirement and read state
laws regarding construction certificates and licenses.
9.1.1.1 Surveys
Before we can take a survey we must decide what questions to ask. Brainstorming would be an
ideal way to gather such data. Follow this procedure
1. Rapidly jot down whatever questions come to mind regarding your topic.
2. Don’t editorialize at this point. Don’t try to organize the list; don’t delete any questions
that emerge.
3. Once you have a list of possible topics, review the list.
• Add any omissions
• Delete any redundancies or irrelevant ideas
• Organize the list according to some rational order
9.1.2 Writing
After gathering your data and organizing your thoughts through prewriting, your next step is to
draft your proposal.
9.1.2.1 Review Your Prewriting
Double check your brainstorming, mind mapping, flowcharting, reporter’s questions, interviews,
research, and surveys. Check whether you have the required data or not. Omit any data if it is
irrelevant or add some data if it is required. Focus your attention on most important details.
Proposal Writing 20
9.1.2.2 Organizing Data
Each of our proposal’s section will require a different organizational pattern. Following our
several possible approaches:
• Abstract: problem/solution/benefit
• Introduction: cause/effect
• Main text: this unit will demand many different methods of organization, including
• Analysis
• Chronology
• Spatial
• Comparison/contrast
• Conclusion/recommendation: analysis and importance
9.1.2.3 Write Using Sufficing Techniques
When we draft our text, don’t worry about correct grammar, highlighting techniques, or
graphics. Just get down the information as rapidly as you can. You can revise the draft during
rewriting,the third stage of the writing process.
9.1.2.4 Formatting for Effective Proposals
To format for our proposal, include the following components
• Tile page
• Cover letter
• Table of contents
• List of illustrations
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Discussion
Proposal Writing 21
• Conclusion/recommendation
• Glossary
• Works cited
• Appendix
9.1.3 Rewriting
After we have written a rough draft of our proposal, the next step is to revise it-fine tune, hone,
sclulpt, and polish our draft.
9.1.3.1 Add Detail For Clarity
In addition to rereading our rough draft and adding a missing who, what, when, where, why, and
how where necessary, add the graphics. Going back to each section of our proposal and
determine where we could use the following
• Tables. Our cost section lends itself to this section
• Figures. Our introduction problem analysis and any of the main text sections could profit
from the following figures
a) Line charts
b) Bar charts
c) Pie charts
d) Line drawings
e) Photographs
f) Flowcharts
g) Organizational charts
Proposal Writing 22
Another important addition to our proposal in this rewriting stage is a glossary. Now that we
have written our rough draft, we have to go back at our each page to decide which abbreviations,
acronyms, and high tech terms must be placed in our glossary.
9.1.3.2 Delete Dead Words And Phrases For Conciseness
Because proposals are long, we have already made our reader uncomfortable. People don’t like
wading through massive pages of text. Anything we can do to help our reader through this task
will be appreciative.
9.1.3.3 Simplify Old-Fashioned Words
A common adage in technical writing is, “Write the way you speak.” Or try to be more
conversational in your writing. Don’t use complex or difficult words. This is especially
important in our abstract and conclusion/recommendation sections, which are geared toward our
low tech management.
9.1.3.4 Move Information
Each section of our proposal will use a different organizational method. Our abstract for example
should be organized according to a problem/solution/benefit approach. Our introduction will be
organized according to the cause and effect. The organization of our main text will vary from
section to section.
We have to analyze according to importance, setup schedules and procedures chronologically,
describe spatially, and so forth.
In rewriting, revise our proposal to ensure that each section maintains the appropriate
organizational pattern. To do so, move information around.
9.1.3.5 Reformat For Reader-Friendly Ease Of Access
If we give our readers wall-to-wall words, they will doze off while attempting to wade through
our proposal. To avoid this, revise the proposal by reformatting. Indent to create white space.
Proposal Writing 23
Add headings and subheadings. Itemize ideas, boldface key points, and underline important
words or phrases. Using graphics will also help you avoid long, overwhelming blocks of text. By
reformatting our proposal, we will make the text inviting and ease reader access.
9.1.3.6 Enhance The Tone Of Our Proposal
Although we want to keep our proposal professional, remember that people write to people. Our
reader is a human not a machine. Therefore, to achieve a sense of humanity, enhance the tone of
the text by using pronouns and positive motivational words. These are important in our
statements of benefit and recommended courses of action.
