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Greek and

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BY DIETRICH

VON BOTHMER

andRomanArt of Greek Chairman, Department

THE METROPOLITAN

MUSEUM

OF ART

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Treasuryvaryingforms continued for centuriesuntil a little over a hundredyearsago. While the monetaryvalue of gold and silver and their parityhas changedfrequently, their prices their sometimes wild are still (and fluctuations) determining economicfactors. In thisBulletin overa hundred vasesandutensils-mostly madeof silver-are illustrated anddescribed. Theyspantwo anda halfmillenniaandrepresent the holdingsof the Greek andRomanDepartment, now exhibitedfor the firsttime in a galleryadjacent to the GreatHall. In termsof collecting, the choice of objects published here also illustratesthe growth of the Department,in little more than a hundred years,from the acquisitionby subscriptionof the Cesnola collection of Cypriot antiquitiesin 1874 to the last purchasesof two yearsago. Geographically the new exhibition coversmost of the areas andperiodsin the careof the Greek and RomanDepartment,from Cyprusin the southeastern Mediterranean to the Cycladesand other Greekislands,to Ionia and beyondthe Greekmainland,and, in the West,to Someof the objectshaverecorded ItalyandMagnaGraecia. find spots, but manymore can only be ascribedto an area and dated to a stylisticperiod. Not all periods are equally well represented in the Museum,andthereis relatively little No modern museum can to a fair cross gold. pretend give section of whatwas once visiblein the greatGreeksanctuariesof DelphiandOlympiaor evenin the templetreasuries of the Acropolis at Athens. The very value of the metal broughtwith it the seeds of its own destruction,or better put, its conversion.In times of need gold andsilverobjects weremelteddown to payfor the necessitiesof life or armaments, and a lost warinevitablyled to plunder-either the legitimatebooty of the victor,who in Romantimes proudly it in a triumphal paraded processionbeforeturningit over to the state, or the privateloot of soldierson a rampage. Looting could at times be avoided by burying treasures beforean invasion,but the rightfulownercouldnot always be sure of his own survival and thus of recovering his propertyonce hostilities had ceased. Indirectly,however, buriedobjectsstood a betterchanceof preservation, for if discovered chance two thousand later were by (at years they least in most cases) not melted down but entered public collections.Many of the hoardsof Romansilverfound in and Switzerland within the last Britain,France,Germany, two centuries werethusspared the fateof the treasure found at Trierin 1628, which was promptlymelted down, or the Wettingenfindof 1633, whichwas parceledout amongthe Swisscantonsandhasdisappeared. Most of our ancientplate is tableware-cups, pitchers, much bowls, ladles,and the like-and thereforeresembles and silver. Also in our included collection post-classical gold 5

Of the five metals deemed precious today-gold, silver, irridium,andplatinum-only the firsttwo, gold palladium, and silver,have been esteemedsince remote antiquityand Wespeak in a varietyof expressions. enteredmost languages the Saints(Legenof the GoldenAge, the GoldenLegendof daAurea),the golden mean, and the golden rule;there are golden hours, golden weddings, and, of course, the gold standard. Silver,less rarethangold, is consideredsecondto to Hesiod, wasthe second,less it: the SilverAge, according in Latindenotesthe second the world. of Silver perfectage anda silveranniversary stands floweringof Latinliterature, for twenty-five years, as opposed to fifty for a gold. Together,gold and silversymbolizewealth,as in the motto of the stateof Montana:Oroyplata. Both metalsareverymalleable andtakeon a high polish. in antiquity, Their ductilitywas not known or appreciated but in moderntimes this qualityhasmadethem industrially valuable.Gold is found eitherin a purestateor in a natural alloy,especiallywith silver(electrum);silveroccursmostly in lead ore (galena)and has to be separated from the lead Another difference in their aplies sulphideby smelting. even hardened the when admixtureof pearance.Gold, by other metals, does not tarnish,while silver in time turns blackandis subjectto corrosion. In antiquitygold was firstfound and used in Africaand Arabia,laterin the land of the Scythians,and especiallyin Asia Minor.In Greekmythologyreportsof regionsrichin gold wereechoedin the storiesof Midas's goldentouchand the golden fleece as well as in tales of the griffins and Arimasps.Though Greece herselfwas not so fortunateas her richerneighbors,gold must havefound its way to the country very early,as is proved by the many findsof gold objectsin Mycenaeand elsewhere.In Etruriagold did not become widespread until the seventhcenturyB.C.and was in mined northern probably Italy,whilethe wealthof Rome in gold derivedincreasingly frommilitaryconquests. Gold and silver represented wealth throughouthistoric times.Coinageoriginated in AsiaMinorin the middleof the seventh century B.C., when the ancientcities on the west coastofAnatoliainventeda systembasedon the distribution of smalllumps of electrum,all of the same (or nearlythe with an identifysame)weight.Theselumpswerefurnished and a mark used as medium of ing punch exchange,taking the placeof the earlier tradeby barter. The primitivepunch marksweregradually replacedby distinctivesymbolsof the cities that issued these electrum"coins." Laterstill, in the of Croesus of (560-546 B.C.),Sardis,his reign King Lydia issued coins in in and silver ratherthan in capitalcity, gold with the ratio two between the metals set at electrum, 1:13.5. This innovation introduced bimetalism,which inTrefoiloinochoe (no. 35) Oppositepage:

the island of Euboea, found with a gold cup and a silver phialethat areboth now in the BenakiMuseumin Athens. The decorationon the two silverbowls and the gold cup is purely linear-vertical lines, chevrons, and hatched triof contemporary the ornamentation angles-and resembles pottery.A similar, though somewhatsmallersilverdish was found in a tomb on Amorgos, and it is thought that these metalbowls areCycladic andshouldbe datedbetween3000 and2300 B.C.Two gold cups (nos. 3, 4)-a kantharos anda B.C. about of 1500 goblet-are Mycenaean Considerably later,of the eighth to the sixth centuryB.C., are the three bowlsfromCyprus(nos. 9-11): one, in gold, betrays strong a central tondo of a one in with silver, influence; Egyptian narrative a lion and two zones, winged divinity slaying a curious amalgam of Egyptianand Phoenician representsmotifs.

B.C. Rome, Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia

Bucchero(blackclay) bowl with headsin relief.Etruscan,sixth century

aremirrors,cosmeticboxes,anda comb,aswellasanincense burnerthat need not havebeen a cult vessel,but was probto the gods did ablyused athome. Silverandgold dedicated from the differ in form and not workmanship appreciably table silveronly the richcould affordto haveat their sumptuous banquets. Earliest among the silver vases from Greece in the Museumaretwo shallowbowls (nos. 1, 2), reportedlyfrom

The earliestsilverphialemesomphalos(no. 12) is purely Greek, of the sixth century B.C., though the shape and in the Near schemeof decorationhadlong been traditional silvervessel, a situla (no. 15), East. Another sixth-century asa wasmeantto be carried by the swinginghandle,perhaps cult object;it is saidto come fromthe Troad. East Greeksilveris introOn pages 24 to 45 our archaic of over fiftyvasesandutensilsthathave duced, an assembly been acquired patientlyover the courseof fifteenyears.The madeby Ioniancraftsdifferent objectswereevidently many men for rich clients on the eastern peripheryof Greece at a time (beforethe Persian conquestof AsiaMinor) when Greekcultureflourishedon both sides of the Aegean Sea, as fareastas was appreciated andwhen Greekworkmanship even show the of Some Persian, Eastern, objects Persepolis.

Phialewith heads (no. 16)

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Detail of silver-giltbowl (no. 10) Oppositepage:

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tasteandPersian motifswerefreelyborrowed.Others,howthe ever, notably large silver oinochoai with sculptural adjuncts(nos. 35-38), are purelyGreekin both shapeand headsworkedseparately style. The two phialaiwith Persian andattachedto the walls (nos. 16, 17) shouldbe singledout for specialcomment,for they correspond to a type ofphiale until now known only from a temple inventoryon Delos. Eachof the hollow headscontainsa quantityof tiny bronze pellets that produce a rattling sound when the object is moved. Persianconnectionsarealso evidenton a silver-gilt to the phiale (no. 18) that portraysthe greatking marching left between each lobe and on another(no. 19), somewhat smaller,that shows the Persianking killing a lion. Other but while we have phialaiare ornamentedmore sparingly, some pairsthatwereobviouslymeantassuch,thereis much varietyin both shapeanddecoration. The silveroinochoe (no. 35) with the handlein the shape of a naked youth bending backward, his long hair falling over the rim of the vase, follows a type known in bronze from Cyprusin the East to Spain in the West.The youth

Silverbowl (no. 19)

holds the tails of two recumbent lions on the rim, while his feet rest on a palmette flanked by two rams. A second schemeknownalso oinochoe (no. 36) employsa decorative The upperendof the handleterminates frombronzehydriai. in a lion's head, its mouth opened as if to permanently replenishthe liquidinsidethe vase, on the analogyof water spouts in fountainhousesor along the roofs of Greektemples.The finialatthe lowerend of the handletakesthe shape of the head and forelegsof a panther. Two other wine jugs have carinated bodies. The handlesterminate 37, (nos. 38) above in animalheads that seem to bite into the lip of the vase. One of the two carinated jugs hasa frontalheadof Bes as its lowerfinial. variedarefour silveralabastra (nos. 45-48). In Similarly each the body is divided into severalzones, which on the8

Goddess with scepterand phiale. Red-figuredlekythos (oil container). Attic, c. 470 B.C.FletcherFund, 1928 (28.57.11)

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pp

This representation of a drinkingpartyincludesmanyof the objects in the Treasury. Drawingby LindsleyE Hall of red-figured kylix (drinkingcup). Attic, c. 490-480 B.C.Rogers Fund, 1920 (20.246)

anda battle with animals finestof them (no. 45) areengraved scenethatrecalls the styleof Clazomenian paintedterracotta also occurs on a decoration sarcophagi.Engravedfigural of silverskyphos typicallyLydianshape (no. 49) and on a smallsilverbowl fromCyprus(no. 13). Among the eight EastGreeksilverladlesin the collection (see nos. 59-64), againno two arealike.One of them (no. the loop on top is formedby 59) is particularly sumptuous: below andthe facetedhandleterminates two eagle-griffins, in a winged lion thatseemsto dive into the bowl while two fullyin the round,watch. sphinxes,sculptured Most of the EastGreeksilverobjectswereintendedto be used for banquets,of which we havemanyrepresentations on vases and reliefs.There are two strainers(nos. 66, 67)

throughwhichwinewaspouredinto drinking cups;they are in silverandtheirhandles,like those on some of the ladles, aredecoratedwith animalheads,here a duckand a calf.Of the other utensils used on such occasions, two incense burnersshould be noted. One (no. 69, of bronze)is in the to a long rod, its perforated conical shapeof a cup attached coverhingedto the rod bymeansof a leapinganimal with its head turned back.This incense burnerfollows an ancient Egyptiantradition:it washeld in a horizontalposition by a servantor attendantwho would walk through the rooms with it. The other incenseburner(no. 68), madeof silver, wasno doubtset on a table.Its lid, likethe one in bronze,is tiered and perforated,but insteadof being hinged it was securedto the stand by a small chain. The cover is sur9

