33. use of blood products
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Use of blood productsUse of blood products
Dr Revathi RajDr Revathi Raj
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Principles of clinical transfusion Principles of clinical transfusion practicepractice
Transfusion - part of patient’s Transfusion - part of patient’s managementmanagement
National guidelines / individual needs National guidelines / individual needs Minimise blood lossMinimise blood loss Hb value should not be a sole Hb value should not be a sole
consideration for transfusionconsideration for transfusion Clinician takes sole responsibilityClinician takes sole responsibility Record reason for transfusionRecord reason for transfusion Trained person to administerTrained person to administer
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Transfusion should be Transfusion should be prescribed prescribed
only when benefits clearly only when benefits clearly outweigh outweigh
the risksthe risks
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Packed red cellsPacked red cells
Each unit raises haemoglobin up by 1 Each unit raises haemoglobin up by 1 gmgm
Shelf life 35 daysShelf life 35 days
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PlateletPlatelet concentrates concentrates
Shelf life of 4-5 daysShelf life of 4-5 days
ABO compatible if possibleABO compatible if possible
1 unit/10 kg body weight1 unit/10 kg body weight
Apheresis platelets are 6-10 times Apheresis platelets are 6-10 times superiorsuperior
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Fresh frozen plasmaFresh frozen plasma
Stored at –25Stored at –25°°C for up to 1 yearC for up to 1 year
No compatibility testing requiredNo compatibility testing required
Replacement of multiple clotting Replacement of multiple clotting factor deficienciesfactor deficiencies
Hypovolaemia alone is not an Hypovolaemia alone is not an indication for useindication for use
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Recent advancesRecent advances
Solvent detergent FFP – OctoplasSolvent detergent FFP – Octoplas
Methylene blue FFPMethylene blue FFP
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CryoprecipitateCryoprecipitate
Rich in fibrinogen and factor VIIIRich in fibrinogen and factor VIII
Lower volumeLower volume
Increased donor exposureIncreased donor exposure
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LeucodepletionLeucodepletion
Removes white cells using a Removes white cells using a filterfilter
Reduces risk of viral Reduces risk of viral transmission and transmission and alloimmunisationalloimmunisation
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Red cell and platelet filtersRed cell and platelet filters
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IrradiationIrradiation
Kills leucocytesKills leucocytes
Reduces risk of transfusion Reduces risk of transfusion associated graft versus host associated graft versus host diseasedisease
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Who is at risk of TAGvHD?Who is at risk of TAGvHD?
Bone marrow transplantation Bone marrow transplantation Congenital immunodeficiency Congenital immunodeficiency Hodgkin’s diseaseHodgkin’s disease FoetusFoetus Related donor transfusionsRelated donor transfusions Fludarabine therapyFludarabine therapy
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Factor concentratesFactor concentrates Human albumin solutions 4.5% Human albumin solutions 4.5%
and 20%and 20%
Factors VIII, IX, X, VII, protein C Factors VIII, IX, X, VII, protein C and Sand S
Fractionation and filtrationFractionation and filtration
Virally inactivatedVirally inactivated
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Fresh whole bloodFresh whole blood – fact and fancy – fact and fancy
No viable plateletsNo viable platelets
Reduced levels of clotting factors Reduced levels of clotting factors like like
IX, VIII and VIX, VIII and V
Plasma transmits most of the Plasma transmits most of the infections in whole blood / immune infections in whole blood / immune complicationscomplications
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Fresh whole bloodFresh whole blood- current indications- current indications
Exchange transfusion in newbornExchange transfusion in newborn
Advanced renal or liver disordersAdvanced renal or liver disorders
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RCTRCT
• A multicentre, randomised, controlled A multicentre, randomised, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care.in critical care.
Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators,Canadian Critical Care Trials Investigators,Canadian Critical Care Trials Group.Group.
Critical Care Program, University of Ottawa, ON, Critical Care Program, University of Ottawa, ON, CanadaCanada..
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838 critically ill patients838 critically ill patients
Hb 7 or 9 gmHb 7 or 9 gm
30 day mortality lower in 30 day mortality lower in transfusion restricted patientstransfusion restricted patients
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• A restrictive strategy of red-A restrictive strategy of red-cell transfusion cell transfusion is at least as is at least as effective as and possibly effective as and possibly superiorsuperior toto a liberal a liberal transfusion strategy in transfusion strategy in critically ill patients, with the critically ill patients, with the possible exception of patients possible exception of patients with acute myocardial with acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina.infarction and unstable angina.