9.1.3.7 Correct Errors
If you’re proposing a sale, you must provide accurate figures and information. Proposals for
example are legally binding. If we state the fee in our proposal or write about schedules, our
prospective client will hold us responsible; we must live up to those fees or schedules. Making
sure that our data is accurate.
Recheck each of our numbers, recalculate or figures, and double check our source of
information. Correct errors prior to submitting the report. Failure to do so could be catastrophic
for our company or our client.
Of course, we must also check for typographical, mechanical, and grammatical errors.
Submitting reports with error show un-professionalism and undermine our credentials.
9.1.3.8 Avoid Biased Language
Don’t talk about foreman, manpower or men and girls. Change them to supervisors, workforce
and to men and women. Don’t address the cover letter to gentlemen. Either find out the name of
the reader or omit the salutation according to simplified letter style. Avoid cultural or age-related
biases.
Proposal Writing 24
9.2 The Writing Format
A proposal consists of following parts:
• Title page
• Cover letter
• Table of contents
• List of illustrations
• Abstract(or executive summary)
• Introduction
• Discussion(the body of the proposal)
• Conclusion/recommendation
9.2.1 Title Page
The title page serves several purposes. On the simplest level, a title page acts as a dust cover or
jacket keeping the report clean and neat. More important, the title page tells your reader the
• Title of the proposal(thereby providing clarity of intent)
• Name of the company, writer, or writers submitting the proposal
• Date on which the proposal was completed
If the external proposal is being mailed outside your company to a client, you also might include
on the title page the audience to whom the report is addressed.
If the internal proposal is being submitted within your company to peers, subordinates, or
supervisors, you might want to include a routing list of individuals who must sign off and
approve the proposal.
9.2.2 Cover Letter
A cover letter prefaces the proposal and provides the reader an
tells the reader:
• Why are you writing
• What you are writing about(the subject of this proposal)
• What exactly of importance is within the proposal
• What you plan to do next as follow up
• When the action should occur
• Why the date is important
Proposal Writing
Figure 1Title Page (Associates A. B., 20110)
A cover letter prefaces the proposal and provides the reader an overview of what is to follow. It
What you are writing about(the subject of this proposal)
What exactly of importance is within the proposal
What you plan to do next as follow up
When the action should occur
te is important
Proposal Writing 25
overview of what is to follow. It
9.2.3 Table Of Conents
Proposals are read by many different readers, each of whom will have a special area of interest.
Our responsibility is to help th
them. One way to accomplish this is through a table of contents. The table of components should
be a complete and accurate listing of the main and minor topics covered in the proposal. A
effective table of contents flashes out complete detail so your reader knows exactly what is
covered in each section. By providing a thorough table of contents, we will save our readers time
and help them find the information they want and need.
9.2.3.1 List of Illustrations
If our proposal contains several tables or figures, you will need to provide a list of illustrations.
This list can be included below our table of contents, if there is room on the page, or on separate
page. As with the table of contents, you
Proposal Writing
Figure 2 Cover Letter (America, 2010)
Proposals are read by many different readers, each of whom will have a special area of interest.
Our responsibility is to help these different readers find the sections of the proposal that interest
them. One way to accomplish this is through a table of contents. The table of components should
be a complete and accurate listing of the main and minor topics covered in the proposal. A
effective table of contents flashes out complete detail so your reader knows exactly what is
covered in each section. By providing a thorough table of contents, we will save our readers time
and help them find the information they want and need.
If our proposal contains several tables or figures, you will need to provide a list of illustrations.
This list can be included below our table of contents, if there is room on the page, or on separate
page. As with the table of contents, your list of illustrations must be clear and informative.
Proposal Writing 26
Proposals are read by many different readers, each of whom will have a special area of interest.
ese different readers find the sections of the proposal that interest
them. One way to accomplish this is through a table of contents. The table of components should
be a complete and accurate listing of the main and minor topics covered in the proposal. An
effective table of contents flashes out complete detail so your reader knows exactly what is
covered in each section. By providing a thorough table of contents, we will save our readers time
If our proposal contains several tables or figures, you will need to provide a list of illustrations.
This list can be included below our table of contents, if there is room on the page, or on separate
r list of illustrations must be clear and informative.