Detailof goldphiale(no. 86) mounted by an exquisite statuette of a cock, the style of which resembles that of the cocks engraved on the shoulder of one of the silver alabastra (no. 45). Such a small incense burner occurs, not by coincidence, on the fragment of a black-figured hydria in Athens that was found at Clazomenae on the west coast of Asia Minor. To the realm of cosmetics belongs a rectangular compartmented makeup box of silver (no. 70). One of the dividing walls is notched to hold a special cosmetic spoon, and the box's cover does not open on a hinge but swivels horizontally and is held locked by a movable stud. The heads of the swivel and the locking stud are gilt, as are five additional ornamental studs in the center and on the four corners. When the box is closed properly, anyone unfamiliarwith the locking mechanism would have a difficult time opening it. Also from Eastern Greece, but almost two centuries later, is a group of five vessels from Prusias, in Bithynia (nos. 72-76). The situla, or wine bucket, is of bronze, as befits a vase that is carried back and forth from the kitchen or pantry to the dining room. The other objects-a strainer, a ladle, a kylix, and a phiale-are of silver. Prusias on Hypios, formerly called Kieros, was a Greek settlement in a notoriously hostile country, and the Prusias find is indeed of Greek workmanship, closely related to that on the many metal vases found more recently in Northern Greece and Macedonia. Slightly later and of unknown provenance is a group of five silver objects (nos. 81-85)-a cup (kylix), a bottle, a pyxis, a scraper (strigil), and a jar (that once had a handle and served as a pitcher). The bottle, the pitcher, and the pyxis have ornamental bands enhanced by gilding. A gold libation bowl (no. 86), or phiale, is not only one of the rarest but also one of the most beautiful objects in the exhibition. The chief decoration is three circles of acorns and a fourth of beechnuts, each containing thirty-three elements. In addition, thirty-three bees are depicted in the interstices of the row of acorns nearest the edge of the bowl, and the collar around the omphalos is decorated with fifteen

Libation scene. Red-figured stamnos (wine jar). Attic, c. 480 FletcherFund, 1956 (56.171.50)

B.C.

10

circumscribed palmettes.Acorns as decorationon phialai were traditional,as we learnnot only from inventoriesof but also from a fragmentary temple treasures, gold phiale now in Warsaw that was found on Cyprusin a late sixthof the centurytomb andfromRomancopiesof the caryatids on in Erechtheum the Athens. There fifth-century Acropolis is nothing in the decoration on the gold phiale in the Museumthat allowsus to date it precisely, but the Carthaon is with characters the bottom ginianinscription engraved to that epigraphers the third centuryB.C. Since this assign been have added later,it only furnishesus inscriptionmaywith a terminus postquem non.

Two other richlydecoratedphialai(nos. 89, 90), said to have been found together,were hammeredover the same die. On each of them the broaderouter band shows the apotheosisof Heraklesin a cortege of four chariots,while the narrowinnerzone aroundthe omphalosshowsthe gods feastingon Olympus.It had long been held that these two or adaptations existin phialai,of whichfragmentary replicas the BritishMuseum,weremadeof silver, butnot long ago an examinationpromptedby our Italiancolleaguesrevealed themto be madeof silveredtin. The spiritedhorsesdrawing the chariotspoint to a datein the latefifth centuryB.C. that seemsto be supportedby the allegationthatthe two phialai were found togetherwith an Attic red-figured calyxkrater, now at Oxford,by the Dinos Painter. Somewhatlater than the silvered-tinphialaiis a bronze mirror(no. 88) attachedto a wooden backandframedby a cast silver-giltcircularband decoratedin openwork with birds and floral rinceaux.The mirroris said to have been found in Olbia,in South Russia,as is a silver-giltbowl (no. 87) that, like the mirror,is from the collection of Joseph Chmielowski. This bowl, considerably laterthanthe mirror, illustrates how the classicalGreekmotifs-here Erotesflying against a backgroundof acanthusleaves, scrolls, and debasedat the fan-shaped palmettes-become increasingly of the Hellenisticworld. periphery South Russian, too, is the decorated gold plate of a Scythiansword sheath (no. 91), the companion piece to which was found in Chertomlykbetween 1859 and 1863; the two differ only in the treatmentof the animalsin the triangular top section. It haslong beenheldthatmuchof the

withconical cover(no. 108) Pyxis

"Scythian" gold and silverwas workedby Greekcraftsmen, andthis assumptionhasnow been confirmed by the discovof a of in the famoustomb ery gold quiver "Scythian" shape at Verginain Macedonia. From the far Northeast we now turn to the West, to A tombdiscovered in 1895 atMontefortino MagnaGraecia. (see nos. 110-114),nearAnconain centralItaly,includedin addition to iron spits and sword blades, bronze and ceramic vessels-five silvervases:a two-handled deep bowl, a ladle,a pitcher,andtwo stemlesscups.The silvervasesare of WestGreek,perhaps and Tarentine, clearly workmanship must havebeen looted somewhereelse in southernItalyby

Detail of sword sheath (no. 91)

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with a twelvekylix;one ladle;one shallowphialedecorated pointed gilt star aroundthe omphalos;one small pitcher with a theatrical mask,not unlikethose on the buckets,in relief below the handle;one tripod pyxiswith a decohigh ratedlid; one smallportablealtarwith differentreceptacles for various offerings; two horns, perhapsfrom a helmet madeof bronzeandnow destroyed;and,lastly, the emblema of a cup or pyxis lid decoratedin high reliefwith a frontal with Scylla.Severalfeaturesconnect this group stylistically famous Tarentine treasure, once the property of I,the tX de Rothschildbut not seen since WorldWarII, iEdmond \l which,in turn,sharessome of the stylisticconventionswith a findmostlyofterracottavasesfromAlbania, one of which closely resemblesthe two silverbuckets(nos. 105, 106) in the Museum. Parallels for the polygonal markingson the silver bowl (no. 97) canbe foundon clayvases 1hemispherical X

andPergamon. Corinth

The sackingof Syracuse in 211 B.c. and of Tarantotwo laterled to large-scale looting of the two most importantGreekcitiesin MagnaGraecia, but the booty carried off to Rome atthe sametime openedthe eyesof the Romansto

a libation. pelike(storage Red-figured ApolloandArtemis performing Fund,1906(06.1021.191) Attic,mid-fifth vessel). century B.c. Rogers

the Gallicsoldierin whose tomb they were found. Another group of earlyHellenisticsilverobjects (see nos. 107-109) tomb at Bolsena,in Italy;it also cameto light in anEtruscan containeda finebronzemirrorandfivebronzevessels,three firerakesand tongs, andirons,six undecoiron candelabra, rated vases made of local clay,two Etruscanblack-glazed vases,twelve smallterracottaballs (a set for a game), and a gold ring. The bronzes, iron utensils, and terracottavases are clearlyEtruscan,but the three silverobjects, a pyxis, a anda strigil,musthavebeen imports perfumeamphoriskos,(probably from Apulia), to which the Etruscan inscriptionSkyphos(no. 116)

"suthina"("for the tomb") was added before they were buried. The floralornamentson the insides of the two stemless cupsfromMontefortino (nos. 112,113)arenot too farfrom andpyxisfromBolsena the floraldetailson the amphoriskos an attribution of both which (nos. 107, 108), supports or a a to workshoptradition,of Magna workshop, groups Graecia.The same attribution,possibly more narrowlyto canbe madefor fifteensilverobjectsof greatsplenTaranto, dor acquired by the Museum in 1981 and 1982 (nos. 92-106): two silverbuckets,eachwith threesupportsin the masks;three deep bowls with separately shapeof theatrical insidein the center;one hemispherical workedleaf-rosettes bowl with two engravedgilt wreathson the outside andpolygonal grooves on the body; one deep-bowled, stemless (no. 118) pitcher Spouted

12

the beautyof Greekart. Fromthen on greatwealthpoured into Rome, not only from MagnaGraeciabut also, in the secondcentury,fromAsiaMinor and Greeceand, afterthe battleof Actium, from Egypt. The best descriptionof the almostunbelievable displayof wealthat a Hellenisticcourt in the third centuryB.C. is the accountby the writerKallixeinosof the greatprocessionorganizedby KingPtolemyII in 271/270 B.c.: the weight of in Alexandria Philadelphus the gold cups alone is given as three hundredtons. One cannot help but wonder what happenedto all those treasures.Muchof the gold andsilvermusthavefoundits wayto Rome. The Museumowns partsof two late RomanRepublican hoards.The more complete, of thirty pieces-a veritableministerium,as the Romans called a silver table service-is

divided between the Field Museumof NaturalHistory in Chicago and the Metropolitan (see nos. 115-124). The hoard,said to havebeen found nearTivoli, was bought by EdouardWarneck in the late nineteenthcentury.After the of death Warneck's widow the silverwas offered at auction in Paris in 1905, in one lot; it wasboughtby a dealerwho the nextyearsold partof it (a mug, a platter,six dishes,a shell, andelevenspoons) to a Chicagocollector.Manyyearslater the remainder (two cups, a spoutedpitcher,a ladle, and six to went New York. The majorpiecesof this set, the spoons)

with cups, the mug, the ladle, and the dishes,are engraved the nameof the owner,a certainSattia,daughter (or wife) of the Lucius; platterbearsthe nameof Roscia.The dish in the shapeof a halfshellis also inscribed,but the namesareonly vasesarealso marked with partially legible.These inscribed the weights,a practice not uncommonin antiquity. The two cups (nos. 116, 117) invite comparisonwith the similar, though plainer,cup (no. 98) from the earlythird-century hoard, and the ladle is still in the traditionof the fourthcenturyladle from Prusias(no. 72). The spouted pitcher (no. 118), however,is a new shape and relativelyrare.Its troughlike spout corresponds somewhat to the Roman M. Terentius Varro's of a trulla(or encyclopedist description truella),a diminutiveoftrua, the Latinword for gutter,and this shapehasthereforeat times been calleda trulla. The second Romanhoard,considerably smallerthan the Tivolione, is saidto havebeenfoundnearLakeTrasimene in central it too has been the Museum Italy.Though dispersed, is fortunate to haveacquired two pieces:a pairofstrigilson a ring (no. 125) and a combinationcomb and pin (no. 126) with engraved decorationdepictinga lion hunt. Roman silver of the Imperialperiod is less well representedin the Museum,for thereis nothingin New York that can be compared to the HildesheimTreasure in Berlin,the Boscoreale Silverin the Louvre,the Berthouville in Treasure 13

the Cabinetdes Medailles,or the silverfrom the House of Menander in Pompeii. The cast handles (nos. 130, 131) of two very large dishes, however,of the second andthird centuriesA.D., are eloquent illustrationsof excellentlater of the two handlesshows, in Romansilverwork.The earlier The second in a mountainous lion hunt a relief, landscape. is and the handle is somewhatlater technique differentin and that the higher parts of the reliefwere cast separately insertedor splicedinto cut-out depressions.Here the subject is the Indiantriumphof Bacchusin a chariotdrawnby two lionesses.