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Acute transfusion reactionsAcute transfusion reactions
Acute haemolytic transfusion Acute haemolytic transfusion reactionreaction
Infusion of a bacterially Infusion of a bacterially contaminated unitcontaminated unit
Transfusion- associated lung injuryTransfusion- associated lung injury
Severe allergic reactionSevere allergic reaction
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Acute haemolytic transfusion Acute haemolytic transfusion reactionreaction
Feeling of apprehensionFeeling of apprehension AgitationAgitation FlushingFlushing Pain at venepuncture sitesPain at venepuncture sites Pain abdomen / flank or chestPain abdomen / flank or chest
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Acute haemolytic transfusion Acute haemolytic transfusion reaction…reaction…
FeverFever HypotensionHypotension Generalised oozing from Generalised oozing from
puncture sitespuncture sites HaemoglobinaemiaHaemoglobinaemia HaemoglobinuriaHaemoglobinuria
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ManagementManagement
Stop transfusionStop transfusion Check vitalsCheck vitals Preserve unit of bloodPreserve unit of blood Take blood cultures / repeat group / Take blood cultures / repeat group /
crossmatch / cbc / coagscreen / crossmatch / cbc / coagscreen / biochem / ldh / urinalysisbiochem / ldh / urinalysis
IV saline infusionIV saline infusion Keep urine output > 100 ml/hourKeep urine output > 100 ml/hour DIC managed with appropriate DIC managed with appropriate
componentscomponents
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Bacterial contaminationBacterial contamination Fever>1.5 C from baselineFever>1.5 C from baseline
Sustained hypotensionSustained hypotension
FluidsFluids
Broad spectrum antibioticsBroad spectrum antibiotics
FFP / platelets guided by coag screenFFP / platelets guided by coag screen
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Severe allergic reactionSevere allergic reaction
OxygenOxygen ChlorpheniramineChlorpheniramine HydrocortisoneHydrocortisone AdrenalineAdrenaline Salbutamol nebsSalbutamol nebs Suspect IGA deficiencySuspect IGA deficiency
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TRALITRALI
Clinical PictureClinical Picture
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edemaNoncardiogenic pulmonary edema Dyspnea, cyanosis, hypotension, Dyspnea, cyanosis, hypotension,
fever, chillsfever, chills Develops within 1-2 hours of Develops within 1-2 hours of
transfusion. Usually present by 4-6 transfusion. Usually present by 4-6 hourshours
Difficult to distinguish from Acute Difficult to distinguish from Acute Respiratory Distress SyndromeRespiratory Distress Syndrome
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TRALI…TRALI…
AetiologyAetiology
Antibodies against granulocyte, HLA Antibodies against granulocyte, HLA class I or class II antigensclass I or class II antigens
Biologically active lipids in stored Biologically active lipids in stored cellular blood componentscellular blood components
Pulmonary oedema arises from capillary Pulmonary oedema arises from capillary injury rather than volume overloadinjury rather than volume overload
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TRALI…TRALI…
InvestigationsInvestigations
Hypoxaemia with respiratory alkalosisHypoxaemia with respiratory alkalosis
Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates persisting for 7 days at leastpersisting for 7 days at least
No fluid overload / cardiacNo fluid overload / cardiac compromisecompromise
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TRALI…TRALI…
TreatmentTreatment
Supportive ventilatory assistanceSupportive ventilatory assistance
Maintenance of haemodynamic status Maintenance of haemodynamic status (e.g., saline infusion) (e.g., saline infusion)
Diuretics are contraindicatedDiuretics are contraindicated
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Other complicationsOther complications
Delayed haemolytic transfusion Delayed haemolytic transfusion reactionreaction
Post transfusion purpuraPost transfusion purpura
Transfusion associated graft Transfusion associated graft versus host diseaseversus host disease
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HOW CAN WE HELP?HOW CAN WE HELP?HOW CAN WE HELP?HOW CAN WE HELP?
EducationEducation Avoid unnecessary transfusionsAvoid unnecessary transfusions Dedicated multiple satellite packsDedicated multiple satellite packs Avoid using first time donors for Avoid using first time donors for
transfusing infantstransfusing infants Salvage techniquesSalvage techniques Autologous predepositAutologous predeposit Recombinant erythropoietinRecombinant erythropoietin Blood substitutesBlood substitutes
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Case 1Case 1
26 year old primip, bleeding 26 year old primip, bleeding profusely post partumprofusely post partum
Tachycardic, BP 80/40, consciousTachycardic, BP 80/40, conscious Labs Hb 5.4, WBC 16,000, Platelets Labs Hb 5.4, WBC 16,000, Platelets
150,000150,000
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Case 2Case 2
20 year old student20 year old student Drowsy, febrile, extensive petechiae Drowsy, febrile, extensive petechiae
after a brief illnessafter a brief illness Hb 8.2, WBC 6000, platelets < 5000, Hb 8.2, WBC 6000, platelets < 5000,
PT,PTT,Fibrinogen normal, creatinine PT,PTT,Fibrinogen normal, creatinine 1.81.8
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Peripheral smearPeripheral smear
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Case 3Case 3
32 year old male32 year old male Admitted with suspected dengue Admitted with suspected dengue
feverfever Hb 17, WCC 3100, Platelets 12,000, Hb 17, WCC 3100, Platelets 12,000,
extensive petechiae, PT 13/13, PTT extensive petechiae, PT 13/13, PTT 49/3749/37
What do we do?What do we do?
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Thank youThank you