Figure
9.2.4 Abstract
The abstract (or executive summary)
toward a low-tech reader. If the intended audience is composed of upper level management, this
unit might be called an executive summary. To accomplish the required brevity, one should limit
the abstract to approximately 3 to 10 sentences. These
paragraph or as smaller units of information separated by headings. Each proposal writ
focuses on unique ideas. Therefore the content of abstracts
focus on the following
• The problem necessitating our proposal
• Our suggested solution
• The benefits derived when our proposal suggestions are implemented
Proposal Writing
Figure 3 Table of Contents (Associates C. B., 2008)
(or executive summary) is a brief overview of the proposal’s key poin
tech reader. If the intended audience is composed of upper level management, this
unit might be called an executive summary. To accomplish the required brevity, one should limit
the abstract to approximately 3 to 10 sentences. These sentences can be presented as one
paragraph or as smaller units of information separated by headings. Each proposal writ
on unique ideas. Therefore the content of abstracts differs. Nonetheless, abstract should
necessitating our proposal
Our suggested solution
The benefits derived when our proposal suggestions are implemented
Proposal Writing 27
is a brief overview of the proposal’s key points geared
tech reader. If the intended audience is composed of upper level management, this
unit might be called an executive summary. To accomplish the required brevity, one should limit
sentences can be presented as one
paragraph or as smaller units of information separated by headings. Each proposal written
. Nonetheless, abstract should
The benefits derived when our proposal suggestions are implemented
These three points work for external as well as internal proposals.
For an internal proposal suggesting a course of action
your company’s work force, etc).
planned action. Next, action planning to
brief overview of how your plan would so
For an external proposal to sell a client new product or service, you would still focus on problem,
solution and benefit. The abstract would remind the readers of their company’s problem, state
that your company’s new product or service could alleviate this problem, and then emphasize the
benefits derived. (Gerson, 2009)
In each case, you not only want to brief, focusing on the most important issues, but also you
should avoid high tech terminology and concepts. The purpose of abstract is to provide our
reader with an easy to understand summary of the entire proposal’s focus. Executives want the
bottom line, and they want it quickly. They don’t want to waste time deciphering your hig
hieroglyphics.
Figure
Proposal Writing
These three points work for external as well as internal proposals.
For an internal proposal suggesting a course of action (limiting excessive personnel, increasing
your company’s work force, etc). Firstly, an abstract should specify the problem requiring your
planned action. Next, action planning to be implemented should be mentioned
brief overview of how your plan would solve the problem, thus benefiting your company.
For an external proposal to sell a client new product or service, you would still focus on problem,
solution and benefit. The abstract would remind the readers of their company’s problem, state
ny’s new product or service could alleviate this problem, and then emphasize the
(Gerson, 2009)
In each case, you not only want to brief, focusing on the most important issues, but also you
tech terminology and concepts. The purpose of abstract is to provide our
reader with an easy to understand summary of the entire proposal’s focus. Executives want the
bottom line, and they want it quickly. They don’t want to waste time deciphering your hig
Figure 4 Abstract (Curriculum Designers, 2007)
Proposal Writing 28
sive personnel, increasing
abstract should specify the problem requiring your
ed should be mentioned. This leads to a
lve the problem, thus benefiting your company.
For an external proposal to sell a client new product or service, you would still focus on problem,
solution and benefit. The abstract would remind the readers of their company’s problem, state
ny’s new product or service could alleviate this problem, and then emphasize the
In each case, you not only want to brief, focusing on the most important issues, but also you
tech terminology and concepts. The purpose of abstract is to provide our
reader with an easy to understand summary of the entire proposal’s focus. Executives want the
bottom line, and they want it quickly. They don’t want to waste time deciphering your high tech
Proposal Writing 29
9.2.5 Introduction
Our introduction should include two primary sections
1. Purpose
2. Problem
9.2.5.1 Purpose
In one to three sentences tell your reader the purpose of your proposal. This purpose statement
informs your reader why you are writing or what you hope to achieve. This statement repeats our
abstract to a certain extent. However it’s not redundant; it’s a reiteration.
The purpose statement, in addition to theabstract, is another way to ensure that our readers
understand our intent. It neither reminds them of what they have just read in the abstract nor
informs them for the first time if they skipped over the abstract. Our purpose statement is
synonymous with a paragraph’s topic sentence, an essay’s thesis, the first sentence in a letter or
in the introductory paragraph in a shorter report. (Gerson, 2009)
9.2.5.2 Problem
Whereas the purpose statement should be limited to one to three sentences for clarity and
conciseness, your discussion of the problem must be much more detailed.