The storyof GreekandRomansilverdoes not, of course, end with the last pieces in this Bulletinor with the exhibition. Visitorsto the newlyopened gallerymaywell wish to gallery explorethe lateantiquegold andsilverin the parallel thatis devotedto earlyChristian south of the greatstaircase art andcontainsthe fabulousCyprusplate,or the Egyptian galleriesto the north thatexhibitmuchgold andsilverfrom PtolemaicEgypt. On the second floor toward the south, gold and silverplatefrom the ancientNear Eastwill round out the splendidstory of ancienttoreutic art, of which the is one of the finestchapters. GreekandRomanTreasuryDIETRICH VON BOTHMER

Chairman of Department andRomanArt Greek

14

A

Greek

and

Roman

Treasury

The installationof the GreekandRomanTreasury is madepossiblethroughthe generosityof Gayfryd and SaulSteinbergandRelianceGroupHoldings,Inc.

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1,2. Pairof silverbowls. Saidto havebeenfoundtogetheron ca. 3000-2300 B.C. Left:height4.8 cm;diamEuboea.Cycladic, eterca. 19.6cm;weight439.2 grams.Bequest of Walter C. Baker, 1971(1972.118.152). ca. 24.6 cm; Right:height5.8 cm;diameter weight709.5 grams.Purchase, JosephPulitzerBequest,1946 (46.11.1) Thesetwo shallowsilverbowlsmaybe termedforerunners of the libationbowlscalledphialaiin Greek.Metalvasesof the Cycladic thatgold andsilver, periodareveryrare,andit is not surprising whicharesuchmalleable metals,predominate. on the shoulder of the somewhat The decoration smaller dish one by havingthreefieldsof vertical differsfromthaton the larger betweenthreewider lines(eleven,nine,andelevenrespectively) fieldsof chevrons. The rimof the larger bowl flares out andthe neckis vertical. The is limitedto the shoulder. Fouroblong fieldsof vertical decoration strokes(nineteenin eachfield,exceptfor one thathasonly eighwith fourothers,somewhat wider,thatarecomteen) alternate each.The triangles arehatched. posedof fivetrianglesGreekArt oftheAegeanIslands,1979, pp. 63-64 (with previous Bibliography: references).

3. Gold kantharos (drinking cup).Saidto be fromThebes.Greek,ca. 1500-1375 B.C. Height to top of handles8.6 cm; heightto rim7.2 cm; width 17.07cm;weight 71 grams.RogersFund, 1907 (07.286.126) The body of the cupwasraisedfroma disk of sheetgold; the two handles with rolled andattached edgeswereworkedseparately with gold rivets.The handlesaredecorated with leafpatterns. Therearethreeconcen-

r in rlir n 1U In .lll .ait1 n uVuUlda nai ilr Ul fLth ,nerl L j xillllll LILLI xidy

triccirclesin slightreliefon the bottom.In resembles one found in shapethiskantharos ShaftGrave the so-called IV of Mycenae, The shapeoccursas Minyankantharos. earlyas the MiddleHelladicperiodandremrn1e!l lllLdl1 lUL frar

over a thousand years.

E. Davis,The Vapheio CupsandAegean Bibliography: Goldand SilverWare,1977, pp. 324-25, no. 147, figs. 263-264.

4. Goldcup. Saidto havebeenfound at Greek,ca. 1500 B.C. Mycenae. Height 5.5 ca. 7.95 cm;weight27 grams. cm;diameter 1961(61.71).Ex Gift of Walter C. Baker, coll. AlfredAndre No exactparallel is knownfor this gold cup, whichmusthavehada loop handlesimilar to thoseon the morecommondrinking cupsof gold andsilverfoundin the shaft of Mycenae. gravesE. Davis, The Vapheio CupsandAegean Bibliography: Goldand SilverWare,1977, pp. 326-27, no. 149, fig. 266.

17

5-8. Four silver vases from Cyprus. Purchasedby subscription, 1874-1876. Ex coil. L. P.di Cesnola 5. Oinochoe(winejug).Cypriot,seventhcenturyB.C. Height 15.9 9.6 cm;weight271 grams.(74.51.4592) cm;diameter The lip is trefoil,andthe handleis formedby two reeds.The neckis welt. set off fromthe body by a pronouncedTheSwedish 4,2 (1948), p. 160, fig. 33, no. 14; Expedition, Cyprus Bibliography: B. Shefton, Die "rhodischen"Bronzekannen, 1979, p. 58, note 120 (with previous references).

of 6. Goblet.Cypriot,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 8.1 cm;diametermouth 10.4 cm; weight 123 grams. (74.51.4566)

The wine cuphasa roundedbottomanda flaringrimandresembles NearEastern goblets.J. L. Myres,Handbook Colection,1914, p. 466, f theCesnola Bibliography: no. 4566.

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7. Oinochoe. Cypriot, seventh century B.C.Height 17.8 cm; diameter 12.63 cm; weight 347 grams. (74.51.4586) The form of Cypriot silver jugs, with a globular body, a flaring mouth, and a drip ring on the neck, closely resembles that of the pottery vases of Cypriot make. The edges of the cast handle are decorated with a herringbone pattern.TheSwedish Cyprus 4,2 (1948), p. 160, fig. 33, no. 13. Expedition, Bibliography:

9-11. Three bowls from Cyprus. Purchasedby subscription, 1874-1876.Ex coll. L. P. di Cesnola 9. Gold bowl, decorated in repousse. Cypriot, eighth century B.C. Height 4.9 cm; diameter of rim 14.2 cm; weight 122.27 grams. (74.51.4551) The decoration is organized in concentric bands: around a small central boss, thirty-six tongues; halfway up the bowl, a papyrus thicket with seven swimming ducks; below the rim, another papyrus thicket with bulls pursuing fallow deer across the marshes; all have their legs in the water.E. Gjerstad,in OpusculaArchaeologica, 4 (1946), pp. 3,13 f., pl. 12. Bibliography:

8. Skyphos (wine cup). Cypriot, sixth to fifth century B.C. Height 8.2 cm; diameter 13.26 cm; width 13.37 cm; weight 681 grams. (74.51.4581) The skyphos has an offset lip and was probably cast ratherthan raised.TheSwedish 4,2 (1948), p. 160, fig. 33, no. 12. Cyprus Expedition, Bibliography:

19

10. Silver-gilt bowl. Cypriot,seventhcenB.C. 16.9 cm; tury Height 3.3 cm;diameter weight 155 grams.(74.51.4554) The bowl belongsto a classcalledCyproPhoenician andwithinit to the second phase.In a medallionin the centera fourwingeddeityin Assyrian garbkillsa rampantlion with his sword.Behindhim hover two Egyptianfalcons.The tondo is surroundedby a narrative zone in EgyptianizA ing style bordered by cablepatterns. aimsat a lion thathasfelled kneelingarcher a hunterandis attacked by anotherhunter poisinga spear.Next comesa grazinghorse separated by a treefromanotherlion that hasthrownan Egyptianto the ground. Afteranothertreecomesa seatedsphinx and, againframedby trees,two confronted bulls;two bullswalkingto the rightanda cow andcalfconcludethe scene.This narrow zone formsthe predella, as it were,of the chiefzone, whichis largerin scale.This outerzone is dividedrather by irregularly flanked conventionalized "sacred trees," once by an Egyptiangoddess,then by two sphinxes,two goats,two griffins,andwith the groupof an Egyptian interspersed killslayinga lion in a forest-an Assyrian clubbingthreecaping a griffin,a pharaoh of a falcon-headed tives in the presence god, anda young Egyptianspearinga winged monster. The outerborderis formedby The Egyptianhierouprightpalmettes. glyphson the panelsdo not makesense. This curiousmixtureof Egyptianand of motifs is not atypical Mesopotamian period,andwe Cypriotartof the archaic mayneverbe ableto put in focus the artistic of for this amalgam responsible personality formsandmotifs. Whatis veryclear,howofT. B. Mitever,thanksto the perspicacity ford, is the identityof the firstownerof the bowl:Akestor, kingof Paphos,had below the rimin the his nameinscribed At a latertime the bowl Cypriotsyllabary. after498 B.C. changedhands,probably when Paphoswasplundered by the Persians andtheirCypriotallies,andthe new owner added,againnearthe rim,but fartherto the left: "I belongto Timukretes."T. B. Mitford, in Universityof Bibliography: London, Institute of ClassicalStudies,Bulletin10 (1963), pp. 27-30, pls. 4-7 (with previous bibliography).

11. Silverbowl. Foundon Cyprus (Kourion).Cypriot,earlysixthcenturyB.C. Height 4.6 cm; diameter15.5 cm; weight 82 grams.(74.51.4552) Unlikethe two previousCypriotbowls, this one is not in repousseor in relief,but merelyincised.An inscriptionin West identifies syllabary Cypriot(or Paphian) both the owner (Epiorwos)andthe name of the shape(phiale).The decorationconrosettefolsistsof a central sixteen-petalled lowed by two bandsof whichthe lower thicketandthe upper a papyrus represents 20

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a curiousgroupingof pairedheraldic wingedcobras,falconsphinxes, griffins, headeddivinities,andfalcons.In addition thereareisolatedbirdsanda divinitywith fourwings.The letteringis partof the in an areadeliberately designandappears nextto a big left emptyfor the inscription waterbird.The groupsareseparated by palmettes,lotuses,a palmtree,andtwo deciduous treesaswell as by a highlystylized "sacred tree." is whathas The styleof the engraving but the coexbeentermedCypro-Egyptian, detailsmakesit istenceof the manydifferent wasnot an Egyptian clearthatthe engraver but a localartist.O. Masson, in BulletindeCorresponBibliography: dance Hellnique, 104 (1950), pp. 225-31 (with previous bibliographyon the inscription);E. Gjerstad, 4 (1946), pp. 3,13 ff, pl. in OpusculaArchaeologica, 14 (on the style).

12. Silver phiale mesomphalos. Greek (perhaps Rhodian), late seventh or early sixth century B.C.Height 4.5 cm; diameter 22.07 cm; weight 422 grams. Classical Purchase Fund, 1981 (1981.11.13) This is the earliest of the Museum's traditional phialai with the pronounced omphalos (navel) or central boss, the hollow underside of which furnished a secure grip for two fingers while the phiale was tilted to pour a libation. The wall of the phiale is decorated by twelve radiallyarrangedstylized lotus blossoms. The omphalos was covered by another layer that was equipped with a brim or collar and was worked separately; this added member was gilt. The boss has in its center a small raised disk from which sixteen tongues or flutes descend radiallyover the side. The brim or collar is embossed with animals or monsters: two

sphinxes couchants are followed (clockwise) by a bull facing a lion, a boar facing right, a bird on a flower, and a panther facing left. Between the animals, tendrils spring from the ground line or are suspended from the circular top border. Not many Greek silver phialai mesomphaloi are known from this time-one in Berlin, said to be from Asia Minor, and two from Kameiros on Rhodes-but this is the only early one that has animals in addition to the floral ornaments, which help in the dating of the object.TheMetropolitan Museum ofArt Bibliography: Annual Report 1980-1981,p. 37; idem,Notable 1980-1981, p. 11 (ill.). Acquisitions

21

sixth century B.C.Height 5.5 cm; diameter ' 10.3 cm; weight 82 grams. Purchased by subscription, 1874-1876 (74.51.4562) Ex coil. L. P. di Cesnola On the offset lip thirteen birds are engraved marching to the right. The body is decorated with forty-four tongues or ribs radiating from the depression on the bottom that^ forms the omphalos. Engraved decoration occurs in the archaicperiod not only in Persian metalwork but also on East Greek silver vases (compare nos. 45 and 49). '..theGods, Toledo, Bibliography:A. Oliver,Jr.Silverfor

13. Silverbowl. FromCyprus.Cypriot,

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14. Silver bowl. Found in Sardis. Greek, sixth century B.C.Height 5.6 cm; diameter of mouth 11.44 cm; weight 147.3 grams. Gift of The American Society for the Exploration of Sardis, 1926 (26.164.13) The lip is sharply set off from the body of the bowl, which is decorated on the shoulder by two grooves.

