3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 1 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organic phosphate moves through...

3–3 Cycles of Matter

Slide 1 of 33

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

•Organic phosphate moves through the food web and to the rest of the ecosystem.

Nutrient Cycles

Ocean

Land

Organisms

Sediments


Slide 2 of 33


Nutrient Cycles

The Phosphorus Cycle

• Phosphorus is essential to organisms because it helps forms important molecules like DNA (genetic code storage) and RNA (making proteins).

• Most phosphorus exists in the form of inorganic phosphate—in rocks. Inorganic phosphate is released into the soil and water as sediments wear down.

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Slide 4 of 33


3-3 Cycles of Matter

How does matter move among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem?


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Recycling in the Biosphere


Energy and matter move through the biosphere very differently.

Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. (Closed system)


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Matter (elements, chemical compounds, etc.) are passed

from one organism to another

Matter is assembled into living tissue, passed out of the body, or decomposed.

AND from one part of the biosphere to another through biogeochemical cycles.



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Biogeochemical cycles definition – connect biological, geological, and chemical aspects of the biosphere.



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The Water Cycle

Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.

You are hereYou are here


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Transpiration definition - evaporation specifically off of leaves and plants.



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Nutrient Cycles

Nutrient Cycles

All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its nutrients.

Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions.

Similar to water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical cycles.


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Nutrient Cycles

The Carbon Cycle

Biological processes

photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition

take up and release carbon and oxygen.

Geochemical processes

erosion and volcanic activity

release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and oceans.


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Nutrient Cycles

Photosynthesis

feeding

feeding

Respiration

Deposition

Carbonate Carbonate RocksRocks

Deposition

Decomposition

Fossil fuelFossil fuel

Volcanic activity

Uplift

Erosion

Respiration

Human activity

CO2 in Ocean

Photosynthesis

BIO – GEO - CHEMICAL


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Nutrient Cycles

Photosynthesis

feeding

feeding

Respiration

Deposition

Carbonate Carbonate RocksRocks

Deposition

Decomposition

Fossil fuelFossil fuel

Volcanic activity

Uplift

Erosion

Respiration

Human activity

CO2 in Ocean

Photosynthesis

BIO – GEO - CHEMICAL


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Nutrient Cycles

The Nitrogen Cycle

All organisms require nitrogen to make nucleic acids and proteins!

Although nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of nitrogen on Earth-80% of atmosphere is N2 gas. THIS IS UNUSABLE BY ALMOST EVERYTHING, EXCEPT…

Bacteria live in the soil and on the roots of plants called legumes (beans, clover, etc.).

They convert nitrogen gas (unusable form) into ammonia (usable form) in a process known as nitrogen fixation.


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THEN…

Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites.

Once these products are available, producers can use them to make proteins.

Consumers then eat the producers and reuse the nitrogen to make their own proteins or nucleic acids.

Nutrient Cycles


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Nitrogen Cycle

Biological Processes –

Decomposition, excretion, nitrogen fixation, eating plants, carnivores/omnivores eating herbivores/omnivores, bacterial nitrogen fixation

Geochemical Processes –

Lightning strikes, synthetic fertilizer manufacture

Nutrient Cycles


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SCIENCE IS FUN FACTS! (Not needed for notes)

Lightning??? Atmospheric Fixation

The enormous energy of lightning breaks nitrogen molecules and enables their atoms to combine with oxygen in the air forming nitrogen oxides. These dissolve in rain, forming nitrates, that are carried to the earth.

Atmospheric nitrogen fixation probably contributes some 5– 8% of the total nitrogen fixed



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Nutrient Cycles

Bacterial nitrogen fixation

N2 in Atmosphere

NH3

Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer

Uptake by producers

Reuse by consumers

Decomposition, excretion

Atmospheric nitrogen fixation

Uptake by producers

Reuse by consumers

Denitrification


NO3 and NO2

BIO-GEO-CHEMICAL


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Nutrient Cycles

Bacterial nitrogen fixation

N2 in Atmosphere

NH3

Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer

Uptake by producers

Reuse by consumers


Atmospheric nitrogen fixation

Uptake by producers

Reuse by consumers

Denitrification


NO3 and NO2

BIO-GEO-CHEMICAL


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Nitrogen fixation definition – converting nitrogen gas into ammonia by bacteria in soil and on roots of plants called legumes.

Denitrification definition – Converting nitrates into nitrogen gas by different bacteria in the soil.

Nutrient Cycles


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Nutrient Limitation

Nutrient Limitation

The primary productivity of an ecosystem is the rate at which organic matter is created by producers.

One factor that controls the primary productivity of an ecosystem is the amount of available nutrients.


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If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an organism's growth.

When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is called a limiting nutrient.

Example: Lower amounts of nitrogen or phosphorus LIMIT the growth of plants

Nutrient Limitation


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Transformations

1. Carbon cycle: Organic compounds to CO2 (processes: respiration, decomposition, or fire)

2. Carbon cycle: CO2 to organic compounds (process: photosynthesis)

3. Nitrogen cycle: N2 to NO3 (atmospheric nitrogen to plant utilizable nitrate) (process: N-fixation)

4. Nitrogen cycle: N2 to NH3 (plant utilizable ammonia) (process: Haber-Bosch Industrial N-fixation)

5. Water cycle: Liquid water to water vapor (process: evaporation and transpiration)

6. Water cycle: Water vapor to liquid water (process: condensation)


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3–3

Transpiration is part of the

a. water cycle.

b. carbon cycle.

c. nitrogen cycle.

d. phosphorus cycle.

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3–3

Carbon is found in the atmosphere in the form of

a. carbohydrates.

b. carbon dioxide.

c. calcium carbonate.

d. ammonia.

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3–3

Biologists describe nutrients as moving through cycles because the substances

a. start as simple organic forms that plants need.

b. provide “building blocks” and energy that organisms need.

c. are passed between organisms and the environment and then back to organisms.

d. are needed by organisms to carry out life processes.

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3–3

The only organisms that can convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form useful to living things are nitrogen-fixing

a. plants.

b. bacteria.

c. detritivores.

d. animals.

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3–3

When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, the result is

a. runoff.

b. algal death.

c. algal bloom.

d. less primary productivity.

END OF SECTION

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 1 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organic phosphate moves through...

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