For example, if you are writing an internal proposal to add a new facility, your company’s
current work space must be too limited. You have got a problem that must be solved. If you are
writing an external proposal to sell a new piece of equipment, your perspective client must need
better equipment. Your proposal will solve the client’s problem. (Gerson, 2009)
Introduction focuses on the problem, which could average one to two pages, is important for two
reasons:
• Firstly, it highlights the importance of our proposal. It emphasizes for our readers the
proposal’s priority. In this problem section, one persuades his readers
exists and need needs immediate attention.
• Second, by clearly stating the problem, we also reveal our knowledge of the situation.
The problem section reveals our expertise. Thus, after reading this section of the
introduction, our audience should recognize the severity of the problem and trust us to
solve it.
One way to help our readers understand the problem is through the use of highlighting
techniques, especially headings and subheadings.
Proposal Writing
t highlights the importance of our proposal. It emphasizes for our readers the
proposal’s priority. In this problem section, one persuades his readers
exists and need needs immediate attention.
Second, by clearly stating the problem, we also reveal our knowledge of the situation.
The problem section reveals our expertise. Thus, after reading this section of the
ence should recognize the severity of the problem and trust us to
One way to help our readers understand the problem is through the use of highlighting
techniques, especially headings and subheadings.
Figure 5 Introduction (Bail, 1995)
Proposal Writing 30
t highlights the importance of our proposal. It emphasizes for our readers the
proposal’s priority. In this problem section, one persuades his readers that a problem truly
Second, by clearly stating the problem, we also reveal our knowledge of the situation.
The problem section reveals our expertise. Thus, after reading this section of the
ence should recognize the severity of the problem and trust us to
One way to help our readers understand the problem is through the use of highlighting
Proposal Writing 31
9.2.6 Discussion
The discussion section of our proposal constitutes its body. In this section, we sell our products,
service, or suggested solution. As such, the discussion section represents the major portion of the
proposal, perhaps 85 percent of the text.
Because every proposal will differ, one cannot tell exactly what to include. However, the
discussion can contain any or all of the following: (Gerson, 2009)
1. Analyses
• Existing solution
• Solutions
• Benefits
2. Technical descriptions of mechanism, tools, facilities, or products
3. Technical instructions
4. Options
• Approaches or methodologies
• Purchase options
5. Managerial chains of command
6. Biographical sketches of personnel
7. Corporate and employee credentials
• Years in business
• Satisfied clients
• Certifications
• Previous accomplishments
8. Schedules
• Implementations schedules
Proposal Writing 32
• Reporting intervals
• Maintenance schedules
• Delivery schedules
• Completion dates
• Payment schedules
• Projected milestone
9. Cost charts
One has to decide which of these sections will be geared toward high tech readers, low tech
readers, or a lay audience. Once this section is made, you will have to write accordingly, defining
terms as needed. In addition to audience recognition, one should also enhance his discussion with
figures and tables for clarity, conciseness, and cosmetic appeal.
9.2.7 Conclusion/Recommendations
As with shorter reports, one must sum up the proposal, providing readers with a sense of closure.
The conclusion can restate the problem, solutions and the benefits to be derived. In doing so,
remember to quantify. Be specific, state percentages and amounts.
Recommendations suggest the next course of action. Specify when this action will or should
occur and why that date is important. (Gerson, 2009)
The conclusion/recommendation section can be made accessible through highlighting
techniques, including headings, subheadings, underlining, boldface, itemization and white space.
Conclusion/recommendations liken abstract, will be read primarily by executives, hence write to
a low tech reader.
9.2.8 Glossary
Because we will have numerous readers with multiple levels of expertise, we must be concerned
about our use of high tech language. Although some of our readers will und
terminology, others won’t. However, if you define your terms each time you use them, two
problems will occur: we will insult high tech readers, and we will delay our audience as they
read our text. To avoid these pitfalls use a glossary.
A glossary is an alphabetized list of high tech terminology placed after your
conclusion/recommendation. A glossary is invaluable. Readers who are unfamiliar with our
terminology can turn to the glossary and read our definitions. Those readers who understand ou
word usage can continue to read without stopping for unneeded information.
9.2.9 References
If you have used research to write yo
This page documents the source (book, periodicals, interviews, computer software, etc) you have
searched and quoted or paraphrased.