15. Silversitula(pail)with swinginghandle. Saidto be fromthe Troad. Greek,sixthcenbail with B.C. tury Height, upright,19.5 14.3 cm;heightto rim 13.3 cm;diameter C. cm;weight630 grams.Bequestof Walter 1971(1972.118.153) Baker, The body of the situlais ribbed,andthe shoulderis decorated with a bandof fortyeight smallrosettes.The swinginghandle terminates in smallanimal heads(perhaps The vesselis equippedwith a small snakes). areknown,but ring base.No exactparallels the shapeanddecoration betraya strong Achaemenian influence.AncientArtfrom NewYork Private ColBibliography: lections, 1961, p. 12, no. 56, pl. 100.

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16,17. Pairof silverphialai. Greek,sixthcenturyB.C.Left:height6.3 cm;diameter 12.46 cm;weight232 grams.Purchase, Mrs.Charles S. PaysonGift, 1966 (66.11.21).Right:height6.3 cm; diameter 12.57 cm;weight243 grams.RogersFund, 1966 (66.11.22) Eachhasa shallowomphalos,an offset lip, andengraved tongueson the lowerpartof the bowl (bordered aboveon no. 16 [left] by a circleof puncheddots). Betweenthe lip andthe tongues,encircling the bowl, are attached headsthatare eighteenbearded hollow andsolderedonto the wallof the bowl. Whensomeof the headsbecame thatinsidewere detached,it wasdiscovered tiny bronzepelletsthatproducea rattling soundwhenthe cup is liftedandmoved. On the bowl of no. 16 an engraved bandof rosettesoccursabovethe headsat the junction of lip andshoulder, andstylized of rosettesareengraved at the interstices the heads. The headshavea pronounced Oriental of Percastandconformto our association sianfeatures. No othersuchphialaiare knowntoday,but a "silver phialewith Persianheads" is mentionedin one of the Deliantempleinventories.M. Vickers,inJHS 90 (1970), p. 201; Bibliography: D. von Bothmer,"LesTresorsde l'orfevreriede la orientaleau MetropolitanMuseumde New Gr&ce in Academiedes Inscriptionset Belles-LetYork," Rendus,1981, pp. 195, 196, fig. 1. tres, Comptes

24

18. Silver-gilt phiale.Greek,sixthcentury 15.23 cm; B.C. Height 3.7 cm; diameter 245.4 Purchase, Rogers weight grams. Gift, andHalinaand Fund,Anonymous JohnKlejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.14) The shapeof the phialeis of the so-called Achaemenian type-offset flaringlip, hollow omphalos-but the decorationis most lobesor bosses The ten projecting unusual. arenot workedin repousse(as,for example, hamon nos. 28 and29) but areseparately to the wallof the bowl meredandattached in specially grooves.The plain prepared in contourandvolumethe lobes resemble Persian headson nos. 16 attached similarly and17.The intervalsbetweenthe lobesare with gilt a jourreliefsof the Perdecorated siankingwalkingto the left in fullregalia. His feet areset on two eagleheadsplaced a backto backthatsurmount heraldically with an ivy leaf ringdecorated drop-shaped below.Bibliography:D. von Bothmer,"LesTresorsde de la Grce orientaleau Metropolitan l'orfevrerie in Academiedes InscripMuseumde New York," tions et Belles-Lettres, Rendus,1981, pp. Comptes 195-96, fig. 2.

19. Silverbowl, with omphalos.Greek, sixthcenturyB.C. Height 4.5 cm;diameter 10.56 cm; weight89 grams.RogersFund, 1975 (1975.11.4) This smalldrinkingbowl is technically related to the silver-gilt phiale(no. 18) but somewhat cruderandlesswellpreserved. with Sixhollow andshallowlobes alternate six plaques of the Persian kingkillinga lion. aboveby a narThe reliefzone is bordered and row bandof engraved hatchedtriangles below by a similarbandof doublehatched Halfwaybetweenthe lowerband triangles. of the omphalosis a cirandthe depression cularrow of punchedcirclesandon the edge of the hollowof the omphalosa band of incisedherringbones. reliefs(nos. The two bowlswith applique to a phialein 18 and 19) maybe compared the BritishMuseum(WAD135571)that Besof a rampant haseight smallplaques headedwingedlion betweeneight lobes. arenot addedbut in The latter,however, repousse. 25

20-24. Five silver bowls. 20. Silverphiale.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 4.8 cm; diameter17.0 cm; weight 271 grams.FletcherFund, 1968 (68.11.64) 21. Silverphiale.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 4.7 cm; diameter17.4-17.65 cm; weight 302.3 grams.Purchase, Anonymous Gift, 1970 (1970.11.16) Whilenot an exactpair,thesetwo libation bowls areobviouslycontemporary andthe workof the samesilversmith. Both, moremonoover,sharea similarlightlyengraved gramin the hollow of the omphalos.In termsof styletheyaresimilarto the phialai of the so-calledAchaemenian type (nos. 28 on the oppositepage. and29) illustrated All fourhavenine lobes alternating with nine stylizedlotuses. 22. Silverphiale.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 4.5 cm; diameter14.6 cm; weight 265 grams.Purchase, RogersFund,Anonymous Gift, andHalinaandJohnKlejman Gift, 1969 (69.11.10) The seventy-six tongueson the outsideof the lowerpartof the bowl arechased,as are the threecarinations on the shoulder. 23. Silverwine cup.Greek,sixthcentury B.C. Height 4.9 cm; diameter10.85 cm; Anonymous weight 161grams.Purchase, Gift, 1967 (67.11.17) The decoration,limitedto the outside,is rochased.It consistsof a sixteen-petalled of a circle sette surrounded by beadingon the bottom andeighty-twotongueson the convexpartof the bowl; abovethe flutes, justbelow the offset lip, is a circleof andeggs. The rosetteis a forerunkymatia nerof the similar ones on the bottomsof nos. 75, 78, and 79. 24. Silverphiale.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 4.1 cm; diameter14.9-15.1 cm; Rogers weight206.9 grams.Purchase, Fund,AnonymousGift, andHalinaand JohnKlejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.9) As on no. 22 the eighty-seven tongueson the outsidearechased,andthereis an of the circlearoundthe depression engraved this In addition, however, phiale omphalos. hasthirty-eight tongueschasedon the the omphalos,the inside,surrounding underside of whichhasincisedletters(Alik) thatmaybe the beginningof a Greekname, anda complexmonogram.

26

25-29. Five silver phialai. Greek, sixthcentury B.C.

25. Offset lip, shallow omphalos, carination on shoulder, ninety-five lightly chased tongues on the outside. Height 3.25 cm; diameter 17.0 cm; weight 210 grams. Classical Purchase Fund, 1980 (1980.11.13) 26. Offset lip, small omphalos, small tongue pattern on shoulder, thirty-two tongues on body. Height 4.25 cm; diameter 15.67 cm; weight 205 grams. Purchase, Rogers Fund, Anonymous Gift, and Halina and John Klejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.8) 27. Continuous convex contour, deep omphalos with collar consisting of sixty-one chased tongues. The outside is plain. Height 3.8 cm; diameter 18.0 cm; weight 409 grams. Purchase, Anonymous Gift, 1970 (1970.11.15) 28. Flaring rim, small omphalos, nine lobes separatedby nine lotuses. Height 4.2 cm; diameter 17.7 cm; weight 210.5 grams. Rogers Fund, 1966 (66.11.19)

29. Same type, but smaller.Height 3.2 cm; diameter 13.92 cm; weight 154 grams. Rogers Fund, 1966 (66.11.20) Phialai with flaring rims or offset lips (nos. 25, 26, 28, 29) are commonly called the Achaemenian type, though it is by no means certain that all were made by Persians.The pure Greek shape is represented by no. 27, and in Attic potteryoccurs as early as the sixth century B.C.A somewhat flatter and much lighter silver phiale in the Indiana University Art Museum (ace. no. 69.102.2; A. Oliver, Jr.,Silverforthe Gods,1977, p. 25, no. 2) shares its system of decoration with no. 27. The combination of carination on the shoulder and tongues below (no. 25) continues well into the fourth century and occurs on drinking cups (see no. 77).

27

30. Silverphiale.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. G. Bastis,Mrs.ThomasS. Brush,Winslow J.RorimerGifts, Carlton,andMrs.James 1969 (69.11.11) The phialehas an offset lip andan ornamental bandof somewhatirregular tongues below the junctionof lip andbody.An owner'smonogram(shownhere)is on one sideof the lip; on the engraved oppositeside thereis anothergraffito.

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31,32. Two deepsilverphialai.Greek,sixth centuryB.C.Left: height6.5 cm; diameter 15.84 cm; weight254.2 grams.Right: 14.06 cm;weight height 5.8 cm; diameter 231.4 grams.Purchase, AnonymousGift, 1970 (1970.11.19,18) Thesetwo libationbowls introducefurther variations. The one on the righthasninetyeight shorttongueschasedon its shoulder andninety-twolong, narrowleavesthat the bandaround radiate froma reserved hollow of the omphalos,whichis inscribed with a lambda. The largerof the two bowls, short on the left, hasonly eighty-nine tonguesbelow the junctionof lip andshoultwo Greekletterschiandiota.

33. Deep silverbowl. Greek,sixthcentury 12.24 cm; B.C. Height 5.65 cm; diameter 253 Purchase, Anonymous weight grams. Gift, 1973 (1973.11.8) 34. Shallowsilverbowl. Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 3.7 cm;diameter16.36 cm; weight 237 grams.Purchase, AnonymousGift, 1973 (1973.11.9) Thesetwo handsome,though totally bowlswereacquired undecorated, together with a plainsilversitula(no. 53), a plainsilof our verladle(no. 64), andthe smaller the two silverstrainers (no. 67); presumably fiveobjectswerefound together.

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35. Silvertrefoiloinochoe.Greek,sixth centuryB.C.Height to top of handle18 cm; to top of rim17.3cm;diameter 9.55 cm; weight623 grams.RogersFund,1966 (66.11.23) The body of the jug is raised,whilethe foot andhandlearecastseparately andjoinedto the vasewith solder.The shoulder andthe foot aredecorated with tongues,andthere is a circleof beadingat the junctionof the foot andthe body;a kymation is chasedon the edge of the mouth.The handleis in the shapeof a nakedyouth bendingbackward, his long hairfallinginto the mouthof the vase.His feet reston a separately castlower attachment thatterminates belowin a hangaretwo the lateral ing palmette; projections recumbent ramsin high relief,theirheads turnedtowardthe viewer. Thesetwo rams to two couchant lionsplaced correspond backto backon the rimon eithersideof the headof the youth,who graspstheirtails. The schemeof the handlewith a youth,two lions above,andtwo ramsbelowis known fromGreekbronzehydriai andoinochoai, but to datethis is the only example in silver.T. P. F Hoving, TheChase,theCapBibliography: ture, 1975, p. 119, fig. 19.