Proposal Writing
Because we will have numerous readers with multiple levels of expertise, we must be concerned
about our use of high tech language. Although some of our readers will und
terminology, others won’t. However, if you define your terms each time you use them, two
problems will occur: we will insult high tech readers, and we will delay our audience as they
read our text. To avoid these pitfalls use a glossary.
ssary is an alphabetized list of high tech terminology placed after your
conclusion/recommendation. A glossary is invaluable. Readers who are unfamiliar with our
terminology can turn to the glossary and read our definitions. Those readers who understand ou
word usage can continue to read without stopping for unneeded information.
Figure 6 Glossary (Inc, 2001)
If you have used research to write your proposal, you will need to include a work cited page.
This page documents the source (book, periodicals, interviews, computer software, etc) you have
searched and quoted or paraphrased.
Proposal Writing 33
Because we will have numerous readers with multiple levels of expertise, we must be concerned
about our use of high tech language. Although some of our readers will understand our
terminology, others won’t. However, if you define your terms each time you use them, two
problems will occur: we will insult high tech readers, and we will delay our audience as they
ssary is an alphabetized list of high tech terminology placed after your
conclusion/recommendation. A glossary is invaluable. Readers who are unfamiliar with our
terminology can turn to the glossary and read our definitions. Those readers who understand our
word usage can continue to read without stopping for unneeded information. (Gerson, 2009)
ur proposal, you will need to include a work cited page.
This page documents the source (book, periodicals, interviews, computer software, etc) you have
9.2.10 Appendix
A final, optional component is an appendix. Appendices allow you to include any additional
information (survey results, tables, figures, previous report findings, relevant letters or memos)
that you have not built into your
The contents of our appendix should not be of primary importance. Any truly important
information should be incorporated within the proposal’s main text. Valuable data should appear
in the text where it is easily accessible. Informati
simply because of it placement at the end of the report. We don’t want to bury our key ideas. An
appendix is a perfect place to file nonessential data that provides documentation for future
reference. (Gerson, 2009)
Proposal Writing
Figure 7 References (M.A., 2008)
A final, optional component is an appendix. Appendices allow you to include any additional
information (survey results, tables, figures, previous report findings, relevant letters or memos)
that you have not built into your proposal’s main text.
The contents of our appendix should not be of primary importance. Any truly important
information should be incorporated within the proposal’s main text. Valuable data should appear
in the text where it is easily accessible. Information provided within an appendix is buried,
simply because of it placement at the end of the report. We don’t want to bury our key ideas. An
appendix is a perfect place to file nonessential data that provides documentation for future
Proposal Writing 34
A final, optional component is an appendix. Appendices allow you to include any additional
information (survey results, tables, figures, previous report findings, relevant letters or memos)
The contents of our appendix should not be of primary importance. Any truly important
information should be incorporated within the proposal’s main text. Valuable data should appear
on provided within an appendix is buried,
simply because of it placement at the end of the report. We don’t want to bury our key ideas. An
appendix is a perfect place to file nonessential data that provides documentation for future
Proposal Writing 35
10 Critical Analysis
Today majority of the proposals written are actually hard copy printouts of power point slides.
Technical writers and authors have concluded that most readers want less text and easy to read
documentation, complete with ample graphics. And power point is the best solution to this need.
Not only the writers and proposal drafters use power point to make oral presentations about their
project, but they can also print out the power point slides as landscape pages and bind them as
handouts.
The benefit of the hard copy pages is that they are easy to create, read, understand, and meet
reader’s need for conciseness. Also that power point slides and their hardcopy are easy to
understand for a low tech management and the officials who need the basic idea of our proposal.
Power point proposals have also benefitted the firms and associations in founding the perfect
way to present clear, concise and thorough documentation of their assets. Rather than scrolling
through the hundreds of pages of report the reader can easily and within a short time span get the
idea of the proposal.
As a proposal’s primary objective is to persuade our target audience to take specific action, a
good proposal often presents a key opportunity for us to stand out from the crowd and can
influence, where as a poorly written proposal can quickly kick out our chances. Hence it is
thought that a proposal which is easy to understand, concise and brief, and notify the point i.e.
one made on power point slides, is more effective than the proposal which is long, complex and
intricate.
Proposal Writing 36
11 Conclusion
Implementing the mentioned techniques and format; and especially the quality control reviews
and checkpoints, will help ensure proposal creates the maximum impact. The proposal must be
easily grasped by the evaluators. When creating proposals, many organizations seem to forget
this grade-school lesson: For effective communication, your words must be understood.
The most important thing is that the proposal has to be written for whom it is meant. Use
language that they know!
Proposal Writing 37
12 References
1. (RPI), R. P. (2000). Proposal Purpose. Retrieved June 20, 2010, from
http://www.rpi.edu/web/writingcenter/wc_web/school/proposalpurpose.htm
2. America, G. S. (2010). AKC - Retrieving Letter. Retrieved June 20, 2010, from GSPCA:
http://www.gspca.org/General/News/images/AKC-Retrieving-letter.jpg
3. Associates, A. B. (20110). Proposal Cover. Retrieved June 20, 2010, from Albert B. York &
Associates: http://www.globalgrantwriter.com/GGWimages/Proposal-
Cover_1203134116.jpg
4. Associates, C. B. (2008). Table of Contents. Retrieved June 20, 2010, from Chestertown
Maryland: http://www.chestertown.com/gov/pdf/CompPlan/Table-of-Contents.gif
5. Bail, A. L. (1995). Introduction. Retrieved June 20, 2010, from ALB Crytallography:
http://www.cristal.org/glasses/versailles/introduction.gif
6. Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative & quantitative approaches. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
7. Curriculum Designers, I. (2007). Ohio Summary. Retrieved June 20, 2010, from Curriculum
Designers:
http://www.curriculumdesigners.com/Static/Resources/Documents/Bulletin%20Board%20Re
sources/OhioSummary.jpg
8. Fraenkel, J. R. (1990). How to design and evaluate research in education. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
9. Gerson, S. J. (2009). Technical Writing Process and Product. New Dehli: Dorling
Kindersley.
10. Guba, E. G. (1961). Elements of a proposal. UCEA meeting. Chapel Hill, NC.
11. Inc, D. S. (2001). Glossary. Retrieved June 20, 2010, from DB Streams Site:
http://www.dbstreams.ca/images/glossary.jpg
12. Kerlinger, F. N. (1979). Behavioral research: A conceptual approach. New York: Holt,
Rinehart, & Winston.
13. Krathwohl, D. R. (1988). How to prepare a research proposal: Guidelines for funding and
dissertations in the social and behavioral sciences. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
14. Locke, L. F. (1987). Proposals that work: A guide for planning dissertations and grant
proposals (2nd Ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Proposal Writing 38
15. M.A., S. T. (2008). Citing APA Refenreces . Retrieved June 20, 2010, from Suzzane
Delahanty's Homebase: http://suzanned.info/APA/graphics/citing-apa-reference-list.gif
16. Marshall, C. &. (1989). Designing qualitative research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
17. Newman, L. (2006). Proposal Guide for Business and Sales Professionals. Shipley
Associates.
18. Pajares, F. (2007). Elements of a proposal. Retrieved June 18, 2010, from Division of
Education Studies: http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/proposal.html
19. Shavelson, R. J. (1988). Statistical reasoning for the behavioral sciences (second edition).
Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
20. The Writing Center. (2004). Writing the Research Proposal. Retrieved June 19, 2010, from
Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota:
http://www2.smumn.edu/deptpages/~tcwritingcenter/Forms_of_Writing/ResearchProposal.ht
m
21. WebFinance, I. (2010). InvestorWords.com. Retrieved June 20, 2010, from
http://www.investorwords.com/3905/proposal.html
22. Wiersma, W. (1995). Research methods in education: An introduction (Sixth edition).
Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
23. Wikipedia. (2004). Research Proposal. Retrieved June 19, 2010, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_proposal
24. Wilkinson, A. M. (1991). The scientist’s handbook for writing papers and dissertations.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
25. Writing@CSU. (1993). A Definition of Purpose. Retrieved June 18, 2010, from Colorado
State University's: http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/processes/purpose/pop2a.cfm
26. Writing@CSU. (1993). Definitions of Proposals. Retrieved June 18, 2010, from Colorado
State University: http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/documents/proposal/pop2a.cfm
27. Writing@CSU. (1993). Purpose and Startegies. Retrieved June 18, 2010, from Colorado
State University: http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/processes/purpose/pop2d.cfm
28. Writing@CSU. (1993). Types of Purpose. Retrieved June 18, 2010, from Colorado State
University: http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/processes/purpose/pop2b.cfm
Proposal Writing 39
13 Appendix