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36. Silver trefoil oinochoe. Greek, sixth century B.C.Height to top of handle 20.6 cm; to top of rim, 18.1 cm; diameter 11.86 cm; weight 825 grams. Purchase, Rogers Fund, Anonymous Gift, and Halina and John Klejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.11) The body of the jug and the foot are raised separatelyand joined with solder. The handle is cast and attached to the rim and to the shoulder of the jug with solder. Arching high above the mouth, the handle terminates above in the head of a lion, its mouth wide open. The mane is not rendered in relief but by incision. The lateralprojections on top are in the shape of spools and are decorated at the ends with rosettes, likewise incised. The lower finial of the handle, in low relief, shows the frontal head of a panther flanked by its forelegs. The beading along the ridge of the handle and its edges is also applied to the edges of the spools above, the fillet between the body of the vase and the foot, the edge of the foot, and the junction of panther head and handle. The conceit of a handle with feline finials is also observed on bronze hydriai and oinochoai, but this jug gives us the first, and to date only, example in silver.Bibliography:D. von Bothmer,"LesTresorsde l'orfevreriede la Grce orientaleau Metropolitan Museumde New York," in Academiedes Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Rendus,1981, p. 201, Comptes fig. 6., .N,r~r.N .

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57. Silverplatterwith swinginghandle. Greek,latesixthcenturyB.C.Height to 30.46 cm; length, edge 4.8 cm; diameter with handleextended,39.7 cm; weight 1,525.5 grams.Purchase, RogersFund, AnonymousGift, andHalinaandJohn Gift, 1968 (68.11.3) Klejman The shallowbowl of the platteris raised, of the rim andalmosthalfof the periphery rodthatis is reinforced by a semicircular rivetedto it in four places,aswell as solderedto it alongits entirelength.To this two hammered rings supportareattached thatin turnhold the hammered omegashapedswinginghandle,the finialsof which arein the shapeof buds.Suchlargeshallow areknownmostlyfrombronze platters two of which,now in the British examples, Museum,werefound in a tomb (datedto a third,now in the J.PaulGetty Cyprus; Museumin Malibu(acc.no. 78 A.C. 403), hasa largefloralrosettein the center.the late sixth century B.C.) in Amathus on

58. Silvercoverwith ringhandle.Greek, latesixthcenturyB.C. Height to top of ring 18.06 cm;weight handle5.6 cm; diameter 246.6 grams.Purchase, RogersFund, AnonymousGift, andHalinaandJohn Gift, 1968 (68.11.15) Klejman The lid properis raisedfroma singledisk. To its top, in the center,is soldereda rosette with twenty-twopetals,whichin turnis surmounted by a smallballthatholdsthe The ringhandlecover,acquired ring. togetherwith the platter(no. 57), mayhave been foundsittingin it, for a faintcircular of the insideof on the surface discoloration of to the diameter the plattercorresponds the lid.

40

59. Silverkyathos(ladle).Greek,sixthcenof bowl turyB.C. Height 22.7 cm; diameter 4.8 cm; weight 89 grams.RogersFund, 1966 (66.11.26) Of allthe archaic metalladlesknownthis is the most elaborate. It wasmadein several parts:the bowl wasraisedfroma silverdisk, andthe handleandthe loop on top were castseparately, aswerethe two sphinxes it at the junctionto the bowl.The flanking handleis joinedto the bowl with rivets;the loop on top is solderedon, as arethe two below.The iconography is quite sphinxes The facetedhandletermiextraordinary. natesbelowin the forepart of a wingedlion, sculptedin the roundas farbackas its it seemsto plungeinto the bowl haunches; as if drinkingfromit. The two sphinxes heraldically placedon the rimof the bowl aresomewhat smaller in scale.The handle terminates abovein a lotus capital of form.The loop above vaguelyAchaemenian is decorated in reliefwith two hybrideaglethathaveeagles'heads,wings, and griffins talons,horses'ears,andlions'forelegs.T. P. E Hoving, TheChase,theCapBibliography: ture, 1975, p. 119, fig. 20; D. von Bothmer"Les Tresorsde l'orfevrerie de la Greceorientaleau Metroin Academiedes politanMuseumde New York," Rendus,1981, Inscriptionset Belles-Lettres, Comptes pp. 194ff, fig. 3.

60. Silverkyathos.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. of bowl 5.3 cm; Height 16.68 cm; diameter weight47 grams.RogersFund,1975 (1975.11.3) The facetedhandleandthe loop arehammeredfromone rod of silver;the lowerend is attached to the bowl with threerivetsthat go throughandpartlyobscurethe engraved on the finial.The loop terminates palmette abovein the headof a calf.This kyathos is somewhat shorterthanthe othersin the Museumbut the styleof the animal head andthe facetinglinkit with the otherladles. The technique of rivetingthe finialof the handleto the body alsooccurson someof the smallsilverpitchers.

61. Silverkyathos.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. of bowl 6.12 Height 20.94 cm; diameter cm; weight 107.6grams.Purchase, Rogers Fund,AnonymousGift, andHalinaand JohnKlejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.4) The bowl, stem,andloop areallhammered andraisedfromone pieceof silver. The loop curveson top awayfromthe bowl,not towardit as on no. 60. The finelychased finialis in the shapeof a calfs head. 41

62. Silverkyathos.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. of bowl 5.83 Height 23.25 cm; diameter Purchase cm; weight 101grams.Classical Fund, 1980 (1980.11.14) On this kyathosthe bowl andthe handleare raisedfromone pieceof metal.The cast loop on top of the handleis joinedto the stemof the handlewith solder,as is the finial lotus.The stemis in the formof a quatrefoil with two fluted.The loop is decorated similar heraldic lionsworkedin a technique to thatusedon the loop of no. 59 in thatthe animalsarepartlyin the roundandpartlyin relief.The lions toucheachotherwith their extendedfrontlegs andaverttheirheads.A of this heraldic variant representation occurson the loop of a silverkyathosin Cleveland (ace.no. 56.34; Bulletin ofthe Museum Cleveland ofArt 45 [1958], p. 46), on whichthe lions faceeachother,andin placeof the lotus finialon top of the stem therearetwo animalheads.Museum ofArt, Bibliography:TheMetropolitan Annual Report1980-1981,1981, pp. 36-37; idem, 1980-1981, 1981, p. 12. NotableAcquisitions

63. Silverkyathos.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. of bowl4.556 Height 22.04 cm; diameter cm; weight 72.7 grams.ArthurDarbyNock Fund,in memoryof GiselaRichter,and RogersFund,1976 (1976.11.4) This ladle,somewhatsmaller thannos. 59 The and62, introduces yet anothervariant. ladle's stemandbowl areraisedin one piece as on no. 62, with whichit alsoshares the lotus on top, but the loop surquatrefoil mountingthe stemdoes not havecomplete animalsbut only lions'heads,as on many GreekandGreco-Persian bracelets. Closest to this kyathosis one formerlyin the collection ofTheodor Wiegand(K. A. Neuin deutschem gebauer,Antiken Privatbesitz, 1938, pl. 89, no. 209).

64. Silverkyathos.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. of bowl4.665 Height 19.71cm; diameter cm; weight 80.4 grams.Purchase, AnonymousGift, 1973 (1973.11.11) This is the plainestof the Museum's kyathoi.It is withoutanysculptural andmaybe andornamentation adjuncts with a silverkyathosfromSardis compared in the museumat Istanbul. The loop in the form of a plainringis attached with solder.Sale cat., Sotheby's,London, July10, Bibliography: 1972, no. 60 (ill.).

65. Silverspoon. Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. 10.7cm;weight27 Length,as preserved, grams.Gift of Mr.andMrs.J.J.Klejman, 1968 (68.5) andraisedfroma singlepieceof Hammered flatspoon hasa shortstem silver,this rather in a turnedinto a loop thatterminates duck'shead.The headof a duckas a sculpalsooccurson the four silver turaladjunct collection(nos. in the Museum's alabastra 45-48). 42

66. Silverstrainer. Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Length,with the bowl horizontal,28.26 of bowl 12.76cm; depthof cm;diameter bowl 6.3 cm;weight 325 grams.Fletcher Fund, 1968 (68.11.58) The bowl of thisstrainer (whichis raised) hasa broadconcaverimanda steeper in bulgethatis perforated omphalos-shaped two tiers:on the innercentral the portion form a whirligigto left, while perforations on the surrounding zone the tiny holesare drilledin a sicklepattern facingthe other of the innercup (8 cm) way.The diameter wouldhavecorresponded to the diameter of the goblet or beaker into whichthe wine wasstrained. The heavy, flathandleis cast andattached to the bowl at an anglewith threerivetsthatarecarefully placedso as not to destroythe symmetry of the and chased of the finial. engraved palmette A hook in the shapeof a duck'sheadand neckis providedat the otherend.

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67. Silverstrainer. Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. of bowl 8.5 cm; Length21.63 cm; diameter depthof bowl 5.45 cm;weight217.1grams. Purchase, Gift, 1973 Anonymous (1973.11.7) Here the strainer partof the bowl is domeshapedandset off fromthe broad,slightly slantedrimwith a collar. Its smalldiameter (belowthe collar:4.71cm) suggeststhatit wasusedwith a beaker or goblet with a fairlysmallmouth.Partof the stemof the handleis hexagonal in cross-section; at its junctionwith the rimof the bowl the handle flares out at eitherside andis decorated on its uppersurface with an incisedlotus. ~' stem is ~The reinforced with two groupsof !' threeprofiledrings,andits upperend curvesin a semicircle to the left andterminatesin the headof a calf.A rowof small circlesis punchedallthe wayaround the are edge of the rim.The holesof the strainer circles evenlyspacedin elevenconcentric andarelimitedto the verybottom.Two similarstrainers arein the BritishMuseum was (118462;117840).This strainer with a ladle(no. 64), a situlaand acquired chain(no. 53), andtwo plainbowls (nos. 33 and34), allof whicharesaidto have beenfoundtogether.'^T~~I~Bibliography:Salecat., Sotheby's,London, July10, 1972, no. 60 (ill.).

43

68. Silverincenseburner. Greek,sixthcenof base turyB.C.Height 28.2 cm; diameter 10.6 cm;weight221 grams.Classical PurchaseFund,1980 (1980.11.12) An inscriptionin Lydianletterson the flare of the baseidentifies this censeras the property of Artimas.The supportis carinated andshowsa pronounced bulgetowardthe top. It also hastwo ducks'headslikethose on the manysilveralabastra (cf. nos. for 45-48), one of whichhasa perforation the attachment of a chainwith six linksstill The standis raisedfroma single preserved. diskof sheetsilverto whichthe raisedcup of the incenseburner properis soldered. This cup has a pronounced offset upright rim overwhicha conicalcoverfitssnugly. The cover,also raised,hasten tiers,of whicheight areperforated with arrowshapedslots for the diffusionof the smoking incense.This coveris surmounted by a caststatuetteof a cock,the plinthof whichis The finialis solderedto a smallfloralsaucer. rivetedto the cover,andthereis a ring in the fantailto whichthe chainwas attached. The sculptural of this veryelaboadjuncts rateincenseburner connectits styleso finealacloselywith thatof the particularly bastron(no. 45) thatone canthinkof both as beingmadein the sameworkshop. coversare Cockson top of incenseburner knownfromEgypt (cf. G. Maspero,in Le 2 [1907], pp. 54ff, pl. 24), a MuseeEgyptien Punicgravestelein Vienna(J.M. Carrie, vol. 1, 1979, pp. 319ff,fig. lib), and Byrsa, an Etruscan bronzeincenseburner on the Swissmarket: it is not surprising thatsuch decorative conceitstraveled widelyin the ancientworld.TheMetropolitan Museum ofArt, Bibliography: AnnualReport1980-1981,1981, pp. 36-37; idem, 1980-1981, 1981, p. 12; D. von NotableAcquisitions de la Grce oriBothmer,"LesTresorsde l'orfevrerie in entale au MetropolitanMuseumde New York," Academiedes Inscriptionset Belles-Lettres,Comptes Rendus,1981, pp. 194ff, fig. 5; R. Gusmani,inKadmos22 (1983), pp. 56-60, pl. 1 (on the inscription).

69. Bronzeincenseburner. Greek,sixth centuryB.C. Length62.5 cm. Purchase, Gift, andHalina RogersFund,Anonymous andJohnKlejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.17) Thoughnot madeof preciousmetal,this is exhibited with uniqueincenseburner tablesilverof the periodandstylebecause it service.It musthavebeenpartof a banquet wasmadein several parts:the bowl proper, in whichthe incensewasburned,is soldered castmemberthatendsin a to an intervening sleevefor the carrying rod;lateral projec-

44

tions in the form of ducks' heads set backto-back flank this member and are soldered to it as well as to the bowl, the whole forming a finial. On top of this finial a lug is perforated crossways to serve as a pivot for the hind feet of a cast statuette of a calf that turns its head back. Its front hooves are attached to a short plinth that in turn is riveted to the domed, tiered cover of the incense burner. Like the silver incense burner (no. 68), the cover has arrow-shaped perforations in two of its five tiers. It is equipped with a knob on top that is riveted to the cover. The other end of the long carrying rod is capped by a cast head of a calf. Unlike pedestaled incense burners, which were set on tables in a room or sanctuary, the horizontal one was carried by hand and moved from side to side, like the so-called arm censers from Egypt. No other incense burners of this type have been found in Greece or Anatolia, but a Syrian "arm censer,"made of steatite and somewhat shorter than ours, combines the Egyptian convention of a hand holding the cup with the new element of a long rod terminating in the head of a bull, and thus supplies the missing link between the time-honored Egyptian shape and its later adaptation.Piot61 D. von Bothmer,in Monuments Bibliography: (1977), pp. 51-53. (The Syrianarmcenseris published in the sale cat., Sotheby's,London, Dec. 12-13,1983, pp. 22-23, no. 87.)

41.

70. Silver cosmetic box with cover and its silver scoop. Greek, sixth century B.C. Height 3.35 cm; width 8.87 cm; length 9.22 cm; weight 350 grams. Length of scoop 7.35 cm; weight 10.4 grams. Purchase, Rogers Fund, Anonymous Gift, and Halina and John Klejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.12 [box] and 68.11.13 [scoop]) The box proper, almost square in shape, is divided into a cylindrical central compartment and four adjacent angular ones. One of the dividing walls is notched to accommodate the small cosmetic scoop. The lid is flat and swivels horizontally around a rivet in the middle of the north wall; on the opposite wall the lid is slotted to accept a swiveling stud that moves around an axle attached inside the box near the top of the wall. In addition to these two functional studs there are five other buttons, or "nail heads," on the lid, soldered onto its center and its four corners, that are purely ornamental (the one in the northeast corner is missing). Thus the cosmetic box when closed would look hermetically sealed and could only be opened by those familiar with the mechanism. The heads of the studs are gilt.D. von Bothmer,"LesTresorsde Bibliography: de la Grce orientaleau Metropolitan Porfevrerie in Academiedes InscripMuseumde New York," tions et Belles-Lettres,Comptes Rendus,1981, pp. 194ff, fig. 8.

71. Silver mirror disk. Greek, sixth century B.C.Diameter 17.3 cm; length, as preserved, 18.92 cm; weight 428.7 grams. Purchase, Rogers Fund, Anonymous Gift, and Halina and John Klejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.10) The highly polished convex surface of this mirror was used for reflection. It must have been hand-held, for the silver tong project-

ing from the disk has three rivet holes for attaching a handle of either wood or ivory, which has not survived. Not many archaicsilver mirrors are known. One was found in Gordion in a cremation burial of the mid-sixth century and MuseumBulis now in Ankara (University letin [Philadelphia] 16 [1951], p. 20, fig. 1).

45

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been found at Prusias. Greek, second half of fourth century B.C.Bequest of WalterC. Baker, 1971. Ex coll. Wilhelm Fabricius 72. Silver kyathos. Height 27.3 cm; diameter of bowl 6.95 cm; weight 150.4 grams. (1972.118.161) 73. Silver kylix. Height to top of handles 7.7 cm, to rim 6.7 cm; diameter of mouth 10.61-11 cm; width 16.62 cm; weight 220.1 grams. (1972.118.164) 74. Bronze situla with swinging handles. Height, with handles raised, 32 cm, with handles lowered, to top of attachments, 24.9 cm; diameter of mouth 19.4 cm. (1972.118.88) 75. Silver phiale. Height 4.8 cm; diameter 15.8 cm; weight 315 grams. (1972.118.163) 76. Silver strainer.Length 13.13 cm; diameter of bowl 7.58 cm; weight 49.2 grams. (1972.118.162) These five objects, said to have been found together in Prusias (Bithynia), constitute a table service that on the analogy of similar finds in South Russia and Arzos (northern Greece) can be dated in the second half of the fourth century B.C.The kyathos is in the tradition of the archaicladles of which the Museum has many examples. The cup and stem are worked from a single piece of silver. The upper end of the stem is bent back to form a hook that terminates in a duck's head and neck. The perforations of the strainer are patterned in a whirligig; the handle, which is worked separatelyand soldered on, has a duck's-head finial. The phiale is decorated on the outside with a complex rosette in the center of its bottom from which forty-eight narrow leaves rise. The drinking cup is of a shape well known from bronze and terracotta kylikes. The foot and handles are worked separatelyand soldered on. The inside has a tondo bordered by a kymation in a zone around the central circle, which is embellished with six palmettes connected with tendrils-a pattern known in Attic pottery from the second half of the fifth century on. The phiale has sometimes been called Persian, but as more phialai are becoming known an equally strong claim for Greek manufacture can be made.in deutBibliography:K. A. Neugebauer,Antiken schem Privatbesitz, 1938, p. 47, pls. 90-91, nos. AncientArtinAmer210-14; G. M. A. Hanfmann, icanPrivate Collections, 1954, p. 37, pls. 86, 88, no. 307; D. von Bothmer,AncientArtfromNew York Private Collections, 1961, p. 37, no. 142, pls. 44, 52, and pp. 68-69, nos. 266-69, pls. 100-101; D. E. andRomanGoldand Silver Plate,1966, Strong, Greek pp. 91-92, fig. 21, pl. 22A-C; D. von Bothmer,in TheSearchforAlexander, New York, Supplement, 1982, pp. 8-9, nos. S24-28.

72-76. Group of objects said to have

77. Silver bowl with offset rim. Greek, late fourth-third century B.C.Height 5.1 cm; diameter 9.8 cm; weight 124.6 grams. Bequest of WalterC. Baker,1971 (1972.118.160) The bowl has a slight depression on the bottom; the shoulder is carinated and has a chased tongue pattern below it. Similar conventions of decoration occur on earlierEast Greek silver vessels that betray the influence of Achaemenian silver phialai.D. von Bothmer,Greek, and Etruscan, Bibliography: Roman Antiquities... Walter Baker, Cummings Esq., 1950, p. 13, no. 103; idem,AncientArtfromNew York Private Collections, 1961, p. 69, no. 275, pi. 100; New idem, in TheSearchforAlexander, Supplement, York,1982, p. 13, no. S49.

78. Silver cup. Greek, late fourth century B.C.Height 6.4 cm; diameter 9.56 cm; weight 184 grams. Bequest of WalterC. Baker, 1971 (1972.118.159) This sturdy wine cup is of a type well known from recent finds in northern Greece (cf. The Search forAlexander [1980], pp. 160-61, no. 120; p. 184, no. 164). It has a central boss decorated on the underside with an elaborate floral rosette done in repousse. The lower part of the wall is chased with flutings surmounted by a narrow guilloche and, on the shoulder, a Lesbian kymation. Tracesof parcel gilding remain in these two bands.D. von Bothmer,Greek, and Etruscan, Bibliography: Roman Baker, Antiquities... Walter Cummings Esq., 1950, p. 13, no. 102; idem,AncientArtfromNew York PrivateCollections, 1961, p. 70, no. 276, pl. 100; New idem, in TheSearch forAlexander, Supplement, York,1982, p. 13, no. S48.

47

79. Silverphiale.Saidto be fromAkarnania (Greece).Greek,fourthcenturyB.C. Height 4.5 cm; diameter15.4 cm; weight 378.3 grams.RogersFund, 1921 (21.88.34). Ex coll. CecilHarcourtSmith This libationbowl bearson the outsideof the offset lip justbelow the rimtwo Greek thatarelightly letters,alphaandgamma, incised;to the left of the lettersa sixpointeddot circleis punchedmoredeeply. As on the Prusias phiale(no. 75), the center with a roof the underside is decorated sette-here composedof sixteenpetals. allthe way Aroundthis rosetteandreaching up to the beginningof the offset lip are twenty-five pointed, ribbedleaves,with anothertwenty-five, partlyhidden, in an innercircle.The innerleaves arranged andthe rosettearegilded, as is the ridge the tips of the leavesat the juncencircling tion of lip andbody.The floraldecoration andthe ridgearechased.theGods,1977, A. Oliver,Jr.,Silverfor Bibliography: p. 42, no. 12 (with complete references).

80. Silverkylix.Saidto havebeenfound in Athens.Greek,thirdcenturyB.C. Height to top of handles7.74cm, to top of rim 7.25 10.12-10.46 cm;width 18 cm;diameter cm;weight 170 grams.RogersFund,1916 (16.62) The handlesarecastandsolderedon; the andlikewise foot, whichis raisedseparately soldered,is in two degreesandbearsa

Belowthe kymationon the uppermember. rima narrow wavepatternencircles the cup, andfollowingthat,partlyobscuredby the bandof ivy leavesand handles,is a broader zones aregilt. corymbs.All the ornamentalfor Bibliography:D. von Bothmer,in TheSearch New York,1982, p. 12, no. Alexander, Supplement, S42 (with earlierreferences).

48

81-85. Group of five silver objects said to have been found together Greek,late fourth-thirdcenturyB.C.Bequestof Walter C. Baker,1971. 8L Silverpyxiswith lid. Height,without of lid, 5.7 cm, with lid, 6.1 cm;diameter base6.3 cm;weight91.2 grams. (1972.118.157) 82. Silverstrigil(scraper). Length25.1 cm; 64.9 (1972.118.158) grams. weight 83. Silverkylix.Height to top of handles 8.45 cm, to top of rim9.35 cm;width 18.14 10.51cm;weight 157.9grams. cm;diameter (1972.118.154) 84. Silverpitcher(handlemissing).Height 8.2 cm;weight 130.2 8.75 cm; diameter grams.(1972.118.156) bottle. Height 11.1cm; 85. Silverperfume diameter 6.25 cm;weight97.2 grams. (1972.118.155) The strigilandthe kylixareundecorated, andthe pyxis but the bottle,the pitcher, bandsthataregilt. havechasedornamental In addition,the pitcherhason its slightly bottoma gilt floralrosettecomdepressed The of two different quatrefoils. posed circleson concentric pyxisbearsengraved the underside.D. von Bothmer,in TheSearch for Bibliography: New York,1982, pp. 12-13, Aleander, Supplement, nos. S43-47 (with completeearlierreferences).

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86. Goldphialemesomphalos. Greek,perhapsfourthcenturyB.C. Height 3.7 cm; diameter 22.4-22.75 cm;weight 747 grams.RogersFund,1962 (62.11.1) This libationbowl, of the traditional Greek form anddecoration,is workedin repousse. The motifs arearranged in fourconcentric circlesof thirty-three elementseach:the bottomrow represents the other beechnuts, in size towardthe three,acornsincreasing rim.The largerinterstices in the top register ones in aredecorated with bees,the smaller the lowerpartwith simplerornaments basedon stylizedlotuses.On the insideof the phialea collararoundthe omphalosdissix playsfifteencircumscribed palmettes; indiaroundits periphery solderingmarks wereonce catethatseparate gold ornaments to it. Therearetwo incisedinscripattached tions on the outsidein the flatzone around of the omphalos.One, in the depression Greekletterstracedverysketchily, givesthe which a "Pausi... of ," name, beginning to Pausias, Pausileon, maybe restored or Pausistratos. Pausimachos, Pausippos, moredeeply The other inscription, readingfromrightto left, is in engraved, thatindicharacters Punic(Carthaginian) catethe weight,givenhereas 180. Ancient weightswerebasedon monetaryunits,and if we dividethe preserved weightin grams closein weight a unit we obtain 180 very by in the period to thatof the Attic drachma The Carthaginian betwen429 and230 B.C. aredatedin the thirdcenturyB.C., characters but the inscriptionmayhavebeenadded laterwhen the bowl changedownership. with acorns In anyevent,the decoration occursas earlyas the latesixthcenturyB.C. now on a fragmentary phialefromCyprus andmusthavebeentraditional: in Warsaw not only aregold andsilverphialaiin temple or inventories often called"phialai akylotai" referbalanotai" (both adjectives "phialai on ringto acorns),the acornsalsoappear of the the phialaiheldby the caryatids on the Acropolisin Athens,as Erechtheum we learnfromthe Romancopiesfoundin villa. Hadrian'sBibliography:D. von Bothmer,in MMABulletinn.s. and 21 (1962-63), pp. 154-66; D. E. Strong, Greek RomanGoldand Silver Plate,1966, pp. 97-98, pl. 23A.

50

bowl. LateHellenistic,sec87. Silver-gilt ond-first centuryB.C. Saidto havebeen found at Olbiain SouthRussiain 1917. 14.64 cm;weight Height 7.25 cm; diameter 242 grams.RogersFund,1922 (22.50.2). Ex coil. J.Chmielowski The decorationon the bowl is in repousse. on the bottomis a starrosetteof Featured eight pointswith leavesbetween,from in flowers whichrisetendrilsthatterminate In this floralsetandfan-shaped palmettes. ting a pairof Erotesflyingtowardeach on eachsideof the bowl. On otherappear the better-preserved side,the Eroson the left holdsa stemmedcupwhilethe one on the rightapproaches playingthe double flutes.On the oppositeside,the righthand of the Eroson the left is hidden;the one a kantharos facinghim carries by the handle.Galleries, oftheAmericanArt Bibliography: Catalogue New York,Feb. 23-25,1922, no. 745 (ill.); MMA Bulletin17 (1922), p. 134, fig. 2; K. V. Trevor, Greco-BactrianArt 1940, pp. 70ff, fig. 6; Treasures, oftheGreek G. M. A. Richter,Handbook Collection, 1953, p. 127,no. 52, fig. 106b; P. E. Corbett and 23 (1961), Museum D. E. Strong, in British Quarterly andRomanGold p. 81, no. 43; D. E. Strong, Greek and Silver Plate, 1966, p. 110.

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88. Bronzemirrorwith wooden backing frame.Saidto havebeen set in a silver-gilt before1911.Hellenistic, found in Bulgaria Diameter16.7 fourth-thirdcenturyB.C. cm;depth5.6 cm;weight,with backing, 311grams.RogersFund,1922 (22.50.1). Ex coill. J.Chmielowski to The bronzediskof the mirroris attached a dome-shaped wooden backequippedwith a ringhandle.The frame,castin cire-perdu, andthe disk slipsoverthe wooden backing likea collar. It wasfastened with nailsalong the overhanging flangeandon top, where arecamouflaged the nailheads by the centers in of the floralvolutes.The decoration, of palmettes, openwork,is a rinceau flowers,andleavesthatservesas a feeding herons.The frame groundfor fourgraceful is bordered by beading. The provenance in the firstpublication (1922), "Foundat Olbiain SouthRussia between1900 and1918," is contradicted by of this mirrorin the a mountedphotograph archives of the BritishMuseumthatbears to the label(datedFebruary 1911):"Said Suchmirrors havebeenfound in Bulgaria." South areknownfromthe East,especially Russia.It hasbeensuggestedthatthe wooden backmayhavebeencoveredwith fabric,whichwouldhaveset off the a jour of the framemost effectively.Catalogue Galleries, oftheAmenricanArt Bibliography: New York,Feb. 23-25,1922, no. 753; G. M. A. inAmerican Journal Richterand C. Alexander, of (1947), pp. 221ff. Archaeology

51

89, 90. Pairof silvered-tin phialai.Saidto havebeen found togetherat Spina.Greek, latefifthcenturyB.C.(39.11.4):height4.5 25 cm; weight cm; diameter(estimated) 458 grams.(47.11.9):height4.6 cm; diame25 cm; weight464 grams. ter (estimated) Dick Fund,1939 (39.11.4); HarrisBrisbane RogersFund,1947 (47.11.9) overthe same Both phialaiwerehammered with the samesubmatrixandaredecorated jects.The insideof eachphialeis divided into two zones, the outerof whichis much The chiefsubjectin the outerzone broader. in a is the triumphal apotheosisof Herakles cortegeof four chariotsdrivenby Victories. The chariotof Dionysosis followed by those of Herakles, Athena,andAres.The showsgods feastlowerzone, the predella, ing on Mt. Olympusat the weddingof HeraklesandHebe: Hebe is offeringa phiale a reclining anda wreathto Herakles; woman(or goddess)is playingthe tympanon;a smallwingedfigureis flying towardAphroditeandAres;Erosis proffering a wine cup to an old silenwho helps himselfto food; nextcomesApollo playing anda museplayingthe harp;and the kithara the compositionis concludedby Ariadne andDionysosandanold hairysilenplaying on the left by an the flutes,who areflanked incenseburnerandon the rightby a panther. The mainsceneis knownfromseveral some of laterdate,thatattestto the replicas, of the subject. popularityBibliography:G. M. A. Richter,inAmericanJournal (1941), pp. 363ff, and (1950), pp. 357ff. ofArchaeology

52

Saidto have 91. Goldplatefor a scabbard. beenfoundnearNikopol in SouthRussia. Greek,fourthcenturyB.C. Length54.5 cm. 1930 Fund, (30.11.12) Rogers This swordsheathhasbeenknownsince of it wereforbefore1914,as photographs Institutein Russian in the merly Imperial The shapeis thatof the traConstantinople. for the akinakes, scabbards ditionalScythian is in the Herof whichthe best preserved 1863, 1/447,448). The Greek mitage(Dn. the gold platehas artistwho decorated dividedit into threeparts.At the chevronshapedapex,at rightanglesto the sheath he has placedtwo heraldic winged proper, extension in the roughlytriangular griffins; to the mainscenea lion hasleaped parallel on a fallowdeer;behindthis groupa smaller wingedgriffinslaysa deer.In the mainfrieze,for whichthe artistusedthe scabbard ason the Chertomlyk samematrix in the Hermitage,a battlebetweenGreeks andbarbarians ragesoverthe entirelength. As the scabbard taperstowardthe chapethe to the diminishing figuresareadapted on the left are height.Thusthe warriors completely upright,those in the middle andthe ones on becomesomewhat smaller, the rightareeitherkneelingor fallen.4 G. M. A. Richter,in MMAStudies Bibliography: (1933), pp. 109-30. (For the Chertomlyksword and see most recentlyThe Metropolitan scabbard Museumof Art catalogueFromtheLandsofthe 1975, pp. 108-109, color pl. 10.) Scythians,

53

92-106. Hoard of silver vases andutensils. Hellenistic, third century B.C.

Purchase Purchase, RogersFund,Classical Dick Fundand Fund,HarrisBrisbane Anonymous,Mrs.VincentAstor,Mr.and Mr.andMrs.Howard Mrs.Walter Bareiss, J.Barnet,ChristosG. Bastis,Mr.andMrs. MartinFried,JeromeLevyFoundation, NorbertSchimmel,andMr.andMrs. ThomasA. SpearsGifts, 1981-82. (1981.11.15-22;1982.11.7-13) This groupof fifteenobjects,presumably found togethera generationago, represents some of the finestHellenisticsilverknown Not enoughsilverof fromMagnaGraecia. the earlyHellenisticage hasbeen recovered to be certainwhetherthe silverwasmadein Taranto or in easternSicily,but it canbe reasonablyassumedthatthe objectsareof the thirdcenturyB.C.,andwithinthatperiodof Decothanearlier. the secondhalfrather rativemotifs not only enjoya long life but for some detailsof travelfreely,andparallels occuralso in the shapeandornamentation andin the South East(especially Pergamon) Weareon the roadtowarda (Alexandria). whichfromthe second Hellenistickoine, so localattributions centuryon renders difficult. 54

92. Deep bowl, parcel gilt. Height 6.8 cm; diameter (estimated) 21 cm; weight 479 grams. (1981.11.19) The underside of the bowl bears a sixpetalled rosette done in repousse. The inside has four concentric decorative bands. Near the rim is a wreath of pointed leaves, held together by four sleeves set at regular intervals and twelve spiraling bands. Almost directly below this, a narrow band of wave patterns is followed by a pronounced ridge topped by beading and, below that, a band of fern leaves set in panels. The bottom of the bowl is embellished with an emblema worked in repousse and soldered to a circular frame with four sprockets that in turn is soldered to the bowl. The floral pattern on the emblema is particularlyrich: a garnet is set in the center of a sixteen-petalled rosette, from which spring four acanthus leaves separated by four nymphaea nelumbo, with eight other flowers, rendered less symmetrically,in the background. There is beading along the inner edge of the frame. A notation in pointed Greek letters gives the number 127 preceded by a symbol, perhaps the weight. For the floral motif of the emblema compare, especially, the underside of the lid of

the pyxis in the TarantoTreasure(Rothschild collection; P. Wuilleumier, Le Tresor de Tarente,1930, pl. 2, 2). 93. Silver bowl, parcel gilt. Height 7 cm; diameter (estimated) 22.8 cm; weight 407 grams. (1981.11.20) The separatelyworked central emblema is an elaborate rosette of different petals and leaves arranged in three tiers. A slight hollow in the very center may have held a small garnet. The petals on the two top tiers are rounded; the leaves on the bottom, somewhat larger, alternate between acanthus and pointed ones. The next decorative band is a kymation of special shape, which is followed by a somewhat broader zone of swastika maeanders and saltire squares. The maeander gives the effect of a third dimension, since one of its component angular strips is not gilt and crosses or is crossed by the gilt strip. As on the previous bowl, the ornamentation below the rim is a wreath held together by sleeves and spiral straps. Below the wreath appear an egg-and-dart pattern and, after a brief interval, a wave pattern. On the outside of the rim are remnants of a numerical notation in Greek letters, no doubt the weight. This bowl held at one time, soldered to the inside, the emblema with a Scylla (no. 95). 94. Deep bowl, parcel gilt. Height 6.2 cm; diameter 22 cm; weight 418 grams. (1981.11.21) This bowl, like nos. 92 and 93, has a central leaf-rosette of three different layers. Here, each layer is a hexafoil. A garnet is set in the center. The decorative bands encircling the inside of the bowl on three levels are somewhat simpler: on the inside of the rim an egg-and-dart band is followed by a wave pattern; farther down comes a pronounced welt with beading in the middle and, lastly, close to the tips of the floral rosette, a guilloche. The layers of leaves are, on top, nymphaea, next, plain leaves with a central spine, and, on the bottom, acanthus. This bowl bears two notations in pointed Greek letters. On the outside of the rim the number 25 is preceded by the same symbol as written on no. 92, and on the opposite wall is the ligature eta and rho.

95. Emblema, parcel gilt. Scyllahurlinga rock.Height 2 cm;diameter, with frame, 10.5 cm;weight 81 grams.(1981.11.22) Scylla,the seamonsterwho livedin a cavein a cliffoff the Straits of Messina,is shown the humanpartsof herbody in frontally, veryhigh relief.Both armsareraisedabove herhead,as she is aboutto hurla largeboulder.Fromherhipsspringthreedogs. The one in the centerhascaninepawsandeatsa fish,the one on the left (withfinsfor feet) devoursa sepia,whilethe dog on the right, likewisefinned,is eyeinga dolphin.The humanhalfandthe forejunctionof Scylla's camouflaged partsof the dogs is cleverly by a finworn likea skirt.The lowerpartof her body is formedby two long fishtails,and, in addition,a wolf-headed seasnake,the socalledketos, encircles her body.Grimand ferociousthoughshe is, Scylladoes not for she wearstwo gold spurnjewelry, bracelets. The repousse emblema mayhaveoriginallybeenthe lid of a pyxis.The underside of the framein whichit restsis notched, andtracesof soldershow thatit wasonce attached to the insideof bowl no. 93, thus the vasefor hidingits rosette.Perhaps whichthe Scyllaservedas a coverwas in antiquity, andthe damaged beyondrepair ownersalvaged the beautiful repousserelief andaddedit to one of his valuable bowls.

55

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8.13 cm;weight 96. Pitcher, parcel gilt. Height 9.1 cm;diameter 178 grams.(1982.11.13) The handleandfoot areworkedseparately andsoldered on. The raised from disk a of sheet silver was like most Hellenistic and, body finished on a lathe.The gildingis limitedto the kymation on silver, the shoulder, mask partof the handle,andpartsof the theatrical below it. Underthe foot is a weightnotation,"27"in pointedGreekletters,preceded by a tau andan eta. 97. Hemispherical bowl, parcel gilt. Height 7.7cm;diameter ca. 14 cm);weight 151grams. 13.85-14.44 cm (originally (1981.11.16) The gildingis limitedto the groovededge of the rim,a guilloche bordered by beadingdirectlybelowthe rimon the outside,two suswith berries tied with sashes(atoppositesides), pendedivy wreaths of six pentagonsabutting andthe outlinesof the geometricpattern a central that covers the outside of the bowl.Theseoutlines hexagon with rowsof dots at irregular areengraved andreinforced intervals. areknownin terracotta Bowlswith this pattern fromPergamon andCorinthandin glassfromGordion. 98. Skyphos, parcel gilt. Heightto top of handles8.84 cm, to top of rim7.71cm;diameter 12.64-13.31 cm;diameter of foot 5.75 cm; weight299 grams.(1981.11.17) The handlesandthe foot areworkedseparately andsolderedon, andthe underside of the foot is coveredwith a profiled disk.Gildof the decorated handles andthe ing is limitedto the attachments wavepattern on the lowerparts.The slopingtop of the foot is decoratedwith a kymation. On the underside of the foot aretwo inscriptions in dottedGreek letters:EPMAanddeltaandomega. 99. Kyathos. of bowl 5.5 cm;weight119 Length247 cm;diameter grams.(1981.11.15) This ladleis one of the latestin the Museum's collectionbutcontinues in the traditionof the one fromPrusias (no. 72). The endof the handleis in the shapeof a deer'shead.The inscribed dot letterson both sidesof the top of the stemhaveso fardefiedtransliteration. 100. Phialemesomphalos, 14.8 parcel gilt. Height 2.3 cm;diameter cm;weight104 grams.(1982.11.10) Thissmallphialeis unusual in thatit is equippedwith threesauceron the shapedfeet thatkeepit fromwobbling.The patternwork insideis gilt: twelveelongatednarrow bossesradiate around the connectedat theirtips by a circular bandof waves. omphalos, Withinthiswheelformedby the wavecirclethe surface hasbeen to insurebetteradhesion of the gold leaf. deliberately roughened Onlytracesof whatmayhavebeena weightnotationin pointed lettersremain visibleon the outsideunderthe incrustation. Forthe conventionof placingthreesmallsupportsunderthe convexbottom of a vasecompare the Hellenisticterracotta bowl in Bowdoin Collegethathasthreecomicmasks.

101. Pyxis,parcel 8.34 cm;weight gilt. Height 5.5 cm;diameter 148 grams.(1982.11.11A-C) Likethe altar(no. 102),this pyxiswas"sacred to the gods,"aswe learnfromthe Greekinscription in dottedletterson the edge of the underside. It cannothavebeena powderbox or cosmeticcontainer but mustrather havebeenthe receptacle for the incensethatwas burnedon the altar. It consistsof threeparts:the pyxisproper, with threefeet formedby the pawsof lions, an innercontainer, anda lid in repousse. The subject of the reliefis a goddessseatedon a rock, and holdinga hornof plentyfilledwith grapes,pomegranates, otherfruit;aninfantseatedon herlapholdson to the cornucopia. The subjectmustbe DemeterandPloutos.Gildingis preserved on the cornucopia andits contents,on the himationof Demeterand on hershoes,herhair,one earring, andherbracelet, aswellason the hairof Ploutos.A Lesbian the lower kymation, gilt, decorates moldingof the pyxis. In the centerof the underside is a numerical notation:"nine" precededby the symbolthatlookslikea Romanthree.In the zone aroundit, hastilytraced,is a wordnot unlikethe notation"fromthe war"on the altar(no. 102). A similar silverpyxisin Basel(BS 607) containedcoinsof Hieron II of Syracuse (274-216 B.c.).

57

102. Smallportablealtar, parcel gilt. Height basemeasures 10.6 11.3cm; the rectangular by 10.83 cm. (1982.11.9A-E) The altaris madeof different partsand A hollow cylinder includesaccessories. workedin the repoussetechniqueis solderedto a castbase.Two insetsfit into the openingon top: a shallowbasinequipped with loops for two handlesanda somewhat rim.When largerbasinwith anoverhanging not in use, the two insetswerenestedinside andit wascoveredwith the lid. the altar, The outsideof the altarproperandthe On the upper top of its lid areornamented. moldinga narrowbandof lotus flowers is (alternatingly uprightanddownward) next followedby an egg-and-dart pattern; fromit by beading,comesa to it, separated like row of starsandfivepointsarranged rosettes;below the starsandrosetteswe find a band(not gilt) of verticallinesand,finally, a triglyph-metope patternbandin which the triglyphsareleft silverwhilethe of the altar metopesaregilt. At mid-level areshown four bulls'skulls(bucrania) connectedwith one anotherby a frontally, of vine leavesandother heavygarland foliage.At the bottom a plainbandof gold froma kymationby beading. is separated of the baseseveral On the underside canbe read;some are Greekinscriptions othersarefinished.The lightlyscratched, latteraredone in dot letters:one reads "sacred to the gods"andis followedby the a Roman letterpianda symbolresembling three;the otherdot inscription givesa The preliminary, inscriplightlyscratched to the gods"and"sacred tions read"sacred to allthe gods."Addedacrossthe middle,in anotherhandandin largerletters,is a notawe havea tion "fromthe war." Lastly, sevenprecededby the ligature numerical thatlooks likea Romanthree. Forsuchminiature altars,I knowof only of rectangular in silver, one parallel shape with an inset anda lid. It wassold in 3 [Apr.29, Lucerneat auction(ArsAntiqua from 1961],no. 132) andhasdisappearedview. It, too, is richly profiled and has monogram composed of a delta and a mu.

frombucrania. suspended garlands

103,104. Pairof horns.Lengthof each15.5 70 grams, cm;weight (1981.11.7): 74.5 (1981.11.8): grams. froma silverstrip Eachhornwashammered androlledwith the edgesfoldedoverand and welded.The tips werecastseparately insertedinto the openingon top. The lower openingis crimpedandthe flangeis perthatthe hornswere forated,indicating to an objectmadeof anothermateattached the horns rialby meansof studs.Perhaps wereaddedto a bronzehelmetor one made of leather. 58

105105,106. Pair of buckets, parcel gilt. (1981.11.18): height 19.6 cm; diameter 26.26 cm; weight 891.3 grams. (1982.11.12): height 18.5 cm; diameter 26.8 cm; weight 820.5 grams. Each of the two parabolic bowls has three knobs in the shape of theatricalmasks, which helped to balance it when it was filled with wine and stood upright. In this position, however, the heads were upside down: when not in use, the bowls sat on their rims, with the three supporting masks right side up. Two of the masks are of a young person (Dionysos?); the third is of a comic actor. There is much gilding in the heads on the two silver bowls; in addition, the larger one (no. 105) has a gilt guilloche directly below the rim. No exact parallelsin silver are known, but a terracotta bowl found at Butrinto in Albania is of comparable size. There the comic mask is accompanied by one of a young satyr and another of an old satyr. The notion of putting some vases upside down when not in use has affected the decoration of painted vases from as early as the sixth century B.C.;the convention is common on Boeotian bird bowls, both stemmed and flat bottomed, Boeotian lekanides, and even some Attic cups. In Hellenistic times masks or cockleshells

often servedas supportsfor drinking cupswithouta